6.

1 WAVES

What is waves? Process of transferring energy from one

location to another which is produced by
an oscillating or vibrating motion.

Examples of waves Light waves are produced as a result of

vibrations of electrons in an atom
Sound waves are produced by vibrating
mechanical bodies such as a guitar strings
or a tuning fork.
Water waves are produced by a disturbance
on a still water surface.

How do waves transfer When energy is transferred by a wave from

energy? a vibrating source to a distant receiver,
there is no transfer of matter between the
two points.

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010101008500840000ffe20c584943435f50524f
46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595 When the
a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000049454320
string is
735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485
0202000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 shaken up
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000011637072740000015 and down, a
00000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f00000001462 disturbance
6b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000 moves along
022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002540000007 the length of
0646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c000000867669657700
the string. It
0003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c00000
02474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c67545243 is the
0000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436 disturbance
f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b that moves
61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422 along the
049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422 length of the
049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000
string, not
000000000000000000000
parts of the
string itself.

The energy transferred from a vibrating
source to a receiver is carried by a
disturbance in a medium, not by matter
moving from one place to another within
the medium
Drop a stone in a quite
pond. It will produce a wave
that moves out from the
center in expanding circles.
It is the disturbance that
moves, not the water. After
the disturbance passes, the
water is where it was before
the wave was produced .
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010
201007500750000ffe20c5849
43435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f02100000
6d6e74725247422058595a20
07ce00020009000600310000
616373704d53465400000000
494543207352474200000000
00000000000000000000f6d60
00100000000d32d485020200
000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000116
370727400000150000000336
4657363000001840000006c7
7747074000001f00000001462
6b7074000002040000001472
58595a000002180000001467
58595a0000022c0000001462
58595a000002400000001464
6d6e64000002540000007064
6d6464000002c40000008876
7565640000034c0000008676
696577000003d4000000246c
756d69000003f8000000146d6
561730000040c00000024746
56368000004300000000c725
452430000043c0000080c675
452430000043c0000080c625
452430000043c0000080c746
5787400000000436f70797269
676874202863292031393938
204865776c6574742d506163
6b61726420436f6d70616e790
000646573630000000000000
012735247422049454336313
936362d322e3100000000000
000000000001273524742204
9454336313936362d322e310
000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000
00000
The string and water is the
medium through which
wave energy travels.
What is A transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of
Transverse particles in the medium is at right angle to the direction of
Wave? propagation of the wave.
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201007400740000ffe20c584943
435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e
74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373
704d5346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000
000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000011637072740000015
00000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000
000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000
00146758595a0000022c000000146258595a00000240000000
14646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088
767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c
756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656
368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c6754524
30000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c746578740
0000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820486577
6c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736
30000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3
10000000000000000000000127352474220494543363139363
62d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000
The spring is moved sideways. The motion of the particles
medium (spring) is at right angles to the direction in which
the wave travels.
Examples: water waves, light waves
What is A longitudinal wave is a wave which the vibration of
Longitudinal particles in the medium is along (parallel to) the direction
Waves? of propagation of the wave.

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006e006e0000ffe20c584943
435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e
74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373
704d5346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000
000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000011637072740000015
00000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000
000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000
00146758595a0000022c000000146258595a00000240000000
14646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088
767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c
756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656
368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c6754524
30000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c746578740
0000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820486577
6c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736
30000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3
10000000000000000000000127352474220494543363139363
62d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000
The slinky spring moves backwards and forwards to
produce a transverse wave. The particles of the medium
(spring) move along the direction of the wave. The wave
that travels along the spring consists of a series of
compression and rarefaction.

Examples: sounds waves.

What is a ripple tank?

 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009500950000ffe20c5849ffd8ffe000104a4649460001
43435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02100000020100c900c90000ffe20c58
6d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000 4943435f50524f46494c4500
616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000 010100000c484c696e6f0210
00000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200 00006d6e747252474220585
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 95a2007ce00020009000600
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000116 310000616373704d5346540
3707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c7 00000004945432073524742
7747074000001f000000014626b7074000002040000001472 00000000000000000000000
58595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000001462 00000f6d6000100000000d32
58595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002540000007064 d4850202000000000000000
6d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676 00000000000000000000000
696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6 00000000000000000000000
561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725 00000000000000000000000
452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254 00000000000116370727400
52430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972696 00015000000033646573630
76874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636 00001840000006c77747074
b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000 000001f000000014626b7074
12735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000 00000204000000147258595
000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100 a0000021800000014675859
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 5a0000022c0000001462585
0000 95a0000024000000014646d
The phenomenon of water waves can be 6e640000025400000070646
investigated using a ripple tank. d6464000002c40000008876
The water waves are produced by a vibrating bar 7565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d400000024
on the water surface. 6c756d69000003f800000014
6d6561730000040c0000002
The tank is leveled so that the depth of water in 47465636800000430000000
the tank is uniform to ensure water waves 0c725452430000043c00000
propagate with uniform speed. 80c675452430000043c0000
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960000ffe 080c625452430000043c000
0080c746578740000000043
20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c 6f7079726967687420286329
696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce 2031393938204865776c657
00020009000600310000616373704d53465400000 4742d5061636b6172642043
00049454320735247420000000000000000000000 6f6d70616e79000064657363
000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000 00000000000000127352474
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22049454336313936362d32
2e310000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00012735247422049454336
00001163707274000001500000003364657363000 313936362d322e310000000
001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b7 00000000000000000000000
07400000204000000147258595a00000218000000 00000000000000000000000
146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024 0
000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464 The water acts as a
000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676 lens to produce a
696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f80000 pattern of bright and
dark regions on a piece
00146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000 of white paper placed
4300000000c725452430000043c0000080c6754524 under the tank when
30000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7 light passes through it.
465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292 Water waves have
031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b617264 crests and troughs.
20436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000
12735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000 A crest is the highest
00000000000000000127352474220494543363139 position of the wave
36362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000 acts as a convex lens,
0000000000000000000000000 whereas a trough is the
lowest position acts as
a concave lens.

Light rays from the

lamp on top will focus
onto the white screen
below. The bright lines
correspond to the
crests, and the dark
lines correspond to the
troughs.
What is meant by a
wavefront? 1. Plane wavefronts

Lines joining all the ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005f005f0000ff

points of the same e20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c
phase are called 484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a
wavefronts. 2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d534
654000000004945432073524742000000000000
ffd8ffe000104a4649460 0000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850
0010201008100810000ff 202000000000000000000000000000000000000
e20c584943435f50524f4 000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6494c4500010100000c4 000000000000000000001163707274000001500
84c696e6f021000006d6 000003364657363000001840000006c77747074
e74725247422058595a2 000001f000000014626b70740000020400000014
007ce000200090006003 7258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022
10000616373704d53465 c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e
40000000049454320735 640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000
24742000000000000000 088767565640000034c00000086766965770000
0000000000000f6d6000 03d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d65
100000000d32d4850202 61730000040c000000247465636800000430000
00000000000000000000 0000c725452430000043c0000080c6754524300
00000000000000000000 00043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7
00000000000000000000 465787400000000436f707972696768742028632
00000000000000000000 92031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61
00000000000000011637 726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000
07274000001500000003 00000012735247422049454336313936362d322
36465736300000184000 e31000000000000000000000012735247422049
0006c77747074000001f 454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000
000000014626b7074000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000
00204000000147258595 2. Circular wavefronts
a0000021800000014675
8595a0000022c0000001 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006000600000f
46258595a00000240000 fe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c
00014646d6e640000025 484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a
400000070646d6464000 2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d534
002c4000000887675656 654000000004945432073524742000000000000
40000034c00000086766 0000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850
96577000003d40000002 202000000000000000000000000000000000000
46c756d69000003f8000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000146d6561730000040 000000000000000000001163707274000001500
c0000002474656368000 000003364657363000001840000006c77747074
004300000000c7254524 000001f000000014626b70740000020400000014
30000043c0000080c675 7258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022
452430000043c0000080 c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e
c625452430000043c000 640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000
0080c746578740000000 088767565640000034c00000086766965770000
0436f707972696768742 03d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d65
02863292031393938204 61730000040c000000247465636800000430000
865776c6574742d50616 0000c725452430000043c0000080c6754524300
36b61726420436f6d706 00043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7
16e79000064657363000 465787400000000436f707972696768742028632
00000000000127352474 92031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61
22049454336313936362 726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000
d322e310000000000000 00000012735247422049454336313936362d322
00000000012735247422 e31000000000000000000000012735247422049
049454336313936362d3 454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000
22e31000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000
0000000000000000000

The wavefronts of a
transverse wave and
longitudinal wave are
perpendicular to the
direction of
propagation of the
waves.

Describing Waves
Vibration/Oscillat Amplitude (a)
ion The maximum displacement from its equilibrium
The movement position.
from one extreme Amplitude relates to loudness in sound and brightness
position to the in light. SI unit: meter, m
other and back to
the same Wavelength (λ)
position. The distance between two adjacent points of the same
ffd8ffe000104a46 phase on a wave.
494600010201004
c004c0000ffe20c5
84943435f50524f4
6494c4500010100
000c484c696e6f0
21000006d6e7472
5247422058595a2
007ce0002000900
060031000061637
3704d5346540000
000049454320735
247420000000000
000000000000000
000f6d600010000
0000d32d4850202
000000000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
000001163707274
000001500000003
364657363000001
840000006c77747
074000001f00000
0014626b7074000
002040000001472
58595a000002180
00000146758595a
0000022c0000001
46258595a000002
4000000014646d6
e64000002540000
0070646d6464000
002c40000008876
7565640000034c0
000008676696577
000003d40000002
46c756d69000003
f8000000146d656
1730000040c0000
002474656368000
004300000000c72
5452430000043c0
000080c67545243
0000043c0000080
c62545243000004
3c0000080c74657
87400000000436f
707972696768742
028632920313939
38204865776c657
4742d5061636b61
726420436f6d706
16e790000646573
630000000000000
012735247422049
454336313936362
d322e3100000000
000000000000001
273524742204945
4336313936362d3
22e310000000000
000000000000000
000000000000000
00000000000000
ffd8ffe00 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201008200820000ffe20c58
0104a46 4943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f0210
4946000 00006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600
1020100 310000616373704d534654000000004945432073524742
8200820 0000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d3
000ffe20c 2d48502020000000000000000000000000000000000000
5849434 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
35f50524f 0000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363
46494c45 000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b707
0001010 400000204000000147258595a000002180000001467585
0000c484 95a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646
c696e6f0 d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4000000887
2100000 67565640000034c0000008676696577000003d40000002
6d6e747 46c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000
2524742 2474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000
2058595 080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c00
a2007ce0 00080c7465787400000000436f707972696768742028632
0020009 92031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b617264204
0006003 36f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000001273524
1000061 7422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000
6373704 0000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000
d534654 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000 000
0494543
2073524 The distance between two successive
7420000
compressions or two successive rarefactions
0000000
0000000 in a sound wave.
0000000
000f6d60
0010000
0000d32
d485020
2000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000011
6370727
4000001
5000000
0336465
7363000
0018400
00006c77
7470740
00001f00
0000014
626b707
4000002
0400000
0147258
595a000
0021800
0000146
758595a
0000022c
0000001
4625859
5a00000
2400000
0014646
d6e6400
0002540
0000070
646d646
4000002c
4000000
8876756
5640000
034c0000
0086766
9657700
0003d40
0000024
6c756d69
000003f8
0000001
46d6561
7300000
40c00000
0247465
6368000
0043000
00000c72
5452430
000043c0
000080c6
7545243
0000043c
0000080c
6254524
3000004
3c000008
0c746578
7400000
000436f7
0797269
6768742
0286329
2031393
9382048
65776c65
74742d5
061636b
6172642
0436f6d7
0616e79
0000646
5736300
0000000
0000012
7352474
2204945
4336313
936362d
322e310
0000000
0000000
0000000
1273524
7422049
4543363
1393636
2d322e3
1000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
000000
The
distanc
e
betwee
n two
succes
sive
crests
or two
succes
sive
troughs
Period (T) Frequency, f Relation between
The time taken The number of waves frequency and period:
for an oscillation produced in one second.
to complete one SI unit is Hertz (Hz) ffd8ffe000104a4649460001
cycle. 0201006700670000ffe20c58
SI unit is second 4943435f50524f46494c4500
(s). 010100000c484c696e6f0210
00006d6e747252474220585
95a2007ce00020009000600
310000616373704d5346540
00000004945432073524742
00000000000000000000000
00000f6d6000100000000d3
2d485020200000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000011637072740
00001500000003364657363
000001840000006c7774707
4000001f000000014626b70
74000002040000001472585
95a00000218000000146758
595a0000022c00000014625
8595a000002400000001464
6d6e6400000254000000706
46d6464000002c400000088
767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000
246c756d69000003f800000
0146d6561730000040c0000
00247465636800000430000
0000c725452430000043c00
00080c675452430000043c0
000080c625452430000043c
0000080c746578740000000
0436f707972696768742028
63292031393938204865776
c6574742d5061636b617264
20436f6d70616e790000646
57363000000000000001273
52474220494543363139363
 62d322e3100000000000000
00000000127352474220494
54336313936362d322e3100
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
000000
Wave Speed (v) The relationship between speed, wavelength and
The speed of a frequency
wave is the
measurement of Velocity = wavelength x frequency
how fast a crest v = fλ
is moving from a ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006700670000ffe20c5849
fixed point. 43435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f0210000
SI unit is ms-1. 06d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
0616373704d5346540000000049454320735247420000000
000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006
c77747074000001f000000014626b7074000002040000001
47258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000001
46258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002540000007
0646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f80000001
46d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000
c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707
97269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5
061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000
0000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d3
22e310000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
Displacement-time graph Displacement-distance graph
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005f005f0000ff
0201009800980000ffe20c58 e20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c4
4943435f50524f46494c4500 84c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2
010100000c484c696e6f0210 007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346
00006d6e747252474220585 540000000049454320735247420000000000000
95a2007ce00020009000600 000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502
310000616373704d5346540 020000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000004945432073524742 000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000 000000000000000000011637072740000015000
00000f6d6000100000000d3 00003364657363000001840000006c777470740
2d485020200000000000000 00001f000000014626b707400000204000000147
00000000000000000000000 258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c
00000000000000000000000 000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6
00000000000000000000000 40000025400000070646d6464000002c4000000
00000000000011637072740 88767565640000034c000000867669657700000
00001500000003364657363 3d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656
000001840000006c7774707 1730000040c0000002474656368000004300000
4000001f000000014626b70 000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000
74000002040000001472585 043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465
95a00000218000000146758 787400000000436f707972696768742028632920
595a0000022c00000014625 31393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
8595a000002400000001464 420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000
6d6e6400000254000000706 00012735247422049454336313936362d322e31
46d6464000002c400000088 000000000000000000000012735247422049454
767565640000034c0000008 336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000
676696577000003d4000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000
246c756d69000003f800000 Velocity , v = fλ
0146d6561730000040c0000
00247465636800000430000
0000c725452430000043c00
00080c675452430000043c0
000080c625452430000043c
0000080c746578740000000
0436f707972696768742028
63292031393938204865776
c6574742d5061636b617264
20436f6d70616e790000646
57363000000000000001273
52474220494543363139363
62d322e3100000000000000
00000000127352474220494
54336313936362d322e3100
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
000000

Example 1 From the graph, calculate:

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006700670 (a) Amplitude
000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247
422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000 (b) Period,
616373704d53465400000000494543207352
47420000000000000000000000000000f6d6
000100000000d32d48502020000000000000 (c) Frequency
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000011637072740000015000000033
64657363000001840000006c777470740000
01f000000014626b70740000020400000014
7258595a00000218000000146758595a0000
022c000000146258595a0000024000000014
646d6e640000025400000070646d64640000
02c400000088767565640000034c00000086
76696577000003d4000000246c756d690000
03f8000000146d6561730000040c00000024
74656368000004300000000c725452430000
043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c
625452430000043c0000080c746578740000
0000436f7079726967687420286329203139
3938204865776c6574742d5061636b617264
20436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000
00000012735247422049454336313936362d
322e31000000000000000000000012735247
422049454336313936362d322e3100000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000
Example 2 A graph shows a wave
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005f005f00 produced by a slinky spring
00ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45000101 vibrating at frequency 8 Hz.
00000c484c696e6f021000006d6e747252474 What is:
22058595a2007ce000200090006003100006 (a) amplitude
16373704d534654000000004945432073524
7420000000000000000000000000000f6d60 (b) wavelength
00100000000d32d485020200000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000 (c) wave speed
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000116370727400000150000000336
4657363000001840000006c7774707400000
1f000000014626b707400000204000000147
258595a00000218000000146758595a00000
22c000000146258595a00000240000000146
46d6e640000025400000070646d646400000
2c400000088767565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d4000000246c756d6900000
3f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247
4656368000004300000000c7254524300000
43c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6
25452430000043c0000080c7465787400000
000436f70797269676874202863292031393
938204865776c6574742d5061636b6172642
0436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000
0000012735247422049454336313936362d3
22e310000000000000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d322e31000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000

What is Damping is the decrease in the amplitude of an

damping? oscillating system when its energy is drained out as
heat energy.
The amplitude of an oscillating system will
gradually decrease and become zero when the
oscillation stops.
What causes
damping? 1. External damping of the system is the loss of
energy to overcome frictional forces or air
resistance.
2. Internal damping is the loss of energy due to the
extension and compression of the molecules in the
system.

A graph to show ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005f005f0000ffe20c584943435f

damping 50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725
247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d534
6540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000
000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000011637072740000015000000033646573
63000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b7074000
00204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022
c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254000
00070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d65
61730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c72545243
0000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254524300000
43c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329
2031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d706
16e7900006465736300000000000000127352474220494543363
13936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474220494
54336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
External Force
To enable an oscillating system to go on
Force continuously, an external force must be applied to
oscillation the system.

Natural The external force supplies energy to the system.

frequency Such a motion is called a forced oscillation

The frequency of a system which oscillates freely

without the action of an external force is called the
Resonance natural frequency.

Resonance occurs when a system is made to

oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural
frequency by an external force. The resonating
system oscillates at its maximum amplitude.
Experiment in
Barton’s The frequency of a simple pendulum depends on
pendulum the length of the pendulum.
In Barton’s pendulum experiment, there are many
pendulums tied to the rope. Two of the pendulum
are of the same length

How does
resonance
occur in the two
pendulum of
equal length?

ffd8ffe000104a464
When pendulum B oscillates, all 9460001020100530
the other pendulums are forced to 0530000ffe20c5849
43435f50524f46494
oscillate.
c4500010100000c4
But pendulum D oscillates with 84c696e6f02100000
the largest amplitude, ie, 6d6e747252474220
pendulum D resonates 58595a2007ce0002
0009000600310000
616373704d534654
0000000049454320
7352474200000000
0000000000000000
0000f6d600010000
0000d32d48502020
0000000000000000
0000000000000000
0000000000000000
0000000000000000
0000000000000000
0000000000000011
6370727400000150
0000003364657363
000001840000006c
77747074000001f0
00000014626b7074
0000020400000014
7258595a00000218
000000146758595a
 0000022c00000014
6258595a00000240
00000014646d6e64
0000025400000070
646d6464000002c4
0000008876756564
0000034c00000086
76696577000003d4
000000246c756d69
000003f800000014
6d6561730000040c
0000002474656368
000004300000000c
725452430000043c
0000080c67545243
0000043c0000080c
625452430000043c
0000080c74657874
00000000436f7079
7269676874202863
2920313939382048
65776c6574742d50
61636b6172642043
6f6d70616e790000
6465736300000000
0000001273524742
2049454336313936
362d322e31000000
0000000000000000
1273524742204945
4336313936362d32
2e31000000000000
0000000000000000
0000000000000000
0000000000

Pendulum B and pendulum D are of the same

length.
Frequency B = Frequency D
Therefore, pendulum B causes pendulum D to
oscillate at its natural frequency.
Good effects of
resonance 1. The tuner in a radio or television enables us to
select the programmes we are interested. The
circuit in the tuner is adjusted until resonance is
achieved, at the frequency transmitted by a
particular station selected. Hence a strong electrical
signal is produced.
2. The loudness of music produced by musical
instruments such as the trumpet and flute is the
result of resonance in the air.

Bad effects of
resonance 3. A bridge can collapse when the amplitude of its
vibration increases as a result of resonance.
 1. 6.2 REFLECTION OF WAVES

Reflection of wave
Occurs when a wave strikes an obstacle.
The wave undergoes a change in direction of
propagation when it is reflected.
The value of frequency (f), wavelength (λ) and
speed (v) remain the same after reflection.

Incident wave : the wave before it strikes the obstacle

Law of
Reflected wave: the wave which has undergone a change in Reflection:
direction of propagation after reflection.
The angle
i = angle of incident – the angle between the direction of of
propagation of incident wave and the normal incidence,
r = angle of reflection – the angle between the direction of i is equal
propagation of reflected wave and the normal. to the
angle of
reflection,
r.
Reflection of plane water waves in a
ripple tank
1. Set up a ripple tank.
2. Switch on the motor to set the
vibrating. Increase the frequency of
the waves by increasing the voltage
power supply to the motor.
3. Observe the reflected wave by
using a stroboscope.
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960
000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472524
7422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
0616373704d5346540000000049454320735
247420000000000000000000000000000f6d
6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000001163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006c77747074000
001f000000014626b7074000002040000001
47258595a00000218000000146758595a000
0022c000000146258595a000002400000001
4646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000
002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000
003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002
474656368000004300000000c72545243000
0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000
00000436f707972696768742028632920313
93938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454336313936362
d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e310000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960
Draw a 000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
diagram to 100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472524
show 7422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
reflection of 0616373704d5346540000000049454320735
waves. 247420000000000000000000000000000f6d
6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000001163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006c77747074000
001f000000014626b7074000002040000001
47258595a00000218000000146758595a000
0022c000000146258595a000002400000001
4646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000
002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000
003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002
474656368000004300000000c72545243000
0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000
00000436f707972696768742028632920313
93938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454336313936362
d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e310000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
6.3 REFRACTION OF WAVES
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001
0201004700470000ffe20c58
4943435f50524f46494c4500
010100000c484c696e6f0210
00006d6e747252474220585
95a2007ce00020009000600
310000616373704d5346540
00000004945432073524742
00000000000000000000000
00000f6d6000100000000d32
d4850202000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000116370727400
00015000000033646573630
00001840000006c77747074
000001f000000014626b7074
00000204000000147258595
a0000021800000014675859
5a0000022c0000001462585
95a0000024000000014646d
6e640000025400000070646
d6464000002c40000008876
7565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d400000024
6c756d69000003f800000014
6d6561730000040c0000002
47465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c00000
80c675452430000043c0000
080c625452430000043c000
0080c746578740000000043
6f7079726967687420286329
2031393938204865776c657
4742d5061636b6172642043
6f6d70616e79000064657363
00000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d32
2e310000000000000000000
00012735247422049454336
313936362d322e310000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
0
What is Refraction of waves is a change in its direction as the waves
Refraction pass from one medium to another. It occurs when there is a
of waves?
difference in the speed of the wave at the boundary of two
mediums.
What After refraction, the wave has the same frequency, but a
happens to different speed, wavelength and direction of propagation.
frequency,
speed,
wavelength
& direction?
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001 The relationship between v and λ of
020100d700d70000ffe20c58 a water wave in deep and shallow
4943435f50524f46494c4500
water:
010100000c484c696e6f0210
00006d6e747252474220585 v = fλ f is constant
95a2007ce00020009000600 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100da
310000616373704d5346540 00d80000ffe20c584943435f50524f464
00000004945432073524742 94c4500010100000c484c696e6f0210
00000000000000000000000 00006d6e74725247422058595a2007c
00000f6d6000100000000d32
e00020009000600310000616373704d
d4850202000000000000000
00000000000000000000000 5346540000000049454320735247420
00000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000f6d6
00000000000000000000000 000100000000d32d485020200000000
00000000000116370727400 0000000000000000000000000000000
00015000000033646573630 0000000000000000000000000000000
00001840000006c77747074
0000000000000000000000000116370
000001f000000014626b7074
00000204000000147258595 7274000001500000003364657363000
a0000021800000014675859 001840000006c77747074000001f000
5a0000022c0000001462585 000014626b707400000204000000147
95a0000024000000014646d 258595a00000218000000146758595a
6e640000025400000070646 0000022c000000146258595a0000024
d6464000002c40000008876
000000014646d6e6400000254000000
7565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d400000024 70646d6464000002c40000008876756
6c756d69000003f800000014 5640000034c00000086766965770000
6d6561730000040c0000002 03d4000000246c756d69000003f8000
47465636800000430000000 000146d6561730000040c0000002474
0c725452430000043c00000 656368000004300000000c725452430
80c675452430000043c0000
000043c0000080c675452430000043c
080c625452430000043c000
0080c746578740000000043 0000080c625452430000043c0000080
6f7079726967687420286329 c7465787400000000436f7079726967
2031393938204865776c657 6874202863292031393938204865776
4742d5061636b6172642043 c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d
6f6d70616e79000064657363 70616e7900006465736300000000000
00000000000000127352474 0001273524742204945433631393636
22049454336313936362d32 2d322e3100000000000000000000001
2e310000000000000000000
2735247422049454336313936362d32
00012735247422049454336
313936362d322e310000000 2e31000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 v
00000000000000000000000 is directly proportional to λ
0 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100da00d80
000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472524
7422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
0616373704d5346540000000049454320735
247420000000000000000000000000000f6d
6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000001163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006c77747074000
001f000000014626b7074000002040000001
47258595a00000218000000146758595a000
0022c000000146258595a000002400000001
4646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000
002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000
003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002
474656368000004300000000c72545243000
0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000
00000436f707972696768742028632920313
93938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454336313936362
d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e310000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
Use the
words,
‘increase’, Characteristics
decrease’ or Water waves passes from deep water to shallow water
‘unchanged’

Characteristics
Water waves passes from shallow water to deep water

Speed

Decrease

Speed

increase

Wavelength

Decrease

Wavelength

Increase

Frequency

unchanged

Frequency

unchanged
How does Water passing from the deep region
the direction to the shallow region, the water
of waves
wave is refracted toward the
change
when: normal.
ffd8ffe000104a464946000102010096
00960000ffe20c584943435f50524f464
94c4500010100000c484c696e6f0210
00006d6e74725247422058595a2007c
e00020009000600310000616373704d
5346540000000049454320735247420
000000000000000000000000000f6d6
000100000000d32d485020200000000
0000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000116370
7274000001500000003364657363000
001840000006c77747074000001f000
000014626b707400000204000000147
258595a00000218000000146758595a
0000022c000000146258595a0000024
000000014646d6e6400000254000000
70646d6464000002c40000008876756
5640000034c00000086766965770000
03d4000000246c756d69000003f8000
000146d6561730000040c0000002474
656368000004300000000c725452430
000043c0000080c675452430000043c
0000080c625452430000043c0000080
c7465787400000000436f7079726967
6874202863292031393938204865776
c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d
70616e7900006465736300000000000
0001273524742204945433631393636
2d322e3100000000000000000000001
2735247422049454336313936362d32
2e31000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000
Water passing from the
shallow region to the
deep region, the water
wave is refracted away
from the normal.
ffd8ffe000104a4649460
0010201009500950000ff
e20c584943435f50524f4
6494c4500010100000c4
84c696e6f021000006d6
e74725247422058595a2
007ce000200090006003
10000616373704d53465
40000000049454320735
24742000000000000000
0000000000000f6d6000
100000000d32d4850202
00000000000000000000
00000000000000000000
00000000000000000000
00000000000000000000
00000000000000011637
07274000001500000003
36465736300000184000
0006c77747074000001f
000000014626b7074000
00204000000147258595
a0000021800000014675
8595a0000022c0000001
46258595a00000240000
00014646d6e640000025
400000070646d6464000
002c4000000887675656
40000034c00000086766
96577000003d40000002
46c756d69000003f8000
000146d6561730000040
c0000002474656368000
004300000000c7254524
30000043c0000080c675
452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c000

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009500950
Use a ripple 000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
tank 100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472524
7422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
Draw a ray 0616373704d5346540000000049454320735
diagram to 247420000000000000000000000000000f6d
show 6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
refraction of 000000000000000000000000000000000000
waves. 000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000001163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006c77747074000
001f000000014626b7074000002040000001
47258595a00000218000000146758595a000
0022c000000146258595a000002400000001
4646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000
002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000
003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002
474656368000004300000000c72545243000
0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000
00000436f707972696768742028632920313
93938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454336313936362
d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e310000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
0080c746578740000000
0436f707972696768742
02863292031393938204
865776c6574742d50616
36b61726420436f6d706
16e79000064657363000
00000000000127352474
22049454336313936362
d322e310000000000000
00000000012735247422
049454336313936362d3
22e31000000000000000
00000000000000000000
0000000000000000000
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001
0201007100710000ffe20c58
4943435f50524f46494c4500
010100000c484c696e6f0210
00006d6e747252474220585
95a2007ce00020009000600
310000616373704d5346540
00000004945432073524742
00000000000000000000000
00000f6d6000100000000d32
d4850202000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000116370727400
00015000000033646573630
00001840000006c77747074
000001f000000014626b7074
00000204000000147258595
a0000021800000014675859
5a0000022c0000001462585
95a0000024000000014646d
6e640000025400000070646
d6464000002c40000008876
7565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d400000024
6c756d69000003f800000014
6d6561730000040c0000002
47465636800000430000000

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005e005e0000f
fe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c
484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2
007ce00020009000600310000616373704d53465
4000000004945432073524742000000000000000
0000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000001163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f
000000014626b707400000204000000147258595
a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000001
46258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025
400000070646d6464000002c4000000887675656
40000034c0000008676696577000003d40000002
46c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040
c0000002474656368000004300000000c7254524
30000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c746578740000000
0436f70797269676874202863292031393938204
865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d706
16e7900006465736300000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d322e310000000000000
00000000012735247422049454336313936362d3
22e3100000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000
0c725452430000043c00000
80c675452430000043c0000
080c625452430000043c000
0080c746578740000000043
6f7079726967687420286329
2031393938204865776c657
4742d5061636b6172642043
6f6d70616e79000064657363
00000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d32
2e310000000000000000000
00012735247422049454336
313936362d322e310000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
0
ffd8ffe000104a464946000102
01006600660000ffe20c5849434
35f50524f46494c450001010000
0c484c696e6f021000006d6e747
25247422058595a2007ce00020
009000600310000616373704d5
34654000000004945432073524
74200000000000000000000000
00000f6d6000100000000d32d4
85020200000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000116
37072740000015000000033646
57363000001840000006c77747
074000001f000000014626b707
400000204000000147258595a0
0000218000000146758595a000
0022c000000146258595a00000
24000000014646d6e640000025
400000070646d6464000002c40
0000088767565640000034c000
0008676696577000003d400000
0246c756d69000003f80000001
46d6561730000040c000000247
4656368000004300000000c725
452430000043c0000080c67545
2430000043c0000080c6254524
30000043c0000080c746578740
0000000436f707972696768742
02863292031393938204865776
c6574742d5061636b617264204

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201007800780
000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472524
7422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
0616373704d5346540000000049454320735
247420000000000000000000000000000f6d
6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000001163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006c77747074000
001f000000014626b7074000002040000001
47258595a00000218000000146758595a000
0022c000000146258595a000002400000001
4646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000
002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000
003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002
474656368000004300000000c72545243000
0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000
00000436f707972696768742028632920313
93938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454336313936362
d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e310000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
36f6d70616e790000646573630
00000000000001273524742204
9454336313936362d322e31000
00000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322
e3100000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
00000
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001
0201008200820000ffe20c58
4943435f50524f46494c4500
010100000c484c696e6f0210
00006d6e747252474220585
95a2007ce00020009000600
310000616373704d5346540
00000004945432073524742
00000000000000000000000
00000f6d6000100000000d32
d4850202000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000116370727400
00015000000033646573630
00001840000006c77747074
000001f000000014626b7074
00000204000000147258595
a0000021800000014675859
5a0000022c0000001462585
95a0000024000000014646d
6e640000025400000070646
d6464000002c40000008876
7565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d400000024
6c756d69000003f800000014
6d6561730000040c0000002
47465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c00000
80c675452430000043c0000
080c625452430000043c000
0080c746578740000000043
6f7079726967687420286329
2031393938204865776c657
4742d5061636b6172642043
6f6d70616e79000064657363
00000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d32
2e310000000000000000000
00012735247422049454336
313936362d322e310000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
0
Example 1
A plane wave has a wavelength of (a) the wavelength
2 cm and a velocity of 8 cm s-1 as
it moves over the surface of (b) the frequency
shallow water. When the plane of the wave in the area of greater
wave moves into an area of depth?
greater depth, its velocity
becomes 12 cm s-1. What is

Example 2
The diagram shows a plane water
wave moving from one area P to
another area Q of different depth.
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100
b700b70000ffe20c584943435f50524
f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6
f021000006d6e7472524742205859
5a2007ce000200090006003100006
16373704d53465400000000494543
20735247420000000000000000000
000000000f6d6000100000000d32d
48502020000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000011637072740000
01500000003364657363000001840
000006c77747074000001f00000001
4626b707400000204000000147258
595a00000218000000146758595a0
000022c000000146258595a000002
4000000014646d6e6400000254000
00070646d6464000002c400000088
767565640000034c0000008676696
577000003d4000000246c756d6900
0003f8000000146d6561730000040c
00000024746563680000043000000
00c725452430000043c0000080c67
5452430000043c0000080c6254524
30000043c0000080c746578740000
0000436f707972696768742028632
92031393938204865776c6574742d
5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7
90000646573630000000000000012
735247422049454336313936362d3
22e31000000000000000000000012
735247422049454336313936362d3
22e31000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000
0
If the speed of water wave in P is
18 cm s-1, what is the speed of
water wave in Q?

What is diffraction of waves?
What are Characteristics of diffracted
waves?
What are the factors that influence the
effect of diffraction?
Diffraction of sound
6.4 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES
Diffraction of waves is a
phenomenon in which waves
spread out as they pass through a
gap or round a small obstacle.
1. Frequency, wavelength and
speed of waves do not change.
2. Changes in the direction of
propagation and the pattern of the
waves.
3. The amplitude of the diffraction
wave decreases so its energy
decrease.
The effect of diffraction is obvious
if:
1. the size of the gap or obstacle is
small enough
2. the wavelength is large enough.
The effect of diffraction is obvious if
the shape of the diffracted waves
more spread out or more circular
Sound diffracting ffd8ffe000104a4649460001
around corners so 0201006b006b0000ffe20c58
4943435f50524f46494c4500
allowing us to hear
010100000c484c696e6f0210
others who are 00006d6e747252474220585
speaking to us from 95a2007ce00020009000600
adjacent rooms. 310000616373704d5346540
00000004945432073524742
00000000000000000000000
00000f6d6000100000000d32
d4850202000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
 00000000000000000000000
00000000000116370727400
00015000000033646573630
00001840000006c77747074
000001f000000014626b7074
00000204000000147258595
a0000021800000014675859
5a0000022c0000001462585
95a0000024000000014646d
6e640000025400000070646
d6464000002c40000008876
7565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d400000024
6c756d69000003f800000014
6d6561730000040c0000002
47465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c00000
80c675452430000043c0000
080c625452430000043c000
0080c746578740000000043
6f7079726967687420286329
2031393938204865776c657
4742d5061636b6172642043
6f6d70616e79000064657363
00000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d32
2e310000000000000000000
00012735247422049454336
313936362d322e310000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
0
Diffraction of light Light is diffracted if it ffd8ffe000104a4649460001
passes through a 0201007800780000ffe20c58
4943435f50524f46494c4500
narrow slit comparable
010100000c484c696e6f0210
in size to its 00006d6e747252474220585
wavelength. 95a2007ce00020009000600
However, the effect is 310000616373704d5346540
not obvious as the size 00000004945432073524742
of the slit increases. 00000000000000000000000
00000f6d6000100000000d32
This is because the
d4850202000000000000000
wavelengths of light 00000000000000000000000
are very short. 00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000116370727400
00015000000033646573630
00001840000006c77747074
000001f000000014626b7074
00000204000000147258595
a0000021800000014675859
5a0000022c0000001462585
95a0000024000000014646d
6e640000025400000070646
d6464000002c40000008876
7565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d400000024
6c756d69000003f800000014
6d6561730000040c0000002
47465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c00000
80c675452430000043c0000
080c625452430000043c000
0080c746578740000000043
6f7079726967687420286329
2031393938204865776c657
4742d5061636b6172642043
6f6d70616e79000064657363
00000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d32
2e310000000000000000000
00012735247422049454336
313936362d322e310000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
0
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001
0201005f005f0000ffe20c584
943435f50524f46494c45000
10100000c484c696e6f02100
0006d6e7472524742205859
5a2007ce000200090006003
10000616373704d53465400
00000049454320735247420
00000000000000000000000
0000f6d6000100000000d32d
48502020000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000001163707274000
00150000000336465736300
0001840000006c777470740
00001f000000014626b70740
0000204000000147258595a
00000218000000146758595
a0000022c00000014625859
5a0000024000000014646d6
e640000025400000070646d
6464000002c400000088767
565640000034c0000008676
696577000003d4000000246
c756d69000003f8000000146
d6561730000040c00000024
74656368000004300000000
c725452430000043c000008
0c675452430000043c00000
80c625452430000043c0000
080c7465787400000000436f
70797269676874202863292
031393938204865776c6574
742d5061636b61726420436f
6d70616e790000646573630
00000000000001273524742
2049454336313936362d322
e3100000000000000000000
00127352474220494543363
13936362d322e3100000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
Procedure
A ripple tank is filled with water
and set up as shown.
Switch on the power pack.
Use a barrier to block the incident
straight water waves. Observe the
wave pattern beyond the barrier.
Send a straight water waves to
pass through a gap. Observe the
pattern of diffracted waves beyond
the gap.
Send straight water waves towards
a small gap. Observe the wave
pattern beyond the small gap.
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100be00be0
000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472524
7422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
0616373704d5346540000000049454320735
247420000000000000000000000000000f6d
6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000001163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006c77747074000
001f000000014626b7074000002040000001
47258595a00000218000000146758595a000
0022c000000146258595a000002400000001
4646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000
002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000
003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002
474656368000004300000000c72545243000
0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000
00000436f707972696768742028632920313
93938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454336313936362
d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e310000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
Observation
(a) Wide gap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The waves are bend only at the edges after passing through the gap.
The effect of diffraction is not obvious
(b) Narrow gap
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201004e004e0000ffe20c584943435f50524f4649
4c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00
020009000600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000
00000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000011637072740000015000000033646573630000018400
The waves are circular and appear to originated from the small gap.
The effect of diffraction is obvious

Straight water wave propagate towards an obstacle.
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 00003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c62545243000
0043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139
3938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657
3630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000
0000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

As the size of the gap or obstacle is smaller , the effect of diffraction

becomes obvious.
 6.5 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

State the When two waves interfered, the resulting displacement of

Principle the medium at any location is the algebraic sum of the
of displacements of the individual waves.
superposit
ion of
Waves
 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009500950000ffe20c5849
(a) 43435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f0210000 Constructi
06d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
Superposi ve
0616373704d5346540000000049454320735247420000000
tion of two 000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202 Interferen
crests 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ce
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006
c77747074000001f000000014626b7074000002040000001
47258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000001
46258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002540000007
(b) 0646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008
Superposi 676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f80000001 Constructi
tion of two 46d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000 ve
troughs c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080 Interferen
c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707 ce
97269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5
061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000
(c) 0000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d3
Superposi 22e310000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Destructiv
tion of a 00000000000
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960000ffe e
crest and 20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484 Interferen
a trough c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007 ce
ce00020009000600310000616373704d534654000
00000494543207352474200000000000000000000
00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000001163707274000001500000003364657363
000001840000006c77747074000001f0000000146
26b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800
0000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000
0024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d
6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000
08676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003
f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636
8000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c
675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0
000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874
202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50616
36b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000
000000000012735247422049454336313936362d3
22e31000000000000000000000012735247422049
454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000
 00000000000000000000000000000000000
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960000ffe
20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484
c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007
ce00020009000600310000616373704d534654000
00000494543207352474200000000000000000000
00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000001163707274000001500000003364657363
000001840000006c77747074000001f0000000146
26b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800
0000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000
0024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d
6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000
08676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003
f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636
8000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c
675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0
000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874
202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50616
36b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000
000000000012735247422049454336313936362d3
22e31000000000000000000000012735247422049
454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000
What is
Interferen Interference is the superposition of two waves originating
ce of from two coherent sources.
Waves?
What is
coherent The waves from coherent sources have the same frequency
sources? (f), same wavelength and constant phase difference.
How does
interferen Wave interference occurs when two waves meet while
ce occur? propagating along the same medium.
When the two waves are superposed, interference will
occur either constructive interference or destructive
interference.

Constructi
ve Occurs when the crests or troughs of both waves coincide
Interferen to produce a wave with crests and troughs of maximum
ce amplitude.

Destructiv
e Occurs when crest of one wave coincide with the trough of
interferen the other wave, thus canceling each other with the result
ce that the resultant amplitude is zero

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100b800b80000ffe20c584943435f50524f4
The 6494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a20
07ce00020009000600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352
occurrenc
47420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200
e of 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
constructi 000000000000000000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336
ve 4657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b7074000002
interferen 04000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000001462
ce 58595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002
c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c
756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c00000024746563680000043
and 00000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254
52430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972696768742028632
destructiv ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100b400b40000ffe20c58494343
e 5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e747
interferen 25247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5
ce 346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000
000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000011637072740000015000000033
 c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000
000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000
c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625
452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676
874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012
735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000

Antinode A point where constructive interference occurs

Node A point where destructive interference occurs.

Keys:
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006a006a0000ffe20c58494343
5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e747
Maximum 25247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5
crest wave 346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000
(2 crests
000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000
meet)
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000011637072740000015000000033
Zero 64657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b
amplitude 707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595
(trough a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000
meets crest) 0025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034
c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000
Maximum 000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000
trough wave c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625
(2 troughs 452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676
meet) 874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012
735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000
 ffd8ffe000104a464946
Young’s 0001020100d800d8000 a = distance between two coherent
formula 0ffe20c584943435f5052 sources
4f46494c450001010000 λ = wavelength
0c484c696e6f02100000 x = distance between
6d6e747252474220585 two consecutive
95a2007ce00020009000 node (or antinode) lines
600310000616373704d D = distance from the
5346540000000049454 two sources to the point of
3207352474200000000 measurement of x
0000000000000000000
0f6d6000100000000d32
d485020200000000000
The 0000000000000000000
relationshi 0000000000000000000
p between 0000000000000000000
λ, a, x and 0000000000000000000
D 0000000011637072740
0000150000000336465
7363000001840000006c
77747074000001f00000
0014626b70740000020
4000000147258595a00
0002180000001467585
95a0000022c000000146
258595a000002400000
0014646d6e640000025
400000070646d646400
0002c400000088767565
640000034c0000008676
696577000003d400000
0246c756d69000003f80
00000146d6561730000
040c0000002474656368
000004300000000c7254
52430000043c0000080c
675452430000043c0000
080c625452430000043c
0000080c746578740000
0000436f707972696768
7420286329203139393
8204865776c6574742d5
061636b61726420436f6
d70616e790000646573
6300000000000000127
3524742204945433631
3936362d322e3100000
0000000000000000012
7352474220494543363
13936362d322e310000
0000000000000000000
0000000000000000000
000000000000

ffd8ffe000104a464946
0001020100d800d8000
0ffe20c584943435f5052
4f46494c450001010000
0c484c696e6f02100000
6d6e747252474220585
95a2007ce00020009000
600310000616373704d
5346540000000049454
3207352474200000000
0000000000000000000
0f6d6000100000000d32
d485020200000000000
0000000000000000000
0000000000000000000
0000000000000000000
0000000000000000000
0000000011637072740
0000150000000336465
7363000001840000006c
77747074000001f00000
0014626b70740000020
4000000147258595a00
0002180000001467585
95a0000022c000000146
258595a000002400000
0014646d6e640000025
400000070646d646400
0002c400000088767565
640000034c0000008676
 696577000003d400000
0246c756d69000003f80
00000146d6561730000
040c0000002474656368
000004300000000c7254
52430000043c0000080c
675452430000043c0000
080c625452430000043c
0000080c746578740000
0000436f707972696768
7420286329203139393
8204865776c6574742d5
061636b61726420436f6
d70616e790000646573
6300000000000000127
3524742204945433631
3936362d322e3100000
0000000000000000012
7352474220494543363
13936362d322e310000
0000000000000000000
0000000000000000000
000000000000
Factors The interference pattern depend on the value of x
affecting When x changes, the interference pattern also changes
the ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100d800d80000ffe20c58494343
interferen 5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e747
ce pattern 25247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5
346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000
 22049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012
735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000

1. The distance between 2 consecutive lines, x is inversely

ffd8ffe0001 proportional to the distance between 2 sources,a
04a464946
000102010
0d800d800
00ffe20c58
4943435f5
0524f4649
4c4500010
100000c48
4c696e6f0
21000006d
6e7472524
742205859
5a2007ce0
002000900
060031000
061637370
4d5346540
000000049
454320735
247420000
000000000
000000000
000000f6d
600010000
0000d32d4
850202000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
001163707
274000001
500000003
364657363
000001840
000006c77
747074000
001f00000
0014626b7
074000002
040000001
47258595a
000002180
000001467
58595a000
0022c0000
001462585
95a000002
400000001
4646d6e64
000002540
000007064
6d6464000
002c40000
008876756
564000003
4c0000008
676696577
000003d40
00000246c
756d69000
003f80000
00146d656
173000004
0c0000002
474656368
000004300
000000c72
545243000
0043c0000
080c67545
243000004
3c0000080
c62545243
0000043c0
000080c74
657874000
00000436f
707972696
768742028
632920313
939382048
65776c657
4742d5061
636b61726
420436f6d
70616e790
000646573
630000000
000000012
735247422
049454336
313936362
d322e3100
000000000
000000000
001273524
742204945
433631393
6362d322e
310000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
00

ffd8ffe000
104a46494
600010101
009700970
000ffe20c5
84943435f
50524f464
94c450001
0100000c4
84c696e6f
021000006
d6e747252
474220585
95a2007ce
000200090
006003100
006163737
04d534654
000000004
945432073
524742000
000000000
000000000
0000000f6
d60001000
00000d32d
485020200
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000116370
727400000
150000000
336465736
300000184
0000006c7
774707400
0001f0000
00014626b
707400000
204000000
147258595
a00000218
000000146
758595a00
00022c000
000146258
595a00000
240000000
14646d6e6
400000254
000000706
46d646400
0002c4000
000887675
656400000
34c000000
867669657
7000003d4
000000246
c756d6900
0003f8000
000146d65
617300000
40c000000
247465636
800000430
0000000c7
254524300
00043c000
0080c6754
524300000
43c000008
0c6254524
30000043c
0000080c7
465787400
000000436
f70797269
676874202
863292031
393938204
865776c65
74742d506
1636b6172
6420436f6
d70616e79
000064657
363000000
000000001
273524742
204945433
631393636
2d322e310
000000000
000000000
000127352
474220494
543363139
36362d322
e31000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000
ffd8ffe000104a464946000102010 ffd8ffe000104a464946000102010
0d900d90000ffe20c584943435f50 09600960000ffe20c584943435f50
524f46494c4500010100000c484c6 524f46494c4500010100000c484c6
96e6f021000006d6e74725247422 96e6f021000006d6e74725247422
058595a2007ce000200090006003 058595a2007ce000200090006003
10000616373704d5346540000000 10000616373704d5346540000000
0494543207352474200000000000 0494543207352474200000000000
00000000000000000f6d60001000 00000000000000000f6d60001000
00000d32d4850202000000000000 00000d32d4850202000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000001 0000000000000000000000000001
1637072740000015000000033646 1637072740000015000000033646
57363000001840000006c7774707 57363000001840000006c7774707
4000001f000000014626b7074000 4000001f000000014626b7074000
00204000000147258595a0000021 00204000000147258595a0000021
8000000146758595a0000022c000 8000000146758595a0000022c000
000146258595a000002400000001 000146258595a000002400000001
4646d6e640000025400000070646 4646d6e640000025400000070646
d6464000002c4000000887675656 d6464000002c4000000887675656
 40000034c0000008676696577000
003d4000000246c756d69000003f
8000000146d6561730000040c000
0002474656368000004300000000
c725452430000043c0000080c675
452430000043c0000080c6254524
30000043c0000080c74657874000
00000436f7079726967687420286
3292031393938204865776c65747
42d5061636b61726420436f6d706
16e7900006465736300000000000
0001273524742204945433631393
6362d322e3100000000000000000
0000012735247422049454336313
936362d322e31000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
As a becomes larger, x
becomes smaller
40000034c0000008676696577000
003d4000000246c756d69000003f
8000000146d6561730000040c000
0002474656368000004300000000
c725452430000043c0000080c675
452430000043c0000080c6254524
30000043c0000080c74657874000
00000436f7079726967687420286
3292031393938204865776c65747
42d5061636b61726420436f6d706
16e7900006465736300000000000
0001273524742204945433631393
6362d322e3100000000000000000
0000012735247422049454336313
936362d322e31000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
As a becomes smaller, x
becomes larger

The distance between two consecutive node lines or

2. antinode lines , x increases is directly proportional to the
ffd8ffe0001 wavelength of the wave , λ
04a464946
000102010
096009600
00ffe20c58
4943435f5
0524f4649
4c4500010
100000c48
4c696e6f0
21000006d
6e7472524
742205859
5a2007ce0
002000900
060031000
061637370
4d5346540
000000049
454320735
247420000
000000000
000000000
000000f6d
600010000
0000d32d4
850202000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
001163707
274000001
500000003
364657363
000001840
000006c77
747074000
001f00000
0014626b7
074000002
040000001
47258595a
000002180
000001467
58595a000
0022c0000
001462585
95a000002
400000001
4646d6e64
000002540
000007064
6d6464000
002c40000
008876756
564000003
4c0000008
676696577
000003d40
00000246c
756d69000
003f80000
00146d656
173000004
0c0000002
474656368
000004300
000000c72
545243000
0043c0000
080c67545
243000004
3c0000080
c62545243
0000043c0
000080c74
657874000
00000436f
707972696
768742028
632920313
939382048
65776c657
4742d5061
636b61726
420436f6d
70616e790
000646573
630000000
000000012
735247422
049454336
313936362
d322e3100
000000000
000000000
001273524
742204945
433631393
6362d322e
310000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
00

where a &
D are
constant
ffd8ffe00010
4a46494600
0101010096
00970000ffe
20c5849434
35f50524f46
494c450001
0100000c48
4c696e6f021
000006d6e7
4725247422
058595a200
7ce0002000
9000600310
0006163737
04d5346540
0000000494
5432073524
7420000000
0000000000
0000000000
0f6d6000100
000000d32d
4850202000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0011637072
7400000150
0000003364
6573630000
0184000000
6c77747074
000001f0000
00014626b7
0740000020
4000000147
258595a000
0021800000
0146758595
a0000022c0
0000014625
8595a00000
2400000001
4646d6e640
0000254000
00070646d6
464000002c
4000000887
6756564000
0034c00000
0867669657
7000003d40
00000246c7
56d6900000
3f800000014
6d65617300
00040c0000
0024746563
6800000430
0000000c72
5452430000
043c000008
0c67545243
0000043c00
00080c6254
5243000004
3c0000080c7
4657874000
00000436f70
7972696768
7420286329
2031393938
204865776c
6574742d50
61636b6172
6420436f6d7
0616e79000
0646573630
0000000000
0001273524
7422049454
3363139363
62d322e310
0000000000
0000000000
0127352474
2204945433
6313936362
d322e31000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0
Low frequency (large λ) High frequency (small λ)
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010
201009500950000ffe20c5849 201009600960000ffe20c5849
43435f50524f46494c4500010 43435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f0210000 100000c484c696e6f0210000
06d6e74725247422058595a2 06d6e74725247422058595a2
007ce0002000900060031000 007ce0002000900060031000
0616373704d5346540000000 0616373704d5346540000000
049454320735247420000000 049454320735247420000000
000000000000000000000f6d 000000000000000000000f6d
6000100000000d32d4850202 6000100000000d32d4850202
000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000001 000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003 163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006 364657363000001840000006
c77747074000001f00000001 c77747074000001f00000001
4626b7074000002040000001 4626b7074000002040000001
47258595a000002180000001 47258595a000002180000001
46758595a0000022c0000001 46758595a0000022c0000001
46258595a000002400000001 46258595a000002400000001
4646d6e64000002540000007 4646d6e64000002540000007
0646d6464000002c40000008 0646d6464000002c40000008
8767565640000034c0000008 8767565640000034c0000008
676696577000003d40000002 676696577000003d40000002
46c756d69000003f80000001 46c756d69000003f80000001
46d6561730000040c0000002 46d6561730000040c0000002
 474656368000004300000000 474656368000004300000000
c725452430000043c0000080 c725452430000043c0000080
c675452430000043c0000080 c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080 c625452430000043c0000080
c7465787400000000436f707 c7465787400000000436f707
972696768742028632920313 972696768742028632920313
93938204865776c6574742d5 93938204865776c6574742d5
061636b61726420436f6d706 061636b61726420436f6d706
16e790000646573630000000 16e790000646573630000000
000000012735247422049454 000000012735247422049454
336313936362d322e3100000 336313936362d322e3100000
000000000000000001273524 000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d3 7422049454336313936362d3
22e310000000000000000000 22e310000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000
00000000000 00000000000
As λ increases, x increases As λ decreases, x also
decreases.
3. The distance between ffd8ffe000104a4649460001010100960097
ffd8ffe0001 two consecutive node 0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45000
10100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725
04a464946 lines or antinode lines,
247422058595a2007ce0002000900060031
000102010 x is directly 0000616373704d534654000000004945432
096009600 proportional to the 07352474200000000000000000000000000
00ffe20c58 distance from the two 00f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000
4943435f5 sources to the point of 00000000000000000000000000000000000
0524f4649 measurement of x, D 00000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000011637072740000015
4c4500010
00000003364657363000001840000006c77
100000c48 747074000001f000000014626b7074000002
4c696e6f0 04000000147258595a00000218000000146
21000006d 758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000
6e7472524 024000000014646d6e64000002540000007
742205859 0646d6464000002c4000000887675656400
00034c0000008676696577000003d400000
5a2007ce0
0246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730
002000900 000040c0000002474656368000004300000
060031000 000c725452430000043c0000080c6754524
061637370 30000043c0000080c625452430000043c00
4d5346540 00080c7465787400000000436f7079726967
000000049 6874202863292031393938204865776c657
4742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790
454320735
00064657363000000000000001273524742
247420000 2049454336313936362d322e31000000000
000000000 00000000000001273524742204945433631
000000000 3936362d322e31000000000000000000000
000000f6d 000000000000000000000000000000000
600010000
0000d32d4
850202000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
001163707
274000001
500000003
364657363
000001840
000006c77
747074000
001f00000
0014626b7
074000002
040000001
47258595a
000002180
000001467
58595a000
0022c0000
001462585
95a000002
400000001
4646d6e64
000002540
000007064
6d6464000
002c40000
008876756
564000003
4c0000008
676696577
000003d40
00000246c
756d69000
003f80000
00146d656
173000004
0c0000002
474656368
000004300
000000c72
545243000
0043c0000
080c67545
243000004
3c0000080
c62545243
0000043c0
000080c74
657874000
00000436f
707972696
768742028
632920313
939382048
65776c657
4742d5061
636b61726
420436f6d
70616e790
000646573
630000000
000000012
735247422
049454336
313936362
d322e3100
000000000
000000000
001273524
742204945
433631393
6362d322e
310000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
000000000
00

x directly
proportional
to D

where a & λ
are constant

Interference of lights Occurs when an

incident light wave
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006700670000ffe passes through a
20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484 double slit.
c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007 An interference pattern
ce00020009000600310000616373704d534654000 is produced as a result
00000494543207352474200000000000000000000 of the superposition of
00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000 two emerging light
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 waves from the double
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 slit.
00000001163707274000001500000003364657363
000001840000006c77747074000001f0000000146
26b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800
0000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000
0024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d
6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000
08676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003
f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636
8000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c
675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0
000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874
202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50616
36b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000
000000000012735247422049454336313936362d3
22e31000000000000000000000012735247422049
454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000
Young’s double-slit experiment
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006600660000ffe Use monochromatic
20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484 light (light which has
c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007 one colour and one
ce00020009000600310000616373704d534654000 wavelength)
00000494543207352474200000000000000000000 The double slit must
00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000 be very narrow (about
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0.5 mm) to produce a
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 clear interference
00000001163707274000001500000003364657363 pattern because the
000001840000006c77747074000001f0000000146 wavelength of light is
26b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800 very small.
0000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000 When light from
0024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d monochromatic source
6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000 passes through a
08676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003 double slit, two
f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636 sources of coherent
8000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c light are produced.
675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0 The interference
000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874 pattern consists of
202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50616 alternate bright and
36b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000 dark fringes that can
000000000012735247422049454336313936362d3 be seen on a distant
22e31000000000000000000000012735247422049 screen.
454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000 Bright fringes:
00000000000000000000000000000000000 constructive
interference
Dark fringes:
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006600660000ffe20c58494343 destructive
5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725
interference.
247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346
54000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000000000
0f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000000000 a = Distance between the
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 two slits on the
00000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465736300 double slit plate
0001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b70740000020 D = Distance between the
4000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000 double-slit plate and
00146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254000000706 the screen
46d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965 λ = The wavelength of
77000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656173000 light depends on its color.
0040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c x = Distance between
0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c00000 two consecutive
80c7465787400000000436f707972696768742028632920313939 bright fringes or dark
38204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000 fringes.
646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d3
22e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936
362d322e310000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
Interference of Sound Occurs when two coherent sound waves
Waves interact on the basis of the principle of
superposition to produce a pattern of
 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005f005f0000ffe20c58494
3435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02100000
6d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000
616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000
00000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
ffd8ffe000104a464946 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011
0001020100660066000 63707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c
0ffe20c584943435f5052 77747074000001f000000014626b70740000020400000014
4f46494c450001010000 7258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c00000014
6258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070
0c484c696e6f02100000 646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086
6d6e747252474220585 76696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f800000014
95a2007ce00020009000 6d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c
600310000616373704d 725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c
5346540000000049454 625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079
3207352474200000000 7269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50
61636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000
0000000000000000000 00000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000
0f6d6000100000000d32 000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d32
d485020200000000000 2e3100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000 0000000000
0000000000000000000 The two loud speakers are the sources of the
0000000000000000000 two coherent sound waves as they are
0000000000000000000 connected to the same audio signal generator.
0000000011637072740 A student is requested to walk in a straight path
0000150000000336465 at a distance of D from the loudspeakers.
7363000001840000006c
77747074000001f00000 The student hears alternating loud and soft
0014626b70740000020 sounds as he walks along the straight path.
4000000147258595a00
0002180000001467585
95a0000022c000000146 The alternating loud and soft sounds is caused
258595a000002400000 by interference of the sound waves.
0014646d6e640000025 The loud sound: constructive interference
400000070646d646400 The soft sound : destructive interference.
0002c400000088767565 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960000ffe
640000034c0000008676 20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484
696577000003d400000 c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007
0246c756d69000003f80 ce00020009000600310000616373704d534654000
00000146d6561730000 00000494543207352474200000000000000000000
040c0000002474656368 00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000
000004300000000c7254 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000
52430000043c0000080c 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000
675452430000043c0000 00000001163707274000001500000003364657363
080c625452430000043c 000001840000006c77747074000001f0000000146
0000080c746578740000 26b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800
0000436f707972696768 0000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000
7420286329203139393 0024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d
8204865776c6574742d5 6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000
061636b61726420436f6 08676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003
d70616e790000646573 f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636
6300000000000000127 8000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c
3524742204945433631 675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0
3936362d322e3100000 000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874
0000000000000000012 202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50616
7352474220494543363 36b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000
13936362d322e310000 000000000012735247422049454336313936362d3
0000000000000000000 22e31000000000000000000000012735247422049
0000000000000000000 454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000
000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000
a= the distance between
the two loudspeakers
D = Distance between the
loudspeakers and the path
along which interference
can be detected
λ = The wavelength of
sound waves is influenced
by the frequency of the
audio signal generator.
x = Distance between two
consecutive positions
where loud sound is heard
 Water wave Sound wave Light wave
ffd8ffe000104a464 ffd8ffe000104a464 ffd8ffe000104a464
9460001020100950 94600010201007e0 9460001020100740
0950000ffe20c5849 07e0000ffe20c5849 0740000ffe20c5849
43435f50524f46494 43435f50524f46494 43435f50524f46494
c4500010100000c4 c4500010100000c4 c4500010100000c4
84c696e6f02100000 84c696e6f02100000 84c696e6f02100000
6d6e747252474220 6d6e747252474220 6d6e747252474220
58595a2007ce0002 58595a2007ce0002 58595a2007ce0002
0009000600310000 0009000600310000 0009000600310000
616373704d534654 616373704d534654 616373704d534654
0000000049454320 0000000049454320 0000000049454320
7352474200000000 7352474200000000 7352474200000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
0000f6d6000100000 0000f6d6000100000 0000f6d6000100000
000d32d485020200 000d32d485020200 000d32d485020200
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
0000000000000116 0000000000000116 0000000000000116
3707274000001500 3707274000001500 3707274000001500
0000033646573630 0000033646573630 0000033646573630
00001840000006c7 00001840000006c7 00001840000006c7
7747074000001f000 7747074000001f000 7747074000001f000
000014626b707400 000014626b707400 000014626b707400
0002040000001472 0002040000001472 0002040000001472
58595a0000021800 58595a0000021800 58595a0000021800
0000146758595a00 0000146758595a00 0000146758595a00
00022c0000001462 00022c0000001462 00022c0000001462
58595a0000024000 58595a0000024000 58595a0000024000
000014646d6e6400 000014646d6e6400 000014646d6e6400
0002540000007064 0002540000007064 0002540000007064
6d6464000002c400 6d6464000002c400 6d6464000002c400
0000887675656400 0000887675656400 0000887675656400
00034c0000008676 00034c0000008676 00034c0000008676
696577000003d400 696577000003d400 696577000003d400
0000246c756d6900 0000246c756d6900 0000246c756d6900
0003f8000000146d6 0003f8000000146d6 0003f8000000146d6
561730000040c000 561730000040c000 561730000040c000
0002474656368000 0002474656368000 0002474656368000
004300000000c725 004300000000c725 004300000000c725
452430000043c000 452430000043c000 452430000043c000
0080c67545243000 0080c67545243000 0080c67545243000
0043c0000080c625 0043c0000080c625 0043c0000080c625
452430000043c000 452430000043c000 452430000043c000
 0080c74657874000 0080c74657874000 0080c74657874000
00000436f70797269 00000436f70797269 00000436f70797269
6768742028632920 6768742028632920 6768742028632920
3139393820486577 3139393820486577 3139393820486577
6c6574742d506163 6c6574742d506163 6c6574742d506163
6b61726420436f6d7 6b61726420436f6d7 6b61726420436f6d7
0616e79000064657 0616e79000064657 0616e79000064657
3630000000000000 3630000000000000 3630000000000000
0127352474220494 0127352474220494 0127352474220494
54336313936362d3 54336313936362d3 54336313936362d3
22e3100000000000 22e3100000000000 22e3100000000000
0000000000012735 0000000000012735 0000000000012735
2474220494543363 2474220494543363 2474220494543363
13936362d322e310 13936362d322e310 13936362d322e310
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000
00000 00000 00000
λ The wavelength of The wavelength of The wavelength of
water waves is sound waves is light depends on
influenced by the influenced by the its color.
frequency of the frequency of the
vibrator audio signal
generator.
D Distance between Distance between Distance between
the spherical the loudspeakers the double-slit
dippers and the and the path along plate and the
position marked x which interference screen
is measured can be detected
a Distance between Distance between Distance between
the two spherical the two the two slits on the
dippers loudspeakers double slit plate
x Distance between Distance between Distance between
two consecutive two consecutive two consecutive
antinode lines or positions where bright fringes or
two consecutive loud sound is dark fringes.
node lines heard
High amplitude of Loud sound Bright fringes
water Soft sound Dark fringes
Calm water
Example 1
In the interference of two coherent
sources of waves, the separation
between two spherical dippers is 3 cm
and the distance between two
consecutive node lines is 4 cm measured
at a distance of 15 cm from the two
coherent sources of waves. Calculate
the wavelength of the water waves
originating from the sources.
Example 3
The wavelength of light can be
determined with a double-slit plate. The
diagram shows the pattern of
interference fringes obtained in a
Young’s double-slit experiment. The
separation of distance of the two slits is
0.25 mm and the distance between the
screen and the double slit plate is 3.0 m.
Calculate the wavelength of light used in
the experiment.
Example 2
In a Young’s double slit experiment, the
distance between the double slit and the
screen is 4.0 m and the separation of the
two slits is 0.5 mm. calculate the
distance between two consecutive bright
fringes for violet light with a wavelength
of 4.0 x 10-7 m
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100d800d8
0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45000
10100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725
247422058595a2007ce0002000900060031
0000616373704d534654000000004945432
07352474200000000000000000000000000
00f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000011637072740000015
00000003364657363000001840000006c77
747074000001f000000014626b7074000002
04000000147258595a00000218000000146
758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000
024000000014646d6e64000002540000007
0646d6464000002c4000000887675656400
00034c0000008676696577000003d400000
0246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730
000040c0000002474656368000004300000
000c725452430000043c0000080c6754524
30000043c0000080c625452430000043c00
00080c7465787400000000436f7079726967
6874202863292031393938204865776c657
4742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790
00064657363000000000000001273524742
2049454336313936362d322e31000000000
00000000000001273524742204945433631
3936362d322e31000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000
Example 4
In an experiment on the interference of
waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a
distance of 1.5 m from each other. They
are connected to an audio signal
generator to produce coherent sound
waves at a frequency of 0.5 kHz.
Calculate
(a) the wavelength of the sound wave if
the speed of sound is 300 ms-1
(b) the distance between two consecutive
soft sounds at a perpendicular distance
of 5 m from the source of the sound.

6.6 ANALYSING SOUND WAVES

What is sound Sound is a form of energy propagated as waves that
waves? make our eardrums vibrate.
Sound waves are caused by vibrating objects.
Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

How is sound
produced by a • Sound waves are produced when a vibrating object
vibrating objects? causes the air molecules around it to vibrate.

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100d400d50000ffe20c5
84943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02
1000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000
600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352
47420000000000000000000000000000f6d60001000000
00d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336
4657363000001840000006c77747074000001f00000001
4626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000
00146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000002400
0000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002
c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000
003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730
000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452
430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254
52430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972
69676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5
061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000
00000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31
000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313
936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000
• When a tuning fork vibrates, layers of air vibrate
and the sound energy is propagated through the air
around it in the form of waves.
• When the tuning fork moves forwards, the air is
compressed.
• When the tuning fork moves backwards, the air
layers are pulled apart and cause a rarefaction.
• Therefore, a series of compression and rarefactions
will produce sound.
Why does sound
waves is a • The air particles vibrate backward and forward in
longitudinal the direction parallel to the direction of propagation
waves?
of the sound wave.
• Wavelength of sound, λ = the distance between two
successive regions of compression or two
successive regions of rarefaction.

Explain how the

loudness relates to • The loudness of the sound depends on its
amplitude? amplitude.
• If the amplitude is increased, the loudness
increases.
Explain how the
pitch relates to • A high pitch sound corresponds to a high
frequency frequency and a low pitch sound corresponds to a
low frequency of vibration.
To investigate the relationship between the amplitude and the loudness
of sound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The audio signal generator is switched on and the frequency of the
sound wave is adjusted to a suitable level. The loudness of the sound
is varied from a lot to a high level gradually. Observe the shape of the
sound wave displayed on the screen of oscilloscope.

Write: low / medium / high

Wave form
Amplitude of sound wave
Loudness of sound
wave displayed on the screen of the oscilloscope is observed.

Write: low / medium / high

Wave form
Frequency of sound wave
Pitch of sound
describe applications of reflection of sound waves. The reflection of
sound is called
echoes.
Ultrasound in medicine
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100cd00cd0000ffe20c58 Infrasound
4943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021 Normal audible
000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006 range
00310000616373704d534654000000004945432073524 Ultrasound
7420000000000000000000000000000f6d600010000000
0d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000000000 Less than 20 Hz
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 20 Hz to
000000000000000001163707274000001500000003364 20 000 Hz
657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014 Higher than
626b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800000 20 000 Hz.
0146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000
000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c
400000088767565640000034c00000086766965770000
03d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d65617300 • Ultrasound
00040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7254524 waves is used to
30000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c62545 scan and
2430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726 capture the
9676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50 image of a fetus
61636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000 in a mother’s
0000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310 womb and the
000000000000000000000127352474220494543363139 image of
36362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000 internal organ in
000000000000000000000 a body.
• Transmitter P
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960000ffe20c5 emits
84943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02 ultrasound
1000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000 downwards to
600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352 the fetus.
47420000000000000000000000000000f6d60001000000 • Detector R
00d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000000 receives the
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ultrasound
000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336 (echoes)
4657363000001840000006c77747074000001f00000001 reflected by the
4626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000 various parts of
00146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000002400 the fetus.
0000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002 • The soft
c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000 tissues of the
003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730 fetus absorb
000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452 most of the
430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254 incident
52430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972 ultrasound,
69676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5 reflect very little.
061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000 The bony parts
00000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31 will absorb very
000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313 little, but reflect
936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000 most of the
0000000000000000000000 ultrasound. The
reflected
ultrasound will
Sonar produce an
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960000ffe20c5 image of
84943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02 contrasting
1000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000 brightness.
600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352
47420000000000000000000000000000f6d60001000000
00d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 • Sonar is the
000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336 technique of
4657363000001840000006c77747074000001f00000001 using
4626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000 ultrasound to
00146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000002400 locate
0000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002 underwater
c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000 objects or to
003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730 measure the
000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452 depth of a
430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254 seabed.
52430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972 • Ultrasound
69676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5 signal is sent
061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000 out from a
00000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31 transmitter.
000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313 • Its echo from
936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000 the seabed is
0000000000000000000000 detected by a
receiver which
is connected to
an electrical
recording
circuit.
• The time
interval, t
between the
A bat can navigate in darkness sending and
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201009600960000ffe20c5 receiving of the
84943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02 ultrasound
1000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000 signal after
600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352 reflection from
47420000000000000000000000000000f6d60001000000 the seabed is
00d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000000 measured.
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 • The depth of
000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336 the seabed,
4657363000001840000006c77747074000001f00000001 ffd8ffe000104a46
4626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000 49460001020100
00146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000002400 9600970000ffe20
0000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002 c584943435f505
c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000 24f46494c45000
003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730 10100000c484c6
000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452 96e6f021000006
430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254 d6e74725247422
52430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972 058595a2007ce0
69676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5 00200090006003
061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000 10000616373704
00000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31 d5346540000000
000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313 04945432073524
936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000 74200000000000
0000000000000000000000 00000000000000
000f6d60001000
00000d32d48502
02000000000000
00000000000000
00000000000000
00000000000000
00000000000000
00000000000000
00000000000001
16370727400000
15000000033646
57363000001840
000006c7774707
4000001f000000
014626b7074000
00204000000147
95a0000022c000
000146258595a0
00002400000001
4646d6e6400000
25400000070646
d6464000002c40
00000887675656
40000034c00000
08676696577000
003d4000000246
c756d69000003f
8000000146d656
1730000040c000
00024746563680
00004300000000
c7254524300000
43c0000080c675
452430000043c0
000080c6254524
30000043c00000
80c74657874000
00000436f70797
26967687420286
32920313939382
04865776c65747
42d5061636b617
26420436f6d706
16e79000064657
36300000000000
00012735247422
04945433631393
6362d322e31000
00000000000000
00000127352474
22049454336313
936362d322e310
00000000000000
00000000000000
00000000000000
00000000000
where v is the
velocity of
sound in water.

• When
ultrasonic
waves emitted
by the bat hit an
object, they are
reflected back
and received by
the bat.
• The time
between the
emission of the
sound waves
and reception of
the reflected
waves enables
the bat to
estimate the
position of the
object
accurately.
• This enables
the bat to adjust
its direction to
avoid knocking
at the object.
Calculate distances using the
reflection of sound waves.
An ultrasonic wave is used to determine
the depth of a seabed. A pulse of
ultrasound is generated and travels to
the seabed and reflected by it. The time
taken by a pulse of ultrasonic wave to
travel to and fro the seabed is 0.28 s. It
the speed of sound in the water is 1 500
ms-1, calculate the depth of the seabed.

6.7 ANALYSING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Describe the electromagnetic spectrum

l------------Radio waves--------l

What is electro-magnetic
• It consists of a group of waves
with similar natuThe members of
the electromagnetic spectrum
arranged in increasing frequencies
and decreasing wavelengths are
radio waves, microwaves, infrared
rays, v
rays. Radio waves have the longest
wavelength but are of
low frequency waves. They carry
very little energy. Gamma rays
have the shortest wavelength but
are of
What is telectro- magnet
It is produced when electric a
at right angle to each other. The
direction of propagation

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100d
700d70000ffe20c584943435f50524f4
6494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02
1000006d6e74725247422058595a20
07ce00020009000600310000616373
704d53465400000000494543207352
474200000000000000000000000000
00f6d6000100000000d32d48502020
000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000
000011637072740000015000000033
64657363000001840000006c777470
74000001f000000014626b70740000
0204000000147258595a0000021800
0000146758595a0000022c00000014
6258595a0000024000000014646d6e
640000025400000070646d64640000
02c400000088767565640000034c00
00008676696577000003d400000024
6c756d69000003f8000000146d6561
730000040c00000024746563680000
04300000000c725452430000043c00
00080c675452430000043c0000080c
625452430000043c0000080c746578
7400000000436f7079726967687420
2863292031393938204865776c6574
742d5061636b61726420436f6d7061
6e7900006465736300000000000000
12735247422049454336313936362d
322e31000000000000000000000012
735247422049454336313936362d32
2e3100000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
State the visible light is a part of
the electro-magnetic spectrum
Describe the properties of electro-
magnetic waves
• Visible light waves are the only
electromagnetic waves we can see.
Light can be seen as the colours of
rainbow.
• Each colour has a different
wavelength.
• Red has the longest wavelength
and violet the shortest.
• When all the waves are seen
together, they make white light.
• When white light shines through
a prism, the white light is broken
apart into the seven colours of the
visible light spectrum.
• Red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet.
1. They transfer energy from one
point to another.
2. They are transverse waves.
3. They can travel through vacuum.
4. They travel at the same speed
through vacuum, i.e at the speed of
light , c = 3 x 108 ms-1.
5. They all show wave properties
such as reflection, refraction,
diffraction and interference.
6. They obey the wave equation, v
= fλ.
List sources of electro-magnetic waves and the applications.

Electromagnetic wave
Sources
Applications

Gamma Rays
Radioactive substances

• Engineering – to detect leakages in underground pipes

• Medicine – cancer treatment
• Food sterilisation

X- rays
x-ray tube

• Medicine
1. i. X-ray photograph of the internal organs of the body, e.g to
locate bone fracture.
2. ii. Cancer treatment
• Engineering – to detect cracks in metal
• Checking of luggage at airports

Ultraviolet rays

The sun, mercury vapour lamp.

• Cause sunburn
• Stimulates the formation of vitamin D needed for assimilation of
calcium and the prevention of rickets.
• Detect fake notes
• Fluorescent lamp
• Sterilization of surgical tools and plant seedlings.

Visible light
Flames, lamps,
the sun
living thing can be detected.
• Remote control for TV / VCR

Microwaves
Radar transmitter
Microwaves oven

• Communication system with satellites

• Used in radar system
• Cooking
• Cellular (mobile) phone service

Radio waves
Electrons oscillating in aerials
Radio/ television transmitter

• For broadcasting and wireless communication

• UHF (ultra high frequency) radio waves – television and hand phones
• VHF (very high frequency) radio wave – local radio FM and wireless
communication used by the police
 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005c007e0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c48
4c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540
000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f0000
00014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c00000014625
8595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c40000008876756564000
0034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000
002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c62545
2430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c
6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454
336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005c005c0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c48
4c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540
000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f0000
00014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c00000014625
8595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c40000008876756564000
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Describe the detrimental effects of excessive exposure to
certain components of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Radio waves
No evidence of hazard

Microwaves
Internal heating of body tissues when they enter our body.
Long exposure to mobile phones can cause brain tumor and
inner ear complications in children. Just SMS.

Infrared
Skin burns

Visible light
No evidence of hazard

Ultraviolet
Damage to the surface cells (including skin cancer) and
blindness

X-rays
Damage to cells.
Cancer, mutation
The mutated cells may result in the abnormal growth of cancer
cells.
Pregnant mothers who are exposed to X-rays and radiations
too frequently may cause abnormalities in new born babies.

Gamma rays