HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND IT’S IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY :
UTKARSH
15138
3RD SEMESTER
B.ARCHITECTURE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE TIME PERIOD WHICH TOOK
PLACE BETWEEN 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY.

• STARTED IN BRETAIN AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.

• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE TRANSITION TO NEW
MANUFACTURING PROCESS. THIS TRANSITION INCLUDE GOING
FROM HAND PRODUCTION METHOD TO MASHINES .

• NEW CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND IRON PRODUCTION

PROCESS IMPROVED EFFCIENCY OF WATER POWER .THE
INCREASING USE OF STEAM POWER AND DEVELOPMENT OF
MASHINE TOOLS.

• CHANGES AT EVERY LEVEL OF CIVILIZATION THROUGHOUT THE

WORLD.

• THE GROWTH OF HEAVY INDUSTRY BROUGHT A FLOOD OF

NEW BUILDING MATERIALS—SUCH AS CAST IRON, STEEL, AND
GLASS—WITH WHICH ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS DEVISED
STRUCTURES HITHERTO UNDREAMED OF IN FUNCTION, SIZE,
AND FORM.

• THE WORLD TURNED GREATLY TOWARDS GREEK AND ROMAN

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN. IT WAS CONSIDERED
FASHIONABLE, AND RIGHTLY SO, TO BORROW FROM VARIOUS
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS. THE GREEK DESIGNS
WERE WHAT DOMINATED THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS THAT
WERE TAKEN UP, RIGHT TILL THE 19TH CENTURY.
❑ PICTURE SHOWS THE DEVELOPMENT AND
• THE ENLIGHTMENT- SETTLEMENT OF NEW FACTORIES
• ENHANCED THE SIGNIFICANCE AND SOCIAL STATUS OF EVERY
CITIZENS.
• FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN POLITICAL CULTURE.
MAJOR INVENTIONS AT THAT TIME
THE STEAM ENGINE-

INVENTED BY JAMES WATT IN 1785 WHOSE PROLIFIRATION INTO NEEWLY BUILT MASHINE SHOP AND IRON
FOUNDRIES ENGENDERED AN APPROPRIATE TYPE OF BUILDING.

RAILWAY-

MEANINGFUL SYMBOL OF NEW AGE WHICH IN TURN HAD CONSECQUENCE OF ARCHITECTURE (STATIONS,
BRIDGES AND TUNNELS).

THE STEAM BOAT-

AN IMPORTANT MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION WHICH IN TURN HAD CONSECQUENCE FOR MASS MIGRATION
FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE.

MASS MIGRATION-
THE POSSIBILITY OF TRAVELBROUGHT ABOUT THE MIGRATION OF POPULATION FROM THE COUNTRY SIDE TO
BIG CITIES AND FROM NATION TO NATION.

OTHER INVENTION LIKE PRINTING MASHINE, SWING MASHING, TOILET BOWL, CYCLE, BAGGI ETC.

DEVELOPEMENT IN TRANSPORT SYSTEM-

▪ ROAD, RAILWAYS AND CANAL WERW BUILT.

▪ CANAL BEGEN TO BUILT IN LATE 18TH CENTURY TO LONK MAJOR MANUFACTURING CENTRES.
▪ THE CONSTRUCTION OF MAJAOR RAILWAYS CONNECTING THE LARGER CITIES AND TOWN.
 THE RAILWAY

STEAM BOAT
INVENTION OF BUILDING MATERIAL
CAST IRON-
AN ESSENTIALY BRITTLE MATERIAL IS APPROXIMATELY FOUR TIMES AS RESISTANT TO COMPRESSION TO
STONE.
WROUGHT IRON-
WHICH IS FOURTY TIME AS RESISTANT TO TENSION AND BENDING AS STONE IS ONLY FOUR TIMES
HEAVIER. IT CAND BE FORM OR MOULDED INTO ANY SHAPE.
GLASS-
CAN BE MANUFACTURED IN LARGER SIZES AND VOLUME, SOLID STRUCRURE COULD BE REPLACED BY
SKELETON STRUCTURE, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO ERECT BUILDING OF ALMOST UNRESTRICTED HEIGHT.
BUILDING COULD BE CONSTRUCTED IN ANY SHAPE AND IN SHORT TIME

CAST IRON WERE MOSTLY USED

IN CONSTRUCTION OF
STAIRCASES.
 WROUGHT IRON WERE USED
IN RAILIN AS PARAPET..

USED AS FENCING OR AS
TRUSS..
USE OF GLASS AS
ACURVED STRUCTURE..
 USES OF IRON IN ARCHITECTURE
▪ THE IRON BRIDGE
▪ THE IRON RAIL ROAD STATION
▪ THE IRON MARKET PLACE
▪ THE IRON COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
▪ THE IRON CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDING
▪ THE IRON EXIBITION BUILDING

IRON RAIL ROAD STATION THE IRON BRIDGE

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Architectural
Design
❑ THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, WHICH HAPPENED IN THE LATTER HALF
OF THE 18TH CENTURY
❑ BROUGHT ABOUT A NUMBER OF CHANGES IN THE ARCHITECTURAL
SCENARIO ALL OVER THE WORLD.
❑ INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ALSO SAW ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY
AND MANUFACTURING FACILITIES, ARCHITECTURE BECAME POPULAR
AND IT BECAME EASIER TO DESIGN THE BUILDINGS.
❑ IT WAS DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THAT THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY CAME IN MOTION, .. BECAUSE OF THIS
DEVELOPMENT, ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS INTRODUCED FABRICS LIKE
VELVET AND SILK. THIS BROUGHT ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF INTERIORS
BEING INCORPORATED INTO THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS.
❑ MAKING THEM INTERESTINGLY DIFFERENT FROM ALL THE DESIGNS
KNOWN TO EXIST BEFORE THIS ERA.
❑ ADVANCEMENTS IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ALSO CONTRIBUTED
GREATLY IN THE EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AS WE SEE
THEM TODAY.
❑ AT THE HEIGHT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, ARCHITECTURE
CELEBRATED BOTH THE ORNAMENTAL AND THE UNADORNED AND
EMBRACED MASS PRODUCTION IN AN ALMOST UNBELIEVABLE
DISPLAY OF GOODS AND RESOURCES.
❑ THE HEAVY INDUSTRY GROWTH BROUGHT ABOUT A FLOOD OF NEW
BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS CAST IRON, STEEL, AND GLASS, WITH
WHICH ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS DEVISED STRUCTURES OF SIZES
MORE BIGGER THAN BEFORE, FORM BETTER THAN BEFORE, AND FIT
TO PERFORM FUNCTIONS WHICH WERE NOT POSSIBLE BEFORE.
TEXTILE INDUSTRIE
 TEXTILE MASHINE

THREAD MASHINE
APART FROM ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS FLOURISHING WITH RESPECT TO
HOUSING AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS, ARCHITECTURE ALSO SAW A BOOM
WITH RESPECT TO OTHER FORMS OF INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS Canals, tunnels,
bridges etc..

NEO CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

❑ IT IS THE NEO CLASSICAL MOVEMENT BEGUN IN MID 18TH CENTURY.
❑ DISENCHANTMENT WITH BAROQUE, WITH ROCOCO, AND EVEN WITH NEO-PALLADIANISM TURNED LATE 18TH-
CENTURY DESIGNERS AND PATRONS TOWARD THE ORIGINAL GREEK AND ROMAN PROTOTYPES.
❑ SELECTIVE BORROWING FROM ANOTHER TIME AND PLACE RESULTS FASHIONABLE THINGS WERE CREATED.
❑ INTELLECTUALLY NEOCLASSICSM WAS SYMPTOMATIC OF DESIRE TO RETURN TO PERCEIVED PURITY OF THE ART OF
ROMAN AND GREEK AND RENISSANCE CLASSICISM..

❑HOWEVER ARCHITECTS FELT FREE TO SELECT WHATEVER ELEMENTS FROM

PAST CULTURE AND BEST FITTED INTO THEIR PROGRAMS LIKE…..
▪ GOTHIC AND PROTESTANT CHURCHES.
▪ BAROQUE FOR ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES
▪ EARLY GREEKS FOR BANK
▪ EARLY RENAISSANCE FOR LIBRARIES
▪ EGYPTIANS FOR CEMETERIES

▪ ITS GREEK ASPECT WAS PARTICULARLY STRONG IN THE YOUNG UNITED STATES FROM THE EARLY YEARS OF THE
19TH CENTURY UNTIL ABOUT 1850. NEW SETTLEMENTS WERE GIVEN GREEK NAMES—SYRACUSE, ITHACA,
▪ , entablatures, and pediments, mostly transmuted into white-painted wood, were applied
to public buildings and important town houses in the style called GREEK revival.
FAMOUS BUILDINGS OF NEO-CLASSICAL ERA

U.S CAPITOL (USA)

ALTES MUSEUM
(BERLIN)
WHITE HOUSE(U.S.A) BALTIMORE BASILICA(USA)
 THEN….
❑ IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY DISLOCATIONS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION BECAME OVERWHELMING.

❑ MANY WERE SHOCKED BY THE HIDEOUS NEW URBAN DISTRICTS OF FACTORIES AND WORKERS’ HOUSING
AND BY THE DETERIORATION OF PUBLIC TASTE AMONG THE NEWLY RICH.
❑
❑ FOR THE NEW MODES OF TRANSPORTATION, CANALS, TUNNELS, BRIDGES, AND RAILROAD STATIONS,
ARCHITECTS WERE EMPLOYED ONLY TO PROVIDE A CULTURAL VENEER.

❑ AT THAT TIME THE CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAYS, CANALS ARE IN MOTION.

❑ THIS ERA ALSO SAW A NEW INTREST IN USING NEW BUILDING MATERIALS LIKE GLASS, WOODEN TIMBER
(USED IN WINDOWS) AND BRICKS AND TERRACOTA.

❑ FACTORY MADE PLATE GLASS WAS DEVELOPED AND COMPLEX DESIGNS IN IRON GRILLWORK WERE A
POPULAR DECORATION FOR THE CLASSICAL AND GOTHIC BUILDINGS.

❑ THERE WERE ALSO TERRACOTTA MANUFACTURING IMPROVEMENTS

❑ WHICH ALLOWED FOR MORE OF ITS USE IN CONSTRUCTION.

❑ STEEL SKELETONS WERE COVERED WITH MASONRY AND LARGE GLASS SKYLIGHTS WERE POPULAR
❑ .
❑ LARGE INDOOR OPEN SPACES WERE NOW MADE POSSIBLE WITH THE USE OF STRONG IRON FRAMED
CONSTRUCTION. THIS WAS IDEAL FOR FACTORIES, MUSEUMS AND TRAIN STATIONS.

❑ THE BEST EXAMPLE IS THE EIFFEL TOWER.

❑ BUILT FOR THE 1889 EXHIBITION IN PARIS WAS A DRAMATIC DEMONSTRATION BY THE FRENCH OF THEIR
MASTERY OF THIS NEW CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY WHICH OF SOMETHING GOTHIC STYLE OF
ARCHITECTURE OR MAIN MATERIAL IS STEEL IN THIS MONNUMENT.

❑ IT WAS HEAVILY CRITICIZED BY SOME ARCHITECTS AND ARTISTS WHO SCORNED IT AS AN EXAMPLE OF
THE “BLACKNESS OF INDUSTRY” AND SAW IT AS BLIGHT ON THE CITY’S SKYLINE.
IRON GRILLWORK IN CLASSICAL BUILDING
IRON FRAMEWORK IN GOTHIC BUILDING
 TERRECOTA
CONSTRUCTION IN
GOTHIC BUILDING
EIFFEL TOWER

▪ 1887-1889
▪ PARIS
▪ 1063’HIGH (81 FLOORS)
▪ DESIGNED BY GUSTAVE
EIFFEL
▪ IRON TOWER
CONSTRUCTED AS
ENTRANCE FOR PARIS
WORLD’S FAIR
▪ 300 WORKERS
▪ TOWER WAS
CRITICIZED AS AN
EYESORE
▪ SHAPE OF TOWER
DESIGNED TO
WITHSTAND THE FORCE
OF WIND
There was some rejection of the new Industrial Revolution architecture and it’s emphasis on classical
construction, Palladian styles and Victorian “gingerbread” houses; some impressive Gothic revival
architecture was commissioned instead.

Notable examples were the British Parliament Buildings with their pointed spires and suggestion of
strength and moral values.

BRITISH PARLIAMENT BUILDING

THE CRYSTAL PALACE CREATED TO ENCLOSE THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851 IN ENGLAND WAS A
GLASS AND IRON SHOWPIECE, Which Dazzled The Millions Of Visitors Who Passed Through Its
Doors.
BUILT BY JOSEPH PAXTON WITHIN SIX MONTHS, Its Design Mimicked The Greenhouses That Were His
Customary Stock In Trade. IT WAS SPACIOUS ENOUGH TO ENCLOSE MATURE EXISTING TREES WITHIN
ITS WALLS.

CRYSTAL
PALACE
Regarding architecture of this era,

They have no connection, and every effort that you make to reason from one
to the other will blunt your sense of beauty…. Remember that the most
beautiful things in the world are the most useless; peacocks and lilies for
instance.”

THANK YOU