CONTESTS

 INTRODUCTION_____________3-4
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 Neologism. History of notion._________5-7

1.2 Types of neologisms.________________8-18

1.3 Classification._____________________19

 CHAPTER 2

2.1 What is internet language?___________20-23

2.2 Neologisms in internet language.______24-25

2.3 Examples of internet neologisms.______26-31

 CONCLUSION_______________32
 BIBLIOGRAPHY_____________33

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 INTRODUCTION
Any language is a dynamic system, which constantly develops, transforms and changes.
There is no doubt that the English language today is the most widely used language for
international communication. The processes in social, cultural, scientific and political life, the
contemporary level of technology development and intercultural communication implies
constant language evolution. Words and expressions are born, live for a short time and then die
or find their place in our vocabulary according to the temporary or permanent nature of the
fenomena they describe. The language vocabulary is changing, renewing the words and phrases.
Indeed, if no new words were to appear, it would be a sign that the language was moribund; the
progress of arts and sciences gives birth to a large majority of new words: each new word that
does appear should be severely scrutinized before it becomes generally accepted. Both linguistic
and extralinguistic factors play a significant role in appearing new units in the language
(neologisms). These new units help us to understand and cope with change by creating mental
bridges between the old and the new. Neologisms play a great role in the contemporary system
of language and speech. They can be defined as newly coined lexical units that acquire new
sense.The term neologism is used by linguists to describe a new word, usage, or expression. It is
often created by combining existing words or by using a word in a different context.Some
neologisms have now become a part of Standard English, while others have faded away. In the
same way, some of today’s neologisms will become a part of the dictionaries of the 22nd
century, while others will be discarded, replaced by more descriptive language. Nowdays,in
these modern life, the internet can’t be separated from our everyday life. That’s why we can
clearly say, that it has it’s own empact on language changes. The Internet is one of the most
remarkable things human beings have ever made. In terms of its impact on society, it ranks with
print, the railways, the telegraph, the automobile, electric power and television.Yet it is
potentially more powerful than both because it harnesses the intellectual leverage. The internet
has great effect on languages. And every moment new neologisms are created due to internet,
because people need more easy, fast and modern way of chatting.

Thistermpaperconsistsof

 Chapter 1
1.1 Where we discuss the definition of neologism and it’s history of notion.
1.2 Types of neologisms and their structure.
1.3 How they are classified?

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 Chapter 2
2.1 Influence of internet on language.
2.2 Internet neologisms.
2.3 Examples of internet neologisms.
 Conclusion, where we sum up main points of the work done.
 References, where can be found all the sources that helped us to carry out this research.

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 CHAPTER I

1.1 Neologism. History of notion.

Our modern word rapidly changes, so does the language of a speech. The language
change reflects every aspect of the changing life as well. New inventions and new discoveries
have to be named and need proper vocabulary. New words (or neologisms) are raised by
creativity of our minds and come into existence in everyday communication. They appear all the
time continuously. No new science is possible without neologisms, new words or new
interpretations of old words to describe and explain reality in new ways. How could Aristotle
have developed the logic of syllogisms or Newton the theory of dynamics without new
vocabularies and definitions? They were neologists, and everybody wanting to contribute new
knowledge must be. «To reject neologisms, often despicably, is to reject scientific development.
No sign of scientific conservatism is so telling as the rejection of all but the established concepts
of a school of thought. Neologisms are, however, relative to the terminological paradigm
actually dominating a field of knowledge. It may be a radical renewal to introduce terms from a
tradition believed to be outmoded.»(IngarRoggen, 1996).
The introduction of Christianity brought with it a great number of new concepts and
words (church, candle). The Norman Conquest also contributed to the enrichment of the English
vocabulary (army). The development of industry, the development of technology, new
inventions caused the appearance of new words (film, television, self-starter). A great number of
neologisms appeared during the periods of great social upheavals (machine, bank, investment).
After World War I such neologisms as blackout, camouflage, air-raid appeared. After World
War II such words as H-bomb,cold war entered the language. In the 70-s of the 20 th century
neologisms were connected with all spheres of life: computerization (multi-user, neurocomputer,
liveware, telepost, telebanking, finger-print); exploration of space (space-bike, cargo-module,
link-up);etc. In the 80-s – 90-s of the 20 th century neologisms were connected with lifestyles
(belonger, ladies who lunch, theme pub); computerisation (laptop, to back up, to toggle);etc. So,
what kind of words can be defined as “neologisms”? Neologisms are words and expressions used
for new concepts that appear in the course of the language development, new meanings of the
already existing words and new names of old concepts. It is any word which is formed according
to the productive structural patterns or borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers
as something new. Neologisms usually attract and please everyone. Actually, the researchers
have not been reached one general agreement on the question about neologism. Researchers with
different knowledge backgrounds may define neologism in different ways.
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 Neologisms (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word") is word, term, or phrase which
has been recently created - often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older terms in newer
language form.The term "neologism" was itself coined around 1800; thus for some time in the
early 19th century, the word "neologism" was itself a neologism. It can also refer to an existing
word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.Neologisms are often directly
attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. Neolexia (Greek: a "new word", or
the act of creating a new word) is a fully equivalent term. «A neologism is the term used to
describe a word that has been made-up or invented by a speaker, which appears in a transcript of
spontaneous speech dialogue. It can also be described as a word which does not appear in the
dictionary of the primary spoken language, but which is also not a foreign word». The common
thing is that neologism is not yet registered in dictionaries and in most cases it is a colloquial for
the time being. The term neologism is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French
néologisme (1734).However, as early as the second half of the 18th century, it became obvious
that the vocabulary of literary expression should and perhaps could not be fully limited. The
modern, neutral meaning of neologism appears early in the 19th century. The basic
complications during the translation of neologisms, it is the explaining of the meaning of the new
word.
New words are being invented or introduced all the time. However, those old words that
hold the new meaning are also considered as neologisms. So far a general criterion for defining
neologisms can be found: 1) neologisms are the words which didn’t occur before and are newly
built and currently enter into the common lexicons. 2) Neologisms are the words which within a
certain period of time, have been widely accepted by people and still find their applications
nowadays. 3) Neologisms are those old words which carry the new meanings.As for the time of
criteria for seclusion of new-foundation and neologism exactly to decide it is impossible, it has a
sense to use subjective criteria: if it receive the collective language consciousness this or that
lexical unit as a new.For the sequent we will name it with the term ‘’neologism’’, any word for
their comfort have the statue of lexical new-foundation, as the quality of own neologism.
There are ‘’New words Sections’’ in many famous dictionaries. In that time recommends
to use dictionaries of the last issue. Many neologisms we can find in dictionaries and sections
about slangs. However, the dictionaries in objective causes can’t wholly show in their all new-
founded words, as for that lexis avoid to include in dictionaries such called ‘’occasional’’
neologisms, individual new-founded, brought by the individual authors, such words also turns
‘’unlivable words’’ and disappear as fast as they appear. Coming out from the term
‘’neologism’’ we can assume, that the translator first meet with his own neologism, naturally he
has no imagination, about that which is explained by him.
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 When a word or phrase is no longer "new," it is no longer a neologism. Neologisms may
take decades to become "old," though. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be to no
longer be considered a neologism; cultural acceptance probably plays a more important role than
time in this regard. After being coined, neologisms invariably undergo scrutiny by the public and
by linguists to determine their suitability to the language. Many are accepted very quickly; others
attract opposition. Language experts sometimes object to a neologism on the grounds that a
suitable term for the thing described already exists in the language. Non-experts who dislike the
neologism sometimes also use this argument, deriding the neologism as "abuse and ignorance of
the language.Proponents of a neologism see it as being useful, and also helping the language to
grow and change; often they perceive these words as being a fun and creative way to play with a
language. Also, the semantic precision of most neologisms, along with what is usually a
straightforward syntax, often makes them easier to grasp by people who are not native speakers
of the language. The outcome of these debates, when they occur, has a great deal of influence on
whether a neologism eventually becomes an accepted part of the language. Linguists may
sometimes delay acceptance, for instance by refusing to include the neologism in dictionaries;
this can sometimes cause a neologism to die out over time. Nevertheless if the public continues
to use the term, it always eventually sheds its status as a neologism and enters the language even
over the objections of language experts.

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1.2 Types of neologism

Neologisms are perhaps the non-literary and the professional translator’s biggest
problem. New object and processes are continually created in technology. New ideas and
variations on feelings come from the media. Terms from the social sciences, slang, dialect
coming into the mainstream of language, transferred words, make up the rest. In fact, neologisms
cannot be quantified, since so many hover between acceptance and oblivion and many are short-
lived individual creations. Since they usually arise first in a response to a particular need, a
majority of them have a single meaning and can therefore be translated out of context, but many
of them soon acquire new (and sometimes lose the old) meanings in the Target Language.
Neologisms can be defined as newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that
acquire a new sense. Neologisms usually attract and please everyone. Most people like
neologisms and so does the media and commercial interests exploit this liking. Multinationals
with their ingenious advertising, make efforts to convert their brand names (Coke, Tipp-Ex,
Tesa, Bic, Schweppes, etc.) into eponyms (i.e. any word derived from a proper noun including
acronyms) and in appropriate cases you have to resist this attempt when you translate.
Neologism is any word which is formed according to the productive structural patterns or
borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as something new. Example: tape-
recorder, supermarket, V-day (Victory day). The research of cosmic space by the Soviet people
gave birth to new words: Sputnik, spaceship, space rocket. For that period all these words were
new.
J.Buranov and A.Muminov in their book “A practical course in English lexicology”
(1990) said that neologisms may be divided into:
1) Root words: Ex: jeep – a small light motor vehicle, zebra – street crossing place etc;
2) Derived words: Ex: collaborationist – one in occupied territory works helpfully with
the enemy, to accessorize – to provide with dress accessories;
3) Compound: Ex: air-drop, microfilm-reader.
New words are as a rule monosemantic. Terms, used in various fields of science and
technology make the greater part of neologisms. New words belong only to the notional parts of
speech: to nouns, verbs, adjectives etc.

Types of neologisms

1) The old words with new senses

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Firstly lets take the existing words with new senses. These do not normally refer to new objects
or processes and therefore are rarely technological. Existing collocations with new senses are a
translator’s trap: usually these are ‘normal’ descriptive terms which suddenly become technical
terms; their meaning sometimes hides innocently behind a more general or figurative meaning.

Ex: ‘unsocial hours’

‘high-rise’
‘real-time’
Existing collocations with new senses may be cultural or non-cultural. If the referent
(concept or object) exists in the TL, there is usually a recognised translation or trough-
translation. If the concept does not exist or the TL speakers are not yet aware of it, an
economical descriptive equivalent has to be given. There is also the possibility of devising a new
collocation in inverted commas, which can later be slyly withdrawn.

2) Derived words
The great majority of neologisms are words derived by analogy from ancient Greek
(increasingly) and Latin morphemes usually with suffixes as –ismo, -ismus, -ija etc., naturalised
in the appropriate language. However, now that this word-forming procedure is employed
mainly to designate (non-cultural) scientific and technological rather than cultural institutional
terms, the advance of these internationalisms is wide-spread.

For example: televideo – appears to be an earlier version of video, which has several
meanings (‘tape’, ‘recorder’, ‘cassette’). Not however that most of these words are virtually
context-free.

Romance languages combine two or more academic subjects into a single adjective thus
medico-chirurgial, medico-pedagogique, etc, in a manner that Shakespeare was already satirizing
in Hamlet (II.2) (‘pastoral-comical’, ‘tragical-historical’, ‘tragical-comical-historical-pastoral’
etc) such combinations should normally be separated into two adjectives in the translation.

3) Abbreviations
Abbreviations have always been a common type of pseudo-neologisms, probably more
common in French and German that in English. Abbreviations, one of the most noticeable
features of present-day English linguistic life. Often thought to be an exclusively modern habit,
the fashion for abbreviations can be traced back over 150 years. The fashionable use of
abbreviation – a kind of society slang – comes and goes in waves, though it is never totally
absent. In the present century, however, it has been eclipsed by the emergence of abbreviations

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in science, technology, and other special fields, such as cricket, baseball, drug trafficking, the
armed forces, and the media. The reasons for using abbreviated forms are obvious enough. One
is the desire for linguistic economy – the same motivation which makes us want to criticize
someone who uses two words where one will do. Succinctness and precision are highly valued,
and abbreviations can contribute greatly to a concise style. They also help to convey a sense of
social identity: to use an abbreviated form is to be ‘in the know’ – part of the social group to
which the abbreviation belongs. Computer buffs the world over will be recognized by their fluent
talk of ROM and RAM, of DOS and WYSIWYG. You are no buff if you are unable to use such
forms, or need to look them up (respectively, ‘read-only memory’, ‘random-access memory’,
‘disk operating system’, ‘what you see is what you get’). It would only irritate computer-literate
colleagues and waste time or space (and thus money) if a computer-literate person pedantically
expanded every abbreviated form. And the same applies to those abbreviations which have
entered everyday speech. It would be strange indeed to hear someone routinely expanding BBC,
NATO, USA, AIDS, and all the other common abbreviations of contemporary English. Indeed,
sometimes (as with radar and AIDS), the unabbreviated form may be so specialized that it is
unknown to most people – a point not missed by the compilers of quiz games, who regularly
catch people out with a well-known (sic) abbreviation. As a test, try UNESCO and UNICEF,
AAA, SAM and GI (context: military), or DDT and TNT (context: chemistry).

There are 6 types of abbreviation: initialisms, acronyms, clipping, blends, awkward cases,
facetious forms.
Initialisms – items which are spoken as individual letters, such as BBC, DJ, MP, EEC,
e.g., and USA; also called alphabetizes. The vast majority of abbreviations fall into this category.
Not all use only the first letters of the constituent words: PhD, for example, uses the first two
letters of the word philosophy and GHQ and TV take a letter from the middle of the word.
Acronyms – initialisms which are pronounced as single words, such as NATO, laser,
UNESCO, and SALT (talks). Such items would never have periods separating the letters – a
contrast with initialisms, where punctuation is often present (especially in older styles of
English). However, some linguists do not recognize a sharp distinction between acronyms and
initialisms, but use the former term for both.
Clipping – a part of word which serves for the whole, such as ad and phone. These
examples illustrate the two chief types: the first part is kept (the commoner type, as in demo,
exam, pub, Gill), and the last part is kept (as in bus, plane). Sometimes a middle part is kept, as
in fridge and flue. There are also several clippings which retain material from more than one part
of the word, such as maths (UK), gents, and specs. Turps is a curiosity, in the way it adds an –s.

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Several clipped forms also show adaptation, such as fries (from French fried potatoes), Betty
(from Elizabeth) and Bill (from William).
Blends – a word which is made up of the shortened forms of two other words, such as
brunch (breakfast+lunch), heliport (helicopter+airport), smog (smoke+fog), and Eurovision
(European+television). Scientific terms frequently make use of blending (as in the case of
bionic), as do brand names (a device which cleaned your teeth while you used the phone might
be called Teledent) and fashionable neologisms.
A lexical blend, as its name suggests, takes two lexemes which overlap in form, and
welds them together to make one. Enough of each lexeme is usually retained so that the elements
are recognizable. Here are some longstanding examples, and a few novelties from recent
publications.
Motor + hotel = motel
Advertisement + editorial = advertorial
Channel + Tunnel = Chunnel
Oxford + Cambridge = Oxbridge
Yale + Harvard = Yarvard
Slang + language = slanguage
Guess + estimate = guesstimate
Square + aerial = squaerial
Toys + cartoons = toytoons
Breath + analyser = breathalyzer
Affluence + influenza = affluenza
Information + commercials = informercials
Dock + condominium = dockominium
In most cases, the second element is the one which controls the meaning of the whole. So,
brunch is a kind of lunch, not a kind of breakfast – which is why the lexemes are brunch and not
say lunkfast. Similarly, a toytoon is a kind of cartoon (one which generates a series of shop toys),
not a kind of toy.Blending seems to have increased in popularity in the 1980s, being increasingly
used in commercial and advertising contexts. Products are sportsational, swimsational, and
sexsational. TV provides dramacons, docufantasies, and rockumentaries. The forms are felt to be
eye-catching and exciting; but how many of them will still be around in a decade remains an
open question.
Awkward cases – abbreviations which do not fall clearly into the above four categories.
Some forms can be used either as initialisms or acronyms (UFO – ‘U F O’ or ‘you-foe’). Some
mix these types in the one word (CDROM, pronounced ‘see-dee-rom’). Some can form part of a
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lager word, using affixes (ex-JP, pro-BBC, ICBMs). Some are used only in writing (Mr, St-
always pronounced in full in speech).
Facetious forms: TGIF – Thank God It’s Friday, CMG – Call Me God (properly,
“Companion of St Michael and St George”), GCMG – God Calls Me God (properly, “Grand
Cross of St Michael and St George”), and above al AAAAAA – Association for the Alleviation
of Asinine Abbreviations and Absurd Acronyms (actually listed in the Gale Dictionary).

4) Collocations
Where there is an accepted collocation in the SL, the translator must find and use its
equivalent in the TL, if it exists. A collocation consists basically of two or three lexical
(sometimes called full, descriptive, substantial) words, usually linked by grammatical (empty,
functional, relational) words, e.g. ‘a mental illness’. The collocates within a collocation define
and delimit each other by eliminating at least some of their other possible meanings; the defining
may be mutual and equally balanced, but more often it is closer for one collocate than for the
other. Thus ‘to pay attention’, since it reduces the number of senses in which ‘pay’ can be used
to one. The word ‘attention’ is not so radically affected, but it excludes ‘attention’ in the sense of
‘care, solicitude’. ‘To buy a hat’ is not a collocation, since it does not appreciably delimit the
sense of ‘buy’ or ‘hat’. However, collocations shade off into other grammatically linked word-
groups without a sharp division.
A collocation is the element of system in the lexis of a language. It may be syntagmatic
or horizontal, therefore consisting of a common structure; or paradigmatic or vertical, consisting
of words belonging to the same semantic field which may substitute for each other or be
semantic opposites. These become collocations only when they are arranged syntagmatically.
Syntagmatic collocations can be divided into seven main groups:
a) Verb plus verbal noun. Examples: pay attention, suffer a defeat, run a meeting, make a
speech. The verb is the collocate for which the translator must find the appropriate equivalent.
The verbs in these collocations merely have an operative function (they mean ‘do’) and no
particularized meaning since the action is expressed in the noun. Some verbal nouns have a small
range of collocates; others, like discourse, Lob, Dients, have one obvious collocate .
b) Determiner plus adjective plus noun. The appropriate adjective has to be found for the
noun. There is a much wider range of choices than in (a), and the force of this category of
collocation is usually only established by contrast with another language. Thus ‘a large
apple’,‘atall man’,‘a great man’; ‘a good looking man’; ‘a pretty girl’ but not (usually) a ‘pretty
boy’. Some nouns have one particularly suitable adjective in an extensive variety of areas,
particularly for physical qualities (e.g. woman: dark, slim, middle-aged, short, young) which, for

11
other objects, would require different adjectives, whilst other nouns (e.g. ‘criticism’) have a
narrow sheaf of adjectives for each segment of a variety of areas (approfondi/grundlich;
anodine/nichtssagend).
c) Adverb plus adjective. The most suitable adverb must be looked for. The collocation is
much rarer in Romance languages, where its equivalent transposition is ‘adjective plus adjectival
noun’. Note however: ‘damn hard’ or ‘bloody hard’. This collocation, which is more restricted
and less frequent (therefore far less important) than (a) and (b) is much at the mercy of fashion.
d) Verb plus adverb or adjective. This is much smaller category: the adverb or adjective
must be looked for. Examples: work hard, feel well, shine brightly, and smell sweet.
e) Subject plus verb. There are two groups: first, the noun and verb may mutually attract
each other: ‘the dog barks’, ‘the cat purrs’, ‘the bell rings’, and ‘teeth chatter’. In some cases,
particularly when referring to animals, the verb usually has no other subject. In the second group,
there is merely a fairly high expectation that a particular verb will follow the subject: ‘the door
creaks’, and here the right verb must be looked for.
f) Count noun plus ‘of’. This restricted collocation consists of a term denoting a unit of
quantity and the word for the substance it quantifies. The appropriate unit must be looked for in
the TL, e.g. ‘a loaf of bread’, ‘a cake of soap’, ‘a pinch of salt’, ‘a particle of dust’, etc, if it
exists.
g) Collective noun plus count noun. The collective noun has to be discovered: e.g. ‘a
bunch of keys’, ‘a flock of geese or sheep’, ‘a pack of cards or hounds’.
Wider and less easily categorized collocations include nominalizations (in particular,
nouns premodified by one or more nouns), introducing the name of an object (or unit of quantity)
by a term for its size, composition, purpose, origin, destination, etc., which is now rapidly
superseding the ‘noun plus “of” plus noun’ collocation; the whole range of phrasal verbs, and
various items of a sequence including activity/agent/instrument/object/attribute/source/place,
etc.: e.g. ‘bake/baker/oven/bread/fresh,new,stale,musty/flour,yeast/bakery’.
Collocations are the lexical (not grammatical) tramlines of language. Where a translator
finds current and equally common corresponding collocation in source and TL texts, it is
mandatory to use them; they are among the invariant components of translation. They may be
factual or extralinguistic, denoting institutional terms (e.g. le President Republique) as well as
linguistic. A translator must be conversant with them not only to follow them but also to know
when to ‘break’ them (going off the tramlines) when they are broken in the SL text.
New collocations (noun compounds or adjective plus noun) are particularly common in
the social sciences and in computer language. Thus, ‘lead time’, ‘claw back’, ‘cold-calling’,

12
‘Walkman’ (brand name for ‘personal stereo’), ‘acid rain’, ‘norm reference testing’, ‘rate-
capping’, ‘jetlag’, ‘lateral thinking’, ‘narrow money’, ‘hash total’.
The above represents varying problems. The computer terms are given their recognised
translation – if they do not exist, you have to transfer them (if they appear important) and then
add a functional-descriptive term – you have not the authority to devise your own neologism.
‘Lead time’ – a term for the time between design and production or between ordering and
delivery of a product, has at present to be translated in context;
‘Claw back’ (retrieval of tax benefits) may not last;
‘Narrow money’ (money held predominantly for spending), is contrasted with ‘broad
money’ (for spending and/or as a store of value).
This brief discussion shows incidentally the difficulty of translating English collocations
which appear arbitrarily to juxtapose nouns with verb-nouns because they indicate the two most
significant meaning components, but have varied and sometimes mysterious case relations.
Languages cannot convert verbs to nouns but, in the case of the Romance languages at least,
suppress prepositions in such ruthless way, cannot imitate this procedure. For this reason, the
English collocations are difficult to translate succinctly and an acceptable term emerges only
when the referent becomes as important (usually as a universal, but occasionally as a feature of
the SL culture) that more or less lengthy functional-descriptive term will no longer do.
In linguistics, a collocation is typically defined as the ‘habitual co occurrence of
individual lexical items’. For the translator, for whom the collocation is the most important
contextual factor collocation, in as far as it usefully affects translation, is considerably narrower;
it consists of lexical items that enter mainly into high-frequency grammatical structures. Here are
some examples if this in English and German languages.
1. Adjective + noun
a. heavy labour – schwereArbeit
b. economic situation – Konjunkturlage
2. Noun +noun (i.e. double-noun compound)
a. nerve cell – Nervenzelle
b. government securities – Staatspapiere
c. eye ball – Augapfel
3. Verb + object, which are normally a noun that denotes an action, as in ‘read a paper’.
a. pay a visit – einenBesuchmachen
b. score (win) a victory – einenSiegerzielen
c. read an (academic) paper – einReferanthalten
d. attend a lecture – eineVorlesunghoren or besuchen
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 There are various degrees of collocability. Some words such as ‘bandy’ and ‘rancid’ may
only have one material collocate (‘legs’, ‘butter’) but figuratively they open up more choice
(appearance, taste). They are always linked with the concept of naturalness and usage, and
become most important in the revision stages of translation.
Now I would like to give some examples of collocations from the dictionary of Slang and
Unconventional English by Eric Partridge.
Little House: is Australian coll., 1939. Another yard in which were the
pigsty, the henhouse, the toolshed and what they called
jocosely ‘the little house’.
Pitch it mild: usually in imperative, don’t exaggerate: a Canadian col.,
Variant of draw it mild.
Raw tea: tea without milk or sugar; coll., 1925

5) The translation of eponyms

Eponym, as P.Newmark thinks, is any word derived from a proper name (therefore
including toponyms), are a growth industry in Romance languages and a more modest one in the
English media. When derived from people’s names such words (‘Audenesque’, ‘Keynesian’,
‘Laurenthian’, ‘Hallidayan’, ‘Joycean’, and ‘Leavisite’) tend to rise and fall depending on the
popularity or vogue of their referent and ease of composition. When they refer directly to the
person, they are translated without difficulty, but if they refer to the referent’s ideas or qualities,
the translator may have to add these. In Italian, ‘Thatcherism’ can sometimes (temporarily) be
naturalised as Il Thatcherismo without comment. The ‘Fosbury flop’, a technical term for a
method of high-jumping, can be transferred for specialist and succinctly defined for non-
specialists. When derived from objects, eponyms are usually brand names, and can be transferred
only when they are equally well known and accepted in the TL. Such generalized eponyms as
‘Parkinson’s Law’ (work, personnel, etc. expands to fill the time, space etc. allotted to it),
‘Murphy’s or Sod’s Law (if something can go wrong, it will) have to be reduced to sense. Brand
name eponyms normally have to be translated by denotative terms (‘ball point’).
In general the translator should curb the use of brand name eponyms. New eponyms
deriving from geographical names (the tasteless ‘bikini’ has not been repeated) appear to be rare
– most commonly they originate from the products (wines, cheeses, sausages etc.) of the relevant
area – in translation the generic term is added until the product is well enough known. Many
geographical terms have connotations, the most recent for English being perhaps ‘Crichel Down’
(bureaucratic obstruction) with further details depending on context. Since such eponyms are

14
also metonyms and therefore lose their ‘local habitation’ (Midsummer Night’s Dream) they also
lose their ‘names’ and are translated by their sense.
Peter Newmark proposes to divide eponyms into three categories, those derived from
persons, objects and places.
Persons. In the first category, eponyms denoting objects usually derive from their
inventors or discoverers; in translation, the main difficulty is that they may have an alternative
name (e.g. ‘Humboldt Current’ or ‘Peru current’), the authenticity of the discoverer may be
implicitly disputed (‘Arnold’s fold’ – valvule de Krause; ‘Denson’s disease’ – maladie de
Grancher), or more commonly, replaced by a technical term (Rontgenographie – ‘radiography’;
‘Hutchinson’s angioma’ – angiomeserpigineux). In this category, there is a tendency for
eponyms to be gradually replaced by descriptive terms (‘Davy lamp’ – Grubensicherheitslampe).
The biggest growth-point in eponyms in many European languages is the conversion of
prominent persons’ names to adjectives (-ist) and abstract nouns (-ism) denoting either
allegiance to or influence of the person, or a conspicuous quality or idea associated with them. It
extends now to statesmen whose name lends itself readily to suffixation – often the eponym
declines with the personality’s fame (e.g. ‘Bennite’). Thus we have ‘Thatcherism’, ‘Scargillism’,
‘Livingstonian’ – Reagan has to make do with ‘Reaganomics’ (i.e., economic policy) – others
are hampered by their names, e.g. Kinnock. Sometimes one eponym, say ‘Shakespearean’,
‘Churchillian’, has many potential meanings which can be reduced to one only by considering
the collocation and the context.
The main problem in translating eponyms derived from persons is whether the transferred
word will be understood; thus the noun or adjective ‘Leavisite’ is useful in English to summarize
certain principles of literary criticism, but it would mean little in most TLs unless these were
stated and, usually, related to F.R.Leavis. Such connotations (e.g., for ‘Shavian’, wit, irony,
social criticism) need recording. In other cases, e.g., Quisling, Casanova, Judas, where not much
else is known of the character, the eponym has a single connotative meaning and is often
transferred. In such cases, if the readership is unlikely to understand an eponym, footnotes are
usually unnecessary, but you have to decide whether it is worth transferring the name as well as
the sense, depending on its cultural interest and its likelihood of recurrence or permanence in the
TL. In some cases, where the interest of the proper name is purely ‘local’ and probably
temporary, only the contextual sense is translated; in others (Dante, Shakespeare, Goethe), the
eponym is naturalized, though the connotation may differ somewhat between the source and
target language.
Objects. In the second category, that of object, we are firstly discussing brand names
which tend to ‘monopolise’ their referent first in the country of their origin, then internationally,
15
e.g. ‘aspirin’, ‘Formica’, ‘Walkman’, which in translation require additional descriptive terms
only if the brand name is now known to the readership. Secondly, you have to consciously resist
subliminal publicity for manufacturers of products such as ‘Velcro’, ‘Jiffy bag’, ‘Tesa’,
sellotape’ (two pairs of cultural equivalents), ‘Scotch’, translating them by a brief descriptive
term (which is not always easy) rather than transferring them. Often it is too late. You have to
accept TL standard terms, whether they are eponyms or recognised translations; jargon you must
fight, either by eliminating it or by slimming it down.
Geographical names. Thirdly, geographical terms are used as eponyms when they have
obvious connotations: firstly the towns and villages of Nazi horrors (Belsen, Dachau, Vel’drome,
Drancy, Terezen, and Oradour), which you should transfer and, where necessary, gloss, since
this is basic education. Secondly, beware of idioms such as ‘meet your Waterloo’, ‘it’s just tittle-
tattle’; ‘from here to Timbuktu’. Lastly you should note the increasing metonymic practice,
mainly in the media, or referring to governments by the name of their respective capitals or
locations and institutions or ministers by their residences or streets (‘Whitehall’ – the British
government; ‘the Pentagon’ – US military leadership; ‘Fleet Street’ – the British press).
6) New coinages
It’s a well-known hypothesis that there is no such thing as a brand new word; if a word
does not derive from various morphemes then it is more or less phonaesthetic or sunaesthetic.
All sounds or phonemes are phonaesthetic, have some kind of meaning. Nevertheless, the
etymology of name words, in particular, dialect words, is not known and can hardly be related to
meaningful sounds.
The best known exception to the hypothesis is the internationalism ‘quark’, coined by
James Joyce in Finnegan’s Wake (the word exists in German with another sense), a fundamental
particle in physics.
Nowadays, for instance the computer term ‘byte’, sometimes spelt ‘bite’, is also an
internationalism, the origin of the ‘y’ being obscure. Both these words have phonaesthetic
qualities – quark is humorously related to ‘quark’.
Nowadays, the main new coinages are brand or trade names (‘Bistro’, ‘Bacardi’,
‘Schweppes’, ‘Persil’, ‘Oxo’) and these are usually transferred unless the product is marketed in
the TL culture under another name; or the proper name may be replaced by a functional or
generic term, if the trade name has no cultural or identifying significance. Thus Revlon may be
transferred by a selection of various components (‘Revlon’, ‘lipstick’, ‘fashionable American’).
In principle, in fiction, any kind of neologism should be recreated; if it is a derived word
it should be replaced by the same or equivalent morphemes; if it is also phonaesthetic, it should
be given phonemes producing analogous sound effects. For this reason, in principle, the
16
neologisms in Finnegan’s Wake (‘riverrun’, ‘from over the short sea’, ‘to wielderfight his
penisolate war’) must be re-created systematically and ingeniously, always however, with the
principle of equivalent naturalness in mind, whether relating to morphology (roots and inflexion)
or sound (alliteration, onomatopoeia, assonance).

17
1.3 Classification

The English vocabulary has surpassed the number of 500,000 words with jargons
excluded. According to the statistics of The Barnhart Dictionary Companion, there are 1,500 to
1,600 words and meanings inputting into the computer database each year (12). Classification of
neologisms usually is made according to the following four standards:
1) Neologisms can be classified according to their functions. Innumerable neologisms can
be classified as either referential or expressive. Referential neologisms are neologisms created to
fill the gap in a specific special field. They are produced to solve communication difficulties, for
example, “core dump” (to clear out a computer’s memory). Expressive neologisms are
neologisms developed to introduce new forms of expression into discourse, for example, “open
collar workers” (people who work at home or telecommute).
2) Neologisms can be classified according to their coinage processes. New words and
expressions coming from old words and expressions but with new meanings. For example,
“killer” (adj, very cool, powerful). New created words and expressions which are invented to
describe new ideas and things, for example, “internet”, “I-way” (short form of information
superhighway), and “411” (the latest information of gossip). Borrowed words and expressions,
for example, “masterpiece”, “Mao-tai”, and “haman” .
3) Neologism can be classified according to their formation. Neologisms in form,
including the following structures: derivations (with prefixes and suffixes); compounds; phrases;
shortenings (using initialisms, acronyms, clippings). For example, “Pekingology”,
“educationese” and “hard science”. Semantic neologisms, including three types of processes:
broadening or narrowing or change the meaning of the base form. For example, “feedback”,
“window”, “fallout”. Borrowed neologisms, which are true borrowings and loan translations. For
example, “masterpiece”, “perestroika”.
4) Neologisms can be classified according to their sources, that is, according to where
they come from. Scientific words or phrases created to describe new scientific discoveries or
inventions, for example: “Bluetooth”, “Broadband network”, “IW”, “Melatonin”,
“Cyberstalking” .

18
 CHAPTER II

2.1 What is internet language?

Nearly everything we do in the world is helped, or even controlled by computers. Computers are
used more and more often in the world today because they are far more efficient than human
beings. The Internet is a global collection of different type computer networks that are linked
together. Some refer to the Internet as the information superhighway. The Internet enables a
person to exchange information with other computer users from anyplace of the world. The final
destination may be in a different cities or countries. The Internet provides access to almanacs,
dictionaries, encyclopedias, and maps.With the rapid development of information technology,
the computer network is becoming more and more popular among people, which provides a
carrier for network language and internet words to be produced and widely used. Besides, it
makes network language and internet words gain powerful vitality, as well as enrich the network
language vocabulary.
The language is the ability of human beings to communicate and share between the members of
a community. Recently, more and more people use internet as a tool of communication instead of
writing, calling etc. So, it is important for us to know what the internet language is, why we have
to know it and how we can handle this language.According to wikipedia (let's be honest, we all
look for information on this website), internet language is a language that is used on the internet.
I also agree in wikipedia’s definition but I want to add my own opinion. Internet language is a
property of computer age, new and evolving language. As we can see internet language, we can
notice how communication evolved, what kinds of languages are used and the merits and
demerits of internet language. At first, the advance of the internet has revolutionized
communication in many ways. According to Cristal(2005), in the 15th century, printing was
introduced; in the 19th century the telephone was invented and in the 20th century broadcasting
began to enter our society. And now, some new means of communication such as SMS Text
Messaging, e-mails, chat rooms and Web appeared. So, it made it possible for people to
communicate using many different means of communication and also it created new platforms
with far-reaching social impact.     
    Main definitions :                  
a) Internet Forum (or, message board): "An online discussion site where people can hold
conversations in the form of posted messages.”
b) Acronym: “Abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word.”

19
 c) Chat room: “It is primarily used by mass media to describe any form of synchronous
conferencing, occasionally even asynchronous conferencing. So, it means any
technology ranging from real-time online chat over instant messaging and online forums
to fully immersive graphical social environments.”
d) Slang: “The use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in
the speaker's language or dialect but are considered more acceptable when used socially.
Also, it is often used as a euphemism and may use informal lexicon to identify with one's
peers.”SMS( Short Message Service): “A text messaging service component of phone,
web, or mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocol
that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone
devices.”
e) LEET(Leet speak or eleet):  " An alternative alphabet for the English language that is
used primarily on the Internet."
f) Meme: "it is an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a
culture."Smiley( Smiley face or happy face): " A stylized representation of a smiling
humanoid face, commonly occuring in popular culture." 
g) Flaming: "The act of posting deliberately hostile messages on the Internet used mainly
by a troll."
h) ASCII art: "A graphic design technique that uses computers for presentation and consists
of pictures pieced together from the 95 printable  (from a total of 128) characters defined
by the ASCII Standard from 1963." 
We can't express exact origins of Internet language because Internet language like slangs is
made by everyone who uses Internet and it changes every day, every minutes. Though we don't
know accurate origins, we can assume how Internet language appears. So, let's think about
origins of Internet language.However, according to developing Internet, we don’t use off-line
bulletin board any more instead we start to use internet messenger like forum, cyworld, facebook
and twitter etc. Furthermore, most teenagers start to use their own word called slang and to
abbreviate their words. Why do we abbreviate our words? First of all, abbreviation can reduce
time for writing messages and make people ease to communicate. For example, when I was
young I used to send messages using full sentence like where are you? But now I just write such
as "where r u? we meet tmrw?" or "LOL".The origins of Internet slang can be reached as far as
the first text messages, originated by GMS in 1985. So messages that we send fit into an existing
limit of word. That’s why we had SMS languages and we have been using slang in order to fill
one text message and save money. Then, this text language had an effect on the internet language
since people kept wanting to write faster and shorter. The SMS language settled the roots of the
20
internet language we now know.The world we live in nowadays is fast and communication is
essential, this is why internet users want to write on the web very fast and save their precious
time.
From the angle of Pound’s “language energy”, the article interprets the formation processes of
new network words and their translation from the aspects of old words bearing new meanings,
words coinage and imitation of words.According to Pound’s theory of ‘language energy’,
language has its own vitality, which canadapt to various environments. The vitality is the energy
of language.As a new form of language, internet terms constantly impact the traditional way of
language expression. Withpowerful vitality, new words are experiencing rapid development
under the influence of a new communication media – internet. The energy contained in
formation of the internet neologisms has three main aspects of their formation mechanism, that
is, existing words bearing new meanings, word coinage, and parody of words.
a) Although some of the internet words have originally existed in vocabulary, the meanings
of these words have been greatly changed under the background of rapid development of
network culture. General speaking, words acquire new meanings in the course of usage,
which is the result of the constant movement of the “energy” in words. Pound emphasizes
the relationship between meanings of the words. Pound’s theory of translation requires
the translators to keep the context, so that they can not only understand the words’
explicit meaning, but also get the implicit meaning in different forms of language
expressions, which is the new meaning presented in the new language environment
during the process of translation.
b) “We should note how words are used in specific historical environment, especially in a
new or unconventional way. It is the ‘innovation’ nature of the words to create new
connections with other words at any time under any circumstances that enable the
language to convey energy”. With the development of society and the emergence of new
things, the existing words are unable to meet the needs of people’s expressions, therefore,
those words release their “energy” once again, and thus new words emerge as the times
required. Synthesis is a major way to form Internet words, including “composition” and
“additional derivation”.
c) Parody of words is to create new words in accordance with the existing word format.
“Parody of words is a highly creative way of word formation by replacing the individual
morpheme that already exists in the vocabulary of the traditional language to form a new
word”. Parody of words retains the original energy of words to some extent, as a result of
which the new words will be more easily accepted by the public. Parody of words can not

21
only enhance the infectivity of network language, but also achieve the humorous or
satirical effect, so that the language energy will get into full play.

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 2.2 Neologisms in Internet language.

Scientific and technical revolution as one of the major phenomena of the present makes
essential changes to the linguistic model of the world. There are many factors, which shape the
development of a language. In particular, the rapid development of new computer technologies
and methods for processing information inevitably influences the formation of new words and
lexical meanings. The influence of these factors is increasing, however, since technological and
scientific progress goes on faster now than ever before in history and especially technology’s
influence in our lives is increasing.
In this part of the paper I am taking a look into neologisms created by one field of
modern technology and science that is very popular: the Internet and computer science.
Technical terminology is closely related to the development of science. The creation of new
terms should go hand in hand with such development, though this would be complicated for
terminologists, translators and linguists, since technologies and science advance at such a rapid
pace that by the time they gather the information to try to create glossaries or terminology
databases, their content may be obsolete.
In the recent years, for example, computer technology has added a significant number of
new terms to the language. "Webinar," "malware," "netroots", and "blogosphere" are just a few
examples of modern-day neologisms that have been integrated into the modern English
language. But the appearance of new words doesn’t only enrich the vocabulary of language, but
also implies a serious problem for translators in finding lexical equivalents of neologisms in the
target language.
The translation of neologisms in general and of IT neologisms in particular, is a
translator’s most difficult task due to their characteristic of newness. For this reason, the
translator has to find ways to transfer the whole denotation of the terms into the target language
so that receptors can understand them. Usually interpreters come across the problem of being
unable to find a suitable equivalent in the source language. Thus, they are to use lexical and
lexica-grammatical transformations in order to convey the meaning implied by the author of the
message.
Obviously, there is no such thing as an absolute rule for dealing with technical
neologism. However, there are some strategies that should be taken into consideration to make
the translation more and more effective. Firstly, the translator should give special treatment to
neologisms that are key terms in the text. Secondly, he should find out the definition of the
primary neologisms to understand their meanings and pay attention to recognized translations of

23
the terms before producing his own one. Finally, he should acknowledge for whom his
translation is, that is who the target reader is.
The neologisms concerning the Internet are at least in context easy to understand
comparing with the other neologisms. I speculate that this is mainly due to the number,
educational level and target group of the people who come up with these neologisms. The
Internet is at least in theory accessible to everyone. Similarly, everyone can post something in an
Internet forum or put something up on their homepage. If it is a really good idea or if a new term
is a somehow really catchy the term might be picked up by others, spread on the internet and
finally find its way into an entry in language and dictionaries. Therefore, the neologisms are
created on an average intellectual base and are understandable by everyone who has at least
some knowledge about the Internet. Due to the limited scope this paper can offer I will focus my
view, concerning the Internet, on neologisms coined for the social aspect of the Internet. This
includes people who work on or in the Internet as well as those neologisms, which describe
things like Internet addiction and other phenomena.

24
 2.3 Examples of internet neologisms.

1. Avatar
No, not the movie below. On the internet, an avatar usually isn’t a cartoon character, but a digital
version of yourself. The term stems from the Sanskrit word ‘avatara,’ which was used to describe
the descent of a god into an earthly form. It’s been around in the English language since the 18th
century, when it arrived via the Hindi language.
2. Hashtags
The hashtag has been around since the 1920s; it was first used in America as an abbreviated way
for indicating a weight in pounds. When telephone enigneers at Bell Labs started using is as a
function symbol on phones in the 60s, the symbol was introduced to the broader public. On the
internet, the symbol is currently used as a ‘function code for social interaction’ to emphasize
what you are talking about.
3. Scunthorpe problem
The term ‘Scunthorpe problem’ is used to describe the problems internet filters can pose on
perfectly innocent terms or phrases. These collection of problems received their name from an
incident back in 1996, when AOL prevented the inhabitant of Scunthorpe from creating user
accounts as the second to fifth letters of the town spell out a rather inappropriate word.
4. Trolling
You might regard trolling as a verb that has only recently come into existence, but this couldn’t
be further away from the truth! In 1600, the word was already used to describe the practice of
fishing by pulling bait around in the water. This is why the word is now used in its current
meaning, namely the simulation of naivety to lure in naïve people.
5. Memes
In 1976, Richard Dawkins first used the word meme in his book The Selfish Gene. It was meant
as a shortening for ‘mimeme,’ the Ancient Greek word for an imitated thing. Nowadays, the
word is used for concepts or items that become a hype among internet users.
6. Spam
Ah, spam, the lovely canned meat! Or not? In 1970, Monthy Python aired their sketch about a
café where almost every item on the menu contained spam as a complaint against the
monotonous British cuisine. In the 80s, the word became popular again amongst the rebellious
first internet users that copied the word to derail internet discussions. This was the start of the
current meaning of the word – unwanted email, messages or information.
7. LOLs

25
LOL might be an abbreviation for ‘laughing out loud,’ but it mainly serves as a ‘stage direction:’
it indicates how you feel about a certain topic. As many of the conversations we have today are
written, we need words and symbols to express emotions, and LOL is one of those symbols.
8. Meh
Three letters, endless uses: Meh is used to express indifference, but can be employed in many
different ways. It can be an exclamation that more or less expresses ‘OK, whatever,’ but it can
also be used as an adjective or a noun, as in ‘I stand by my meh.’ Some believe the term is
derived from the Yiddisch ‘mnyeh,’ a very disdainful word, but the first appearance of the word
was in the Simpsons in 1996.
9. Cupertino
You might not be familiar with this term, but you have probably cursed the problem it stands for
a thousand times! Also known as ‘auto-correct errors,’ cupertinos occur when you are wrongly
corrected by your technological device. The word stems from an early spell checker that knew
the word Cupertino – a Californian city where Apple has its headquarters – but was unfamiliar
with the word cooperation.
10. Geeks
The word ‘Geek’ travelled all the way from Germany to England. In the Low German language,
a ‘geck’ was a crazy person. In 1952, Robert Heinlein used the word in his short story ‘The Year
of the Jackpot,’ and thirty years later, the term was widely used for technology-obsessed
teenagers with poor social skills.
11.Netspeak
The term‘Netspeak’ is analternative to ‘Netlish’, ‘Weblish’, ‘Internet language’, ‘cyberspeak’,
‘electronic discourse’, ‘electronic language’,‘interactive written discourse’, ‘computer-mediated
communica-tion’ (CMC), and other more cumbersome locutions. Each termhas a different
implication: ‘Netlish’, for example, is plainly derived from ‘English’, and is of decreasing
usefulness as the Net becomes more multilingual; ‘electronic discourse’ emphasizes the
interactive and dialogue elements; ‘CMC’ focuses on the medium itself.
A
Arachnerd – a person that spends way too much time either surfing the Web or fussing their
home page
B
Blog – a Web page consisting of frequently updated, chronological entries on a particular topic
(bw)
Bitcom – a short, sitcom-style video available over the internet (comp) bit+computer
C
26
Cobweb page – a Web page that hasn’t been updated in a long time(abr+nm)
D
Dark-side hacker - A hacker who uses his or her talents for malicious or criminal ends. (wc+nm)
Darknet - The collection of networks and other technologies that enable people to illegally share
copyrighted digital files with little or no fear of detection. (bd) dark + internet
Domainer - A person who makes a living from domain name speculation or by purchasing
popular domain names and filling the sites with advertising. (af)
E
E-mail bankruptcy - The state of being unable or unwilling to read and respond to all the e-mail
messages one has received, and so to delete those messages and start over again. (comp+nm)
Evernet - Internet access that is instantly and always available from a number of different
devices. (bd)
e-mail - is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients.
Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks.(comp)
F
Facebase - A database of faces used in the computer-based recognition and identification of a
face. (bd) face+bace
Facial technology - The technology required to identify and track a person using face recognition
techniques. (comp)
Fakester - A person who puts up a profile on a social networking website such as Friendster or
MySpace that contains false or misleading information, or that is dedicated to another person or
to an object. (bd+suff)
Foolmonger - In view of the various internet, phone and mail scams. (bd) fool+monger
Frag - To kill a character in a computer game. (nm+wc)
Friend - On a social networking website, to add a person to one's list of acquaintances, and vice
versa. (nm+wc)
Feedhack – someone who gives lame advice (comp) Feed+hack
G
Get-rich-click – Relating to people who wants to get rich either through online investigating or
by creating an Internet-related business (comp+nm)
GooTube – The business entity or Web services created by the merger of Google and YouTube
(comp+nm) Google+YouTube
Gator - To display a company's ad when a person visits a rival company's Web site. (af)
H

27
Hot spot - A Web site that experiences a massive surge in traffic, usually in response to an event
or promotion. (comp)
I
Innernet - Wearable or ingested computer technology that monitors internal body functions. (bd)
Iterature - Literature in the scientific sense, meaning published papers, on the Internet. (bd)
J
Jargon filter - An email program filter that has been configured to automatically delete incoming
messages that contain certain jargon terms or buzzwords. (comp)
K
Kiddiot - A young, malicious hacker who isn’t smart enough to create custom hacking software,
so must rely on programs created by other people (comp) kid+idiot
Killboard – In a computer game, a list of the enemies that a player killed (comp) kill+board
L
Ludology – The academic study of games, particularly video games.(bd)
Logic bomb – A computer virus set for a timed release. When the virus “detonates”, it
deliberately disrupts, modifies, or erases data. (wc)
M
Mobisode – A short program, or the edited highlights from a longer program, designed to be
watched on a small, mobile screen such as a digital media player or a mobile phone (comp)
mobile+episode
Mouse potato – A person who spends a lot of time at the computer (wc)
Meatloaf – Forwarded messages, jokes, lists, and other unsolicited noncommercial e-mail
messages sent by an individual to a large number of people (nm+comp) Meat+loaf
N
Nastygram - A letter, e-mail, or other message that insults, criticizes, or attempts to intimidate
the recipient. (comp) nasty + gram
Nyurts - Browser's knowledge. (nm+wc)
Netlag – What the Internet is said to be suffering from on the days when response times and
download times are slower than usual.(bd)
Nonversatio – A conversation with no subject, especially in chat. (bd)
O
One-line wonder – A Web page that contains only a single useful link.(comp+wc)
P
Programming fluid - Term used by programmers to refer to coffee, Jolt cola, or any other high-
caffeine stimulant that helps them get through all-night coding sessions. (comp)
28
R
Rain dance – A mostly ceremonial sequence of actions performed in the hope that they will solve
a computer problem (wc)
Read-only user – A person who uses the Internet exclusively for reading Web pages, e-mail, and
newsproups instead of creating their own content.(comp+wc)
S
Smexting – sending text messages while standing outside on a smoking break (comp)
Smoke+text
Slivercasting – delivering video programming aimed at an extremely small audience (comp)
Sliver+cast
Salami attack –A series of minor computer crimes – slices of a large crime – that are different to
detect and trace (wc+nm)
Smoking memo – A memo letter, or e-mail message that contains irrefutable evidence or crime
(wc)
Social media – Online sites and technologies that enable people to contribute or share content,
discuss, rate, or categorize content with each other (wc)
T
Targeted Trojan horse – a Trojan horse program sent as an attachment in an e-mail message that
has a subject line, body, text, and return address that have been created to fool the recipient into
opening the attachment (wc)
Typosquatter – a person, who registers one or more Internet names(comp)
U
Ubiquilink – A Web page link that appears on almost everyone`s hotlist. (bd)
Unstrung – Describes a person or technology that uses wireless communications to access the
Internet. (conv)
Ungoogleable – A person for whom no information appears in an Internet search engine,
particularly Google.(comp+pref)
V
Viewser - A person who watches video content online or on a computer, or who combines
regular TV watching with related digital content. (bd) view+user
Vodcasting - Podcasting video content. (bd) video + podcasting
Vlog – A blog that contains mostly video. (comp) video+blog
W
Weblish – A form of English to some on-line documents and communications. (aff)

29
Web cramming – A scam in which a person or small business accepts an offer for a free Web
site, to be subsequently charged a monthly free on their phone bill.(wc)
Wi-Fi – Wireless fidelity (abr)
Wiki – A collaborative Web site that allows to add, edit, and delete the site`s content (abr)
Z
Zen mail – An incoming e-mail message without any body text or attachments. (comp)

30
 CONCLUSION
In our work, we tried to give a presentation of all aspects of such a linguistic event as
neologisms. Nowadays around 4000 words enter English vocabulary every year which reflects
the fast development of the language and makes the phenomena interesting to analyze. But the
problem with neologism is that its meaning is sometimes un-comprehendible. In our research we
try to study the neologisms as units of language, to determine the basic theoretical conceptions of
the neologism; to investigate the classification. We analyzed the spheres of usage of the
neologisms and can say that new words appear everywhere. Computerizing made substantial
alterations in the word building system, generated the whole row of new productive derevative
elements in system of language.We investigated the computer neologisms, their peculiarities,
tried to perform an analysis of computer neologisms according to the word building type, sphere
of usage, to the source and time of appearance, meaning and translation. We came to the
conclusion that the most common feature used in such neologisms is compounding. There is the
most frequently found peculiarity. We think that it is because of the language aspiration for
reduction (or shortening). Besides these peculiarities we distinguished new meanings,
borrowings, special word formation, which consist of: affixation, prefixation, suffixation,
compounding, conversion, abbreviations and acronyms, word combinations and blending. A new
vocabulary and phraseology which arose up in connection with informative revolution pierces
now almost all spheres of social life, it removes both the numerous blessings and benefits and
new social problems, negative consequences of modern stage of scientific and technical
progress.Upon the research of internet neologisms, we can realize the huge energy contained in
language. With its powerful “energy” and vitality, network language increasingly enriches our
vocabulary. In the background of internet age, the unceasing appearance of network words is
vivid and impressive. New specific background constitutes a new communication environment,
so that the words in the specific context would burst forth infinite energy. It thus requires the
translator to take full advantage of his or her subjectivity role in the translation
process, to be an “artist” by adopting flexible method to make his or her art works presented to
the rest of theworld in the most perfect image.In the network world, network language is
incredibly active, although some internet vocabulary may suffer a fast-growing and quick-
vanishing situation, and become a history in the language development stage. Nevertheless, with
the development of the times, various languages will be mutually influenced; network language
is on its way to internationalization. It’s not hard to predicate that the Internet neologisms will
continue to receive new energy, as stars twinkling over the sky of internet language
development.
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