University OF Soutn Vakota ILLiad TN: 82429 Borrower: GGC Lending String: DUQ,"USD,IOH,EMU Patron: Lilefield, Sid Journal Title: Lacanian ink. Volume: 29 Issue: Month/Year: 2007Pages: Article Author: Article Title: Alain Badiou; 35 Propositions; Logiques des mondes Imprint: New York, N.Y. ; Wooster Press ; Nutley, ILL Number: 30915060 CANN Call #: CURRENT PERIODICALS Location: ARIEL Charge Maxcost: 25,001FM Shipping Address: RUSSELL LIBRARY ILL CBX 043 GEORGIA COLLEGE AND STATE UNIVERSITY 320 N WAYNE ST MILLEDGEVILLE GA 31081 Fax: 478 445-2946 Ariel: ariel.gcsu.edu or 168.16.217.10lacanian ink precisely no other immanence to the situation, to its own identity, as its degree of existence. essarily the result of an exterior cause, which af- Jobally, the logical evaluations, or the laws of the world, In other words, what occurs in death is tty function of a given multiple. This change con the dying thing, and this imposition comes jing, The precise proposition is Spinoza’s: “No sn be destroyed, except by an exterior cause.” So say of a multiple that itis “mortal” ws that the meditation of death is in itself vain, declares: “The free man thinks of nothing less and his wisdom is a meditation on life, and not sath.” It is because death is only a consequence. st turn towards is the event which locally trans~ function, s indicates why we cannot agree with a philoso- and finitude. There is no ontological status of stent we can say that it is a “being-for-death’ is a transcendental degree and nothing else, we int Paul: “Death, where is thy victory?.” Dying, ing, is a mode of being-there, and therefore a pure- ion. ‘The philosophy of death is included in one be afraid by the logic of a world, or by the games fe are living and dying in many different worlds. 35 Propositions from the First Three Chapters of Logiques des Mondes* ALAIN Bapiou translated by JaKe BeLLoNe ‘There has been a book in the process of being written for the past three years. Its title is Logique des mondes. It goes its course, without haste, when T can st three chapters are nearly fin- ished: The One, is “The Transcendental”, the Two, “The Object", the Three “The World”. Afier which things are going to change, toaccelerate, We will leave the peace of analyses, the calmness of being. Damaged torments of subjectivation, true things, and no- things tout court. The Lights, in sum. Politics. Love. Science. Art. And thus in succession ‘The first three chapters have a invariable mandate, An in- troduction, a conceptual exposition, a connection (a great classical author), formal exposition, and finaly the series of erucial propo- sitions of the chapter, Loffer here the propositions of these first three chapters. There are thirty-five of them. I leave them to their con- centration; if not, I adjoin a glossary, intended in any event. These inevitable dictionaries are the gargoyles of this kind of cathedral14 lacanian ink Prorosiriow 1: The All has no Being. Or: the concept of the universe is inconsistent. PropostTion2: Nobeing,exceptthe Void,canbethoug Being without recourse to Being already thought by at leastone other being. Inaddition itis notthe uniform procedure ofthis dependence. ProrositioN 3: A being can only be thought as much as it inscribes itself into a world. Proposition 4: To think a being such that it is in- scribed into a world, or to think the Being-there of a being supposes the imposition of a logic of appearance which is not identical to the ontology (mathematical) of the pure Multiple. Proposition 5: A logic of appearance, and therefore the logic of a world, returns to a unified failure of measure (intrin- ic, without subject) of the identities and differences to the opera: tions which depend on this measure. It necessarily pertains to a structure of order, giving sense to expressions like “more or less identical”, and, more generally, to comparisons of intensities. We fname this order, and the operations which attach themselves, the transcendental of a situation (or of a world). The transcendental designated by T, and the order which structures T by the c ary symbol S . For a multiple-being, “appearance” means: to be seized by the logic of a world, therefore indexed to the transcen- dental of this world Pxovostrion 6: The transcendental organization of any world allows the non-appearance of a being to be thought. This here means that it exists in the structure of transcendental order, minimal degree. We denote this j. Prorosttion 7: The transcendental organization of any world allows the evaluation of what is common in the Being-there of two beings which co-appear in this world. This supposes that, in the transcendental, given two degrees of intensity, there exists a third one which is “closest”, simultaneously, to the two others. This degree measures that which we name the conjunction or inter- section of two beings-there. We denote this 0. tinits 35 Propositions from Logiqu Prorosmnion 8: The transcende world assures the cohesion of the Being world. This supposes that to the degre world of beings which constitute this p which dominates all of them and at the to do it. This degree, which synthesize appearance of a region of the world, is ¢ region. If B is the region, the envelope « Prorosimion 9: In the order of a global and in capacity of the infinite (the analysis, local and finite (the conjunction section of a singular appearance and of envelope. This is denoted: 7 is distribu Prorostrion 10: In the order of a transcendental measure of the degree between two beings. We call this measure the beings relative to the other, or more ex transcendental degree of appearance reat dence of the degree q in regards to the de Proposimion 11: Given a world at this world—given, consequently, with its there exists always another appearing wh is the largest of all those which, as forthe ing in common with the first (or, of whi the fitst is equal to the minimum), This regard to the first like a maximum stra called its reverse. Given a degree of a which measures the appearance of a bei for all beings of degree of appearance pi Prorostrion 12: The conjunctioi reverse is always equal to the minimum reverse of a degree is always superior or And this is denoted for the first property, second, p 3p.lacanian ink 1: The All has no Being. Or: the concept of consistent, x2: Nobeing exceptthe Void, canbethoughtinits ursetoBeingalready thought by atleastoneother itisnotthe uniform procedure of thisdependene N 3: A being can only be thought as much as it Jo a world. To think a being such that it is in- Jorld, or to think the Being-there of a being ition of a logic of appearance which is not tology (mathematical) of the pure Multiple. 5: A logic of appearance, and therefore the retums to a unified failure of measure (intrin- ) of the idemtties and differences to the opera- don this measure. It necessarily pertains to a giving sense to expressions like “more of less ore generally, to comparisons of intensities. We x the operations which attach themselves, the a situation or of a world). ‘The transcendental is ind the order which structures T by the custom- for a multiple-being, “appearance” means: to be fc of a world, therefore indexed to the transcen- : The transcendental organization of any non-appearance of a being to be thought. This, ‘exists, in the structure of transcendental order, a We denote this 7: The transcendental organization of any valuation of what is common in the Being-there ich co-appear in this world. ‘This supposes that, tal, given two degrees of intensity, there exists is “closest”, simultaneously, to the two others. ures that which we name the conjunction or inter- ings-there, We denote this 0, 35 Propositions from Logiques des mondes 15 Prorosrrion 8: The transcendental organization of any world assures the cohesion of the Being-there of any part of this world. This supposes that to the degrees of appearance in this, world of beings which constitute this part corresponds a degree which dominates all of them and at the same time is the smallest to do it. This degree, which synthesizes to the nearest point the appearance of a region of the world, is called the envelope of this, region. If B is the region, the envelope of B is denoted © B Prorosiniox 9: In the order of appearance, the synthesis, ‘global and in capacity of the infinite (the envelope), overrides the analysis, local and finite (the conjunction). Accordingly: the inter- section of a singular appearance and of an envelope is itself an envelope. This is denoted: © is distributive relative to ¥. Prorosinion 10: In the order of appearance, there exists ‘a transcendental measure of the degree of attachment necessary between two beings. Weecall this measure the dependence of one of the beings relative to the other, or more exactly the dependence of a transcendental degree of appearance relative to another. The depet dence of the degree q in regards to the degree p is denoted p Prorosrrion 1: Given a world and a definite appearing of this world—given, consequently, with its degree of appearance — there exists always another appearing which degree of appearance is the largest of all those which, as for their appearance, have noth- ing in common with the first (or, of which the conjunction with the first is equal to the minimum). This being-there, which is in regard to the first like a maximum strangeness in the world, is called its reverse, Given a degree of appearance p, the degree which measures the appearance of a being in position of towards for all beings of degree of appearance p is denoted — p. Prorosimon 12: The conjunction of a degree and of its reverse is always equal to the minimum. And the reverse of the reverse of a degree is always superior or equal to this degree itself. And this is denoted for the first property, P©— p =H; and for the second, p sp. 476 lacanian ink Propostrion 13: There exists, in the transcendental of any world, a maximal degree of appearance. This maximal degree is the reverse of the degree minimal. We denote this M, and we have M=on. Provosition 14: The reverse of the reverse of the minimal degree is equal to this same degree, Thus —— t= 1. And like- wise, the reverse of the reverse of the maximal degree is equal to the maximal degree. Thus 7M = M. In these particular cases, the double negation is equivalent to affirmation. ‘The minimum and the maximum conduct each other, as for the double negation, in a classic way (*) Proposition 15: Logic, in the usual sense, be it the formal calculation of the propositions and of the predicates, receives, for a given worl, its values of truth and the signification of its opera tors from the sole transcendental of this world. In this way, formal logic is a simple consequence of transcendental logic. Pxorosttion 16: The world of ontology, i.c. mathematics, historically constituted, of the pure multiple, is a classic world (*), Prorosinion 17: The transcendental degree which mea sures, in a given world, the identity of one appearing to another, measures as well the identity of this other to the first: the function of transcendental indexation is symmetrical. Proposition 18: The intensity of co-appearance, or con- junction, in a given world of the identity of an appearing and of another, then of this other and of a third, cannot surpass the degree of idemtty assessable directly between the first and the third. The transcendental indexation obeys, in view of the conjunction, the triangular inequality. Proposition 19: An appearing in a world ean exist only inasmuch as itis identical to another appearing. Prorosttiow 20: If an element of an object (*) inexists (*) in a world, itis only minimally identical to another el same object. Prorosimiox 21: Let be a world and an appearing of this, ment of the 15 Propositions from Logiques « world. Let be a fixed element of the mult Being of this appearing. The function wl clement of this multiple, the transcendental to the fixed element, is an atom (*) of app called the real atom prescribed by the fixed Paovosttion 22 - POSTULATE OF MY the world, every atom of this world is rea Proposition 23: Every localization dental degree is also an atom. Prorosirion 24: The atoms of app two ontologically distinct elements of an identical if, and only if, the degree of tra these two elements is equal to their degree therefore the same for both), Or: if and on as they are identical. Prorostrion 25: Two elements of a (©) if and only if their degree of identity is (or intersection) of their existences. Prorostrion 26: If one identifies th le inherent to an object whose atoms the over every object a relation of order, calle as < susceptible to three equivalent definit —Algebraic: two elements are co tence of the first is inferior or equal to that Transcendental: The existence ‘equal to its degree of transcendental identi —Topological: The first element i tion of the second over the existence of the Propostrion 27: Let B be an obje elements of this region are compatible in pé relation of the onto-logical order of Propos B, and therefore a real synthesis of this ob Propostrion 28: FUNDAMENTAL TH Let A be a set which ontologically under transeilacanian ink Jow 13: There exists, in the transcendental of any degree of appearance. This maximal degree is degree minimal. We denote this M, and we have 14: The reverse of the reverse of the minimal this same degree, Thus + — jt = pt. And like- of the reverse of the maximal degree is equal to Thus 7 M=M. In these particular cases, jon is equivalent to affirmation. The minimum conduct each other, as for the double negation, ) JON 15: Logic, in the usual sense, be it the formal propositions and of the predicates, receives, for ‘values of truth and the signification of its opera- transcendental of this world. Tn this way, formal consequence of transcendental logic. 10N 16: The world of ontology, i.e. mathematics, tuted, of the pure multiple, isa classic world (*). ]ON 17: The transcendental degree which mea ‘world, the identity of one appearing to another, the identity of this other to the first: the function indexation is symmetrical wv 18: The intensity of co-appearance, or con- jen world of the identity of an appearing and of is other and ofa third, cannot surpass the degree ble directly between the first and the third. The Jdexation obeys, in view of the conjunction, the ity (ON 19: An appearing in a world can exist only identical to another appearing. ON 20: If an element of an object (*) inexists (*) ly minimally identical to another element of the ys 21; Let be a world and an appearing of this, 35 Propositions from Logiques des mondes n world, Let be a fixed element of the multiple which makes the Being of this appearing. ‘The function which assigns, to every element of this multiple, the transcendental degree of its identity to the fixed element, is an atom (*) of appearance. This atom is called the real atom prescribed by the fixed element. Propostmion 22 - PostuLatt: OF MATERIALISM: Whichever the world, every atom of this world is real. Proposition 23: Every localization (*) of an atom over a transcendental degree is also an atom. Pkorosrion 24: The atoms of appearance prescribed by two ontologically distinct elements of an object are nevertheless identical if, and only if, the degree of transcendental identity of these two elements is equal to their degree of existence (which is therefore the same for both), Or: if and only if they exist exactly as they are identical. Propostrion 25: Two elements of an object are compatible (*) if and only if their degree of identity is equal to the conjunction (or intersection) of their existences. Prorosrriow 26: If one identifies the elements of the mul- tiple inherent to an object whose atoms they prescribe, there exists over every object a relation of order, called onto-logical, denoted as < susceptible to three equivalent definitions: —Algebraic: two elements are compatible, and the exis- tence of the first is inferior or equal to that of the second. —Transcendental: The existence of the first element equal to its degree of transcendental identity to the second. Topological: The first element is equal to the localiza- tion of the second over the existence of the first Paoposirioy 27: Let B be an objective region (*). If the elements of this region are compatible in pairs, there exists, for the relation of the onto-logical order of Proposition 26, an envelope of B, and therefore a real synthesis of this objective region. PROPOSITION 28: FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ATOMIC LOGIC. Let A be a set which ontologically underlies an object (*) (A, Id)8 lacanian ink in a world m of which the transcendental is T. We denote F A, and we call the transcendental functor of A the assignment to ev- ery element p of T (or transcendental degree) of the subset of A composed of all the elements of A of which the degree of exis- tence is p, it follows F A (p) = {x /x € A and E x =p}. We call this territory of p, and we write ®, every subset of T of which p is the envelope, this being p = ¥ ©. We call this at last coherent projective representation of © the association to every element q of ©, of an clement of F A(q), let it be X, (clearly we have Ex, =4) ‘which possesses the following property: for q € © and q’ € © the elements of F-A(G) and F A(q’) corresponding, x, and x,,are com patibles (*) between them, it follows x, # x,. Under these condi- tions, there always exists one and only one element ¢ of FA(p)—p being the envelope of ©—which is such that, for every q € ©, the localization (*) of e over q is uniformly equal to the element x, of the coherent representation, that is € (q= x,. This element ¢ is ‘the real synthesis of the subset constituted by the x,, in the sense that itis their envelope for the relation of onto-logical order noted < Prorositioy 29: Death (*) is a category of the logic—of appearance —and not a category of the ontology—of Being. Prorosition 30: The opens (*) of a topological space (*) have the structure of a transcendental. And the points (*) of a transcendental can be canonically endowed by a structure of plain topological space Proposition 31: Ifa transcendental has enough points (*), itis identical (isomorphic) to a plain topological space. Pxovositios 32: Ontologically, the dimension of any world, measured by the number of beings which appear there, is that of an inaccessible cardinal (*), Every world is thus enclosed, but this enclosure is, from the interior of the world, inaccessible by operations of any kind. Pkorosirion 33: A relation between objects (*) defined as a function between the support-sets of two objects implicated in the relation, for as much as this function creates neither existence 35 Propositions from Logique: nor difference —it preserves the degree of and never lessens the degree of identity 0 able to preserve the set of atomic logic, (*), the compatibilities (*) and the onto-lo tion 26), Which writes, ifthe elements c (B, B), and if the relation is p, fora A a ~ Ep(a) = E: conservation ¢ ~ aa, b) = B [p(a), p(B)) no creation of ~ (ab) > [p(a) £ p(y] conservation = (@ [p(a) # p(b)]__ conservation of compatibility = (@ [p(a) p=M). Conearimiuity, Compsrinte: Let an object (*) be of any world, denoted (A, Id), and let two elements a and b be of the sup: port-sct ofthis object, that is to say of A. We say that a and b are compatible, which is denoted a £b if (this is the most simple form of definition, but not the most “original”) the conjunction of their degrees of existence (*) is equal to their degree of identity (cf. the entry “transcendental indexation”). In other words, the “com- monality” of their existences is the same thing as the measure of their identity. This is denoted Ea © Eb = Ida, b) Compurteness (Loaicat), Locicatty Copter Wortn: A ‘world is logically complete if every relation (ef. Proposition 33) is universally exposed (*). This property defines then the logical completeness of a world. Proposition 34, or the second constitu- tive thesis of materialism, says that every world is logically com- plete (because it is ontologically enclosed). Dear: We call “death” for an appearing in a particular world, the passage ofa value of positiveexistence (as feeble as itcan be) to the minimal value, and therefore the passage to inexistence “Death” designates the transition (Ex = p) > (Ex = Wt). ‘Taking into account the definition of existence (degree of identity to itself), we can define as well the death of a singular appearing, in a determined world as the coming of a complete non-identity to itself 35 Propositions from Logiques Exist, Existence: The degree of exi transcendental indexation (*) ofits identity this degree “the existence” of the being cot appearance in a world). ‘The existence —a category of appearance, and not of Being. | object be in a world and let a be an elemer Of a is the value in the transcendental T of general Ea as the existence of a, Exposrtion (oF & RELATION), Exposé between two objects (*) is exposed (in the third object which ~ is itself in relation with the first - of such a fashion that the “relation In other words, iF A, B are two objects (we tations), we say that p is exposed if there relation f of C to A, and a relation g of C tc the composition of p and of f are equivalent oes from C to B by way of A, thus enchain actly the same thing than if one goes direct of g. We say, then, that C is an exponent of FUNCTION OF APPEARANCE, on FUNC \dental Indexation” Iwaccessipits CagpinaL: We know t is the measure of the absolute number of ele Thus the cardinal number we write “S” me elements of every finite multiplicity which h defined infinite cardinals—we will not disc He also defined the order of the infinite ca the admission of the axiom of choice. Am nals, will be said “inaccessible” those whic from a smaller cardinal, through none of constructions of the set theory: the union from A to A in considering all the element (dissemination), and the taking of the parts “Trans:lacanian ink + words, an atom is a “component” of the ob- known element (one of maximal appertaining is therefore the instance of the One in the object. Wort): A classic world is a world of which the rations (conjunction and envelope) define a ‘This means (cf. Proposition 15) that interpreted the logic is classical. Or rather, that one has the verse of the reverse of a degree and of this de le negation: ++ p = p), and that the union of a erse is equal to the maximum (law of excluded a Covesrisie: Let an object (*) be of any Id), and let two elements a and b be of the sup- ject, that is to say of A. We say that a and b are fn is denoted a £ b if (this is the most simple form. not the most “original”) the conjunction of their nce (*) is equal to their degree of identity (ct. ndental indexation”). In other words, the “com- r existences is the same thing as the measure of is is denoted Ea 0 Eb = 1d(a, b) NESS (LOGICAL), LOGICALLY ComPLETE WoRLD: A complete if every relation (cf. Proposition osed (*). This property defines then the logi fa world. Proposition 34, or the second constitu- erialism, says that every world is logically com- fis ontologically enclosed). fe call “death” for an appearing in a particular of avalue of positiveexistence (as feeble asitcan value, and therefore the passage to inexistence. designates the transition (Ex = p) > (EX = W). int the definition of existence (degree of identity define as well the death of a singular appearing, orld as the coming of a complete non-identity 35 Propositions from Logiques des mondes 81 Exist, Exisrence: The degree of existence of a being is the transcendental indexation (*) of its identity to itself. We also call this degree “the existence” of the being considered (relative to its appearance in a world), The existence—as death (*)—is thus a category of appearance, and not of Being, Formally, let (A, Id) an object be in a world and let a be an element of A. ‘The existence of ais the value in the transcendental T of Ida, a). We denote in general Ea as the existence of a Exrosition (oF 4 Retation), Expose RELatioy: A relation between two objects (*) is exposed (in the world) if there exists a third object which ~ is itself in relation with the first wo objects - of such a fashion that the “relational triangle” commutes. In other words, if A, B are two objects (we're simplifying the no- tations), we say that p is exposed if there exists an object C, a relation f of C to A, and a relation g of C to B, relations such that the composition of p and of fare equivalent to g, Or rather: if one goes from C to B by way of A, thus enchaining then p, this is ex- actly the same thing than if one goes directly trom C to B by way of g. We say, then, that C is an exponent of the relation p. Fusction oF Appearance, og FuNctioN oF Ibexrity: See “Transcendental Indexation” Iwaccessibi: Carpivat: We know that a cardinal number is the measure of the absolute number of clements of any multiple. Thus the cardinal number we write "S” measures the quantity of elements of every finite multiplicity which has 5 elements, Cantor defined infinite cardinals—we will not discuss his approach here. He also defined the order of the infinite cardinals, at the price of the admission of the axiom of choice. Among the infinite cardi- nals, will be said “inaccessible” those which cannot be obtained, from a smaller cardinal, through none of the two fundamental constructions of the set theory: the union which allows to pass from A toW A in considering all the elements of the elements of A (dissemination), and the taking of the parts which allows to pass82 Jacanian ink from A to PA in considering all the parts of A (totalization). We can say that an inaccessible cardinal is internally enclosed for the operations of dissemination and totalization: if we operate on a cardinal smaller than that to which these operations are applied, wwe obtain a cardinal always smaller than it, We will note that the infinite cardinal &, which is the smaller of the infinite cardinals, is nonetheless inaccessible (for the operations w and P applied to the finite cardinals, give as might be expected finite cardinals). How- ever, an inaccessible cardinal bigger than X, is absolutely gigantic, and its existence is indemonstrable: it is necessary to prescribe it by a special axiom. Inexist, Inexisrence: Given an object (A, Td) in a world, an element a of A inexists in this world if its degree of existence (*) is minimal. In other words, a inexists if Ea = p. LocALtzarion (ON TRANSCENDENTAL DEGREE): Proposition 21 shows that every element a of the support set A of an abject (*) (A, Id) defines an atom (*) (the real atom does not prescribe a). We call localization of this atom on a transcendental degree the function which associates to every element of A the conjunction Of its value for the real atom in question and of the transcendental degree. Proposition 22 shows that this conjunction (therefore the localization) is still an atom, Formally, the real atom prescribed by the element a cor- responds to every x of A the transcendental value fda, x), which measures the degree of identity of the Being-there of x to that of a ‘The localization on the degree p of this real atom makes loc: tion to correspond to x the transcendental value Ida, x) 0 p. In the atomic logic (*), we identify in general an element the atom prescribed by an element of the support-set of an object of the world to this element itself. We denote, then the localiza- tion of the prescribed atom by a over the degree p: ap. It is necessary however to remember that a { p is @ function (atomic) which is nothing other than the function Ta(a, x) - p. Onsect: We call “object”, for a determined world of which 35 Propositions from Logiques d the transcendental is T, the conjoint element port-set” of the object) and of a transcende this object over T. This is the reason for whi or again (A, «), or (B, B)etc. We say as well is a form of the Being-there of the multiple world). The object is thus a category of apr and not a category of the Being (or of ontol Ovsective ReGIon: Given an object Jective region” every subset B of A. Ovens (OF A TOPOLOGICAL SPACE): space (*), an open is a part of the set of bs to its interior. Formally, “A is open” means extreme importance for us of this notion i topological space, ordained by inclusion (it the set-ist inclusion), form a transcendental ‘a minimal value, the conjunction and the er tions 5 10 9). In fact, most of the worlds ha the opens of a topological space, And t majority of the worlds are not classical wor! PLAIN Toot ocical Space: We say th ()isplain fithasas many points (*)asits set Ports (OF & TRANSCENDENTAL): Gi we call “point” of the transcendental a func subset {41,M}, made up of the minimum an far as this function preserves the transcen¢ homorphism of these operations, between T dental that constitutes the pair {j1M}). This funetion (the point), we have -9 PAG) =9(P)N' OQ) ~ (2B) =’ (9 (p)/ pe BY The sense of the notion of point is clarifie it “filters” the nuances of the transcendentlacanian ink -onsidering all the parts of A (totalization). We sible cardinal is internally enclosed for the mination and totalization: if we operate on a an that to which these operations are applied, al always smaller than it. We will note that the which is the smaller of the infinite cardinals, is ssible (forthe operations u and P applied to the ive as might be expected finite cardinals). How- le cardinal bigger than X, is absolutely gigantic, is indemonstrable: itis necessary to prescribe it exisTENce: Given an object (A, Id) in a world, inexsts i this world if its degree of existence other words, a inexisis if Ea = 1 108 (ON A TRANSCENDENTAL DEoREE): Proposition ‘element a of the support set A of an object (*) ‘atom (*) (the real atom does not prescribe a) on of this atom on a transcendental degree the sociates to every element of A the conjunction Je real atom in question and ofthe transcendental ion 22 shows that this conjunction (therefore the il an atom, the real atom preseribed by the element a cor- x of A the transcendental value fda, x), which of identity ofthe Being-there of x to that ofa fon the degre p ofthis real atom makes localiza to x the transcendental value Hd(a, x). mnie logic (*), we identify in general an element by an element of the support-set of an abject is element itself We denote, then the localiza- vrhcd nom by a over the degree pa p. Its ew remember that a fp is a function (atomic) other than the function Ta, x) 0 p. We call “object” for a determined world of which 35 Propositions from Logiques des mondes 83 the transcendental is T, the conjoint element of the set (called “sup- port-set” of the object) and of a transcendental indexation (+) of this object over T. This is the reason for which we denote (A, Id), oragain (A, 0), or (B, B) etc. We say as well that an object (A, Id) is a form of the Being-there of the multiple A (in the considered world). The object is thus a category of appearance (or of logic), and not a category of the Being (or of ontology) Oniecrive Recton: Given an object (A, Td), we call “ob- jective region” every subset B of A. Opens (oF A Torotocicat. Seace): Given a topological space (*), an open is a part of the set of base which is identical to its interior, Formally. “A is open” means that Int(A) =A. The extreme importance for us of this notion is that the opens of a topological space, ordained by inclusion (in the current sense of the set-ist inclusion), form a transcendental (that is, we find here minimal value, the conjunction and the envelope. Cf. Proposi- tions 5 to 9). In fact, most of the worlds have, as transcendental, the opens of a topological space. And this also causes that the majority of the worlds are not classical worlds. Pawn ToroLocicaL. Seace: We say that a topological space (Hisplainifithasas many points (*)as ts setof base Ehaselements Points (oF a TRANSCENDENTAL): Given a transcendental T, we call “point” of the transcendental a function of T towards the subset {1M}, made up of the minimum and of the maximum, as far as this function preserves the transcendental operations (is a homorphism of these operations, between T and the sub-transcen. dental that constitutes the pair {1,M}). This means that if is the funetion (the point), we have -OPAD=9H)' 9) = (ZB) = {@(p)/pe B} The sense it “filters of the notion of point is clarified if one considers that the nuances of the transcendental (the infinite possible84 Jacanian ink of the degrees) by the decisional brutality of “this, or that” which represents the simple couple of the minimum and the maximum, from zero and from one, This couple is the most classic transcen- dental there exists, as says Proposition 14. It is the one which interprets the usual logic, notably that of the ordinary mathematics of sets (an element belongs to a set E, or it doesn’t belong to it, there is no other transcendental possibility). A point is a global correlation, respectful of the operations between a complex tran- scendental (for example the opens of a topology) and the base classic transcendental which supports binary logic. We say that a transcendental has “as enough points” if—in _general—it has as many points as elements. It is in this case iso morphic to a plain topological space (*). It is necessary to know that there exist transcendentals which have no points ToroLocicat Spact: We call topological space the conjoint clement of a set E and of a function Int (said “interior of”). ‘The function “interior” associates, to every part A of E, another part (said “interior of A”) which obeys the four fundamental axioms the interior of A is included in A, the interior of the interior of A is nothing other than the interior of A, the interior of E is E itself, and finally the interior of the intersection of two parts A and B is precisely the intersection of their interiors. "TRANSCENDENTAL INDEXATION: The transcendental index- ation of a being (of any multiplicity), relative to a given world, is a function which, to a pair of elements of the considered be- ing, matches a transcendental degree. We say that this degree measures the identity of two elements in the world where they appear. Formally, let A be the set “supposed to appear” in a ‘world. It appears only inasmuch as a transcendental indexation Id brings it to the transcendental 'T of the world in the follow. ing fashion: for every pair of elements a and b of A, we have 1d(a, b) = p, where p is an element of T. We will say that a and are, in the world in question, “identical to the degree p". For example, if p is the minimum pt of T (cf. Proposition 6), a and b 35 Propositions from Logiques 8 little identical as possible”, This 1 there of a is—in this world—absolutely di We call as well the funetion Id func function of identity, for obvious reasons. Universat. Exposimion (oF a RELATIC lation (*) be in a world, We say that it is there exists an exponent such that, for every exists, from the second to the first, a unique every relational triangle commute Formally, if A and B are the objects tion p, (p “goes” from A to B), if U is the and C is another exponent, all of the tria diagram below: Cy ‘We will say that U is the universal exponent by Alberto Toscano a Logics of Wark (Coxtnuum) is oe in 008,Jacanian ink the decisional brutality of “this, or that” which ple couple of the minimum and the maximum, mone. This couple is the most classic transcen- is, as says Proposition 14. It is the one which Logic, notably that of the ordinary mathematics, nt belongs to a set E, or it doesn’t belong to it, transcendental possibility). A point is a global ctful of the operations between a complex tran sxample the opens of a topology) and the base tal which supports binary logic. aa transcendental has “as enough points” if—in s many points as elements. It is in this case iso- in topological space (*). It is necessary to know iscendentals which have no points. scar Spack: We call topological space the conjoint FE: and of a function Int (said “interior of”). The Jr" associates, to every part A of E, another part ‘A”) which obeys the four fundamental axioms: is included in A, the interior of the interior of A an the interior of A, the interior of F is E itself, terior of the intersection of two parts A and B is section of their interiors ;DENTAL INDEXATION: The transcendental index- (of any multiplicity), relative to a given world, ich, to a pair of elements of the considered be- scendental degree. We say that this degree ntity of two elements in the world where they ly, let A be the set “supposed to appear” in a only inasmuch as a transcendental indexation 1 transcendental T of the world in the follow- every pair of elements a and b of A. we have ere p is an element of T. We will say that a and Id in question, “identical to the degree p”. For the minimum jt of T (ct. Proposition 6), a and b 35 Propositions from Logiques des mondes 85 are “as little identical as possible there of a is—in this world—absolutely different than that of b. We call as well the function Id function of appearance, or function of identity, for obvious reasons. Universat. Exrosttion (oF REL Arion): Let an exposed re- lation (*) be in a world, We say that it is universally exposed if there exists an exponent such that, for every other exponent, there exists, from the second to the first, a unique relation which makes every relational triangle commute, Formally, if A and B are the objects implicated in the rela- tion p. (p “goes” from A to B), if U is the “universal” exponent, and C is another exponent, all of the triangles commute in the diagram below: This means that the Being- cGy (B, B) ‘We will say that U is the universal exponent of p LB er evenement: Tne 2. 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