Akshay Mehta

Ten1605004
Faculty of Engineering and Computing Sciences

Assignment

Program: B-TECH Branch/Section: CIVIL

Course Name: Design of hydraulic structure Course Code: ECE812

Semester: 8TH Faculty member: AMIT KUMAR

Total Marks: 10 Submission Date: 03 May, 2020

Q.1: What is pitched islands? What purpose does it serve?

Ans: An island created artificially on river bed with sand in its core and protected by stone
pitching on all its sides is called pitched island. It can be used to correct an oblique approach
upstream of weirs, barrages and bridges.

Purpose: They are used to correct the river approach conditions by attracting the river course
above the weir and holding it there. It decreases the intensity of flow along a marginal banks and
guide banks and protect them from damage.
Q.2: What is the various other miscellaneous method of river training?
Ans. Miscellaneous Method of river Training:-
(a) Constructing a reservoir to control floods by storing water during a flood and releasing it after
the flood recedes,
(b) Diverting part of the flood discharge from the main channel. The diverted water can flow
through either a natural or artificial channel and ultimately join a lake, or meet the sea, or the
parent river somewhere downstream.
(c) Channel improvement measures, such as reducing channel roughness, dredging a channel to
widen or deepen it and increasing the discharge carrying capacity of the channel. One may even
permit it to pass the flood discharge at a relatively smaller stage,
(d) Adopting soil conservation practices to increase the infiltration rate and hence decrease the
peak runoff.
e) Providing marginal bunds or embankments that run longitudinally along the river upstream of
a weir to protect low-lying areas from being inundated. These bunds are extended to high ground
level to the same level as the top of the main bund which is kept 1 m above the anticipated water
level.
Q.3: What is the various types of cross drainage works? Explain with help of diagrams.
Ans. Cross drainage works
Cross drainage works is a structure constructed when there is a crossing of canal and natural
drain, to prevent the drain water from mixing into canal water. This type of structure is costlier
one and needs to be avoided as much as possible.
Types of Cross Drainage works:
There are three types of cross drainage works structures:
1: Cross drainage work carrying canal over the drain
 Aqueduct
 Syphon Aqueduct

2: Cross Drainage work carrying Drainage over the canal

 Super passage
 Canal Syphon

3: Cross drainage works admitting canal water into the canal

 Level Crossing
 Canal inlets

1: Canal over drainage

Aqueduct:
In an aqueduct, the canal bed level is above the drainage bed level so canal is to be constructed
above drainage.

Syphon Aqueduct: The construction of the syphon aqueduct structure is such that,
the flooring of drain is depressed downwards by constructing a vertical drop weir
to discharge high flow drain water through the depressed concrete floor.
2: Drainage over canal
Super Passage: The full supply level of canal is below the drainage trough in this structure. The
water in canal flows under gravity and possess the atmospheric pressure. This is simply a reverse
of Aqueduct structure.
Canal Syphon: Flooring of canal is depressed and ramp like structure is provided at upstream and
downstream to form syphonic action. This structure is a reverse of Syphon aqueduct.

3: Drainage admitted into canal:-

Level Crossing:
When the bed level of canal is equal to the drainage bed level, then level crossing is to be
constructed. This consists of following steps:
1. Construction of weir to stop drainage water behind it
2. Construction of canal regulator across a canal
3. Construction of head regulator across a Drainage
Canal inlets:
In a canal inlet structure, the drainage water to be admitted into canal is very less. The drainage
is taken through the banks of a canal at inlet. And then this drainage mixed with canal travels
certain length of the canal, after which an outlet is provided to create suction pressure and suck
all the drainage solids, disposing it to the watershed area nearby
Q.4: What is the necessity of canal falls? What are the locations where we use canal fall?
Ans. Necessity of Canal Fall: - When the slope of the ground suddenly changes to steeper slope,
the permissible bed slope cannot be maintained. It requires excessive earthwork in filling to
maintain the slope. In such a case falls are provided to avoid excessive earth work in filling.
When the slope of the ground is more or less uniform and the slope and the slope is greater than
the permissible bed slope of canal.

Location of Canal fall :-

Following points are given due consideration while selecting the site for a fall:
(1). So far as possible the fall should be combined with a rail or road bridge. The obvious reason
is then abutments, wing walls and foundation are common to both the structures. Such
combination makes a project economical.
(2). The site for a fall on the distributaries and minors should be selected in such a way that the
command is not sacrificed in process of lowering the bed. Actually when the falls are provided
the FSL below the fall goes below natural surface level for some length. Then it becomes
necessary to provide outlet on the upstream side of the fall to command the area which ties
immediately below the fall.
Q.5 : What is difference between distributaries cross regulator and off take head regulator?
Ans. Cross Regulator:
It is a hydraulic structure constructed across the canal to regulate the irrigation water supplies.
It may be constructed across any type of canal main, branch or a distributaries
(i) When due to inadequate supply the water level is lowered the off-taking channels do not get
their proper share. A cross regulator is provided to raise the water level.
(ii) Sometimes it becomes necessary to carry out some necessary to carry out some repair works
on a canal. The cross regulator if existing above that reach of the canal, it can be closed and
repairs can be done efficiently.
(iii) Sometimes it is necessary to close the canal below a particular point. Say when there is no
demand for irrigation water during a particular period.
(iv) When the costly headwork’s are not constructed in the initial stages, the cross-regulator helps
in regulating the canal supplies.
(v) Cross regulators divide long canal reach into smaller ones and make it possible to maintain
the reach successfully and efficiently. For efficient functioning they should be spaced 10 to 13 km
apart on the main canal and 7 to 10 km on the branches.
Distributaries Head Regulator:
It is a hydraulic structure constructed at the head of a distributaries. This regulator performs the
same functions as that of a head regulator.
(i).It regulates the supply of the distributaries.
(ii). It can be used many times as a meter.
(iii). It is also a silt selective structure.
(iv). Distributaries head regulator controls the flow in the distributaries. By closing the gates
distributaries can be dried to carry out repairs or maintenance works.