DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P., INDIA

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

ASSES TO SANITATION AND CLEAN ENVIRONMENT

SUBJECT

LAW AND POVERTY

NAME OF THE FACULTY

ZAIN SALEH SIR

Name of the Candidate U.UPENDRA

Roll No. 2016112

Semester IV
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would sincerely like to put forward my heartfelt appreciation to our respected professor, Prof.
Zain sir for giving me a golden opportunity to take up this project. I have tried my best to collect
information about the project in various possible ways to depict clear picture about the given
project topic.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This project is purely Doctrinal and based on primary and secondary sources such as websites,
books, journals and internet sources. The referencing style followed in this project is BLUE
BOOK 19th Edition's format of citation. This Research process deals with collecting and
analyzing information to answer questions. The Research is purely descriptive in its boundaries
of the topic
Introduction

Communist philosophy

Perspectives on public goods and property rights are a fundamental part of communist theory and
philosophy.  Much of the core tenets of modern communism stem from their ideas on public
property and the definition of ownership in society.  Communist philosophy argues against
private property and supports collective ownership.  The common view is that no person should
on their own or control any property, whether electronic, merely an idea, or otherwise.

Communist philosophy centers on the control of the "means of production" in society.  This
means of production is the physical and labor capital that is used to produce the different goods
in society.  In strict communist theory the "means of production" is collectively owned by the
people in a community, to insure that all the people will get the products that they themselves
desire.  In this way, communists argue that social classes will be eliminated, because everyone
will retain control over what society produces to satisfy their needs.  They argue that when
individuals own the means of production as in capitalist society, the individuals will exploit the
workers and develop a lower class.  Because the people themselves get to decide what society
produces, everything that is produced by society is also collectively owned by by society.  This
potentially benefits everyone in the society as  state that the maximum welfare of the individual
lies in, and in the long run is indistinguishable from, the realization of the maximum welfare of
the society."  Thus communism argues for the abolishment of all private property, and
everything that is owned is owned by all members of society.

This theory, that all property is owned collectively, stipulates that everything a person creates
and owns is also collectively shared with everyone else.  The core principle behind the concept
of public ownership is that every person is a product of society.  Because each human is a
product of society, anything he or she produces is also a product of society by translation. 
Therefore, anything that is produced should be owned by the society itself because no one person
has solely produced it.  Communist theorist Mick Brooks stipulates that, "creation is seldom only
the result of individual genius. We all incorporate the advances of others as building blocks in
our own thought without even considering it. That is how humanity advances.”  These ideas refer
specifically to to property laws and how making property public will fundamentally alter society
in a positive way. Views on specifically intellectual property seem to follow in the same vein.

Would a communist society protect the environment?

At its core, communism is simply the communal control of resources—including our own labour
resources, as well as natural resources like trees, water and minerals. Past attempts to create
communist societies have grappled with how to give people control over the distribution and use
of these resources. And while many of these experiments are, of course, far from perfect, they
have taught us important lessons.

It is not easy to radically transform society from the ground up. Nonetheless, this revolution is
necessary, as humans will not survive past as few as four generations if global capitalism
continues.

Why is capitalism so bent on human and environmental destruction? Under capitalism, the
economy needs to constantly grow, or it will collapse. This is why resources that weren’t
previously considered commodities – such as clean, drinkable water – become commodities that
can be marketed and sold and contribute to economic “growth.”

It is also why Canada is expanding its oil sands, stripping hundreds of square kilometers of the
boreal forest bare and releasing toxins into the rivers and air. The need for constant growth
explains why a capitalist economy produces so many throwaway products—the economy can
only survive if people are continuously buying new cars, phones, etc.

How is communism different? Communism does not require growth, it simply requires that each
person’s needs—for comfortable shelter, nutritious food and arts and culture—are met. In
communism, decisions about how we live, work, and enjoy leisure are no longer made based on
the individual, but on the collective.
For example, under capitalism, a corporation will pollute the river because the owners benefit
greatly from the profits but aren’t harmed by the pollution, as they can choose to live elsewhere.
In communism, the community that is affected by the pollution of a factory has control over how
a factory operates, what goods it produces, how these products are distributed, and what is done
with the waste products.

Communism also works in cohesion with the environment because it ensures the efficient
distribution of resources so that everyone in society benefits. Under communism, an efficient,
comprehensive public transit system is preferred over of a system of inefficient, individual cars
because the former results in the maximum benefit to the collective—not only can people move
comfortably from one place to the next, but they benefit from clean air, no gridlock, and a
massive reduction in automobile deaths.

In fact, much of the environmental waste is due to the bourgeois taking more than what they
need: huge mansions, private jets, luxury cars, luxury resorts, etc. Compare this to a model that
provides workers access to cottages that are filled throughout the year and well maintained by
public workers. In short, a system that fulfills human needs requires far less resources than a
system that rewards human greed.

Indeed, today’s communist Maoist uprisings, in places like Nepal and India, are inspired by the
peoples’ desire to stop multinational mining companies and water privatization and have
collective control over the resources they rely on for life. Communism is the only system that
allows communities to ensure that the earth, and the people who populate it, are taken care of
and respected.

Asses to Clean environment

A clean environment is essential for human health and well-being. However, the interactions
between the environment and human health are highly complex and difficult to assess. This
makes the use of the precautionary principle particularly useful. The best-known health impacts
are related to ambient air pollution, poor water quality and insufficient sanitation. Much less is
known about the health impacts of hazardous chemicals. Noise is an emerging environment and
health issue. Climate change, depletion of stratospheric ozone, loss of biodiversity, and land
degradation can also affect human health.

Transport, especially in urban areas, is one of the key contributors to human exposure to air
pollution and noise.

Much less is known about the health impacts of chemicals. There is growing concern about the
effects of exposure to mixtures of chemicals at low levels and for long periods over our lifetime,
in particular during early childhood and pregnancy.

Persistent chemicals with long-term effects, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and those used in long-life structures — for example construction
materials — may present risks even after their production has been phased out.
Many pollutants known to affect human health are gradually coming under regulatory control.
However, there are emerging issues for which environmental pathways and effects on health are
as yet poorly understood. Examples are electromagnetic fields (EMF), pharmaceuticals in the
environment and some infectious diseases (the spreading of which may be affected by climate
change). The development of ‘early warning’ systems should be encouraged to shorten the time
between detection of a potential hazard and a policy action or intervention.

Human health has always been threatened by natural hazards such as storms, floods, fires,
landslides and droughts. Their consequences are being worsened by a lack of preparedness and
by human actions such as deforestation, climate change and biodiversity loss.

These are some ways in which we can keep our environment clean:-

*Don’t litter: Please don’t litter in your society and roads. Set a good example. Use dustbins, it
will help in keeping the society clean. If society is plagued by litter then consult with your
society members and other authorities in order to organize an awareness camp. Work with them
and volunteers to clean the litters.
*Plant trees: We should plant trees in your society or we can also adapt any tree and take care
of that. Trees will help in controlling the pollution at least a little bit. Having lots of trees in your
society will help you have fresh air for you and your kids, maintain good health, and with a
beautiful green society you can inspire others to follow the track and save the city and
environment.

*Be eco-friendly: Restore water, use eco-friendly things, do not dump electronic gadgets etc. Be
eco-friendly by using bicycle instead of cars that makes a lot of noise and increases pollution.

*Recycle plastic materials: Don’t just throw away the plastic bottles or plates that you have
used, but instead use them and recycle it for the betterment of the environment. Plastic takes
years to decompose and is hazardous If the plastics are burnt or thrown away. So, recycle
plastics.

So, we should keep our environment clean and green for a smell-free, disease-free live. By
implementing on it we can reduce pollution, get fresh air, live peaceful life without any
problems.

Asses to Sanitation

Universal access to adequate sanitation is a fundamental need and human right. Securing access
for all would go a long way in reducing illness and death, especially among children. Since 2000,
1.4 billion people have gained access to basic sanitation, such as flush toilets or latrine with a
slab which are not shared with other households. In 2015, 2.3 billion people still lack a basic
sanitation service and among them almost 892 million people still practised open defecation. The
data reveal pronounced disparities, with the poorest and those living in rural areas least likely to
use a basic service.

“Safely managed” sanitation services represent a higher service level that takes into account the
final disposal of excreta. In 2015, 2.9 billion people used a “safely managed” sanitation service,
i.e. a basic facility where excreta are disposed in situ or treated off-site. A further 2 billion people
used a “basic” service, i.e. an improved facility that is not shared with other households. The 600
million who shared improved sanitation facilities with other households count as a “limited’
service.

“Access to improved sanitation:

Improved sanitation facilities are more likely to prevent human contact with human excreta than
unimproved facilities. A household is considered to have access to improved sanitation if it uses
improved sanitation facilities (listed below).

Improved sanitation facilities3 include: flush or pour-flush to piped sewer system, septic tank or
pit latrine; ventilated improved pit latrine; pit latrine with slab; and composting toilet.

Unimproved sanitation facilities include: flush or pour–flush to else where ; pit latrine without
slab or open pit; bucket; hanging toilet or hanging latrine; no facilities or bush or field.”[1]

The 7th Millennium Development Goal is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

The World Health Organization states: 

“Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine . Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving
sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and
across communities. The word ‘sanitation’ also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions,
through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.” [2] 

Almost fifty per cent of the developing world’s population – 2.5 billion people – lack improved
sanitation facilities. Inadequate access to water and sanitation services, coupled with poor
hygiene practices, kills and sickens thousands of children every day, and leads to
impoverishment and diminished opportunities for thousands more. Repercussions can include
that children, in particular girls, are denied to enjoy education because their schools lack private
and decent sanitation facilities.
Sanitation levels is a strong indicator of any communities’ state of human development. Despite
global efforts to improve sanitation, major gaps – including financial – remain and are slowing
progress…  If distributing water satisfies one’s needs, sanitation prevents detriments caused to
others.

From the Millenium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals

In terms of sanitation, the Millenium Development Goals that aimed at dividing by half the share
of global population deprived from basic sanitation by 2015 were not achieved. Given that the
global population increased from 6 to 7 billion, the share of individuals who still do not have
access to decent toilets remained about the same: about 2.5 billion – in other words: all of the
poorest on our planet.

This remains a harsh assessment of sanitation progress, with only 7% decrease from 1990 and
extremely low coverage levels: only 1 in 3 individuals in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, 1
in 2 in East Asia, 1 in 10 in Jakarta and Manilla. Sanitation is still left behind in developing
countries public policies.

Coverage levels barely reached 67%, far below the 75% target set by the MDGs. Since 1990, 1.8
billion individuals managed to get access to improved sanitation facilities.

China and India represent almost half of global progress on sanitation. 593 million people in
China and 251 million in India managed to get access to improved sanitation facilities since
1990. China makes up to 95% of all sanitation improvements in eastern Asia (Source: United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN-DESA)

Most of global improvements were achiever in East and South Asia, whereas very slow progress
happened in West Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (UN-DESA)

In 2015, the United Nations adopted the new Sustainable Development Goals with, among 17
goals, one specific water and sanitation goal that aims to guarantee universal access to water and
sanitation and to ensure a sustainable management of water resources by 2030. 2015 was a
historical year for water and sanitation with this goal fully dedicated to achieveing results in this
area. Now whether these strong ambitions will translate into tangible progress in 2030 is a
different question…
Sanitation: a process in a whole decision-making chain

Sanitation must be considered as a process or a decision-making chain rather than the sum of

isolated decisions taken without consultation. One must adopt a holistic perspective on the whole
process, from the creation of the waste to its treatment and final release in the natural
environment (be it a residual waste or not), and in compliance with technical, financial or social
acceptability criteria. All of these facets must be taken as a whole. Social acceptability, a
necessary and sufficient condition, matters just as much as the availability of funding, another
necessary condition.

Appropriate sanitation in primary schools is fundamental for effective learning and prevention of
diseases prone to children. This study was undertaken to assess the state of sanitation facilities in
primary schools within Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used
to select primary schools for the survey and 200 schools eventually participated. Data for the
study was obtained from physical inspection of sanitation facilities and semi structured
questionnaire. The result of the study reveals that 5.5% -26.5% of the assessed schools have
sanitation facilities in adequate quantity, quality or usage; 23% have less number of facilities
compared to pupil population, 42% have grossly inadequate facilities, and 12.5% have no
sanitation facility. The quality of facilities in 24.5% of the schools is tolerable while the facilities
in 57.5 % of the schools are in deplorable condition. Also 26.5% of the schools effectively use
the toilets and urinals, 22.5% seldom use them while 38.5% do not use them at all because they
are objectionable or risky. Therefore, raising the status of schools lacking behind in quantity,
quality or usage of sanitation facilities should be a top priority in order to achieve developmental
goals.