Name: Samuel Anim Ofosu

Index Number: PG4727915

1. Import the data into R and name it washcost2.

2. What is the proportion of those who have access to formal water?

The proportion of those who have access to formal water is 86.722%

3. Is the quantity of water used in the wet seasons related to the quantity of water used in

the dry seasons? Hint use cor()

The quantity of water used in the wet seasons is related to the quantity of

water used in the dry season. The correlation coefficient was 74.702%

4. Visualize the following using any appropriate tool in R:

i. The quantity of water used per day varies by the source of piped water scheme.

The quantity of water used per day varies with the source of water scheme

available to the households as shown in figure one.

Figure one: Variation of water used per day and source of water scheme

Page 1 of 4
Inferring from figure one, the dependence on the available sources of water

is relatively uniform for the wet season. This might be due to the fact that

alternative source of water may be available. Drawing from the public stand

pipe was low.

During the wet season, the neighbour’s connection served as a major source

of water for the households.

ii. The distribution of those who pay for water and the quantity of water.

The number of households that pay for water usage varies over the seasonal

periods. This is shown in figure two.

Figure two: Payments against water used by households

It can be observed from figure two that payments for water use is high in the

dry season compared to the wet season. A major reason may be the access

to alternative sources of water during the wet season.

Page 2 of 4
 5. Test whether the average quantity of water used a day is the same for each season?

Hint; t test.

To test whether the average quantity of water used a day is the same for

each season, hypothesis was tested.

H0: The average quantity of water used a day is the same for each season.

H1: The average quantity of water used a day is not the same for each

season.

Results from the t-test indicate that null hypothesis can be rejected because

the p-value (p-value = 0.0007141) is less than 0.05. Hence there is no

variation in the average quantity of water used in a day for each season.

6. Is there any significance in the uses of water by each district?

H0: The average quantity of water used a day is the same for each season.

H1: The average quantity of water used a day is not the same for each

season.

There is level of significance in the uses of water by each district. This is

supported by the p–value (9.78e-12) which is less than 0.05.
Further TukeyHSD test results are shown below:

District diff lwr upr p adj

Ketu South-BOSOMTWE -62.7401 -101.57082 -23.90938 0.0004835
Kpandai DA-BOSOMTWE 113.8568 60.71606 166.99762 0.0000020
Kpandai DA-Ketu South 176.5969 119.65712 233.53676 0.0000000

Twenty-nine (29) observations were deleted due to missingness.

Page 3 of 4
 7. Regress the quantity of water used in dry season against household size. Explain the

output!

Regression of the quantity of water used in dry season against household

size resulted in multiple r-squared value of 38.68% and an adjusted r-

squared

value of 38.41%. The p-value was 2.2e-16

The regression model for the water quantity is given below:

Water_Quantity = 10.61 + 33.40Household_size

8. Similarly, regress the quantity of water used in wet season against household size.

Explain the output!

Regression of the quantity of water used in dry season against household

size resulted in multiple r-squared value of 35.80% and an adjusted r-

squared value of 35.51%. The p-value was 2.2e-16.

The regression model for the water quantity is given below:

Water_Quantity = -8.806 + 27.261Household_size

Page 4 of 4