1000 Maintenance

Abstract
This section discusses the major maintenance requirements for heat exchangers.
This includes repairing and replacing body flanges, body flange gasketing and
torquing considerations, bundle replacement and repair, tube leak repairs, shell
repairs, and on-line leak repairs.

Contents Page

1010 Replacing Versus Repairing Body Flange Leaks 1000-3

1011 Causes of Flange Leaks
1012 Criteria for Flange Replacement
1013 Analyzing Existing Flanges
1014 Replacing Body Flanges
1015 Repairing Existing Flanges
1020 Flange Gasketing and Torquing 1000-10
1021 Choosing the Proper Gasket
1022 Reasons to Torque Bolted Enclosures
1023 Torque Calculations
1024 Developing a Torquing Procedure
1030 Bundle Retubing, Replacement, or Repair 1000-11
1031 General Considerations for Opening Up an Exchanger
1032 Considerations for Retubing, Repairing, or Replacing the Bundle
1033 Bundle Repair Worksheet
1040 Tube Leak Repairs 1000-15
1050 Shell Repairs 1000-15
1060 Online Leak Repairs 1000-15
1061 Types of Online Repairs
1062 Temporary Online Leak Repair Procedures

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1070 References 1000-21

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1010 Replacing Versus Repairing Body Flange Leaks

1011 Causes of Flange Leaks

Exchanger flange leaks are a major environmental, safety, and economic concern.
Flange leaks are generally caused by one or more of the following:

Wrong Gasket Selection

• Gasket is too wide, there is not enough bolting to properly compress the gasket.
• Gasket is too narrow, causing gasket alignment and seating problems.
• Gasket seating surface is not compatible with the gasket. It can be either too
smooth for gaskets such as composition asbestos, or too rough for gaskets such
as solid metal or metal jacketed.
• Gasket is the wrong material for the application (i.e., stock, temperature, and
pressure.)

Poor Flange Design

• Flanges do not have enough thickness to withstand the operating and hydro-
static test pressures without leaking. (See Section 530 for more information in
this area.)
• Bolts have been torqued past their maximum stress in trying to stop leaks.
• Flanges were deformed or rotated in the process of trying to stop leaks. This
causes improper gasket seating and is indicated by a gasket that is substantially
thinner on the outside diameter than on the inside diameter.
• Flanges do not mate up well initially.
Figure 1000-1 illustrates the gasket seating problems related to flanges that are not
aligned properly or are rotated.

Weather
• Rain storms can deform uninsulated flanges and unseat the gasket.

Mechanical Damage
• Gasket was damaged during installation.
• Flange surface was scratched or gouged during maintenance.
• Poor torquing procedure caused uneven compression of the gasket around its
circumference.

Corrosion
• Flange is so extensively corroded there is not enough gasket seating surface
left.

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Fig. 1000-1 Flange Alignment Problems (1 of 3)

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Fig. 1000-1 Flange Alignment Problems (2 of 3)

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Fig. 1000-1 Flange Alignment Problems (3 of 3)

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• Gasket material is not resistant to the process fluid.

Process Upsets
• Excessive temperatures or pressure surges can unseat the gasket and stretch the
bolts.

1012 Criteria for Flange Replacement

Consider replacing flanges under the following conditions:
• Flange is near the ASME tmin for the operating conditions.
• Flange is so badly corroded the repair costs are greater than or equal to the
replacement costs.
• Flange is rotated causing the gasket not to seat properly.
• The right gasket cannot be used because of flange configuration problems.
• Flange is a chronic leaker. ASME flange design may not be adequate.

1013 Analyzing Existing Flanges

The reasons for flange leakage and the decision to repair, insulate, or replace the
flanges can be determined by visual inspection of the flange, by comparing the
existing flange thickness against the ASME and Company recommended thickness,
and by relating the onset of leakage to some significant event (i.e., startup, upset, or
rain storm).

Inspection
The following inspection techniques can be used to analyze existing flanges:
• Check for flange rotation. Are the flanges “metal-to-metal” around any part of
the circumference?
• Inspect the gasket. See Figure 1000-2 for problems that examination of the
gasket can point out.
• Inspect the gasket seating surface for damage or corrosion.
• Measure the flange thickness to determine if it is at or below ASME tmin.
• Measure the critical dimensions and compare them with the original exchanger
and TEMA tolerances. Figure 1000-3 can be used for this purpose.
The following procedure can be used for analyzing existing flanges:
• Check the flange thickness versus ASME tmin and Chevron Method tmin using
the PCFLANGE program for the existing gasket design. If existing thickness is
less than ASME tmin then flange will need to be replaced.

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Fig. 1000-2 Determining the Cause of Leakage by Examining the Gasket

Observation Causes and Possible Remedies
Gasket badly corroded Select replacement material with improved corrosion
resistance.
Gasket extruded excessively Select replacement material with better cold flow prop-
erties; select replacement material with better load
carrying capacity, i.e., more dense. This could also indi-
cate excessive bolt load or insufficient gasket width.
Gasket grossly crushed Select replacement material with better load carrying
capacity; provide means to prevent crushing the
gasket by use of a stop ring or re-design of flanges.
This could also indicate excessive bolt load or insuffi-
cient gasket width.
Gasket mechanically damaged due to overhang of Review gasket dimensions to insure gaskets are
raised face or flange bore. proper size. Make certain gaskets are property
centered in joint.
No apparent gasket compression achieved. Select softer gasket material. Select thicker gasket
material. Reduce gasket area to allow higher unit
seating load.
Gasket substantially thinner on O.D. than on I.D. This is indicative of excessive “flange rotation” or
bending. Alter gasket dimensions to move gasket reac-
tion closer to bolts to minimize bending movement.
Provide stiffness to flange by means of back-up rings.
Select softer gasket material to lower required seating
stresses. Reduce gasket area to lower seating
stresses.
Gasket unevenly compressed around circumference This results from improper bolting-up procedures.
Make certain proper sequential bolt-up procedures
are followed. Non-uniform thermal stresses may also
be a problem.
Gasket thickness varies periodically around This is indicative of “flange bridging” between bolts or
circumference warped flanges. Provide reinforcing rings for flanges
to better distribute bolt load. Select gasket material
with lower seating stress. Provide additional bolts if
possible to obtain better load distribution. If flanges
are warped, re-machine or use softer gasket material.

• Determine if a different gasket will solve the problem. Use Figure 500-15, in
Section 540, to choose the optimum gasket. Determine the ASME tmin for the
new gasket. If the existing flange is not thick enough to properly compress the
gasket consider replacing the flange.

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Fig. 1000-3 Exchanger Flange Tolerances (Courtesy of TEMA)

1014 Replacing Body Flanges

If it is determined that flange replacement is needed, use the following procedure:
• Choose optimal gasket for the service conditions required. See Section 540 for
guidance in this area.
• Use the PCFLANGE program to determine the new flange thickness. Gener-
ally flanges designed to the Chevron method will be thicker than the ASME

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flanges. See Section 530 and Appendix G for more detailed discussions of the
design methods.
• Use integral body flanges if possible.
• Follow ASME Code procedures for replacing and inspecting the flanges.

1015 Repairing Existing Flanges

If flange leakage is caused by damage to the gasket surface or a partially corroded
gasket surface, the flanges can normally be repaired by weld build-up and/or skim
cutting. Flanges that are close to ASME tmin should be built up with weld material
before skim cutting the surface in order to avoid losing flange thickness.
Flanges that are designed in accordance with Appendix G can be skim cut down to
tmin as determined by Appendix G without a problem because these flanges are
usually much thicker than ASME flanges. However, skim cutting to thicknesses
below Appendix G tmin may result in leakage.
The type of skim cut depends on the gasket selected. For example, composition
asbestos gaskets work best with a 250 RMS surface because the deeper grooves
“bite into” the gasket better. Refer to Section 540 and Figure 500-15 for the surface
requirements for various types of gaskets.
Surface Designation Appearance
250 RMS Relatively deep grooves
125 RMS Fairly smooth
63 RMS Smooth appearance

It is very important that all repairs be accompanied by a welding procedure if

needed and a technical drawing showing the dimensions and tolerances that must
be met after the repair is complete.

1020 Flange Gasketing and Torquing

1021 Choosing the Proper Gasket

Choosing the proper gasket is the critical first step in leak-free flange design. The
goal for existing and new exchangers is to provide a suitable gasket that can be
adequately compressed without overstressing the flange.
Refer to Section 540 and Figure 500-15 for guidance on gasket selection.

1022 Reasons to Torque Bolted Enclosures

Torquing procedures accomplish the following:
• They prevent overtorque and the resulting flange rotation.

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• They prevent cocking the flange faces or pinching the gasket due to uneven
bolt loading.

1023 Torque Calculations

Figure 1000-4 is a torque calculation procedure. Using this procedure, you can
determine the torque required to pass hydrotest and reseat in service if the flange
does not deform.

1024 Developing a Torquing Procedure

Refer to Appendix G for flange design and Section 532 for boltup procedures for
large flanges.
After initial torquing, the exchanger should be retorqued to 100% of Tf (see
Figure 1000-4) within 4 hours at ambient temperatures to compensate for any joint
relaxation.
High temperature applications or applications that have had a history of chronic
leakage, should be retorqued at 100% of Tf after 24 hours at operating pressure and
temperature. This is to compensate for bolt, flange, or tubesheet relaxation that may
occur.
☞ Caution The allowable bolt/flange stress will decrease with increasing tempera-
ture.

1030 Bundle Retubing, Replacement, or Repair

This section lists the major considerations for determining (1) whether to open an
exchanger and (2) whether to retube, replace, or repair a tube bundle. It also
includes a worksheet for use in making these decisions before a plant turnaround.

1031 General Considerations for Opening Up an Exchanger

It is very expensive to open an exchanger for inspection and repairs. Also, for
exchangers that are operating well, opening them unnecessarily may cause future
problems. Therefore, it is very important to have an organized procedure for
making decisions. This is especially important going into a plant turnaround where
a large number of exchangers will need to be investigated.
The following list of considerations can be used to help determine when to open an
exchanger.
• Is the exchanger leaking internally or externally?
• Does the unit need recertification?
This is usually a concern only for steam generators, which require periodic
state inspection and certification.

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Fig. 1000-4 Torque Calculation Procedure (1 of 2)

A. Nomenclature
Ab = Cross sectional root area of one bolt (in2) (see Figure G-4, Appendix G)
bo = Gasket seating width (N/2) (inches) (see Figure G-3, Appendix G)
b = Effective gasket seating width (inches) (see Figure G-3, Appendix G): b = b o if bo 0.25"; b = (bo)/2 if
bo 0.25"
D = Nominal diameter of bolt or stud (inches)
Dr = Bolt diameter at root of threads (inches)
G = Diameter at location of gasket load reaction (inches):
G = (O.D. + I.D.)/2 if bo 0.25
G = O.D. - 2b, if bo > 0.25
Pd = Design pressure for your application (psig)
Ph = Hydrotest pressure for your application (psig)
Lp = Total length of pass partition gaskets (in.) (Lp = G for one pass partition)
m = Gasket factor (Refer to Figure G-2, Appendix G or ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 2,
Table 2-5.1)
n = Number of bolts
N = Contact width of the gasket (inches) (see Figure G-3, Appendix G).
S = Bolt stress (psi)
T = Torque (ft-lbs)
y = Gasket seating stress (psi) (Refer to Figure G-2, Appendix G or ASME Code, Section VIII, Division
1,Appendix 2, Table 2-5.1)
W1 = Bolt load to pass hydrotest, lbf
W2 = Bolt load for operating conditions, lbf

Note These calculations can be performed using the PCFLANGE program. (See Appendix H)

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Fig. 1000-4 Torque Calculation Procedure (2 of 2)

B. Calculating a Torque Value:
Find bo bo = (in)
Find b (see Nomenclature) b = (in)
Calculate G (see Nomenclature) G = (in)
Find Lp Lp = (in)
Find m m = (in)
Find y y = (psi)
Calculate W1 and W2:
W1 = 0.785 G2Ph + 2b(3.14 G + Lp) m Ph W1 = (lb)
W2 = 0.785 G2P d + b(3.14 G + Lp) y W2 = (lb)
W = Larger of W1 or W2 W = (lb)
Calculate bolt stress, S = W/(Ab ⋅ n) S = (psi)
Calculate Torque
T = 0.013 S(Dr)3 T = (ft-lb)
Round to nearest multiple of 25 for
final torque Tf = (ft-lb)
Note These calculations can be performed using the PCFLANGE program. (See Appendix H)

• Is the exchanger performance satisfactory?

In other words, does the U-value or DP indicate fouling or internal damage.
• Based on this bundle’s history and the history of similar bundles in similar
services, will the bundle last until the next turnaround?
Accurate inspection records are important in making this decision.
• Can exchanger be cleaned on the run?
Isolating an exchanger and cleaning it with the surrounding equipment oper-
ating entails significant safety and operating problems. This is usually done
only if the exchanger and piping were designed to allow for online cleaning.
• Can the unit be chemically cleaned?
Light uniform fouling may be chemically cleanable. Locally plugged
exchangers cannot be chemically cleaned. Chemical cleaning is expensive and
all of the environmental and safety implications should be considered first.
Section 700 of the Corrosion Prevention Manual, Book 1, discusses chemical
cleaning in more detail.

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1032 Considerations for Retubing, Repairing, or Replacing the Bundle

Assuming the bundle is leaking or, based on past experience, that it will not last
until the next turnaround, then some repairs will need to be made. The following
areas need to be considered before deciding on the extent of repairs.
• Is bundle nearing its historical life?
If a bundle is leaking and it is not approaching its historical life, then a failure
analysis should be performed to determine if design changes are required. The
best way to determine the cause of failure is to pull the leaking tubes and
inspect them.
• Can tubesheet be reused?
Normally, a tubesheet can only be used two or three times before it can no
longer have a tube rolled into it. If a tubesheet cannot be reused, then a new
bundle will be necessary.
• Can leaking tubes be plugged or replaced?
Individual leaking tubes can be the sign of a much larger problem. Simply plug-
ging or replacing leaking tubes may be setting yourself up for another failure
before the next shutdown.
The leaking tube should be pulled and inspected to determine the cause of
failure. The position of the failed tube relative to baffles and nozzles should be
determined and recorded. This can help identify the cause of the failure. If it is
not obvious that repairing or replacing the tube will ensure a sound bundle,
then the bundle should be retubed or replaced.
Sometimes, all of the leaks may be in one part of the bundle. In this case, a
design change (i.e., replacing tubes with solid rods, changing inlet configura-
tion, etc.) may eliminate the problem.
• If a new bundle is required, should it be redesigned?
Simple design changes may substantially improve a bundle’s operation and
service life. If a bundle needs to be retubed or replaced, the incremental cost
for making these design changes may not be very high. However, the cause of
the bundle deterioration should always be identified and process changes
considered along with design changes.
Some examples of bundle configuration changes that may improve the long term
heat transfer or bundle life are listed below. (Discuss these changes and improve-
ments with a CRTC heat transfer specialist or the CRTC Process Design or Process
Consultation groups.)
• Change inlet impingement design to eliminate tube vibration wear.
• Plug tubes to increase tube velocity. (This improves heat transfer if fouling is
significant.)

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• Change shell side pass configuration and baffling to improve heat transfer and
decrease fouling.
• Use different materials that will increase the bundle reliability and life. (As a
general rule, even in corrosive services such as sea water, a bundle should last
at least two operating runs. Contact the CRTC Materials and Equipment Engi-
neering Unit for help in this area.)
• Change from floating head to U-tube design. (See Sections 450 and 520.)

1033 Bundle Repair Worksheet

Figure 1000-11 is a worksheet that can be used prior to taking an exchanger out of
service to make a sound decision as to the extent of repairs required.
Note Figure 1000-11 is an 11 × 17 foldout at the end of this section.

1040 Tube Leak Repairs

Roll leaks should be repaired by rerolling (never by driving a drift pin or pin
wrench in the tube.) Caution shall be taken not to overexpand the tubes. See
Section 520 for guidelines on rolling tubes.
Defective tubes should be plugged off. The inside surface of the tubes should be
thoroughly cleaned before installing plugs. The tube ends that are worn or badly
impinged should be removed, and a new tube should be installed or a short tube
stub should be installed before plugging with a tapered plug.

1050 Shell Repairs

Thin areas of shells can be weld repaired. All weld repairs must be ground smooth
for bundle access. If extensive weld repairs are required, cutting out the corroded
area and installing a butt-welded patch may be necessary. In either case, whether
making weld repairs or replacing part of the shell, precautions must be taken to
prevent out-of-roundness.
If repairs are required, it must be remembered that exchanger shells are pressure
vessels and fall within the scope of the ASME Code. Refer to the Pressure Vessel
Manual for more information on ASME Code repair procedures.

1060 Online Leak Repairs

There are times when repairs must be made to an exchanger while it is in operation.
Normally, this is only when the exchanger cannot be taken out of service without
risk to personnel or equipment or without major expense. These repairs are usually
external leak repairs and should only be undertaken with the utmost caution with
the appropriate operating, engineering, and maintenance review.

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1061 Types of Online Repairs

Online repairs that can be made include:
1. Retorquing flanges
This usually involves tightening all of the bolts. Follow appropriate torquing
procedures to prevent worsening the problem.
Belleville Spring Washers have sometimes been used to solve leakage prob-
lems caused by differential thermal expansion. It is usually necessary to
replace the bolts one at a time when doing this. Appendix H discusses the use
of Belleville Washers in more detail.
Note that torquing the bolts over their code allowable stress may stop a leak
temporarily. However, this may cause permanent deformation of the flange
such that, (1) the flange may leak on the next thermal cycle, and (2) the flange
may need major repairs or replacement on the next shutdown.
2. Tapping the flange and pumping in sealant between the flange faces at high
pressure.
3. Installing a ring around two flanges and pumping in sealant at high pressure.
Repairs 2 and 3 are only temporary fixes and can be very expensive. Permanent
repairs must be made during the next turnaround. The work required to remove the
leak sealing compound in order to repair the exchanger can also be time consuming
and costly. The next section discusses these temporary repairs in more detail.

1062 Temporary Online Leak Repair Procedures

Figure 1000-5 can be used by operations, engineering and maintenance to deter-
mine the types of repairs needed, and also used as a checklist to verify all proper
precautions have been taken and all necessary reviews and approvals made. This
form was developed at the Richmond Refinery.

Leak Sealing Contractors

Normally, special leak sealing contractors provide personnel who are trained and
qualified with regard to the equipment, material, and techniques commonly used for
online leak sealing. Sealing compounds must be resistant to the leaking material
and suitable for operating pressure and temperature.
Clamps, boxes, and other enclosures used for leak sealing are normally fabricated
and installed by the leak sealing contractor.

Safety Considerations
• The contractor must understand all local safety regulations applicable to the
work.
• The contractor must understand the nature of the leakage and why it is occur-
ring in order to use a safe procedure.

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Fig. 1000-5 Example of a Leak Sealing Checklist (1 of 2)

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Fig. 1000-5 Example of a Leak Sealing Checklist (2 of 2)

• All safety precautions and protective clothing required should be listed on the
Leak Sealing Checklist (Figure 1000-5) and reviewed with the contractor.
• A plant Safety Operator must be present during the execution of leak sealing
work on plant equipment.
• Sealant injections should not be made into any pressure relief valve or bursting
disc if the sealant could obstruct their free and full discharge requirements.
• If a clamp or enclosure was installed prior to 1984, the sealant compound may
contain asbestos. Normal asbestos procedures should be used when removing
these enclosures. Refer to Insulation and Refractory Manual, Section 500.

Special Design Considerations

• Stud bolts, packing studs, valve stems, etc., that have been exposed to leaking
steam or boiler feedwater above 140°F are subject to caustic embrittlement. It

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is sometimes recommended to replace studs with Teflon coated “blue bolts” to

resist caustic cracking.
• B-7 studs are also subject to sulfide cracking (H2S sour water) at temperatures
below 200°F. Stainless steel bolts are subject to chloride cracking at tempera-
tures above 150°F and caustic cracking above 140°F. Consider using B7M
bolts in these situations. Consult CRTC Technical Standards Team’s Materials
Division for more information if necessary.
• Extra caution should be exercised if excessive external pressure can be applied
by sealant injection on cylindrical or spherical shapes. Collapsing pressures of
thin-walled cylindrical members, based on an empty line, can be calculated by
formulas in the Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. All calculations
should be approved by the appropriate engineering supervisor.

Repair Procedures
Figures 1000-6 through 1000-9 give the general work procedures to follow
depending on the specific situation. These procedures can be adapted to a specific
job and attached to the work order.
• Figure 1000-6 Procedure for Flange Joints with Less than 3/8" Gap Using Drill
and Tap Method
• Figure 1000-7 Procedures for Sealing Flange Leaks with Use of Injection Ring
Adaptor
• Figure 1000-8 Procedures for Sealing Flange Leaks on Pressures below 350 psi
with Lug Adaptors
• Figure 1000-9 Procedures for Sealing Flange Joints with Gap Width in Excess
of 3/8"
• Figure 1000-10 Methods for Sealing Flange Leaks

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Fig. 1000-6 Procedure for Flange Joints with Less than 3/8" Gap Using Drill and Tap Method
1. When possible, change out studs one at a time with the use of boiler clamps.
2. Drill 3/16-inch diameter holes between studs approximately 4 inches apart from outer circumferential flange
surface at an angle to break through into gap area at bolt circle. (Outside stress area of flange.)
– On full surface gaskets and metal to metal joints, drilling is done into stud clearance areas.
3. Drill out hole to 5/16-inch diameter by 1/2-inch deep.
4. Tap out holes to 3/8-inch NC thread.
5. Install shut-off adaptors in tapped holes.
6. Insert tight fitting wire into gap around flange.
7. Lightly peen lock edge of flanges over wire with a bull nose peening chisel approximately 1/8-inch over gap
size.
8. Starting 180 degrees from leak blow area, inject thermosetting compound around flange in both directions
until gap area and stud clearance areas are full with final injection on shut-off adaptor directly over leak area.
9. After appropriate cure time depending on the temperature for steam, water, and air services under 600 psi,
shut-off adaptors are removed and set screw plugs installed.
10. On pressures above 600 psi and on chemical services, shut-off adaptors are left in place.

Fig. 1000-7 Procedures for Sealing Flange Leaks with Use of Injection Ring Adaptor(1)
1. Change out studs one at a time along with installing ring adaptor under the nut of each stud.
– One ring adaptor on thin, narrow gap flanges
– Two ring adaptors (each end of stud) on thicker, wider gap flanges
2. Insert tight-fitting wire in gap and peen lock edge of flange over wire to retain it.
3. Install shutoff adaptors into injection ring adaptors.
4. Starting on adaptors farthest away from leak, inject all adaptors with thermosetting compound closing after
each injection, working around flange in both directions until flange is full and leak is stopped.
5. On steam, water, and air service with pressure below 600 psi:
– After proper curing time, shutoff adaptors are removed from ring adaptors and set screw plugs are
installed.
6. On pressures above 600 psi and chemical service, shutoff adaptors remain in place.
(1) Refer to Figure 1000-10, Type II

Fig. 1000-8 Procedure for Sealing Flange Leaks on Pressures Below 350 psi with Lug Adaptors
1. Change out studs one at a time with the use of boiler clamps.
2. Install injection adaptor on stud nearest leak area for exhaust port and one adaptor 180 degrees from leak
area.
3. Insert tight-fitting wire in gap and peen lock edges of flange over wire to retain it.
4. Start injection of thermosetting compound through adaptor furthest away from the leak.
5. After stud is full, remove adaptor and retighten stud and move to adjacent studs working around flange in
both directions until all studs are injected.
6. After injection of last stud, leave injection gun on adaptor until proper curing time allows the removal of the
last adaptor.

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Fig. 1000-9 Procedures for Sealing Flange Joints with Gap Width in Excess of 3/8”(1)
1. Contractor will engineer and fabricate flange clamp.
2. When possible change out stud one at a time.
3. Install shutoff adaptors in flange clamp.
4. Install clamp in gap of flange.
5. Peen lock both flanges to clamp joints.
6. Inject thermosetting compound through shutoff adaptors starting at the point farthest away from leak working
around the flange in both directions until flange joint is completely full and leak is stopped.
7. On steam, water, and air services with pressures below 600 psi:
– After proper compound curing time shutoff adaptors are removed and set screw plugs installed.
8. On pressures over 600 psi and chemical service, shutoff adaptors are left in place.
9. Depending on flange dimensions, temperature, and special circumstances, ring adaptor or drill and tap tech-
niques may be used in conjunction with this procedure.
(1) Refer to Figure 1000-10, Type I

1070 References
1. Appendix G, “Heat Exchanger Body Flange Calculations.”
2. Appendix H, “PCFlange Program User’s Guide.”
3. ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1. Latest ed.. Appendix S and 2.
4. ANSI B16.5, Latest ed. “Steel Pipe, Flanges and Flanged Fittings.”
5. TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association), Latest ed.
6. Lamons Gasket Handbook, Latest ed.

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Fig. 1000-10 Methods for Sealing Flange Leaks

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Fig. 1000-11 Bundle Repair Worksheet

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