Sofistik Tutorials 2020: General Workflow Bridge Design

General Workﬂow Bridge Design — SOFiSTiK T... https://www.soﬁstik.de/documentation/2020/en/...
SOFiSTiK Tutorials 2020
GENERAL WORKFLOW BRIDGE DESIGN
Project Work - Step by Step
The general work�ow sequence inside SOFiSTiK using SSD and SOFiPLUS is recom-
mended as follows:
1. Prepare all project data for input into the software

2. Create a new SSD project �le
De�ne project name
Select design code
Select system
3. De�ne materials
4. De�ne standard cross sections
5. De�ne prestressing systems
6. Create Actions
7. System and load generation within SOFiPLUS
De�ne a bridge axis
De�ne horizontal alignment
De�ne vertical alignment
De�ne placements
De�ne secondary axis if necessary
De�ne variables for cross sections
De�ne bridge cross sections with the Cross Section Editor inside SOFiPLUS
De�ne bridge geometry using the prede�ned axis geometry
De�ne tendon geometry and tendons
De�ne actions and load cases with Loadcase Manager
De�ne all loads such as additional dead weight, settlement and tempera-
ture loads
Mesh system
8. Linear Analysis of already de�ned loads
9. Generate envelopes from tra�c loads with SSD Task “Tra�c Loader”
10. De�ne construction stages and start automatic analysis within CSM
11. De�ne combinations and superpositions with CSM DESI
Intermediate Superpositioning (all variable actions/ loadcases) of inner
forces related to the total cross section (�nal stage).
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Final-Superpositioning (Dead load, superimposed dead load, prestress,

creep & shrinkage & relaxation, envelopes of variable loads) of inner forces
related to the partial cross sections.
12. Design Code Checks
ULS Design for required reinforcement, bearing capacity calculation and
other ultimate cases.
SLS Design: Serviceability checks (�bre stress checks, crack width check,
displacements of the structure, fatigue, dynamics etc.)
13. Generate Report
14. Save project �les
For practical examples and further information about the detailed input please see the
available bridge tutorials.
Start new SSD project
Important: This is a general description, which can be different from the project discussed
in this tutorial. Please make the necessary adjustments by yourself.
Title: Create a new SSD Project | Quality: 1080p HD | Captions: English
Tutorials 2018 - Create a new SSD Project (1080p HD)
We recommend to use a local directory for your project �les to speed up communica-
tion between program and database. Later on you can zip and save your project data on
a company server.
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If you leave the System Information dialogue with OK the selected code is �xed and
saved inside the database. You may NOT change the code later on within this dialogue.
For bridge design we recommend to use a 3D system.
Material de�nition
in speci�c tutorial. Please make the necessary adjustments by yourself.
Inside the SSD task-tree the task Materials is one of the default settings.
Simply use the right mouse click e.g. New Material from Design Code to generate a new
material. You may repeat this command as many times as necessary.
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Note: In case you have different construction stages in your cross section (e.g. composite
section), it is necessary to de�ne separate materials for every stage even if the material proper-
ties are the same for both parts.
Extra material constants may be de�ned for any type of material (AQUA:MEXT record).
Please refer to AQUA manual for more details:
Cross-section de�nition
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Inside the SSD task-tree the task “Cross Sections” is one of the default settings.
With a right mouse click on this task you open the context menu. Select the command
New Standard Section and decide, which type of cross section you want to de�ne.
The following standard cross sections are available:
Note: Simply use the right mouse click function to generate as many standard cross sec-
tions as necessary. Speci�c bridge cross sections will be generated later via SOFiPLUS - Cross
Section Editor.
For user de�ned cross sections please use the cross section editor inside SOFiPLUS.
You may select between a New Solid Section or a New Thin Walled Section .
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Prestressing system
Please add a new SSD-task Prestressing Systems to your project. With a right mouse
click on this task you open the context menu. Select the option New and generate a
new prestressing system. Simply �ll out all necessary information within the three tabs.
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It is also possible to import prestressing systems from a different database. Simply use
the right mouse click on the task and select the command Import .
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Action Manager
A new task called “Action Manager” will be added to our bridge project. De�ne all neces-
sary actions for the bridge design in this task before starting to model the bridge within
SOFiPLUS.
We recommend the following list of actions.
Description Action PART SUPP
Self weight G_1 G PERM always
Additional Dead load G_2 G PERM always
Temperature T Q EXCL exclusive
Settlement F Q COND
conditional
Tra�c load TS GR_T Q_1 Load Group 1 EXCL exclusive
Tra�c loads UDL GR_U Q_1 Load Group 1 EXCL exclusive
Prestressing P P PERM always
Note: Action for Creep and Shrinkage will be de�ned later on inside the construction stage
manager CSM
System Generation within SOFiPLUS
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Open SOFiPLUS from the SSD task “SOFiPLUS(-X) GUI Model creation”.
Note
It may be useful to collect and write down all necessary project data before starting with the
system generation. E.g.:
bridge geometry information including axes information
cross section geometry
construction sequence including in�uence on cross sections and bridge structure
concept for element group numbering. All elements such as beams, quads, springs, cou-
plings are organised in groups.
Inside the SOFiPLUS window all necessary commands are organised in a Sidebar on the
left side. Tab “System” repeats the options from SSD to de�ne materials, cross sections
and prestressing systems. You also �nd the command to de�ne new geometric axes.
De�ne Bridge Axis
First we de�ne a new bridge axis. Go to sidebar > tab “System” and use the right mouse
click on the command “Geometric Axes”. From the possible commands we use the op-
tion “New Axis..”.
Now de�ne a new name for your axis.
Warning: There are only 4 letters and/or numbers allowed for the axis name.
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Con�rm the name with “OK” and you will get into the �rst dialogue, where you de�ne the
horizontal alignment of the new bridge axis. Most important is to understand the con-
cept of stations along the axis. Just imagine you start walking along the axis for 15.0 m
and you started at station 10.0 m. Now you stop at station 25.0 m = 10.0 +15.0 m . For
further description please see the SOFiPLUS manual.
Note: We recommend to de�ne your axis longer than your real bridge length. Usually an ex-
tension of 10.0 m at the beginning and > 10.0 m at the end of the bridge is su�cient. This is
necessary to add bridge elements later on, because you are not allowed to use negative station
values.
After the horizontal alignment you de�ne the vertical alignment. Usually you can use the
information from the bridge layout drawing.
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A very important option is to de�ne variables along the bridge axis. These variables can
be used for the cross sections generation later on. The idea is to de�ne a master cross
section with all necessary variables inside. During the meshing process the program
will use cross section and variable information to generate all necessary interpolated
cross sections for the �nal �nite element mesh.
Warning: You are not allowed to use variable for material numbers inside the cross section.
It is also not possible to use variables for the area of longitudinal reinforcement along the
bridge axis.
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A next important step is to de�ne placements along the bridge axis. Placements repre-
sent special points along the bridge axis to de�ne supports, construction points, begin-
ning and end of a bridge structure. We will use these placements later on for an easy
and fast system generation with structural lines and structural areas. They are also very
important for the in�uence line evaluation later on. Support placements will be used to-
gether with the cross members editor later on to generate support elements and align
them automatically with the placements and the axis.
The last setting during the axis generation is the option to de�ne secondary axes. Sec-
ondary axes can be used for grid structures to de�ne the positions of multiple beams
parallel to the bridge axis, or also for shell bridges to de�ne the boundary of the bridge
including the position where the shell thickness changes.
You do have two options to generate a scondary axis. With a right mouse click on the
option “Secondray Axes” you have two options. The �rst one generates a secondary
axis with a �xed offset in y and/or z direction. With the second option you can create a
secondary axis from any AutoCAD 3D curve available inside your drawing.
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Note: At the moment the secondary axis are always parallel to the main bridge axis. It is
only possible to de�ne a constant offset in y and z direction.
De�ne Cross Sections
Besides the standard cross sections, we already de�ned inside the SSD, we will now de-
�ne more complex bridge cross sections. This will be done within the Cross Section Edi-
tor inside SOFiPLUS. First go to the “System” tab and use the right mouse click on
“Cross Sections” . We want to de�ne a new solid cross section for reinforced concrete.
Note: You will �nd detailed descriptions and videos, how to use the cross section editor, in
our bridge tutorials.
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De�ne Bridge Geometry
Whether you will use beam or shell elements, de�ning the bridge geometry follows the
same principles based on an existing bridge axis. Go to the tab “Structural Ele-
ments”and select a command “Line” or “Area”. Use the right mouse click to open the
context menu and select the command “SEGment on geometric axis”. Now click on the
axis in your drawing area. The next context menu opens. Select the command “Between
all placements”. The program will automatically generate structural elements between
all prede�ned placements.
For more detailed information please see the different bridge tutorials.
De�ne Tendons
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The tendon geometry and the tendons will be de�ned graphically inside SOFiPLUS.
There are two general options to de�ne tendons inside SOFiPLUS:
with “PT Editor” based on bridge axis

with “Tendon (Draw)” command based on existing AutoCAD spline or line objects.
Note: In case you do have multiple beams you should use secondary axes to de�ne the
beam elements and also to de�ne the tendon geometry.
For new bridges the “PT Editor” is the most useful command, we recommend to use.
Simply go to the sidebar tab “Prestressing” and select the command “PT Editor (Devel-
oped Geometry)”. Please be careful according to the elements you are using inside your
system. In case of beam elements you must use the command below the title “Beam
PT: Create and Modify”.
In the next step you must select a geometric axis as a reference. Inside the upcoming
dialogue all settings for the tendon geometry and the tendons are de�ned according to
the selected bridge axis. The general principle is to de�ne one tendon geometry and
use this geometry to de�ne multiple tendons if necessary with different start and end
stations for every single tendon. The tendon geometry is a spatial spline de�ned by sev-
eral Geometry Points. Inside the table of Geometry Points you may edit every setting.
Alternatively you may select multiple points and change the settings of all selected
points inside the Properties �eld.
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Clicking on the “Edit Tendons” button you get into the Tendon de�nition dialogue. The
�rst tendon is already set inside the table. With the button “Draw Tendon” you may de-
�ne new tendons with variable start and end stations. Important is to de�ne a load case
for the static determinant tendon forces and moments. Usually we recommend to have
the necessary load cases de�ned before you start de�ning the tendons. Nevertheless it
is also possible to generate a new load case right from this dialogue. In case you de�ne
a load case (LC0) the static determinate forces and moments are saved separately in-
side this load case. Usually this input is not necessary. The CSM procedure, described
later, will automatically take care of the two parts of the prestressing forces and mo-
ments.
After de�ning all tendons you see a list of all tendons in the sidebar. In case you want to
de�ne new tendons, which are parallel to your already de�ned tendons, you may use the
command “Clone…”, or “Copy…” from the context menu. Simply use the right mouse
click on any “Tendon geometry”. In case you want to clone a tendon geometry, the new
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ones have a �xed offset in y- and z-direction related to the connected bridge axis. In the
other case, you make a copy with the ability to edit all properties.
In case you want to edit the tendon properties simply double click on the tendons listed
in the sidebar.
Note: Editing the cloned tendon geometry is not possible.
Now the tendon generation process is �nished.
De�ne Load Cases
We recommend the following list of load cases. All these load cases are de�ned inside
SOFiPLUS > Loadcase Manager tab “Loadcases”.
Basic Loads
LC Number Description Action
1 self-weight structure NONE
2 additional dead load (e.g asphalt) NONE
51-5X settlement in every support axis, e.g. 10 F

mm
81-82 uniform temperature load NONE
83-84 temperature difference NONE
91-98 temperature combinations delta TN + T

wm*delta TM and wn*delta TN + delta
TM
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Note
The load cases 1 and 2, self weight and additional dead load, will be used later on inside
the construction stage manager (CSM). Processing the construction stages, the load
cases will be connected automatically to the corresponding action types. Connecting LC
1 and 2 to action “NONE” will secure, that they will not be used twice in a manually de-
�ned combination later on.
According to the code, a combination of temperature loads is necessary. This will be
done in a separate user task .
Tra�c Loads
LC Number Description Action
120x load train e.g. LM1 with 300 kN axle load NONE
2xx envelope from “Tra�c Loader”, TS Load L_T

Group 1
3xx envelope from “Tra�c Loader”, UDL Load L_U

Group 1
De�ne Loads
For de�ning loads, you may follow two general principles:
Element Loads
Free Loads
Element loads are directly related to a structural point, line or area. In case the geomet-
ric properties of these elements changes, the load changes as well. As we are de�ning
our bridge system according to a bridge axis, we also want our loads to follow the axis,
in case we change the axis parameters of our bridge. For that reason we recommend to
use “Element Loads” for bridge design.
The “Free Loads” are based on the geometric input. Later on, during the meshing
process, the loads will be connected to existing elements. In case no element can be
found also no loads will be applied.
Note
If any load is not fully applied to the elements, there will be a warning:
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Mesh System
To start the meshing process click on the export button on the top left of the sidebar.
The export dialogue contains two tabs: “Common” and “Text Output”. Usually the de-
fault settings are su�cient and you simply click “OK” to start the automatic mesh gen-
eration. The settings inside the tab “Text Output” control the amount of output. The
standard rule in SOFiSTiK is, that the maximum amount of output is based on the set-
tings before any calculation. Later on it is possible to reduce (or increase again) the ex-
isting output in the documentation (Report). But you cannot increase a non-existing out-
put without a new calculation.
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Now the input is �nished and we can go back to the SSD window. Usually you may close
the SOFiPLUS window.
Linear Analysis
Before we start analysing all existing load cases, we have to create combined tempera-
ture loads.
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Combination of Temperature Loads
Temperature loads will be combined according to the requirement of the code later on
in the SSD project, with a task “User Text”, because this is very easy to do numerically.
The input sequence is printed below:
+PROG SOFILOAD
HEAD Temperature Load Combinations
$ Load combinations
LC 91 TYPE T TITL 'T summer posdt TN+wm*dT' ; COPY 81 ; COPY 83 FACT 0.75
LC 92 TYPE T TITL 'T summer negdt TN+wm*dT' ; COPY 81 ; COPY 84 FACT 0.75
LC 93 TYPE T TITL 'T winter posdt TN+wm*dT' ; COPY 82 ; COPY 83 FACT 0.75
LC 94 TYPE T TITL 'T winter negdt TN+wm*dT' ; COPY 82 ; COPY 84 FACT 0.75
LC 95 TYPE T TITL 'T summer posdt wn*TN+dT' ; COPY 81 FACT 0.35 ; COPY 83
LC 96 TYPE T TITL 'T summer negdt wn*TN+dT' ; COPY 81 FACT 0.35 ; COPY 84
LC 97 TYPE T TITL 'T winter posdt wn*TN+dT' ; COPY 82 FACT 0.35 ; COPY 83
LC 98 TYPE T TITL 'T winter negdt wn*TN+dT' ; COPY 82 FACT 0.35 ; COPY 84
END
Task “Linear Analysis”
For the linear analysis we add the task “Linear Analysis” to our project �le. When open-
ing this task all available load cases within the database are selected for analysis. As
we do have self weight, additional dead load and the single temperature loads in our
database, but we don’t want to have them used in our project we change the selection
manually.
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In every SSD task there is a tab “Graphical Output”. These pictures are designed for a
simple 2D slab project. Therefore we recommend to switch of all standard graphics. We
will generate our own graphics in a separate task called “Interactive Graphic”.
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Tra�c Loader
Important: This section describes the general settings of the Tra�c Loader Task. It con-
tains explanations of the corresponding dialog options, grouped by tab. The CADINP input per
dialog is shown as example. This is a supplement to the tutorials. It does not contain step-by-
step instructions for applying tra�c loads according to the concept of in�uence lines.
Overview
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Lanes
Inside the dialogue there are 5 tabs. The �rst tab - Lanes - you de�ne the lanes, where
the tra�c passes over your bridge.
+PROG SOFILOAD $ Traffic Loader

HEAD POSITIONAL VARIANTS OF LOAD TRAINS
PAGE UNII 0
LANE AXIS TYPE EN WL -9 WR 9 YLA -10 YRA 10
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ECHO LANE FULL

...
END
Eurocode EN 1992-2 Table 4.1 Number of notional lanes
By selecting the standard cross-section “EN” the rules of table 4.1 are applied.
Depending on the dimensions, several lane orientations are generated: “centered”,
“right”, “left” and “superstructure width”
The idea behind it: The resulting lane orientations are used to load the bridge un-
favorably.
Ultimately, the user has to decide for himself, which lanes/notional lanes have to
be loaded with which load trains.
If necessary, lanes/notional lanes can be created manually.
Note: EN 1991-2 Chapter 4.2.4(2): (2) For each individual veri�cation (e.g. for a veri�cation
of the ultimate limit state of resistance of a cross-section to bending), the number of lanes to
be taken into account as loaded, their location on the carriageway and their numbering should
be so chosen that the effects from the load models are the most adverse.
De�nition of the terms ‘lane’, ‘notional lane’ and ‘residual area’
A ” lane ” contains a left and right edge and a line yc, which does not have to be
located centrally between the edges. The vehicle moves along the line yc. Loads
always act only within the loaded lane, loads outside the lane are “clipped”, i.e.
simply ignored.
A “notional lane” results only through the load train, which is applied in a lane: the
load train LM1 has a de�ned width of 3.00 m; if this is applied in one lane, the “no-
tional lane” results to exactly this width, i.e. 3.00 m; this notional lane is centered
on the line yc within the lane.
A “residual area” is always within the loaded lane next to the vehicle: If a lane has
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a width of 4.00 m and an LM1 is placed on this lane, a “residual area” of 0.50 m
width results to the right and left of the LM1 (of the notional lane) when yc is posi-
tioned centrally.
Alignment
The following lane orientations are automatically generated when selecting stand
cross-section “EN”.
Note: If there is exactly space between the curbstones for 1,2,3,4,5 or 6 lanes (i.e. 3.00 m,
6.00 m, … 18.00 m), a lane orientation is generated “centered”: Lanes 1 to 6 are arranged side
by side from right to left, all of them have a width of 3.00 m. In the graphic, the “notional lanes”
that would result with a 3.00 m wide vehicle within the lane are highlighted in light blue.
The following lane orientations are automatically generated when selecting stand
cross-section “EN”.
From more than approx. 20.00 m between the curbstones, a lane alignment is
also generated “centered”. Again, all lanes from 1 to x are numbered from right to
left, but these are arranged in the middle between the curbstones. All lanes in the
middle have a width of 3.00 m, only the two edge lanes reach to the curbstones
and have a larger width. In these wider lanes, the “notional lane” is again indicated
in light blue, which would result in a 3.00 m wide vehicle.
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Edge lanes 1 and 7 are wider than 3.00 m

The line yc is, for example, for lane 1 1.50 m next to the left edge of the lane.
Thus, a vehicle would drive eccentrically in this lane.
The lane widths are veri�able in the lane table
The following lane orientations are automatically generated when selecting standard
cross-section “EN“:
If there is a width between the curbstones unequal to an integer multiple of 3.00

(and up to a maximum of about 20.00 m), the lane alignments are generated “cen-
tered”, “right” and “left”.
At the alignment “centered” the lane 1 is in the middle, then alternately follow
right, left, right, left lanes 2, 3, 4 and 5 (up to a maximum of 5 lanes). The middle
lanes have a width of 3.00 m each, only the edge lanes reach with an edge to the
curbstone and are therefore wider.
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Edge lanes 4 and 5 are wider than 3.00m

The line yc is, for example, for lane 4 1.50m next to the lane. Thus, a vehicle
would drive eccentrically in this lane.
The lane widths are veri�able in the lane table
With the “right” alignment, lane 10 is right-aligned on the curbstone, lanes 11 to a

maximum of 15 follow on the left.
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With the “left” alignment, lane 20 is left-aligned on the curbstone, followed by

tracks 21 to a maximum of 25 on the right.
The following lane alignments are generated automatically:
In addition, a lane “0” is de�ned in all cases. This is the “overall width”, i.e. the
width between the curbstones plus the width of the cycle path or footpath and is
referred to, as the “superstructure width”. In order to load the cycle/footpath, the
remaining areas of lane “0” are addressed.
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Lane 0 => Superstructure.

The residual areas of lane 0 are the cyle/footpaths.
Residual Area
Distribution of lanes in the bridge cross-section - residual area
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Important: Residual areas are always part of a lane! This means that the edge lanes in the
image have a widt of 3.00m + width of the residual area, see also below!
Results
In the Report of PROG SOFiLOAD, from task Tra�c Loader, you will �nd informations
about lane geometry (ECHO LANE FULL).
Important: These should always be checked!
Load Trains
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+PROG SOFILOAD $ Traffic Loader

HEAD POSITIONAL VARIANTS OF LOAD TRAINS
PAGE UNII 0
LANE AXIS TYPE EN WL -2.6 WR 2.6 YLA -3.15 YRA 3.15
ECHO LANE FULL
$ Input Load Trains

LC NO 1200 TYPE none TITL 'EN 1991-2 Load model LM1'
TRAI LM1 P1 300 P2 300 P4 9 P5 2.5 P8 1 PFAC 1 WIDT 3
$ Input Load Trains
END
Calculation
Important
in the dialog, no evaluation of the RSETs can be selected yet!

This has to be done manually at the moment. Recommended work�ow:
Make all necessary and possible settings in the dialog, disable the option “Run Immediately” at
the bottom left and exit the dialog with “OK”. Then copy the task, convert it to a text task and
manually add required lines regarding the RSETs (see the following pages). Then open the orig-
inal task with the teddy and deactivate the modules -> this ensures that when the complete
task tree is recalculated, only the manually adapted task is calculated.
+PROG ELLA urs:32.1 $ Traffic Loader

HEAD AUTOMATIC EVALUATION OF LOAD TRAINS
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PAGE UNII 0
SIZE URS 0 HDIV 3 $ 0.30
ECHO OPT LPOS VAL FULL $ Load position
SHOW SNO AXIS TYPE BEAM NO 200010 ETYP EXTR
$Input Calculation Tab

LSEL AXIS INT 0 DZ 0.1 $ RSEL GRP 0
CALC N LMAX 2 LMIN 1
CALC VY LMAX 4 LMIN 3
CALC VZ LMAX 6 LMIN 5
CALC MT LMAX 8 LMIN 7
CALC MY LMAX 10 LMIN 9
CALC MZ LMAX 12 LMIN 11
CALC P LMAX 14 LMIN 13
CALC UX LMAX 16 LMIN 15
CALC UY LMAX 18 LMIN 17
CALC UZ LMAX 20 LMIN 19
APPL FULL
$Input Calculation Tab
...
Distribution of loads - Beam systems
Distribution of loads - Area elements
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Necessary addition for RSETs
In PROG ELLA, a superposition of the RSET values must now also be requested
In the CALC command, the input RSET:…
The input CALC RSET:PX requests the determination of the maximum RSET size
‘PX’ (again analogue to the input CALC MY, which requests the determination of
the maximum beam force MY)
Just as CALC MY treats all beams, that have the internal forces MY, CALC
RSET:PX treats all RSETs that contain this RSET value
For the RSETs a reasonable numbering LMAX and LMIN must be selected
+PROG ELLA urs:32.1 $ Traffic Loads

PAGE UNII 0
LSEL AXIS INT 0 DZ 0.1 $ RSEL GRP 0

CALC N LMAX 2 LMIN 1
CALC VY LMAX 4 LMIN 3
CALC VZ LMAX 6 LMIN 5
CALC MT LMAX 8 LMIN 7
CALC MY LMAX 10 LMIN 9
CALC MZ LMAX 12 LMIN 11
CALC P LMAX 14 LMIN 13
CALC UX LMAX 16 LMIN 15
CALC UY LMAX 18 LMIN 17
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CALC UZ LMAX 20 LMIN 19
$ addition for RSETs

let#start 21
CALC RSET:PX LMAX #start+1 LMIN #start
CALC RSET:PY LMAX #start+3 LMIN #start+2
CALC RSET:PZ LMAX #start+5 LMIN #start+4
CALC RSET:VX LMAX #start+7 LMIN #start+6
CALC RSET:VY LMAX #start+9 LMIN #start+8
CALC RSET:VZ LMAX #start+11 LMIN #start+10
CALC RSET:PHIX LMAX #start+13 LMIN #start+12
CALC RSET:PHIY LMAX #start+15 LMIN #start+14
CALC RSET:PHIZ LMAX #start+17 LMIN #start+16
$ addition for RSETs
APPL FULL
Load Groups

...
SAVE LCB 100 TYPE GR_T TITL 'TS'
CASE 1 GRP GR0
POSL AXIS.1 TRAI 1200 FACT 1 YEX 0 P 2.5 SYNC OFF PLON VAR PTRA VAR FUGA CODE IMPA ON EX
CASE 2 GRP GR0
CASE 3 GRP GR0
SAVE LCB 200 TYPE GR_U TITL 'UDL'
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CASE 1 GRP GRU

CASE 2 GRP GRU
CASE 3 GRP GRU
CASE 4 GRP GR3
POSL AXIS.0 P 2.5
COMB A0 1 1.0 4 1.0

A0 2 1.0 4 1.0
A0 3 1.0 4 1.0
Note: Categories to map load groups: By de�ning the parameter ACT… PART Q_1, Q_2, Q_3
… these effects are treated in the same way as the load groups in Table 4.4a: only load cases of
either group Q_1 or Q_2 or Q_3 … A call in the PROG MAXIMA with ACT GR _ … automatically
considers these categories of action GR with correct psi values. MAXiMA also knows, that the
categories GR_T and GR_U can act simultaneously, since both were de�ned as PART Q_1
+PROG SOFiLOAD
HEAD 'ACTIONS'
ACT 'GR_T' GAMU 1.35 0.00 PSI0 0.75 0.00 PART Q_1 SUP EXCL TITL "gr1a TS"
ACT 'GR_U' GAMU 1.35 0.00 PSI0 0.40 0.40 PART Q_1 SUP EXCL TITL "gr1a UDL"
ACT 'GR_2' GAMU 1.35 0.00 PSI0 0.00 0.00 PART Q_2 SUP EXEX TITL "gr2 Horizontal Forces"
ACT 'GR_3' GAMU 1.35 0.00 PSI0 0.00 0.00 PART Q_3 SUP EXEX TITL "gr3 Footways"
ACT 'GR_4' GAMU 1.35 0.00 PSI0 0.75 0.75 PART Q_4 SUP EXEX TITL "gr4 crowd load"
ACT 'GR_5' GAMU 1.35 0.00 PSI0 0.00 0.00 PART Q_5 SUP EXEX TITL "gr5 LM3 freq LM1"
END
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Table EN 1991-2- Table 4.4a - Groups of tra�c loads
Text Output

PAGE UNII 0
ECHO OPT LOAD VAL YES $ Loadtrains

ECHO OPT EVAL VAL NO $ Evaluation
ECHO OPT LPOS VAL FULL $ Load positions
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ECHO OPT RES VAL NO $ Results

...
Results
For Results please open the Report Browser:
Construction Stages
With the construction stage manager we are able to analyse the whole building
process. This process will effect the forces and moments inside our structure and can-
not be neglected. When having prestressed or composite structures the CSM is manda-
tory.
Before adding the SSD task “Construction Stage Manager (CSM)” from our task library,
you should set up a time line with all necessary incidents. Construction stages are de-
�ned inside cross sections and also inside the tendon geometry and layout already
made in SOFiPLUS. All elements of your structural system are organised in groups. This
is important as you may activate and also deactivate single groups of elements at any
39 of 51 17/05/2020, 00:09
time during the construction process.
Note
Usually there are different incidents between two major stages like prestressing,
grouting, temporary loads, creep and shrinkage. For that reason it is useful to in-
crease the stage number by 10. This enables you also to add new stages in be-
tween, without renumbering everything.
Recommended Stage Numbers:
10th: a new group of elements is active

11th: prestressing, static determinate part
12th: prestressing, static indeterminate part
13th: grouting (optional)
14th: new loads, e.g. formwork
15th: up to 4 creep and shrinkage steps (15,16,17,18)
19th: for precamber analysis or activation of self weight from cross sec-
tion stage
The �rst construction stage should start with stage number 10.
If all the prede�nion work is �nished, you may insert the CSM task and open it. Inside
this dialogue the �rst three tabs are the most important ones.
The �rst table contains a list of all construction stages. This describes the timeline of
all incidents of our structure. Only the creep and shrinkage stages have a time duration.
The second table de�nes the properties and activation stages of all element groups.
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The third table de�nes the properties and activation stages of load cases during the
construction process.
For checking purposes it is possilbe to select speci�c elements direct from the ANIMA-
TOR. You do have this option inside the tab “Beam selection for check print”.
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The remaining two tabs are dealing with control parameters and the amount of output.
For the �rst application the default settings are good. If you close the input with the
“OK” button the option “Process immediately” is active and the whole process starts.
Important to know is the fact, that all the results are saved again in a serie of load
cases. The numbering follows a very clear concept.
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Overview of load cases used by CSM:
CSM Construction stages:
LC Number Description
3970- 3997 Comparison load cases - cast in one (CTRL cast)
4000- 4999 Total CS displacements and forces without pre-stress losses

from C+S
5000- 5999 Difference displacements and forces -> CSM DESI with safety
factors
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6000- 6999 AQB inner stresses from creep and shrinkage including pre-
stress losses -> CSM DESI
7000- 7999 Sum stress results (real stresses) of the AQB−LCST−evaluation

incl. pre-stress losses from C+S
15000- 15999 Primary part effect of prestress separated in construction

stages
16000- 16999 Secondary effect of prestress in construction stages using

more than 1000 stages:
40000-49999 Total CS displacements and forces
50000-59999 Difference displacements and forces
60000-69999 AQB inner stresses from creep and shrinkage
70000-79999 AQB-LCST result stresses (real stresses)
For CSM new segments with CTRL CANT 3:
180000-189999 help load cases for analysis of restraint
For CSM precamber analysis (CAMB)
140000-149999 Total CS displacements without CAMB modi�cation
For CSM Equation System usage
1999 CSM_Combination loadcase (CTRL LCEQ)
For CSM DESI Design usage
1101-1199 SLS rare (characteristic) superposition and design
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1201-1299 SLS nonfrequent superposition and design
1301-1399 SLS frequent superposition and design
1401-1499 SLS permanent superposition and design
1701-1799 SLS construction design rare (characteristic)
1801-1899 SLS construction design permanent
1901-1998 1.0 superposition
2101-2199 ULS design
2201-2299 ULS construction design
2501-2599 Accidential
2601-2699 Earthquake
2801-2899 Fatigue LM3 with pk-inf and pk-sup prestress
2901-2999 Fatigue simpli�ed LM1 with pk-inf and pk-sup prestress
9001-9499 Superposition with pk-inf and pk-sup prestress
Note: In case of more than 1000 construction stages, the number of the result load cases
is increased by a factor of 10 to 40000-49999 and so on.
Combinations and Superpositioning
For the design process a combination in ULS and SLS state of all loads is necessary.
For prestressed, post tensioned or composite beam bridges it is necessary to have the
combinations from all loads, acting on the �nal bridge construction separate. The �nal
combinations are done in the beam design program AQB. The module CSM is able to
generate all necessary combinations.
To apply the automatic generation of all necessary combinations, add a task “CSM
Bridge Design - Superpositioning” inside your project. Besides the default selection of
actions like GR_T, GR_U, you need to select the actions you want to have inside your fur-
ther superpostioning and design.
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Note
For the pure Eurocode it is su�cient to have only one action F..settlement. According to the
German Code it is necessary to have two different actions for settlements which will be used
for different design checks:
possible settlement SF will be used for ULS design check

probable settlement ZF will be used for SLS design check
Design Checks
According to the code selected at the beginning of the project, several design checks
are necessary. Again, the module CSM is able to generate all necessary design checks
automatically. Simply add a new Task “CSM Bridge Design - Beams” to your project. You
may select the necessary design checks inside this task. In case you want to separate
the different design checks, you may insert this task multiple times with different set-
tings.
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For a detailed output of speci�c beam sections, you may select these sections graphi-
cally from the ANIMATOR. The selection is saved inside the task on tab “Beam selection
for check print”.
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Note: This task is only available after the task “CSM Bridge Design - Superpositioning” was
added to your project!
With every CSM run a new �le $(name)_xxx.dat is generated automatically. The variable
$(name) represents the project name and the XXX represents a number. If you right
click on the task “CSM Bridge Design - Beams” > “Test Editor” you may open the text �le
generated by this task. There you will see the number generated by the program, which
will be used for the new generated �le.
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It is always helpful to have a view inside this generated TEDDY input �le. You may open
this �le from the menu bar, TEDDY icon > “Open Text File”. See the following picture.
Generate Report
In SSD, every single task produces a report �le project.plb. For a graphical visualisation
of all results we recommend to add several tasks “Interactive Graphic”. You may move
these tasks at any place inside your task-tree. Usually it is helpful to have system plots,
plots with the resulting forces and moments and �nally some plots with the design re-
sults.
Note: In every task “Interactive Graphics” you may de�ne as many pictures as you want.
Lots of pictures may slow down the performance. Therefore we recommend to use multiple
tasks for graphical results.
There is an option to generate a complete documentation �le. Go to SSD ribbon tab

“Home” > “Report”.
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Inside the complete document you may insert a table of contents. This can be done in-
side the Report Browser ribbon tab “Home”. Simply mark the option “Table of Contents”,
see picture below.
To have a secure output �le we recommend to print the �nal document to a pdf �le.
This can be done easily with the print function from the Report Browser. Open the Re-
port Browser and go to menu “File” > “Export to PDF”
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Save Project Files
After the project is �nished, all calculations are done and a �nal report was generated,
you should save your project on a company server. For that reason we recommend to
pack your project �les together in one project.zip �le. Simply go to SSD ribbon tab
“Home” > “Tools” or use the button Archive .
Note: To reproduce a project, only the �les project.so�stik and project.dwg are necessary.
51 of 51 17/05/2020, 00:09

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General Workﬂow Bridge Design — SOFiSTiK T... https://www.soﬁstik.de/documentation/2020/en/...

SOFiSTiK Tutorials 2020

GENERAL WORKFLOW BRIDGE DESIGN

Project Work - Step by Step

1. Prepare all project data for input into the software

Final-Superpositioning (Dead load, superimposed dead load, prestress,

Start new SSD project

Title: Create a new SSD Project | Quality: 1080p HD | Captions: English

Tutorials 2018 - Create a new SSD Project (1080p HD)

For bridge design we recommend to use a 3D system.

The following standard cross sections are available:

We recommend the following list of actions.

Description Action PART SUPP

Self weight G_1 G PERM always

Additional Dead load G_2 G PERM always

Temperature T Q EXCL exclusive

Tra�c load TS GR_T Q_1 Load Group 1 EXCL exclusive

Tra�c loads UDL GR_U Q_1 Load Group 1 EXCL exclusive

Prestressing P P PERM always

System Generation within SOFiPLUS

De�ne Bridge Axis

Now de�ne a new name for your axis.

De�ne Cross Sections

De�ne Bridge Geometry

with “PT Editor” based on bridge axis

Note: Editing the cloned tendon geometry is not possible.

Now the tendon generation process is �nished.

De�ne Load Cases

LC Number Description Action

1 self-weight structure NONE

2 additional dead load (e.g asphalt) NONE

51-5X settlement in every support axis, e.g. 10 F

81-82 uniform temperature load NONE

83-84 temperature difference NONE

91-98 temperature combinations delta TN + T

LC Number Description Action

2xx envelope from “Tra�c Loader”, TS Load L_T

3xx envelope from “Tra�c Loader”, UDL Load L_U

For de�ning loads, you may follow two general principles:

Combination of Temperature Loads

The input sequence is printed below:

Task “Linear Analysis”

+PROG SOFILOAD $ Traffic Loader

LANE AXIS TYPE EN WL -9 WR 9 YLA -10 YRA 10

ECHO LANE FULL

Eurocode EN 1992-2 Table 4.1 Number of notional lanes

De�nition of the terms ‘lane’, ‘notional lane’ and ‘residual area’

Edge lanes 1 and 7 are wider than 3.00 m

If there is a width between the curbstones unequal to an integer multiple of 3.00

Edge lanes 4 and 5 are wider than 3.00m

With the “right” alignment, lane 10 is right-aligned on the curbstone, lanes 11 to a

With the “left” alignment, lane 20 is left-aligned on the curbstone, followed by

The following lane alignments are generated automatically:

Lane 0 => Superstructure.

Distribution of lanes in the bridge cross-section - residual area

Important: These should always be checked!

+PROG SOFILOAD $ Traffic Loader