Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What Is Architectural Precast
What Is Architectural Precast
HISTORY
Many suspect the precast concrete industry began in ancient Rome, as the extensive
network of underground tunnels that exist to this day seem to indicate the use of
precast building materials.
However, the documented history of the modern-day precast concrete industry began
in the 1900s when an English engineer by the name of John Alexander Brodie
discovered precast concrete components could come together to build a structure
efficiently. Brodie was first to get a patent for the process of creating precast concrete
paneled buildings.
In 1950, the first major precast concrete structure appeared in the United States — the
Walnut Lane Memorial Bridge in Philadelphia. This bridge is recognized by many as
the beginning of the precast concrete industry in the United States as we know it
today. A few years later, the Precast Concrete Institute was formed to begin to set
standards for this emerging industry.
Advantages:
Quality Control
Precast/prestressed concrete is manufactured in PCI Certified plants in a controlled
environment.
Durability
The high-strength, high-performance concrete that is utilized in the production
process resists weather, fire, corrosion, and vandalism.
Speed of Construction
Precast/prestressed concrete lends itself to compressed construction schedules.
Components are manufactured off-site, allowing for a just-in-time delivery system.
Speedy construction means earlier completion dates which equals earlier occupancy.
Design Flexibility
The combination of standard structural shapes and the capability of casting custom
shapes gives designers maximum flexibility. Economies of scale can be achieved
through repetition while the inherent plasticity of concrete allows for unique shapes.
Aesthetics
An infinite variety of sands, cements, aggregates and pigments combine to achieve
endless colors, textures and finishes.
Green Products
Precast Concrete is a green product and can provide up to 26 LEED points.
IMPROVED EFFICIENCY
Precast concrete structural and architectural systems help save cost in a variety of
ways, from the design phases through construction and throughout the building's
service life.
A precast concrete structural system can create the building’s entire framing system.
This design approach can take several forms, including precast columns or load-
bearing precast walls with double tee beams or hollowcore flooring. It provides a
significant number of advantages, especially when panels are included to create the
entire building envelope. As a result, this approach is becoming the format of choice
for many construction teams.
Among the benefits that a precast concrete structural system can provide are:
High Quality
PCI-Certified precast concrete fabricators must undergo two unannounced annual
inspections that review more than 120 production and quality-assurance processes.
The tight control ensures components are produced with uniform consistency, finish
and size. This reduces site work required to achieve the final designer and owner
approvals and ensures components need little field adjustment, speeding construction
to complete the structure’s shell.
Safety
Plant casting keeps the site cleaner and eliminates trades from the construction zone,
improving logistics and enhancing worker safety. The ability to provide a clean site is
particularly vital on existing sites and in dense urban areas, where adjacent businesses
can maintain near-normal activities.
Green Design
Precast concrete offers a number of environmental benefits. It can be produced locally
and creates no jobsite waste. Cement reducers such as fly ash and other admixtures
also aid environmental friendliness. And its high durability gives it a total service life
that outpaces designs using other building materials.
REDUCES RISK
Precasters can be a single-source supplier for the total building solution. Using an
integrated team approach precasters can work closely with the design team providing
engineering and technical support. The design team to can make changes or adapt the
design with less risk, fewer coordination issues because of a reduction of trades, while
keeping costs to a minimum.
Winter Conditions
Precast concrete is plant-produced and trucked to the jobsite when needed. Unlike
poured-in-place concrete, masonry, or exterior insulation systems, the product can be
installed in cold (or even freezing) weather, eliminating the cold-weather procedure
delays, general conditions claims, and potential change orders associated with other
products.
SAVE MONEY
variety of cost calculations are required on every project to determine what design
approaches will generate the most advantages and allow budgets to be allocated most
efficiently. Initial, in-ground costs are the most obvious expenses, but hidden and
longer-term costs are becoming more significant as owners and designers study the
budget impact of various specification choices.
The key to finding the most efficient design is to realize that every system and
decision impacts others. The goal is to ensure all products and systems work together
without creating redundancy or inefficiencies.
Spending more of the budget to add insulation and other energy efficiencies, for
instance, may allow the installation of smaller HVAC equipment that will save
equipment expenditures.
Because of precast concrete’s tightly controlled and shorter production process, costs
can be more accurately estimated earlier in the process. Parallel effort by precast
engineering ensures estimates remain stable, assuring the contractor, owner and
design team that the budget is sound.
Using a design and materials that enclose the building quickly avoids winter slow
downs and gets crews inside quicker, bringing the project on-line faster so revenues
can be generated quicker.
Maintenance needs throughout the building's life also must be considered. These
expenses come from the operating budget rather than the construction budget, so they
sometimes have not been considered when evaluating the building's cost.
Durability, such that a building does not need to have its exterior refurbished or
possibly replaced in 20 years, also has become more of a consideration. The entire
life-cycle costs of a project are being determined, and each material choice must
justify its value today, tomorrow and many years from now.
SAVE TIME
Precast concrete systems provide a variety of savings to a project schedule that are not
always considered when looking at upfront costing versus other materials. These
savings include, speed in the design, construction, and finishing processes.
Design
The repetitive nature of precast panels and components allows design work to move
more quickly to the shop drawing stage. Precast components can also aid a fast-track
design by completing designs while other design work is still underway.
Design economy through repetition, maximizing piece size and shape and other
approaches that limit form requirements.
Flexibility of design that offers inherent aesthetic qualities, as well as the ability to
mimic the appearance of materials such as granite, marble, limestone, sandstone, or
slate.
Material reduction by designing integrated structural components with architectural
finishes and by using hollowcore slabs as combined ceiling / flooring units.
Construction
Precast components can be installed quickly, often cutting weeks or months from the
schedule. This allows construction to get into the dry quicker and allows interior
trades to begin work earlier.
Construction efficiency, due to the precaster’s ability to cast and erect throughout the
year because precast components are fabricated under factory-controlled conditions in
a plant, harsh winter weather does not impact the production schedule or product
quality. This eliminates added time to accommodate unforeseen schedule condition
due to delays caused by weather or site requirements. Factory production also
provides tight tolerances, minimizing the need for field adjustments.
Elimination of hidden costs, by reducing the time to carry financial bonds, lowering
contractor overhead costs and risks, eliminating the expense of nonprecast-related
equipment, and reducing subcontractor costs.
Interior Completion
Precast concrete insulated sandwich wall panels provide a finished interior wall that
avoids the time and cost of furring and dry-walling while offering energy efficiency.
Electrical conduit can be embedded in the panels. The entire wall assembly can be
constructed with one trade, versus the six or seven for a typical wall assembly. Using
hollow-core planking to combine ceiling and flooring units can speed construction
even further.
Disadvantages of Precast
Architectural precast requires greater quality control; more detailed form set-up,
usually with less repetition of form use; indoor production facilities (depending on
location); varied stockpiles; clear communication as to expected results and
limitations; and full-time dedication to marketing and sales. Also, the final acceptance
of projects is more subjective.
1. If not properly handled, the precast units may be damaged during transport.
2. It becomes difficult to produce satisfactory connections between the precast
members.
3. It is necessary to arrange for special equipment for lifting and moving of the
precast units.
4. The economy achieved in precast construction is partially balanced by the
amount to be spent in transport and handling of precast members. It
becomes therefore necessary to locate the precast factory at such a place that
transport and handling charges are brought down to the minimum possible
extent.
5. Precast is very difficult to repair.
Precast Finishes
Precast concrete is a visually rich material that allows the architect to be innovative
and obtain design objectives that cannot be achieved with other materials. The proper
selection of color, form and texture is critical to the aesthetic appearance of
architectural precast concrete components. The choice of appropriate aggregates and
textures, combined with well-conceived production and erection details, can achieve a
wide variety of design objectives.
Precast components also mesh well with other materials, including curtain wall, and
they can provide any required penetrations. Special considerations will aid the
installation of mechanical systems and vapor barriers, all of which can be
accommodated easily.
Design flexibility is possible in both color and texture of precast concrete by varying
aggregate and matrix color, size of aggregate, finish processes and depth of exposure.
Combining color with texture accentuates the natural beauty of aggregates.
With the vast array of colors, textures and finishes available, designers can use precast
concrete to achieve almost any desired effect.
COLOR
Color is a relative value, not an absolute. It is affected by light, shadow, density, time
and other nearby colors. Selections should be made under lighting conditions similar
to those under which the precast concrete will be used, such as the strong light and
shadows of natural daylight or interior CFL lighting. Surface texture influences color.
The building’s appearance is a function of the architect’s use of light, shadow, texture
and color.
Cement plus a coloring agent exerts the primary color influence on a smooth finish,
because it coats the exposed concrete surface. As the concrete surface is progressively
removed and aggregates are exposed, the panel color increasingly exhibits the fine
and then the coarse aggregate colors. The color of the cement always has an effect on
the general tone of the panel. Cement may be gray, white, buff or a mixture. All
cements have inherent color and shading differences, depending on their source.
Pigments and pigmented admixtures often are added to the matrix to obtain colors that
cannot be created through combinations of cement and fine aggregate alone. White
portland cement will produce cleaner, brighter colors and should be used in preference
to gray cement with pigments, especially for the light pastels such as buff, cream,
pink, rose and ivory.
Fine aggregates have a major effect on the color of white and light buff-colored
concrete and can add color tones when the surface is given a shallow profile to
increase the aggregate’s exposure. Coarse aggregate colors become dominant as the
surface of the concrete is removed to obtain a medium or deep aggregate exposure
profile.
Some finishing processes change the appearance of aggregates. Sandblasting will give
the aggregates a matte finish, while acid-etching may increase their brightness.
Exposure by retardation normally leaves the aggregates unchanged.
TEXTURE
Texture allows the natural essence of the concrete ingredients to be expressed,
provides some scale to the mass, expresses the plasticity of the concrete and improves
the weathering characteristics.
Smooth or off-the-form finishes show the natural look of the concrete without trying
to simulate any other building product. Fine surface details and sharp arrises can be
achieved. This finish is one of the most economical.
Form liners provide an almost unlimited variety of patterns, shapes and surface
textures. The concrete is cast against liners made of a range of materials, including
wood, steel, plaster, elastomeric, plastic or foam plastic.
Sand or abrasive blasting provides all three degrees of exposure noted above. This
process is suitable for exposure of either large or small aggregates and is used when a
light exposure is desired, as costs increase with depth.
Acid etching dissolves the surface cement paste to reveal the sand, with only a small
percentage of coarse aggregate being visible. It is most commonly used for light or
light to medium exposure.
Hammered-rib or fractured-fin designs are created by casting ribs onto the surface
of the panels and then using a hammer or bushhammer tool to randomly break the ribs
and expose the aggregate. The effect is a bold, deeply textured surface.
Sand embedment creates a bold and massive visual appearance for the panel, using
1- to 8-inch-diameter stones or flagstones. The stones typically are placed in a sand
bed at the bottom of the mold, and finishing reveals the stone face, resulting in the
appearance of a mortar joint.
Honing or polished finishes are achieved by grinding the surface to produce smooth,
exposed-aggregate appearances. Polished exposed aggregate concrete finishes
compare favorably with polished natural stone façades, such as granite.
Painting is used purely for decorative purposes, due to the high-strength, durable
nature of precast concrete panels. There is a vast difference in paint types, brands,
prices and performance, and knowledge of composition and performance standards is
necessary to obtain a satisfactory result. In some cases, the precast concrete surface
can be so smooth that it makes adhesion difficult to obtain, so a decision on painting
should be made prior to casting if possible.
Two or more finishes can be readily achieved using the same concrete mix. This
procedure will raise the cost of the product, but it will be less expensive than
producing a separate unit that must be attached to the primary panel, as with an accent
sill. The first mix is placed within an area bounded by a raised demarcation strip that
is the thickness of the face mix. The second mix can be placed and vibrated within 1-
1/2 hours of pouring the first.
Combinations of various finishes on the same unit depend on the shape of the unit.
Some finishes, such as acid etching, can’t be easily applied to only one portion of a
unit. The combination of a polished or honed surface and acid etching provides a
surface that exposes a very high percentage
The clay product can cover the entire exposed panel surface or only a portion, serving
as an accent band or contrasting section. Marble, glass and ceramic mosaics also can
be cast integrally (which is preferred) or applied to the hardened concrete.
The combination of precast concrete and clay products has several advantages over
site laid-up masonry. By using precast concrete panelized construction, the need for
on-site scaffolding is eliminated, which can be a significant cost savings over masonry
construction.
The physical properties of the clay products must be compatible with the properties of
the concrete backup. The most significant property is the coefficient of thermal
expansion, which causes volume change. It is best to select material with similar
coefficients of expansion.
Natural stone has been widely used in building construction due to its strength,
durability aesthetic effect, availability and inherent low-maintenance costs. Stone
veneers for precast concrete facings are usually thinner than those used for
conventionally set stone, with the maximum size generally determined by the stone
strength.
As with clay product-faced panels, veneered panels are more susceptible to bowing
than all-concrete units. The flat surfaces of cut stone will reveal any bowing more
prominently than all-precast concrete panels. Again with these products, precasters
have created procedures that minimize bowing.
Cast stone is manufactured to simulate natural cut stone. It is used in masonry work
mostly as ornamentation and architectural trim for stone bands, sills, lintels, copings,
balustrades and door and window trimming. It replaces natural cut stone or terra cotta
in these applications.
Contract documents should spell out who the accepting authority will be, typically the
owner, architect, general contractor or site inspector. One person must have final
authority on all issues of appearance. Acceptable ranges of color and shading should
be determined when samples, mockups or initial production units are created.
Components should be assessed for appearance during both wet and dry weather.
Minor defects and blemishes will occur on occasion, and precasters can adequately
repair minor problems quickly. There are key defects or problems that are considered
unacceptable in the fabrication of high-quality, PCI-certified architectural precast
concrete. These should be addressed as soon as they appear to ensure the problem is
corrected early in the production sequence.
A certain amount of cracking may occur without having any detrimental effect on the
structural capacity of the member, and it is impractical to impose specifications that
prohibit cracking. But cracks are unsightly and create potential locations for concrete
deterioration, so any cracking should be avoided and inspected.
The cement film on the concrete may develop surface crazing, which consists of fine
and random hairline cracks. Crazing has no structural or durability significance, but it
may become visually accented if dirt settles in these minute cracks. A relatively lean,
properly consolidated concrete mix will show little crazing.
Erected panels not complying with range samples may require additional work. If the
architectural precast concrete panels cannot be corrected to match the repair samples
or repairs demonstrated on the mockup, they may be subject to rejection. A certain
amount of repair is to be expected as a routine procedure. Repair and patching of
precast concrete is an art requiring expert craftsmanship and careful selection and
mixing of materials.
Repairs should be done only when conditions exist that ensure the repaired area will
conform to the balance of the work’s appearance, structural adequacy and durability.
Slight color variations can be expected between the repaired area and the original
surface due to the different age and curing conditions of the repair. Time will tend to
blend the repair into the rest of the component to make it less noticeable.
Should minor damage occur to clay-faced or veneer stone products during shipping,
handling or erection, field remedial work can successfully be accomplished. Such
repairs normally are done by the precaster with repair procedures developed in
consultation with the product’s fabricator.
The major benefit provided by GFRC is its light weight, which provides substantial
economy resulting from reduced costs of product handling, transportation and
erection. It also can lower seismic loads, requiring a lighter support system than
typical precast concrete components would require. By casting it into a mold, GFRC
also can create highly detailed, ornamental pieces.
With GFRC, any change in face-mix materials or proportions will affect the surface
appearance. If the face-mix surface is progressively removed by sandblasting,
retarders or other means, the color becomes increasingly dependent on the fine and
coarse aggregates. A change in aggregate proportions, color or gradation will affect
the uniformity of the finish, particularly where the aggregate is exposed.
Different cements have different color characteristics that affect the desired GFRC
face mix. The cement color exerts a considerable influence on the color of the finished
product.
Rib formers may be used to produce supports that provide structural rigidity and
stiffness for the GFRC panels. Expanded polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam are
the most common materials used. Tests should be run to determine the allowable
loads for any insert molded into the GFRC skin. Many inserts used in GFRC panels
have been designed and tested by UP Ceilings.
GFRC components often are created by spraying the material into a mold to create a
lightweight but highly detailed decorative piece. The appearance of the finished panel
surface in these pieces is directly related to the choice of mold material and the quality
of the mold. The in-service life of a mold also is a function of the mold materials.
Molds can be made of a range of materials, including plywood, concrete, steel,
plastics, polyester resins reinforced with glass fibers and GFRC. For complicated
details, molds of plaster, rubber, foam plastic or sculptured sand may be used.
It is more economical to maximize panel size and minimize the number of precast
units on a project. This results in fewer erected pieces, fewer connections and fewer
crane picks. However, the maximum size of a precast panel depends on a variety of
factors. For example, the size may be limited by site conditions or the reach of the
crane that will be used to set the pieces. A site with limited access, or one where the
maximum panel weights are set by the crane capacity could be the overriding factor in
determining panel dimensions. Similarly, the size or weight of precast panels may be
limited by shipping or fabrication considerations specific to a region or individual
precast supplier. Usually panels should not exceed a width of approximately 12'-0",
without consideration for a special permit or escort. Also, panels that exceed 40' in
length may require the use of prestressing to reduce handling stresses and minimize
cracking. The maximum size of panels is also a function of the design loads and
locations of building supports. In general, it is best to work with a MAPA precast
supplier to determine the most economical sizes and dimensions for your project.
The recommended precast panel to panel joint width for architectural projects is 3/4".
This is the minimum nominal joint width needed to adequately account for production
and erection tolerances and still maintain an effective minimum joint width that can
be caulked. A 30' long spandrel panel is allowed, per PCI tolerances up to a 1/4"
variation in length. Keep in mind that of 3/8" is the minimum width that caulk
suppliers will warrant. It is also important that the joint between precast panels and
window frames also maintain the same nominal joint width.
The slab edge location should be clearly defined on the contract documents. It is
recommended that a 1-1/2 inch dimension be allowed between the edge of slab and
the precast panel to account for tolerance both in the slab as well as the precast. Pay
particular attention to slab edge conditions along skewed or curved building edges as
these areas are often the areas that cause the most difficulty during layout.
It is important to consider tolerances when designing the interior wall finishes and
locations. For example, if inadequate space is left between the back of the precast
panel and the inside face of the interior finish, connections may become exposed to
view. Allowing at least an extra 1/2-inch between the back of the drywall and the
theoretical back edge of the connection hardware is strongly recommended. When the
distance between the back of the precast and the interior finish does not accommodate
this, connections may have to be recessed. It is also a good practice for the engineer to
specify the allowable locations for slab recesses and to provide reinforcing details to
account for this.