PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING

1. The school conducted a general student election for the Supreme Student Council. The election is patterned after
the COMELEC system. The school is using what kind of technique?
A. Symposium C. Panel discussion
B. Simulation D. Dramatization
RATIONALIZATION: B-simulation is an activity that simulates “almost real-life situation”. Other applications of
simulation are the following: simulated flight for aviation students, assigning student to be the mayor of the day.
2. During problem solving method, the teacher’s primary role is:
A. Director C. lecturer
B. Clarifier D. judge
RATIONALIZATION: B-during problem solving activities, the teacher acts as a clarifier especially when students are
in doubt how to go about the problem.
3. Which among the following devices can be a scaled replica of a certain object?
A. Mock ups C. globes
B. Models D. maps
RATIONALIZATION: B- models like Heart Models are scaled replicas.
4. Which of the following would be the best choice if a teacher would like to focus on attitudinal change?
A. Dramatization C. role play
B. Field study D. simulation
RATIONALIZATION: C-role playing allows the child to shows his own personal emotions and therefore is a good
option when focusing on attitudinal change.
5. This method relies heavily upon showing the learners a model performance.
A. Activity C. reporting
B. Demonstration D. field study
RATIONALIZATION: B- demonstration includes Teacher-Directed Demo, Student-Directed Demo, Teacher-Student
Directed Demo and Resource Person-Directed Demo.

Ma'am/Sir sana po makatulong..  😊 😋

PART 1: KOUNIN'S MGT MODEL (1970)

✔ stimulus boundedness -- teacher's attention interrupted by extrateneous stimulus
✔ Thrust -- teacher interrupts students engaged in activities w/o considering whether the student is ready or not.
✔ Dangels -- teacher interrupts activity of student and return to it again.
✔ Truncations -- teacher does not return to current act. after being interrupted.
✔ Overdwelling -- teacher focuses on a certian topic that will lead to too much time consupmtion, the lesson will slow down.
Fragmentation -- chunks of lesson for students to understand his/her lesson effectively or breakibg down of act. to cause too
✔

much time.
Flip Flop -- teacher changes its activity from current activity to new one and vice versa 
✔

whenever he/she changes his/her mind.

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PART 2 PO.
THEORIES AND THEIR PROPONENTS
✔ Wilhelm Woundt = german psycologist "founder of modern psychology. 
Titchener = structuralism psychology
✔

William james, G. Stanley Hall, James M. Cattell.... these three promote "functionalism psychology 
✔ Charles darwin = theories to mental characteristics as human think, feel & behave(" evolutionary psychology")
✔ Herman Ebbinghaus = associationism psychology
✔ Edwin Guthrie = (stimulus and response ) :; temporal conguity
✔ Edward Lee Thorndike = "satisfaction" "the law of effect".
✔ Ivan Pavlov = involuntary behavior
✔ Max Wertheimer = gestalt psychology
✔ Otto Loewi = discovered "acetylchloline" respobsible in stimulation of muscles 
Ulf von Euler discovered "norepinephrine" bringing our nervous system into "high alert" 
✔ ✔Arvid Carlsson discovered
"dopamine" the reward mechanisms in the brain 
✔ Jean Piaget -- cognitive dev't , info processing , dynamic interrelation.
✔ Sigmund Freud -- psychosexual , psychoanalytic
✔ Erik Erickson -- psychosocial
✔ Lawrence Kohlberg -- moral dev't,
✔ Burrhus Frederic Skinner -- operant cond.
✔ Ivan Pavlov -- classical cond.
✔ Edward Lee Thorndike -- connectionism
✔ Albert Bandura -- social learning, neo - behaviorism
✔ Robert Gagne -- sequence of instruction
✔ Abraham Maslow -- hierarchy of needs , motivation theory
✔ William Kohler -- insight learning
✔ Robert Havighurst -- devt task theory
✔ Benjamin Bloom -- bloom's cognitive taxonomy
✔ Simpsons / Anita Harrow -- psychomotor domain
✔ David Krathwohl -- affective domain
✔ Jerome Bruner -- constructivist, spiral curr, instrumental conceptualism 
✔ Lev Vygotsky -- socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt , linguistic theory, Scaffolding 
✔ Edgar Dale -- cone of exp. (20% remember)
✔ kohler,koffka, weirtheimer -- gestalt psychology
✔ John Locke -- tabularasa , empiricism
✔ Howard Gardner -- multiple int.
✔ Noam Chomsky -- language acquisition theory , fr of linguistic, nativism 
✔ David Ausubel -- meaningful learning, graphic organizer, assumption
✔ Charles Cooley -- looking glass self theory
✔ John Flavel -- metacognition
✔ Sandra Bem -- gender schema theory
✔ Elliot Turriel -- social domain theory
✔ Robert Sternberg -- triachic theory of int.
✔ Johm Watson -- behaviorial theory
✔ Maria Montessory -- transfer of learning, kinder garten preparation of children.
✔ Edward Tolman -- purposive behaviorism and goal oriented
✔ Edward Torrance -- creative problem solving
✔ Bernard Weiner -- attribution theory
✔ Daniel Goleman/coleman? -- emotional intelligence
✔ Wolfgang Ratke -- used vernacular for approaching the class.
✔ mencius -- idealistic wing of confucianism
✔ hzun tzu -- realistic wing of confusianism
✔ taoism -- lao tzu 
✔ Herbart spencer -- moral devt
✔ Pestallozi -- symmetrical and harmonious devt of child
✔ John Jacques Rosseau -- nature of child 
✔ Arnold Gesell - maturation theory
✔ John Dewey - Learning by doing
✔ David Froebel - Father of kinder garten
✔ John Bowly - Attainment Theory
✔ Edward Boro - Six Thinking Hats Theory
✔ Auguste Comte - Father of Sociology
 ✔ Carlos Linnaeus - Father of modern taxonomy.
✔ John Amos Comencius - Fr. of modern education.
✔ Erasmus Desiderius - Fr. of humanism/ social humanism
William Kilpatrick - Project method.
✔

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PART 3:
IDEALISM -- plato
REALIAM -- aristotle
EMPIRICISM -- locke
PRAGMATISM -- dewey
EXISTENTIALISM -- hegel
PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- moore
ESSENTIALISM -- bagley
PERENNIALISM -- hutchins
PROGRESSIVISM -- dewey
RECONSTRUCTIONALISM -- brameld
BEHAVIORISM -- skinner or watson
STRUCTURALISM -- helmholts or wundt?
FUNCTIONALISM -- james,nugell, or carr?
PURPOSIVISM -- hormic
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PART 4 -ISM
✔ NATURALISM -- only nature exist, nature is better than civilization (NATURALESA ng isang BAGAY)
✔ IDEALISM -- spiritual, values, moral, socratic method
✔ REALISM -- natural world, values arenatural and absolute, reality exist undercieved
✔PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM -- practical, problem solving research, knowledge is what works, values are related,
truth is warranted assertion.
✔ ESSENTIALISM -- 3r's (4r's ngayon), achievement test, certain knowledge&skills are essential for rational being.
PROGRESSIVISM -- process of development, higher level of knowledge, the child's need and interest are relevant to
✔

curriculum.
EXISTENTIALISM -- knowledge is subjective, man shapes his being as he lives, we are what we do, deciding precedes
✔

knowing.
✔ PERENNIALISM -- education that last for century, universalist, knowledge is eternally valid.
✔ SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM -- for better society, community based learning
✔ RECONSTRUCTUONALISM -- the school should help rebuild the social order thus social change.
✔ BEHAVIORISM -- learning is change in behavior, S-R relationship
✔ EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses (observatory learning)
✔ STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental exp. such as image,feeling and sensation
✔ FUNCTIONALISM -- focus to motivation, thinking & learning.
✔ PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones are responsible for the motive to strive towards fulfillment of his/her objective.
✔PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- reality is what verifiable, truth correspondes to reality, usage determines meaning
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PART 5: REPUBLIC ACTS
9155 -- Governance of basic educ. act of 2001
6728 -- GASTPE
7722 -- creating CHED
7784 -- " " of center of excellence
7796 -- creating TESDA
6655 -- Free public secondary act of 1988
4090 -- creating a state scholarship council to intergrate, systematize, administer and implement all program scholarships and
appropriating funds.
5447 -- creation of a special educ. fund act enacted in 1968
-- organization and extension of classes
-- adding classroom to remote areas,barrios and provincial schools
6139 -- regulated the secretarian schools/private school in charging higher tuition fee
7687 -- science and technology scholarship act of 1994
7743 -- establishment of city and municipal libraries.
8292 -- higher educ. modernization act of 1997
6850 -- an act to grant Civil Service eligibility under certain conditions to Gov. employees appointed under provisionap or
temporary status who rendered 7 years of efficient service
8545 -- amending RA 7628 Expanded GASTPE Act
8525 -- Adopt a school program
8491 -- Flag and Heraldic code of the Ph.
7797 -- lengthen the school prog. to 200 days and not more than 220 days
8190 -- act of granting priority to residents of the brgy. where school is located in the appointment and assignment of school.
6972 -- act of stablishing DAY CARE CENTER FOR EVERY BRGY.
7624 -- integrating of drug prevention and control in the intermediate & secondary curricula and indigeneous learning system
7743 -- act providing libraries and reading centers throughout the Ph.
7877 -- anti-sexual harassment act of 1995
9163 -- NSTP of 2001
6193 -- regulation of tuition fees of private educ. institution
10627 -- anti-bullyinh act of 2013
10533 -- enhance basic educ. act of 2013 (K-12 PROGRAM)
9485 -- anti-red tape act
Executive Order (E.O.) 66 -- rule of cancellation of classes due to typhoon, flooding and other calamities.
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PART 6
Philosophers Related to Learners Development
SIGMUND FREUD -- "the mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk avove water.
✔

COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
ID -- pleasure center
EGO -- reality center
SUPER EGO -- conscience / judgment center.
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEV'T
ORAL -- thumb sucking, biting
ANAL -- toilet training, control of their bowel.
PHALLIC -- sexual interest, genital stimulation.
LATENCY -- sexual urges & interest were temporary 
GENITAL -- adult sexual interest and activities come to dominate.
Odipus complex - son vs father towards mother/wife feelings . (excessive attachment)(Phallic stage)
Electra complex - daugther vs mother towards father/husband feelings. (excessive attachment)(Phallic stage)
Personality Dynamics
LIFE INSTINCT
DEATH INSTINCT
===================================
✔ERIK ERICKSON -- "healthy children will not fear in their elders have integrity enough to fear of death.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES of DEVT
CRISIS -- a person goes through
MALADAPTATION -- result from failure to effectivity resolve the problem
MALIGNACY -- "
VIRTUE -- emerges when balance & resolution of crisis attained.
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY STAGES
Stage: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Important Events: Toilet Training
Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to
feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Stage: Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt
Important Events: Exploration
Outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of
purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
Stage: School Age (6 to 11 years)
Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
Important Events: School
Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure
results in feelings of inferiority.
Stage: Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Important Events: Social Relationships
Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while
failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Stage: Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Important Events: Relationships
Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while
failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Stage: Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and Parenthood
Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change
that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow
involvement in the world.
Stage: Maturity(65 to death)
Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Important Events: Reflection on life
Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom,
while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
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LEV VYGOTSKY -- "the teacher must orient his work not on yesterday's devt in the childs but on tomorrow's.
✔

SCAFFOLDING -- is the systematic manner of providing assistance of the learners to effectively acquire skills.
MKO(More Knowledge Others) -- higher level of performance.
===================================
JEAN PIAGET -- " the school should be creating men & women who are capable of doing new things not simply repeating
✔

what other generation have done.

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVT.
SENSORY MOTOR (BIRTH - 2y/o) -- infants knowledge.
PRE-OPERATIONAL ( 2-7y/o) -- pretent to play but still struggle with logic,mental symbols interest.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-11) -- think logically, hypothetically and concepts, solve problems
FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11-UP) -- deductive reasoning and understanding of abstract ideas, think symbolically.
===================================
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG -- "right action tends to be defined in terms of general individual rights and standards that have
✔

been critically examined & agreed upon by the whole society.

LEVELS OF MORAL DEVT.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL -- obidience & punishment (consequences) , individualism & exchange
CONVENTIONAL --interpersonal relationship, maintain social order.
POST-CONVENTIONAL -- social contract and individual rights , universal principles, set of values and beliefs.
===================================
✔URIE BROFENBRENNER -- 
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
MICROSYSTEM -- sorroundings of individual: family, friends, neighborhood
MESOSYSTEM -- connections between context, school experiences to church experience.
EXOSYSTEM -- includes other people and places that the child herself may not interact with often herself but that still have a
large effect on her.
MACROSYSTEM -- which is the largest and most remote set of people and places and things to a child but which still has a
great influence over the child.
===================================
✔ALBERT BANDURA -- SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 
: environment affects child's personality : learninh occurs by simply observing people, people learned from what they see and the
consequences of what they did
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PART 7
FOUR PILLARS OF LEARNING
✔LEANING TO KNOW -- focuses on combining broad gen. knowledge and basic educ. with the opportunity to work on a
small number of subjects in the light of rapid changes brought about by scientific progress ang new forms of economic and social
acitivity.
 ❇Learning how to learn and to discover, as to benefit from ongoing educational opportunities continuously arising throughout
life.
❇ Developing the faculties of memory, imagination, reasoning and problem solving.
❇ Understanding about one's environment.
❇ Communicating with others.
✔ LEARNING TO DO -- emphasizes on the learning of skills necessary to practice a profession or trade.
❇ applying in practice what has been learned.
❇ developing vocational / occupational and technical skills
❇ developing social skills in building meaningful interpersonal relationships.
❇ developing competence, social behavior, aptitude for teamwork
❇ enhancing the ability to communicate and work with others
❇ managing and resolving conflicts.
✔ LEARNING TO BE -- prioritizes the development of the human potencial to the fullest.
❇ tapping the talents hidden with individual.
❇ developing personal commitment and responsibilty for the common good.
✔LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER -- emphasizes understanding of others, their history, tradition and cultures, and also
living and interacting peacefully together.
❇ appreciating diversity of human race
❇ being receptive to others and encounter others through dialogue and debate.
❇ caring about others
❇ working toward common objectives in cooperative undertakings.
managing and resolving conflicts.
❇

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PART 8: COGNITIVE PERSPECTVE : GESTALT PRINCIPLE
✅ German word means "whole, form, pattern or configuration"
✅the focus of this theory is on Perception and how people assign meaning to visual stimuli "The whole is more than the sum of
all parts"
LAW OF PROXIMITY -- elements that are closer together be percieved as a coherent object.
LAW OF SIMILARITY -- similar will percieved as part of the same form.
LAW OF CLOSURE -- ignoring gaps in the figure.
LAW OF CONTINUATION -- patterns establish an impled direction, people tend a good continous line.
LAW OF PRAGNANZ -- stimulus will be organize into a good figure as possible.
LAW OF FIGURE/GROUND -- we tend to pay attention and percieved things in the foreground first.
INSIGHT LEARNING -- Gestalt adheres to the idea of learning takes place by discovery.
PART 9
✔ Ripple Effect -- spreading effect of series of consequences caused by singlr action or event.
Hawthorne Effect -- type of reactivity effect in which individuals improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their
✔

awareness of being observed.

Halo Effect -- cognitive bias which an observer overall impression of a person, influences the observers feeling and thoughts
✔

about the entity's character or property 

✔ Pygmalion Effect -- Shows the teacher's expectation (self-fulfillment)
Golem Effect -- low expection leads to decrease in performance.
✔

REINFORCEMENTS
Positive -- presence of stimulus
Negative -- absence of stimulus
Escape -- removes stimulus
Avoidance -- prevents stimulus
Reinforcement -- increase of behavior
Punishment -- decrease of behavior
The Top 20 Figures of Speech
1. Alliteration - the repetition of an initial consonant sound.
2. Anaphora - the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or
verses.
3. Antithesis - the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
4. Apostrophe - reaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality,
an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.
5. Assonance - identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
6. Chiasmus - a verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first
but with the parts reversed.
7. Euphemism - the substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
8. Hyperbole - an extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis
or heightened effect.
9. Irony - the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Also, a statement or
situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
10. Litotes - a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed
by negating its opposite.
11. Metaphor - an implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something
important in common.
12. Metonymy - a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which
it's closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to
things around it.
13. Onomatopoeia - the use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions
they refer to.
14. Oxymoron - a figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.
15. Paradox - a statement that appears to contradict itself.
16. Personification - a figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with
human qualities or abilities.
17. Pun - aplay on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the
similar sense or sound of different words.
18. Simile - a stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally
dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.
19. Synecdoche - a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole (for example,
ABCs for alphabet) or the whole for a part ("England won the World Cup in 1966").
20. Understatement - a figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation
seem less important or serious than it is

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
LIST OF KEYWORDS
1. Idealism – spiritual, values, ideal
2. realism- science
3. empiricism- senses
4. naturalism- innate
5. existentialism- choice,decision,unique
6. essentialism- specialization, basic, fundamental
7. perrenialism- classic, literature, traditional
8. pragmatism- activation of skills
9. progressivism-child-centered
10. Epicureanism- perfection
11. Agnosticism- aetheist, unknown
12. stoicism- passionate emotions
13. hedonism- pleasure
14. humanism- humans
15. constuctivism- prior knowledge activation
16. reconstructionism- solution to problem
17. scholasticism- rationalization of church
Theories
1.Stages of development- jean piaget, thinking
2. Cognitivism- discovery learning, Jerome bruner,
concrete to abstract
3. behaviourism- environment, watson
4. connectionism- classroom environment, thorndike
5. humanism- carl rogers, child centered
6. operant conditioning- reinforcement/punishment,
skinner
7. Classical conditioning- habit and stimuli
8. Meaningful learning- conceptual, graphic organizers,
Ausubel
9. Insightful learning- Activation of prior knowledge,
problem solving, kohler
10. Moral development- value formation, Kohlberg
11. need theory- needs, maslow
12. attachment theory- caregiver, john Bowlby
13. identity statuses- jame marcias, confusion
14. field theory- internal and external environment
15. bioecological- system of environment, Brofenbrenner
16. choice theory- glasser, decision
17. social learning- bandura, modelling
18. socio-cultural- Vygotsky, scaffolding more
knowledgeable other(mko)
Commonly used terms
Metacognition- thinking about thinking
Recitation- thinking aloud
Schooling- system controlled by teacher
Rebus- making a poem out of a concept
Indoctrination- religion, without addition nor subtraction
KASH
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, SKILLS AND HABITS
KC APANSE - Blooms taxonomy