MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II)

Gaurav Dwivedi
Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus.
 Module-14
Applications of Residues
 Chapter 7
Applications of Residues

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 3 / 18
Evaluation of definite integrals of the form
R 2π
0 F (cos θ, sin θ) dθ
How to evaluate the integral
Z 2π
F (cos θ, sin θ) dθ.
0

Sol. Consider C : |z| = 1 i.e., z = eiθ (0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π)

which gives
dz
dz = ieiθ dθ ⇒ dθ = .
iz

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 4 / 18
Also,
eiθ + e−iθ
 
1 1
cos θ = = z+ ,
2 2 z
and
eiθ − e−iθ
 
1 1
sin θ = = z− .
2i 2i z
Thus the given integral becomes
Z      Z
1 1 1 1
F z+ , z− dz = f (z) dz.
C 2 z 2i z C

Now
R use Cauchy’s residue theorem to evaluate
C f (z) dz.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 5 / 18
Q. 1, Page - 290
Evaluate the definite integral
Z 2π
dθ
.
0 5 + 4 sin θ
Sol. Consider C : |z| = 1 i.e., z = eiθ , then the integral
becomes
Z
1 dz
I= .
5 + 4 2i1 z − z1



iz
ZC
dz
= 2
ZC 2z + 5iz − 2
dz
= .
C 2(z + 2i)(z + i/2)
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 6 / 18
 1
Here, f (z) = 2(z+2i)(z+i/2) has the singularities at
z = −2i and z = −i/2 (note that both are simple poles)
but only z = −i/2 lies within C. So, we need the
residues of f (z) at z = −i/2.

1  1
Res f (z) =  = .
z=−i/2 2(z + 2i) z=−i/2 3i

Hence, on using Cauchy’s residue theorem

1 2π
I = 2πi × = .
3i 3

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 7 / 18
Q. 5, Page - 291
Evaluate the definite integral
Z π
cos 2θ dθ
2
(−1 < a < 1).
0 1 − 2a cos θ + a

Sol. Consider C : |z| = 1 i.e., z = eiθ , then the integral

becomes
Z π
cos 2θ dθ
I= 2
0 1 − 2a cos θ + a
Z 2π
1 cos 2θ dθ
=
2 0 1 − 2a cos θ + a2
1 2π (2 cos2 θ − 1) dθ
Z
=
2 0 1 − 2a cos θ + a2
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 8 / 18

2
2 z + z1 − 1
Z
1 dz
I= 1


2
.
2 C 1 − 2a z + z + a iz
(z 4 + 1) dz
Z
1
=− (1)
4ai C z 2 (z − a) z − a1

z 4 +1
Here f (z) = z 2 (z−a)(z− a1 )
has the singularities at
z = 0, z = a and z = a1 .
Note that z = 0 and z = a lie
within C and 0 is a pole of order 2 and a is a simple pole.
So, we need the residues of f (z) at z = 0 and z = a.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 9 / 18
 
4
d z +1 
Res f (z) = 1


z=0 dz (z − a) z − a 
z=0
2
a +1
=
a 
4
z + 1 
Res f (z) = 2
z z − a1 


z=a
z=a
4
a +1
= ·
a(a2 − 1)

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 10 / 18
On using Cauchy’s residue theorem in (1), we obtain
 2
a4 + 1 a2 π

1 a +1
I=− 2πi × + = ·
4ai a a(a2 − 1) 1 − a2

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 11 / 18
Q. 7, Page - 291
Evaluate the definite integral
Z π
sin2n θ dθ (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
0

Let C be the unit circle z = eiθ , −π ≤ θ ≤ π. Then

Z π Z π
1
sin2n θ dθ = sin2n θ dθ
0 2 −π
(−1)n (z − z −1 )2n
Z
= 2n+1 dz
2 i C z
2n 
(−1)n
Z X 
2n
k = 2n+1 (−1)k z 2n−2k−1 dz.
2 i C k
k=0
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 12 / 18
If k < n, then 2k − 2n < 0, i.e., 2k − 2n ≤ −1, which
give 2n − 2k − 1 ≥ 0. In this case, z 2n−2k−1 is analytic
within and on C and by Cauchy-Goursat theorem
Z
z 2n−2k−1 dz = 0.
C

Next, we consider the case k > n. In this case,

2n − 2k − 1 < −1, i.e., , 2n − 2k − 1 ≤ −2.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 13 / 18
Let 2n − 2k − 1 = m ≤ −2. Then
Z Z
2n−2k−1
z dz = z m dz
C ZC
1
= −m
dz
ZC z
1
= `
dz, (where ` = −m ≥ 2)
C z
2πi
= f (`−1) (0)
(` − 1)!
= 0.
Here, we used extension of Cauchy Integral Formula with
f (z) = 1, z0 = 0.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 14 / 18
Thus
π
(−1)n
Z Z  
2n
2n
sin θ dθ = 2n+1 (−1)n z −1 dz
0 2 i C n
1
= 2n+1 · 2πi
2 i
2n!
= 2n π.
2 (n!)2

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 15 / 18
Q. 2, Page - 291 Evaluate the definite integral
Z π
dθ
2 ·
−π 1 + sin θ

√
Ans. 2π.
Q. 3, Page - 291 Evaluate the definite integral
Z 2π
cos2 3θ dθ
·
0 5 − 4 cos 2θ

3π
Ans. 8 .
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 16 / 18
Tutorial Sheet 5, Question 6

Use the residues to show that

Z 2π
sin2 θ 2π p
dθ = 2 (a − a2 − b2 ), (a > b > 0).
0 a + b cos θ b

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 17 / 18
Tutorial Sheet 5, Question 7

Use residues to show that

Z 2π
(1 + 2 cos θ)n cos nθ 2π √
I= dθ = √ (3 − 5)n
0 3 + 2 cos θ 5
where n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 25, 2020 18 / 18