Building Services System Design A (BSE4303)

Contents Page
1. Introduction/Objectives 3

2. Background Information 3

3. Design Criteria 3

4. System Selection 4

5. Detailed Design 5-8

6. System Operation and Control 9

7. Reference 10

8. Appendix 11

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 Building Services System Design A (BSE4303)

1. Introduction/Objectives
The objective of this project is to carry out a design of HVAC services for the first floor in
an office building. We can use the knowledge of HVAC which learnt from semester 2 to
design the HVAC system complied with the international standard, such as ASHRAE and
CIBSE.

2. Background Information
It is a 30 floor office building with fully-glazed curtain wall which locates at Kwun Tong.
There are 13 manager rooms, 3 conference rooms, 1 A/C plant room, 1 pipe duct and 1
cable duct, 1 drawing room, 1 security room. Plus, the female and disable toilets are
located at West Wing and male toilet is from East Wing. Details are enclosed in Appendix
I.

Background information of the Building

Nos. of floor 30
Height of Building 96m
Height of each floor 3.2m
Height of False 2.5m
ceiling
Floor Area 775 /m2
Type of Building Grade A Office Building
Thickness of the floor 100mm
A/C system Air-water system
(Primary air handling unit and Fan coil unit)

3. Design Criteria
Outdoor/ indoor condition
Outdoor condition
Dry bulb temperature 33℃
Wet bulb temperature 28℃

Indoor condition (from a major BS

consultant firm)
Dry bulb temperature 24℃
Relative Humidity 50%

Outdoor air intake per Occupant

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According to Practice Note for Authorized Persons, Registered Structural Engineers and
Registered Geotechnical Engineers from Building Department (BD), the requirement of air
charge rate of Toilets in non-domestic Buildings and the Manager Room is 10 Air Changes
per Hour(ACH).For the Office and Manager Room, the ACH should be 8 ACH as well.

NC Level
According to the information from a major BS consultant firm in Hong Kong, the NC level
for an office and a conference room is between 35-40 dBA and 30-35 dBA respectively
.According to ASHRAE HANDBOOK Sound and Vibration Control, the approximate
Overall Sound Pressure Level for an office and the conference room is 45 and 35 dBA
respectively. For our choice, we would choose the NC level from ASHRAE which is 35 dBA
for all our layout plan.

4. System Selection
PAU + FCU system
PAU + FCU system is installed in the building for the main A/C system, and it is an air-
water system. PAU system aims at complying to transfer all fresh air intake to FCU and
partial cooling capacity, FCU mixes the return air for energy saving and offering another
partial cooling capacity, the special arrangement of FCU is required with the consideration
of the requirement of different zone’s cooling load, different zones (rooms) are distributed
different number of square diffusers in the false ceiling from the FCU by calculating the
requirement of cooling load in kW.
Comparing to Space ventilating system, PAU system can guarantee the outdoor fresh air
intake is safe for occupants. PAU system has less condensation at FCU which results in
less condensate leakage problems, low maintenance cost and less interruption. And less
noise level leads to fewer silencers and lining ductworks used.

Compare of CAV and VAV system

CAV systems: a variable supply air temperature to meet with the cooling load requirements
of the space while the supply air volume flow rate will be unchanged. Examples include
unitary systems, primary air fan coil systems, terminal reheat system and multi-zone
system.

VAV systems: a variable supply air volume flow rate during load variation while maintaining
a fairly constant supply air temperature. Examples include single zone VAV, VAV cooling
and dual duct VAV systems.

2-pipe system
As this design, we consider no seasonal changeover and heating element is needed in
Hong Kong. So, a 2-pipe system is selected. This system is more simple and easier to
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operated. Also, the installation cost of 2-pipe system is lower than 4-pipe system.

Mechanical Ventilation System in Toilet

Since the project is required that toilets cannot installed FCU or AHU system, mechanical
ventilation is selected and extract ductwork system is used. Extract grille is designed to
install at each top level of WC and urinal, directly extract all odor smell. Then, extract out
of building at rooftop or ground floor from the common vertical ductwork.
As it is an extract ventilation system, the toilets are design at negative pressure, the chilled
air in the zone that has A/C system will diffuse part of the chilled air into the toilets to
provide part of the cooling load by opening the door by occupant or staff.

5. Detailed Design
Cooling load estimation and total fresh air required in PAU system
This office floor has a total 144.07kW cooling load required, and around 1.132m³/s fresh
air is pretreated due to the statistics from ASHRAE, CIBSE and local consultant firm. We
choose Flatkwoods 40JMv/14/2/6/24 IE1 for the West Wing Ventilation System and
Flatkwoods 50JMv/16/4/6/24 IE2 for the East Wing Ventilation System. Both are Axial Fan
are given 1.09 kW and 0.5 kW for the fresh air for West Wing and East Wing respectively.
Psychometric analysis (ALL Calculation tabulated in Excel Form)
As Office, the assumed cooling load is 200ft²/TR and the area is 513.98829m²= 5532.57ft 2.
The Cooling load of the Office=97.3kW
The off-coil setting of PAU is 14℃ dry bulb and 95% relative humidity
By the way, the cooling load of the Manager Room B,C,D,F,G,H,K,L are 1,46kW and
3.35kW for Manager Room I&J. The Manager Room A & F, Security Room & Drawing
Room is 1.61 kW. Lift Lobby is about 5.3 kW.And the total cooling & of typical floor
By the statistics of a local consulting firm, fresh air intake per person is 8 L/s.
Assuming that people in zone: 58
Total fresh air intake in zone: 58 x 8 = 464L/s
For Example,
From the FCU catalogue offered by DAIKIN, model no. FWM08DT FCU has a 6.71kW
total cooling capacity.
No. of FCU=15 FCU (PRELIMINARY)
From the catalogue, this model can deliver 785m³/h or 0.218m 3/s of volume flow rate.

After calculation of all room,

The total PAU cooling load requirement= 71.995 kW
The 30x50 model AHU has been chosen. (Air Volume = 12146 m3/h or = 3.374m3/s)

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For more details about quantity and numbers of FCU in other rooms, the data are also
enclosed in Appendix VI.

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Space Air Diffusion

Using Administrative Office as a example to show the calculating process.

Considering the arrangement of FWM08DT, there are 15 nos. of FWM08DT for serving the
area, and two square diffusers are installed. Based on the FCU calculation, square ceiling
diffusers are selected in this project, so the consideration of Circular Ceiling Diffusers is
appropriate.

Along 26.8m length=8 nos.→3.35 m length per zone

Along 23.6m length=6
nos.→3.93 m length per zone

Dmax of FWM08DT = 3.93m

Dmin of FWM08DT = 3.35m

Dmax / Dmin = 1.17 ≦ 1.3

(practical) and 1.5 (marginal)
which means that the ratio of
air diffusers is acceptable.
Because out design have
different type of sizing. There
are 3 type in the Office.
1.FCU W/. 2× Diffuser Outlets
1.FCU W/. 3× Diffuser Outlets
1.FCU W/. 4× Diffuser Outlets
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Along 26.8m length=8nos.→3.35m length per zone

Along 23.6m length=8nos.→3.93m length per zone

Ratio Dmax/DMIN=3.98/3.35=1.17≤1.3(Acceptable)
(Marginally Acceptable)
Assume Equal Loading Density
1011 m3/h →0.28m3/ s
For 2 Outlet: 0.28/2=0.14m3/s
For 3 Outlet:0.28/3=0.09 m3/s
For 4 Outlet :0.28/4=0.07 m3/s

L for 26.8m length=3.35/2=1.675m

L for 23.6m length=3.93/2=1.965m

T0.25/L=0.8,ADPI→80%
T0.25 For 26.8m length:1.675*0.8=1.34m
T0.25 For 23.6m length:1.965*0.8=1.57m

For 2 Outlets
600mm × 600mm Face Size
254mm × 254 mm Neck Size
NC 17←35(For Office)
Neck Velocity =3.556m/s(Marginally Accepted)

For 3 Outlets
600mm × 600mm Face Size
254mm × 254 mm Neck Size
NC 17←35(For Office)
Neck Velocity =3.556m/s(Marginally Accepted)

For 4 Outlets
600mm × 600mm Face Size
254mm × 254 mm Neck Size
NC 17←35(For Office)
Neck Velocity =3.556m/s(Marginally Accepted)

By the HVAC Engineering Guideline provided by price industry, the ADPI index can be
reached to be acceptable if the following table of standard requirement of air diffusion.

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In (2), it is known that the room load of a zone is 190W/m². 80% of ADPI can be reached if
the throw rate T0.25 / L is in the range from 0.7 to 1.2. And 80% of ADPI is pass in Space Air
Diffusion in general HVAC industry.

By the calculation, the Administrative Office has equipped standard Space Air Diffusion
System.

Considering the size and performance of return air grille, the design flow rate of the grille is
0.2109 m³/s and face velocity ≦ 2 m/s, and the length of the grille is 1200mm.
Width of the grille = 0.2109/ (2 x 1.2) = 0.0878m = 87.8mm, so the 1200mm x 600mm
design is enough for the return air grille.

Duct Design
In the duct sizing, equal friction method is used to size PAU duct, all pressure losses of the
duct in different sections are selected as 1Pa/m. According to CIBSE guide B, the
maximum duct velocity of an office for the main duct, branch and runout are 7.5m/s, 6 m/s,
and 3.5 m/s respectively.

Rectangular duct is used for space saving. Galvanized Steel duct is used. Duct fitting such
as smooth wye and smooth bend and Tee are used. All PAU duct are insulated by Fiber
glass duct wrap.
Critical Path
The pressure loss in each duct branch can be determined by adding the
frictional and dynamic losses encountered throughout that branch. The
frictional loss ΔPf can be obtained by multiplying the ΔPl to the total
straight duct run L in that branch (ΔPf = ΔPl x L). The dynamic losses ΔPdy
can be calculated by making use of the dynamic loss coefficients of the
fittings as described.
This method is simple and easy. It can be applied manually. In industry,
ductulators instead of the duct friction chart are used for quick duct sizing.
System balancing is not considered. Initial and running costs are not
particularly included in the sizing algorithm. It is more suitable for low
velocity systems and those of comparatively smaller scale.

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For example, the calculation will tabulated like this.

Fire Safety
According to “A Guide to Application for Letter of Compliance for Ventilating System”, Fire
Dampers are installed to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire-
resistance rated walls and floors. In general, partition walls of kitchens, mechanical plant
rooms and licensed areas are considered as fire compartment walls. Therefore, fire
damper is required to install on the A/C Plant room’s compartmentation
wall.

Also, the duct smoke detector should be installed in the ductwork of

PAU system. When the detector detect smoke in the ductwork, it will
automatically shut down the PAU system, prevent the spread of the fire
and smoke in the ductwork. the air flow rate handled by each air
distribution ductwork system does not exceed 1 000 litres per second.
In our design,we need to install the duct smoke detector system.

Sound and Ventilation Noise

As all of the sound pressure level of FCU do not meet the noise level requirement, duct
silencers are used to reduce noise. Due to the fact that only the overall sound pressure
level is given by DAIKIN, there are no enough information for us to calculate the detail of
noise reduction.

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System Operation and Control

DDC system will be selected for this project. Temperature sensor will be installed in
ductwork and each conditioned space. Air flow rate can be adjust by Damper actuator and
cooling capacity can be also varied by valve through changing the mass flow rate of chilled
water.

6. Reference

[1] CIBSE Guide B Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration “Duct Velocity”
p.233
[2] 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapter 21.64 “Rectangular Duct Fitting”
p.52-67
[3] A Guide to Application for Letter of Compliance for Ventilating System p.5
[4] The Technical Data of FCU, YORK Ltd.
[5] The Technical Data of PAU, DAIKIN Ltd
[6] The Technical Data of Extract Grille, Swegon Ltd.
[7] The Technical Data of Extract Fan, Flaktwoods Ltd.
[8] The Technical Data of Square Diffuser, Price Ltd.
[9] ADPI selection guide, Price Industry
[10] Practice Note for Authorized Persons, Registered Structural Engineers and
Registered Geotechnical Engineers (Appendix I), Building Department
[11] ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapter 48 Sound and Vibration-Control p.5

7. Appendix
Appendix 1 Office floor plan plus PAU + FCU System (HVAC-001)
Appendix 2 Table of Load Calculation
Appendix 3 Psychometric Chart (PAU+FCU for Administration office)
Appendix 4 FCU Catalogue (DAIKIN)
Appendix 5 Fan Coil Unit arrangement
Appendix 6 AHU Catalogue (York)
Appendix 7 PAU Selection
Appendix 8 Extract Grille from Swegon
Appendix 9 Catalogue of Square Diffuser from PRICE
Appendix 10 Technical data of Central Exhaust fan from Flaktwoods

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