882

Paper ID: WRE-007

International Conference on Recent Innovation in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development
(IICSD-2015)
Department of Civil Engineering
DUET - Gazipur, Bangladesh

Bank Shifting and Land use Change of Jamuna River Due to Construction of Multipurpose
Bangabandhu Bridge: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

M. R. H. Kauser1, H. S. Alam2 and M. K. Islam3

Abstract
The main purpose of bridge construction in a waterway is to ensure and facilitate the continuous
communication. As a result of building these structures on waterway have detrimental effects on the
hydrology and morphology of the adjacent area. Jamuna river is one the biggest river in Bangladesh
which separate north Bangal with capital. The Bangabandhu multipurpose bridge is constructed over
Jamuna river to connect the north Bangal with capital city. The objective of this study is to compute
actual bank shifting and land use change along the Jamuna river due to the construction of multipurpose
Bangabandhu bridge for a period of twenty years (1990-2010). Seven different spectral bands of Landsat
TM & ETM+ Satellite images of 1990, 1997, 2003 & 2010 respectively are used to delineate the land use
changes of the both bank alignment of the Jamuna river course. Supervised classification of satellite
images is implemented to characterize land use types (Considering five criteria which are Build up Area,
Vegetation, Water Body, Chor Land and Soil). Moreover, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
is undertaken to identify accuracy of the supervised classification. In this study, it has been found that in
upstream and downstream portion bank shifted maximum 2 km and 4 km from 1990 to 2010 respectively
and Chor area has been increased 6-10 sq. km in every 6 to 7 Years .This study has considered 30km in
upstream and 30km in downstream from bridge in Sirajganj and Tangail portion. The results of this study
will provide latest and reliable information on river bank erosion trend and land use change (upstream
and downstream) along the Jamuna river due to multipurpose Bangabandhu bridge.

Keywords: Jamuna River, Land uses Change, Erosion, Deposition, NDWI, Supervised Classification.

1. Introduction

Bangladesh has an exceptional global location with its vast floodplains and low altitude from the sea
and high dependence on nature and most disclosed to the influence of global warming and climate
change. Bank erosion of the untrained alluvial rivers of Bangladesh is major problems to the socio-
economic and environmental sectors of the country [1]. Jamuna is one of three large sand-bed rivers
that cross the low-lying deltaic floodplain of Bangladesh [2]. A multipurpose bridge has constructed in
1998 in these river to connect the north Bengal with the whole country. The purpose of the study is to
compute actual bank shifting and land use change along the Jamuna river due to the construction of
multipurpose Bangabandhu Bridge for a period of twenty years. The study has combined with RS and
GIS and Landsat satellite image from 1990- 2010 are analyzed for accessing the erosion, deposition
and land use changes along both sides of the river.

2. Theoretical Framework

The supervised classification can be defined as the process of using samples of known identity (i.e.,
pixels assigned to informational classes) to classify pixels of unknown identity (i.e., assigning
unclassified pixels to one of several informational classes). Samples of known identity are those
pixels located within training areas, or training fields. It has three basic steps which are tanning stage,
1
Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, mdrhkauser@gmail.com
2
Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, hsa1105020@gmail.com
3
Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology,Kamrul.islam.cuet10@gmail.com

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classification stage and the output stage [3].

The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is generally employed to reach the goal of isolating
water and non-water features. NDWI differs from combine different pairs of bands (normally of TM
or ETM), originally and typically including near infrared (NIR) and green (band4 and band2) [4] NIR
and short wave infrared (SWIR) (band4 and band5 [5] and red band and middle infrared (MIR) (band3
and band5) band. There are several studies has been done to employ those pairs of bands to delineate
flood extent [6] However, in fact, the two latter definitions are to obtain water and non-water land,
while the first one focuses more on water surface consisting of open water body and moist soil [4]

3. Methodology and data

Fig.1. Methodological flow chart

To analysis land use change and bank shifting of the study area from 1990-2010 by Landsat TM and
ETM+ Satellite images are used. Geographic Information systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS)
were used in data encoding and analysing purposes. ArcGIS 10.1, 10.2.1 and ERDAS Imagine 10, 14
version software and human interpretation have been used in extracting the data from 1990, 1997,
2003 and 2010 remote sensing images. Different land use shape file layers for vector data were
created and analysed ArcGIS (Arc Catalog) environment. Raster calculator and Clip tools of ArcGIS
(Arc Catalog) used to find the land use change and bank shifting. Fixed in eye altitude of 150 km
selecting the study area, 30×30 meter resolution of landslide satellite imagery was acquired (table 1).

Table-1. Landsat satellite images from USGS Earth Explorer at a glance

Respective Date acquired Center time Cloud

Sensor
year (Day/Month/Year) (Hour: Minute: Second) coverage %
1990 1990-01-30 03:52:37 Landsat 5 (TM) 0%
1997 1997-01-01 03:53:37 Landsat 5 (TM) 1%
2003 2003-01-26 09:52:26 Landsat 7(ETM+) 0%
2010 2010-01-21 04:21:25 Landsat 5 (TM) 0%

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4. Study Area

Historically and geologically the Jamuna is the youngest River of the world [7]. Because of natural
phenomenon like flood and tectonic movement Brahmaputra river started it's flow through a new
course known as Jamuna from 1787 [8]. The study area is beside the Sirajganj & Tangail district. Study
area contains 30 KM in up Stream and 30 KM in down Stream portion from Bridge.

Fig. 2. Location map of the Study Area

5. Analysis and Findings

5.1 Land use change

Table-2. Land use change due to Deposition in Jamuna River (in Sq. Km)

Up stream Down stream

Land use
change 1990-1997 1997-2003 2003-2010 1990-1997 1997-2003 2003-2010
Build up Area 14.07 0.92 0.78 14.04 0.77 0.95
Chor Land 24.7 17.6 16.15 18.76 21.38 9.04
Soil 19.03 39.57 37.87 23.06 38.15 29.65
Vegetation 3.31 7.93 8.05 5.7 6.38 10.54

Table-3. Land use change due to Erosion in Jamuna river (in Sq. Km)

Up stream Down stream

Land use
change 1990-1997 1997-2003 2003-2010 1990-1997 1997-2003 2003-2010
Build up Area 3.69 10.88 0.78 6.45 10.52 0.65
Chor Land 14.98 15.27 10.74 8.62 12.46 13.34
Soil 15.39 17.91 27.21 12.04 18.45 28.96
Vegetation 8.03 3.97 11.42 12.14 9.19 5.09
With the help of erosion and deposition map and supervised classification map using clip tools of Arc

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GIS the land use change is found. Finally, in this case four land use type is considered which are the
Char land, vegetation, soil and build-up area are found.

In the 20 year time period (from fig. 3 and table 2 & 3) the buildup area and vegetation decreases and
Chor land and soil area increases due to erosion in the both upstream and downstream portion. The
buildup area and Chor land decreases and soil area and vegetation increases due to deposition in both
upstream and downstream portion.

5.2 Erosion and deposition

Landsat data of different periods (from 1990-2010) were considered for finding the erosion and
deposition area. All of the layers are superimposed one by one maintaining sequential order, there
after change detection was performed, demarcated and calculated the erosion and deposition of the
study area from 1990 to 2010.

A B C

D E F

Fig. 3. Erosion and deposition of Jamuna River in Up and down stream portion map A to F

Table-4. Erosion and deposition in Jamuna River (in Sq. Km)

Erosion Deposition
Time period
Up Stream Down Stream Up Stream Down Stream
1990-1997 42.09 39.24 61.11 61.56
1997-2003 48.03 48.04 66.01 66.68
2003-2010 50.14 50.62 66.68 50.17
In the 20 year time period (from fig. 3 and table 4) before the bridge constructed in upstream the
deposition was 52.11 Sq.km but after the bridge construction the deposition increased to almost 65
Sq.km and erosion decrease 54.43 to 50 Sq.km. Before the bridge constructed in downstream the

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deposition was 60 Sq.km but after the bridge construction the deposition decreased to almost 50
Sq.km in every six years.

5.3 Bank Shifting

The bank shifting graph is prepared by taking 20 cross section is study area in different point of the
1997, 2003 and 2010 image considering from 1990 image using arc GIS software. Bank shifting
change is a natural process but, quite often, the impacts of man through bank hardening or inlet
stabilization but in this case bridge has dominate effect on bank shifting. Fig 4 to Fig 5 are showing
exact scenario of different erosion and deposition area in Jamuna River.

1990 to 1997 1997 to 2003 2003 to 2010

Deviation of shoreline in m

6000
4000
2000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-2000
-4000
-6000
Cross Section

Fig. 4. Bank shifting of left shoreline of Jamuna River

1990 to 1997 1997 to 2003 2003 to 2010

4000
Deviation of shoreline in m

3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-2000
-3000
-4000
Cross Section

Fig. 5. Bank shifting of Right shoreline of Jamuna River

Negative bank shifting switching demark as erosion and positives bank shifting switching demark as
deposition. About 2700 m length shifting up at left bank ( fig. 4) and about 1410 m length shifting up
at right bank ( fig. 5).

6. Conclusion

Landsat satellite images observation predict shifting pattern of Jumuna River was significant
demarcated. Landsat image of 20 year time period before the bridge constructed in upstream the
deposition was 52.11 Sq.km but after the bridge construction the deposition increased to almost 65

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Sq.km and erosion decrease 54.43 to 50 Sq.km and in the downstream the deposition was 60 sq.km
but after the bridge construction the deposition decreased to almost 50 Sq.km in every six years. In the
case of land use the buildup area and vegetation decreases and Chor land and soil area increases due
to erosion in the both upstream and downstream portion. In the case of bank shifting 2700 m length
shifting up at left bank and about 1410 m length shifting up at right bank. Satellite imagery shows
the minor streams are deposited and lost its flow. It also creates serious river bank erosion in
downstream portion. The present study is focused on a relation between river dynamics and water
discharges in consideration of bridge construction. However, further research may be focused on how
Jumna Bridge affects its surrounding biodiversity.

7. Acknowledgement

At first all praises belong to Almighty Allah, the most Merciful, very kind to man and his action. We
would like to express our gratitude to our parents and other family members from the core of our heart
for their love. We want to specially thank to all of our friends for helpful and provide encourage to
accomplish the dissertation. Finally, there is no word to express our profound gratitude and respect to
Debasish Roy Raja, Assistant Professor, Dept. of URP, CUET and Sharmin Ara, Lecturer, Dept. of
URP, CUET for their valuable advice, comments, sympathetic co-operation and systematic guidance
at all stages of this work.

8. References

[1] Ahmed, N., Study of some bank protective works in Bangladesh, Unpublished M.Sc. thesis,
Dept. of Water Resource Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,
Dhaka, 1989.
[2] Ashworth, P.J., Mid-channel bar growth and its relationship to local flow strength and direction.
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21, 123, 1996.
[3] Lillesand, T. M., Kiefer, R.W. and Chipman, J.W., Remote Sensing and Image Interpolation, 5th
ed., John & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd., pp. 552-572, 2004.
[4] McFeeters, S.K., The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the
delineation of open water features. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 17:7, 1425-1432,
1996.
[5] Gao, B.C., NDWI – a normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid
water from space. Remote Sensing of Environment, 58, pp. 257–266, 1996.
[6] Jain, S.K., Singh, R.D., Jain, M.K. and Lohani, A.K., Delineation of Flood-Prone Areas Using
Remote Sensing Techniques, Journal of Water Resources Management, Springer 2005, 19: 333–
347, 2005.
[7] Archana, S., Nayan, S., RS-GIS based assessment of river dynamics of Brahmaputra river in
India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2012, 2012.
[8] Uddin, K., Shrestha, B., Alam, M.S., Assessment of Morphological Changes and Vulnerability
of River Bank Erosion alongside the River Jamuna Using Remote Sensing. Journal of Earth
Science and Engineering 1, 30-35, 2011.

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