Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Oil & Gas Pipeline PDF
Oil & Gas Pipeline PDF
Oil & Gas Pipeline PDF
ITW Welding
W E L D I N G & H e a ting S O L U T I O N S
Meeting the Challenges of High-Strength Pipeline Integrity
Our world is growing Partnering with Miller and Hobart Brothers gives you
and changing. An decades of global experience — a history that includes
increasingly urbanized pipeline construction in some of the harshest and most
population — poised to
remote environments on Earth.
reach 9 billion by 2050
— is driving demand for High-strength materials — like API 5L Grades X70 to X100 — are designed to expedite
pipe lay time, reduce costs and simplify transport. Whether it’s building across desert
new energy sources terrain, up the side of a mountain or through the frigid tundra, high-strength steel offers
and innovation in energy- a history of quality, safety and proven results.
based construction and • Excellent strength properties provide greater carrying capacity, along with the ability
to withstand increased pressure tolerances.
infrastructure. We can
help you meet those • The ability to withstand temperature extremes, thermal expansion and contraction,
frost and other environmental loadings for global construction.
demands.
• Thinner wall thicknesses that require less time to weld, less filler metals to
complete passes and lower costs for transporting materials to jobsites.
• Lower cost per foot compared to lower-strength steels.
As high-strength steels become more prevalent in the global pipeline market, matching
the proper filler metals, welding processes and heat treatment to the pipe can ensure
the highest level of integrity, quality and productivity in pipeline construction.
2
Oil & Gas Pipeline
Addressing the challenges of welding high-strength steels
High-strength steels require special attention to maintain their integrity throughout the
welding process. Key to achieving that goal is minimizing the opportunity for hydrogen-
induced cracking.
High-strength steels also require:
• Filler metals to match the various alloying strategies for high-strength steels and
meet the necessary impact properties.
• New welding systems with innovative processes to optimize the weld performance
and durable designs to meet the rugged requirements of pipeline construction.
• Tightly-controlled pre-heat temperatures of the root pass and interpass
temperatures for the fill and cap passes.
Together, Miller and Hobart Brothers have developed proven innovative solutions to
address these needs. From welding equipment and filler metals tailored to high-
strength steels, to induction heating designed to control pre-heating, interpass
temperatures and post-weld stress relief, our technologies work together to reduce the
risk of hydrogen-induced cracking and ensure you achieve the highest quality welds.
Ask our global network of welding professionals to help you place the
most reliable welding and heating systems for this demanding application
in the hands of your team.
3
Getting to the Root of Welding
High-Strength Steels
Maintaining the quality and safety of the pipeline is absolutely critical. Our
metal-cored wires and the Regulated Metal Deposition (RMD®) process for root
passes, combined with induction heating, ensure the consistency and quality
you need.
Before you even strike an arc, induction heating can help drive out moisture and
minimize hydrogen in the weld joint. The process minimizes the opportunity for
cracking by slowing the cooling rate, allowing hydrogen to diffuse, and offsetting
thermal shock.
Adding to those pre-weld advantages, metal-cored wire and the RMD process
further improve the integrity of the root pass by providing consistent and reliable
root reinforcement. The technologies also provide: Induction heating process
• An exceptionally stable arc and calm weld puddle — both of which help
improve weld quality and consistency, and reduce the opportunity for defects
like lack of fusion.
• Greater tolerance of code-allowable high-low misalignment.
• A fast-freezing puddle that can bridge gaps up to 5 mm (3/16 inch) and
provide a root pass with a throat between 3 to 5 mm (1/8 to 3/16 inch) thick
(for .045-inch wire).
• A weld bead with little or no spatter that typically does not require interpass
grinding or cleaning due to the lack of slag in the process.
E6010 SMAW electrode root pass
• A consistent arc length, even at varying wire stick-out, to simplify training.
• Greater deposition efficiency compared to cellulosic Stick electrodes.
4
Oil & Gas Pipeline
Hobart Brothers Metal-Cored Wires
Products AWS Class Shielding Gas Tensile Yield CVN @ Temp Typical Diffusible Recommended Pipe Grade
psi (MPa) psi (MPa) ft-lb (Joules) Hydrogen*
(ml/100g)
Metalloy® E70C-6M H4 75–95% Argon (Ar)/Balance 87000 77000 53 (72) 1.9 Root pass up to X70 Pipe
76 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (600) (530) @ -20°F (-30°C)
Metalloy E70C-6M H4 75–90% Argon (Ar)/Balance 84000 74000 88 (120) 3.3 Root pass up to X70
71SG Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (579) (510) @ -40°F (-40°C) Pipe & sour gas pipeline
applications
Metalloy E80C-Ni1 H8 75–95% Argon (Ar)/Balance 91000 83000 56 (76) 2.3 Root pass up to X80 Pipe
80N1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (627) (527) @ -50°F (-45°C)
Metalloy E90C-K3 H4 75–95% Argon (Ar)/Balance 102000 94000 47 (64) 2.3 Root pass up to X80 Pipe
90 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (703) (648) @ -60°F (-51°C)
Metalloy E110C-K4 75–95% Argon (Ar)/Balance 118000 105000 43 (58) 3.1 Root pass up to X100 Pipe
110 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (810) (725) @ -60°F (-51°C)
Completed welds provide excellent impact properties — as low as -40 degrees F/C — to compensate for extreme temperatures. Weld deposits
feature as low as 4 ml of diffusible hydrogen per 100 g of weldment compared to up to 16 ml per 100 g with cellulosic Stick electrodes.
*Typical diffusible hydrogen data with shielding gas 75-80% Argon (Ar)/Balance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
90%
80%
Efficiency
70%
60%
50%
40%
(100) (125) (150) (175) (200) (225)
95 115 130 145 165 175 RMD root face
Wire Feed Speed (IPM) & Amps for SMAW
Deposition Efficiency (%) Deposition Efficiency (%) SMAW
The increased deposition efficiency of metal-cored wire vs. E6010 cellulosic Stick
electrode ensures that the majority of metal-cored wire is going into the puddle
as finished weld vs. the Stick electrode where a large percentage is being lost in
spatter, slag and stub loss.
The low hydrogen solution of metal-cored and self-shielded flux-cored wire will
deposit less hydrogen into the weld puddle, decreasing the chance for hydrogen-
induced cracking.
5
A New Pass at Fill and Cap
The alloy in high-strength steels, combined with the high hydrogen levels that
cellulosic Stick electrodes produce, makes welds more prone to hydrogen-
induced cracking. Shifting from Stick welding (SMAW) to Self-Shielded Flux-Cored
welding (FCAW-S) for fill and cap passes reduces hydrogen content, helps ensure
weld integrity and offers substantial benefits to the welding process:
• Easily welds API 5L Grades X70 up to X100: qualified and currently used in
high-strength steel applications around the globe.
• Lower hydrogen content to reduce cracking: Self-shielded flux-cored wires
feature less than 8 ml of diffusible hydrogen per 100 g of weldment (compared
to greater than 16 ml per 100 g for cellulosic Stick electrodes).
• Excellent impact properties: To combat the environmental extremes high-
strength pipelines are subjected to, self-shielded flux-cored wires feature
excellent Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact values at temperatures as low as
-40 degrees Fahrenheit/Celsius. Final cap pass with Hobart®
Fabshield® flux-cored wire
• Increases in speed and deposition efficiency: Self-Shielded
Flux-Cored welding provides faster travel speeds — more pounds per hour —
and offers greater filler metal deposition efficiency compared to welding with
cellulosic Stick electrodes. In short, your operators will use less filler metal to
do the same job and do it in less time.
• Better arc control: Excellent arc quality and dual schedule capabilities give
the welding operator better control over the welding arc, even in difficult
positions toward the bottom of the pipe (4 to 6 o’clock).
• Eliminates shielding gas: Process eliminates the need for a shielding gas,
reducing the cost, transportation and storage of gas bottles.
6
Oil & Gas Pipeline
Hobart Brothers Self-Shielded Flux-Cored Wires
Products AWS Class Shielding Tensile Yield CVN @ Temp Typical Diffusible Recommended Pipe
Gas psi (MPa) psi (MPa) ft-lb (Joules) Hydrogen Grade
(ml/100g)
Fabshield® 81N1 E71T8-Ni1 J H8 None 75000 65000 206 (280) @ -40°F (-40°C) 6.4 Fill & Cap up to
(517) (448) X65 Pipe
Fabshield 81N1+ E71T8-Ni1 J H8 None 82000 71000 106 (128) @ -20°F (-29°C) 5.5 Fill & Cap up to
(565) (490) 71 (96) @ -40°F (-40°C) X70 Pipe
Fabshield X80 E81T8-Ni2 J H8 None 94000 84000 83 (113) @ -20°F (-29°C) 5.2 Fill & Cap up to
(649) (578) 70 (95) @ -40°F (-40°C) X80 Pipe
70% 5.0
65%
4.0
Efficiency
60%
3.0
55%
2.0
50%
45% 1.0
This graph illustrates the increase in deposition rate and more consistent
deposition efficiency when using a self-shielded flux-cored wire vs. an EXX10
cellulosic Stick electrode.
7
Welding Solutions
Each component of the welding process — filler metal and equipment — can affect the amount of
hydrogen in the weld, but combining their attributes into one optimized system ensures the best
results. These systems from Miller and Hobart Brothers are easy to operate and are designed
to withstand the harshest environments found in pipeline construction — tested above and beyond
the highest industry standards to ensure durability and performance.
PipePro XC
Power Source PipePro XC
PipePro®XC RMD Feeder
Feeder
8
Big Blue® 350 PipePro® with SuitCase® X-TREME Big Blue 700 Duo Pro®
HD and Bernard Dura-Flux Gun (Engine Driven)
10
Oil & Gas Pipeline
Our ITW Partners
Miller and Hobart Brothers are just two of the ITW Welding companies who have a well-established history
of providing proven, innovative products to the pipeline industry. ITW has a global, market-leading portfolio of
best-in-class brands that serve the industry with reliable and responsive technical expertise. Our other oil and
gas pipeline partners include:
11
Countless capabilities.
Trusted advice.
Integrated solutions.
As your global partner in pipeline construction, For all your global pipeline welding solution needs contact:
ITW Welding
MillerWelds.com HobartBrothers.com