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11 - Chapter 3
11 - Chapter 3
CHAPTER 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION
minimize the total real power loss and to improve the voltage profile of the
RDS. The criterion which is used to find the solutions to optimize the voltage
profile of the system and the TCSC size such that voltage deviations at each
bus do not exceed a predefined set value. The feasibility and effectiveness of
the optimization methods proposed have been demonstrated on 69 bus RDS
consisting of 68 sections.
shunt compensation technique. In both the cases, FACTS controls the reactive
power flows through the system and improves the overall performance of ac
power system. Series controllers increase the power handling capacity,
whereas shunt controllers improve the voltage at a particular location. The
series compensation improves the power transmission capability of the lines
which is an economic method.
C T
i j
T
L
TCR
XL
Capacitive region
αLlim to 180°
Resonance
Region
Inductive region
90° to αLlim
XC
i j
XTCSC Xij
The firing angle ‘α’ of TCSC varies from 90° to 180°. Effective
TCSC reactance (XTCSC) with respect to firing angle (α) can be given as:
X CX L
= 4
π X C − X L
1
C 2
X L (3.5)
X
ω = C
X L (3.6)
X C
k =
X L (3.7)
X CX L
X TCSC =
X C −X L (3.8)
Q gi min ≤ Q gi ≤ Q gi max
(3.11)
Voltage constraint
| Vi min |≤ Vi ≤| Vi max | i = 1,2,....N (3.12)
Current constraint
| I i min |≤ I i ≤| I i max | (3.13)
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− 0 . 9 * X ij ≤ X TCSC ≤ 0 . 9 * X ij
(3.14)
where
ω max Initial value of the inertia weight
weight coefficients for each term and rand1, rand2 are the random value
generated between [0, 1].
Step 11: If the generation number reaches the maximum limit, go to Step 12.
Otherwise, set generation index k1= k1 + 1, and go back to Step 6.
Step 12: If the bus count reaches the maximum limit, go to step13. Otherwise,
set bus count C=C+1, and go back to step 4.
Step 13: Print out the optimal solutions.
The solutions include the optimal location and size of TCSC in
RDS. The corresponding fitness values to these solutions indicate the
minimum total real power loss.
3.5.1 Initialization
Qin et al (2009) stated that, this moves towards the global optimum.
By consistently randomizing individuals, the initial population should cover
the entire search space as much as possible. This randomization of the
individuals is taken place within the search space constrained by the
prescribed minimum and maximum parameter bounds given in equations
(3.19-3.20)
The initial value of the jth parameter in the ith individual at the
generation Gen=0 is generated by equation (3.21).
X ij, o = X min
j
+ rand ( 0 ,1) * ( X max
j
− X min
j
) j = 1, 2 , 3 ,.... D
(3.21)
where [0,1] represents an uniformly distributed random variable within the
range [0,1].
Here, the indices r1i , r2i and r3i are mutually exclusive integers
randomly generated within the range [1, p] and the scaling factor ‘H’ is a
positive control parameter for scaling the difference vector X best, G. It is the
best individual vector within the best fitness value in the population at
generation.
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Step 1: Get the Input. The input data are line (Line Impedance) and bus data
(Load Power i.e., Real Power and Reactive Power) and bus voltage
limits.
Step 2: Calculate the loss using distribution load flow based on DLF
Method.
Step 3: Set the bus count C=2 (because first bus is the source bus).
Step 4: Randomly generates an initial target vector using equation (3.18).
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iii) From the best value of ‘k’, the firing angle ‘α’ for the required
XTCSC is obtained.
PT,Loss
NO
Minimum
Loss
YES
From Figure 3.5, it is clear that, the voltages at the buses are at the
limit between |Vimin| to |Vimax|. It means that the voltage profile lies within the
limit after applying the TCSC using PSO analysis. Vimin, Vimax are obtained
from the DLF Analysis.
Also from Figure 3.7, it is clear that, with TCSC the total real
power loss is lesser. It is found out that the optimum placement of TCSC is
56th branch (i.e., between the bus 56 and 57) in the test system (69 bus test
system). Also, it is inferred that, real power loss is minimum when TCSC is
applied at the 56th branch and from the PSO analysis the optimum TCSC size
is 9.8327 Ohm. In this work, the weight function ‘ω’ varies from 0.5 to 0.9,
102
weight coefficients C1 and C2 vary from 1.3 to 1.6 and the population size is
30.
Figure 3.5 Comparative analysis between DLF and PSO (Bus number Vs
Voltage)
From Figure 3.6, it is clear that, the voltages at the buses are at the
limit between |Vimin| to |Vimax|. It means that the voltage profile lies within the
limit after applying the TCSC using DE analysis. Vimin, Vimax are obtained
from the DLF Analysis.
103
From Figure 3.7, it is clear that, the total real power loss is
minimum in PSO technique when compared with the DE technique. Also, the
size of the TCSC and the convergence time is also minimum in the PSO
technique when compared with the DE technique.
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From Table 3.1, it is concluded that, PSO is very much faster and
accurate than the DE technique for this work. DE takes much longer time than
PSO. In the two cases (i.e., PSO and DE methods), the optimum branch
number to place the TCSC is 56.
But, while comparing the two methods, namely, PSO method and
DE method the optimum size of the TCSC, total real power loss in the primary
distribution system and the convergence time is very much lesser in PSO
method.
Table 3.1 shows the comparative analysis of PSO and DE with and
without TCSC. From Table 3.1, it is concluded that, compared to DE, PSO
convergence time is minimum with best results ( i.e., minimum real power
loss and size of TCSC with improved voltage profile).
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With TCSC
Without TCSC
PSO DE
Total Active Power Loss (KW) 224.9 218.8 222.68
Voltage (p.u) 0.9625 1.0062 0.9875
Branch - 56-57 56-57
Size of TCSC (Ohm) - 9.8377 9.9998
Convergence Time (min) - 3 11
Parameters
Test
system Population Iteration C1,C2 ωmax ωmin Φmax Φmin
12 bus 25 100 1.8 0.8 0.1 0.42 0.41
34 bus 30 80 1.8 0.8 0.1 0.42 0.41
69 bus 30 80 1.8 0.8 0.1 0.42 0.41
The reactance curve between the firing angle ‘α’ and the XTCSC for
various values of ‘k’ is shown in Figure 3.11 to Figure 3.31. Values
corresponding to the optimal XTCSC obtained from the PSO, the firing angle
‘α’ and the resonance region for different test systems with different ‘k’ values
are tabulated in Table 3.4. Table 3.5 shows the maximum variation in
capacitive and inductive reactance region for various values of ‘k’.
From Tables 3.4 and 3.5, the best value of ‘k’ is chosen to be 3
because it has the maximum distance between the resonance region and the
firing angle ‘α’ which means the firing angle ‘α’ is far away from the
resonance region. Always it is not preferable to operate the firing angle ‘α’
nearer to the resonance region.
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Table 3.4 Firing angle and resonance region for various ‘k’
Distance
Degree of Starting of Ending of Firing between
Resonance
Test series Resonance Resonance Angle resonance
Region
System compensation Region Region ‘α’ region and
(deg)
(k) (deg) (deg) (deg) firing angle
‘α’ (deg)
k=2 112.9 121.5 8.6 103.7 9.2
k=3 124.4 133.2 8.8 111.3 13.1
12-Bus k=4 130.5 138.7 8.2 117.7 12.8
k=5 136 144.7 8.7 123.7 12.3
k=6 139 147.3 8.3 128.8 10.2
k=2 113.1 122.5 9.4 103.4 9.7
k=3 124.4 133.3 8.9 109.8 14.6
34-Bus k=4 129.9 138.8 8.9 116.8 13.1
k=5 135.9 144.4 8.5 123.1 12.8
k=6 138.8 147.3 8.5 128 10.8
k=2 113 122.6 9.6 103.1 9.9
k=3 124.4 133.3 8.9 109.8 14.6
69-Bus k=4 129.9 138.8 8.9 116.8 13.1
k=5 135.9 144.4 8.5 123.1 12.8
k=6 138.8 147.3 8.5 128 10.8
From Tables 3.4 and 3.5, it is inferred that, the maximum value of
capacitive reactance corresponding to ‘k’ equal to 3 is high compared to ‘k’
equal to 2. Even then, k=3 is chosen to be the best because it has the maximum
distance between the firing angle ‘α’ and resonance region which is mostly
preferred. The maximum value of capacitive reactance in k=3 can be
overlooked when compared to other values of capacitive reactance obtained
from the remaining values of ‘k’.
Also, from the Table 3.4, it is observed that, for each value of ‘k’,
the tabulated values show the similarities within the test system. It shows the
superlative of this work. From Table 3.5, it is inferred that, the maximum
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variation of capacitance increases with ‘k’. The XL and XC values with 'k’
equal to 3 are listed in Table 3.6.
3.11 CONCLUSION
resonance region, the best value of ‘k’ is chosen. The proposed work has been
tested using three different RDS and the results are tabulated. The firing angle
‘α’ obtained for various test systems shows the similarities for each value of
‘k’. Thus, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed work for
placement, sizing and parameter selection of TCSC in FACTS compensated
distribution systems.