Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, is a global publishing company of books,

e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM)
publishing.[1] Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s,
and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters
Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices
in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City.

Contents
 1 History
 2 Products
o 2.1 Open access
 3 Controversies
 4 Selected imprints
 5 Selected publications
 6 See also
 7 References
 8 External links

History
Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer
grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's second largest academic publisher
with 65 staff in just 30 years.[2][3] In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally,
opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi
soon[when?] followed.[citation needed]

In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after

Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.[2][4] In 2003, the British investment
groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann .[4] They
merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers
which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002,[5] to form Springer Science+Business
Media.

In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press.[citation needed]

Springer acquired the open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an
undisclosed amount.[citation needed]

In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT Partners and
Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the
competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.[citation needed]

In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from
Wolters Kluwer.[6][7]
In 2013, the London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in
Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.[8]

In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer
Science+Business Media announced a merger.[9] in May 2015 they concluded the
transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in
the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.[10]

Products
In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.
[citation needed]

In 2008, SpringerImages was launched and offers a collection of currently 1.8 million
images spanning science, technology, and medicine.[citation needed]

In 2009, SpringerMaterials was launched and is a platform for accessing the Landolt-
Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties.[citation needed]

AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document
discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in
scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate
experts in several scientific/medical fields.[citation needed]

Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-
by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in
SpringerLink instead.[citation needed]

AS of 2014 Springer hosts a number of scientific databases, including SpringerLink, and

SpringerImages. Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs
and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.
[11]

Open access

Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.[citation needed] For
some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and
allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access licence or
in the traditional restricted licence model.[12] While open-access publishing typically
requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a
third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-
access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.[13]

Controversies
In 2014, it was revealed that sixteen papers in conference proceedings published by
Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all
papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its
conference proceedings.[14]

In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers it had published after a fraudulent peer review
process could be proven.[15]

Selected imprints
 Adis International[16]
 Apress
 BioMed Central
o Chemistry Central (defunct)
o PhysMath Central (defunct)
 Birkhäuser Verlag

Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, is a global publishing company of books,

e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM)
publishing.[1] Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s,
and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters
Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices
in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City.

Contents
 1 History
 2 Products
o 2.1 Open access
 3 Controversies
 4 Selected imprints
 5 Selected publications
 6 See also
 7 References
 8 External links

History
Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer
grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's second largest academic publisher
with 65 staff in just 30 years.[2][3] In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally,
opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi
soon[when?] followed.[citation needed]
In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after
Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.[2][4] In 2003, the British investment
groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann .[4] They
merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers
which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002,[5] to form Springer Science+Business
Media.

In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press.[citation needed]

Springer acquired the open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an
undisclosed amount.[citation needed]

In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT Partners and
Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the
competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.[citation needed]

In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from
Wolters Kluwer.[6][7]

In 2013, the London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in
Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.[8]

In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer
Science+Business Media announced a merger.[9] in May 2015 they concluded the
transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in
the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.[10]

Products
In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.
[citation needed]

In 2008, SpringerImages was launched and offers a collection of currently 1.8 million
images spanning science, technology, and medicine.[citation needed]

In 2009, SpringerMaterials was launched and is a platform for accessing the Landolt-
Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties.[citation needed]

AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document
discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in
scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate
experts in several scientific/medical fields.[citation needed]

Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-
by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in
SpringerLink instead.[citation needed]
AS of 2014 Springer hosts a number of scientific databases, including SpringerLink, and
SpringerImages. Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs
and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.
[11]

Open access

Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.[citation needed] For
some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and
allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access licence or
in the traditional restricted licence model.[12] While open-access publishing typically
requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a
third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-
access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.[13]

Controversies
In 2014, it was revealed that sixteen papers in conference proceedings published by
Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all
papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its
conference proceedings.[14]

In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers it had published after a fraudulent peer review
process could be proven.[15]

Selected imprints
 Adis International[16]
 Apress
 BioMed Central
o Chemistry Central (defunct)
o PhysMath Central (defunct)
 Birkhäuser Verlag

Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, is a global publishing company of books,

e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM)
publishing.[1] Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s,
and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters
Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices
in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City.

Contents
 1 History
 2 Products
 o 2.1 Open access
 3 Controversies
 4 Selected imprints
 5 Selected publications
 6 See also
 7 References
 8 External links

History
Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer
grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's second largest academic publisher
with 65 staff in just 30 years.[2][3] In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally,
opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi
soon[when?] followed.[citation needed]

In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after

Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.[2][4] In 2003, the British investment
groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann .[4] They
merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers
which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002,[5] to form Springer Science+Business
Media.

In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press.[citation needed]

Springer acquired the open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an
undisclosed amount.[citation needed]

In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT Partners and
Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the
competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.[citation needed]

In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from
Wolters Kluwer.[6][7]

In 2013, the London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in
Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.[8]

In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer
Science+Business Media announced a merger.[9] in May 2015 they concluded the
transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in
the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.[10]

Products
In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.
[citation needed]

In 2008, SpringerImages was launched and offers a collection of currently 1.8 million
images spanning science, technology, and medicine.[citation needed]

In 2009, SpringerMaterials was launched and is a platform for accessing the Landolt-
Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties.[citation needed]

AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document
discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in
scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate
experts in several scientific/medical fields.[citation needed]

Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-
by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in
SpringerLink instead.[citation needed]

AS of 2014 Springer hosts a number of scientific databases, including SpringerLink, and

SpringerImages. Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs
and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.
[11]

Open access

Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.[citation needed] For
some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and
allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access licence or
in the traditional restricted licence model.[12] While open-access publishing typically
requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a
third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-
access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.[13]

Controversies
In 2014, it was revealed that sixteen papers in conference proceedings published by
Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all
papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its
conference proceedings.[14]

In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers it had published after a fraudulent peer review
process could be proven.[15]

Selected imprints
  Adis International[16]
 Apress
 BioMed Central
o Chemistry Central (defunct)
o PhysMath Central (defunct)
 Birkhäuser Verlag

Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, is a global publishing company of books,

e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM)
publishing.[1] Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s,
and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters
Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices
in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City.

Contents
 1 History
 2 Products
o 2.1 Open access
 3 Controversies
 4 Selected imprints
 5 Selected publications
 6 See also
 7 References
 8 External links

History
Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer
grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's second largest academic publisher
with 65 staff in just 30 years.[2][3] In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally,
opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi
soon[when?] followed.[citation needed]

In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after

Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.[2][4] In 2003, the British investment
groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann .[4] They
merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers
which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002,[5] to form Springer Science+Business
Media.

In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press.[citation needed]

Springer acquired the open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an
undisclosed amount.[citation needed]
In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT Partners and
Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the
competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.[citation needed]

In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from
Wolters Kluwer.[6][7]

In 2013, the London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in
Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.[8]

In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer
Science+Business Media announced a merger.[9] in May 2015 they concluded the
transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in
the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.[10]

Products
In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.
[citation needed]

In 2008, SpringerImages was launched and offers a collection of currently 1.8 million
images spanning science, technology, and medicine.[citation needed]

In 2009, SpringerMaterials was launched and is a platform for accessing the Landolt-
Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties.[citation needed]

AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document
discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in
scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate
experts in several scientific/medical fields.[citation needed]

Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-
by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in
SpringerLink instead.[citation needed]

AS of 2014 Springer hosts a number of scientific databases, including SpringerLink, and

SpringerImages. Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs
and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.
[11]

Open access

Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.[citation needed] For
some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and
allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access licence or
in the traditional restricted licence model.[12] While open-access publishing typically
requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a
third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-
access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.[13]

Controversies
In 2014, it was revealed that sixteen papers in conference proceedings published by
Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all
papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its
conference proceedings.[14]

In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers it had published after a fraudulent peer review
process could be proven.[15]

Selected imprints
 Adis International[16]
 Apress
 BioMed Central
o Chemistry Central (defunct)
o PhysMath Central (defunct)
 Birkhäuser Verlag