a22O1 O20 / C}.

EE /Y,S 2A-l-4

t:
CARTBBEAII EXAI'IINATToNS COUNCIL

CARIRBEAN A.DVANCED PROFICLBNCa EX-{i'{IN-AT1C}I!*@

BIOLOGY

UNIT2-PAPER02
MARK SCHE],(E

AY/.'UNE 2014
 o22|'t O2O /CAPD/i,ts 2O t4
ar o-!_cgy
I
Unit2-Papei02
Mark Scheme
l

Cueslion I
I
I
t
(a)
i

I3

D
c

(i) A - Maerix
B - Ciistsa./inner rn embraoe
c -, ATP s!-nthase d( scalk) p_arj: j.c1es ii
D-DNAit--.,i,.i,.._ .'I.lr tl*.!-t- ii.,.;.
1 Eark for eacll strucEute correctly ideDE.ified
[4 narks]
(ii) Arrow label].ed x indicatj-ng natrix
[1 mark]
ib) (i) Bq]-aqio'.hip
1. Rate of phoLos)mt,llesis increases (rapidl.y/ sharply/ sLeeply)
(up Lo 3 6"Cl
2- Rate decreases ( rapidly/5beeply/sharply) (beyond 36'a/linear
deeline )
3. Between 10 to f5"c - rate idcreases a)ino6b linearl?
, (directly proportional to temperaEure)
4. ootimum is aE J5"c t 1
,, 1 n;i,k for each point
[3 marks]
t

-l

o22O't 02O /CAPE/tts 2Ol4

Blology
Unit2-Paper02
l"1ark schenle

Quest:on 1 coilr'd

(ii) ElfecL ot increased Co7 conceDEra:iol:

Owerall net photoslmtheLic rate increases !'iCh incr:ea6e in

j_Jl rrct raLe
with increasing temPelaru{e the differenc-e
oC
increa6et up fo ' approximagefy 36 (nord markcd/gr:eater
with increasing' ""tAmpdiature/Extfa Coz boosts net
pho eoslmthetic .rate by nearly 1Oo? at 25 "C and by almost
4so 'c at-36 6C)
At .ElgIgI-Cq" 991"*,t:1:-t"", naxim,um r-re,t, rale -ig 'reactied at
ni j[LrTem_pdratureJi?-uc versus 2s "c) /extra col increases
trre opil-mLi -iEriipe;alure- by.about 11
oc

Beyond opcimum Llmperature 9g l9_.rls9:_ rimiting ractor

99
'j-11
For each of alY 3 PoiEhs - I Eark
[3 na:rkE]

(iii) IDcreasilg I€veL of Co? - higher concentraEion of co'] will

resule in- faster rAEe of PhotosyDthesis;-tteYlce increased
1 yi"ra tfr*n co,/lurn parafiinbstine ramps)
U"oqrataeure is greeDhouse at opEimum leve1 for
"6itiof usltg heaqers/butane -or- paraftin lamps (enhance
pi"iEe
enzyme function) I t-'.'\...-.- \"...: |, [\-"r' t ! ' '
r.,"i"r""d reve;. di co, reGuits in higher PhotosynlheLic
rate ( f ixat j.on/relate to details in calwin cycle)
-t;r
J44t Temtr)erature \.ri11 increase
enz)tme activity to optimun
level
tl -

...1 At higher temperature6 - denaturilg of enzymes dccrease

'.{i in ph;tosynLhetic rate beyond ()ptinum levef
AccepE aay oLber lelevant corunent
{wa
"iaztn
rach^polli, fully exPlained - 2 marks
fDcoEEr1ete - 1 majk
[4 malks]

,
Total 15 marks
t-

4
o22O? O2O / CAPE/MS 2074
Biologl/
Unit2-Paper02
I'lar:k Scheme

Ouest-ion 2

(a) Potasslum cyarlide

AT OOC; No effect, of poEassium cyanide' {potassium upLake

remains unchanged) ;
Rate of metabolism and respiration already very lolv.

At 250C Potassium cyaJride alters (changes) rate of uptake

Blocks respiratory ener!ry needed for the act_ive uptake
of ions acaoss ce11 medbranes
Eor eacb te[rlr6rature, effect stated a.Dd exp].alaed -
2 BarkB
iE'corErleta - 1 eark
(b) Dra!,,inq
[4 harksl

Cellular defails with root hair as an extension of epi derElal ceff

(1)
Pathh,ayE illuEtrated: a I ,.'\..,.t r,
Iastic - through celf walt; symplasLic
-through plasmodesmaEa; wacuolar - hransmetibrane fron one vacuofe
to another a_nd cyLoplasm-
l Eark for 6ach of 3 correct patbwayE

Drawing laLels indicated soil p_arti,g_Ie. epideimal, cef1s, roor_

haj.r, coftical cells
- { Aabels -correct 2 lnar}s
1-2 la.bel5 correct -- 1 mark
3 .

[6 rE-ks ]
EPi dertrral ccll
Cortical perenchyrn, cell

Cr!ip$ slrip

EndoderIoi6

Xllcm

Root hair
0 c

Pericvcle
Apoplast
-j> SymPlast I
Epidermis Srelc

---
 20L7
5 a22o.t o2o / ?APE/tns

BiologY
02
Unit 2 - EaPel
Mark Scheme

" .-; Que st1()n

2 corrt' d

i) (arrio-\'
(
l ii';ll"ot" (Mrtrar :::i::ilii|,:ill?,,"r"''
c - eicusPia '
1 oark
coraectsty ld.eatsi fied - [3 roarks]
Eacb sttucCure

L1lJE D
(ii) Defec tive 9t t"uc
from aorEa to lefE wentticle
Backflow of blood.
Iar preESl.lre
i Decreased arEel
(2 o.arl(sl
1 Eat1C each

Total 15 flratks
 6
o22o7 020 /c^PEh,1s 2o)-4
Biofogy
Uuit2-Paper02
Maik Scheme

Q-usqlign 3

(a) (i)
9.0

t.0
7.0

6.0

5-0

4.0 - - - Afric{
! Asia
3.0
-
* 2.0

1.0

OJ
1990 r995 z)00 2m5 2010
Yeer

Title: PerceEtage of overweighE and obesity in pre_schoo_l childr:en

fo): -Africa and Asia for the period 19OO to 2010.
Both axes correctly 1abe11ed - year ort X axis, ? on Y axis
[1 markl
AccuraEely plotting points for Africa t1
rnar}(l
Accurately pfotting point.s for Asia t1
markl
l-ine graphs'riistinct and labelled/key t1
oarkl
Appropriate title given t1
markl
i.. -) \ 'i\" -' '
rl t,
*' 1.,!l ,.\'.._ [5 narks ]
(ii) ?rend for Afri.ca and Lat'in America and the Caribbeal1
Great.er (steeper,/6harper)overaIl increase' Ln childhood
obesity for Africa thalr Latin America and tbe Caribbean
(mal-ginaL/s1ight increase/fairly constaDt)
100t increase for Africa (doubled) compared to 1.5? :cr
Latin Arnerica and the Caribbean
Compared to LatiD Arnerica and the Car.ibbear percerrtage f o'de r
for Africa from 1990 eo 2ooo but becohes hi gher by 2oio
Conpar.ed to Africa percentage higher for La[in Aherica and
hhe Caribbean for the period I990-2OOO bu[ i.s Lower by 2010
A-Dy oue poiar wlLb futr .o*p"lj'r{n- z r!arks

f2 marksl
 o22o7 o2o/ cAPE/us 2oL4
Biology
Unit2-Paper02
l/lark Scheme
Oues[ion 3 coot'd
(iii) -srrate4y
xutrLtio!,/Diet - promote/encourage/implemenL healthy eating
babits
Physica]' activity - promote/encouragel-Lmplement regNlar
physlcal activitY
iduc"tion - dangers of poo! diet (improper nuLrition) /lack
of physical activity ( inadeguate)
Accept aly other plausible gtrategy
Bach appropriaEe scraCegy wilb. brief erplanatioa - 1 mark
Aly tt o 3trat.egi65 stat6d/e)cPlatlatsioD urclerr - 1 Dalk
[2 loarkEl
(b) (i)
Ph

Bicteria

Llsosomcs
r Etrgulfinent bY
€trdocytosit
2
PhrBosome formrtion

Phagolyrosamc
N(rlcleu$ Mnc lt
IUacmphrge
" Debris Brteri.l c€ll destro].,ed

EgBtior ofdcbrls KiIlDg erd dig$rioo

and Antigca Pr€seotrtior

1- Bacterium engul fed,/ingested/ surroulded (plocess ct

endocyto6is )
(torm a
z- Lysoslmes (digestive glanules) merge wich phagosonre
pil.agolysosome )
:. 'sa"i.riaf ce1l destroyed by lysins/hydr:olyLic enzymes in the
phagolysosome/breakdok5l of bacterlum

For €ach correcE arurot'atioD - 1 eark [3 oarksl

 -8-
o22O7 O2O /CAPE/ttS zOL+
Biology
Unit. 2 - Paper 02
Hark Scheme

Quest ion 3 cc:rt'd

(ai) Some of Lhe oige:iLed (plocessed) iralrments of Lhe

bacterium combine with (cIasi .r1 t{gc) proteins/bacteri\rm
broken down
(MHC II aJltlgen) compfex is displayed on plasma membrarle
(surface) of macroptrage
Macrophage r0ay presenE complex l).mphocytes to (T celLs/B
celIs)
Each polEt cl€aily statsed - l mark t3 narksl

Total 15 lqalks

.t
,x
 9
o22O7 O20 / CAPld /t4S 20L4
B io 109y
UniL 2 - Paper 0:
Ma):k Scheme

Ouestion {
(a) Potential ener gy !9 ses
l.Losses occur at each tropilj c leuei - Iess and -less erre.rgy is
available at each successive t.rophic level .i-, ..1
2.Re6piraLory losses (movement/muscular contract i oo/drie and decay)
3.Digestiwe losses not a1I parts of or:ganisms are eaten
4-Digestive losse6 - not aI1 material eaten is fully digeseed.
( faeces)
5, Heat losses
6. ExcreE ior
Eac! of aEy four polEt€ 1 Dark t4 markEl
(b) Food web c o-!P19r1!L

.l Food web: mesh of intserlinking (inEercoDneetsi og) food chains

* .) organisms feed than one oEher organis s.
. : Some feed on organi6ms at several trophic leye1s
.\ Food !.eb compfexiEy is associaEed uith high biodiversicy
.3 High btodiversitsy and food web complexiEy liDked to iocreaseal
, eco6yEteu sLabilit).
.b High biodiverslt.y can enhance efficiency of erl.rq_y flofl aqd nutrieDts
cycliEg
.'l Greater vartety of footl available for coDsuInptioll by indiwidual
6pec ies

For each poinE - 1 mark [4 !flarks]

r-':rt....i-..)r i ..r. . ... t_- -i 1 ,:; r
(c) Biotic interactions in aD ecos sLem

ExpJ-an&tioE: InteractiotrB involving other llvlng orga-Lisns (1)

Descriptioa of lnteraction6
. AlEruism cooperative behavrour as seen -in socral insecrts where
individuafs work Logether for the benefit of ltre colo y
. Feeding: her.bivores on planLs or algae eEc. (1)
. PledaLi on one oaganism (the piedator) kills arld eat a other(Lhe prey)
. Dl sease/Parasi-tlsm one organisni (lhe parasite) laves in c lose
n 1i.. 11\ as6ociation with a.nother organislt of a differ:elrt species {LLe hcst )
_l and does it harm
. l4utualisn: Lhro organisms of differext sFecies Live in close
associaLiorl, both benetitting from the re,iaLionship (1)
.\ Commerrsali.sm: oDe organism ber-efits whlle r-he otLe-r rreiLher ga 1ns noL
loses
i" competi t ion tr*o org'an.isflls bcth require scmeEhing irhat is ic shor!
supDIy

o tlay involve physical or chemical r3r:fare (strrrggle)

1 mark for each of aay six polDtsE
Notei if inEeraction€ EEatsed buts witsh no descripE ion
5 - 6 - 3 marks; I - 4 - 2 malkE; !:i 2 t harh
[7 nark6]
 -10
O2207 O2O /cApE /\rs 2ot4
Biology
Unit2-Paper02
Mark Scheme
Question 5

(a) (i) Tr:an.jlocati on - tr:anrport (movemenL) of soI.+b.le producLs roig:nic

collrpounds/ sucrcse/ sugars ) of photosynLhesis t,hrough phl.oem (siev::
tubes)

OR

tEaEspoEt (moveEtent) of solu-ble products (orga-nic compounds

,/sucrose/sugars) of photosynthesis from source (1eave's) to
siEk lother parts of the p]anE where tlley are used or stored)
in phloem (sieve tubes)
BxlrlaEatioa weII stated to irlc].ude highliqhted. paits
- 2 narks
(Idcorq)lete oE Dot clearly atated 1 Eark)
-
[2 Elalks I
(ii) FIow of phloem 6ap i6 usually from source (Ieaves whele sugars
are made) to slnk (rooEs where sugars ar e used or stored)
sap flows under pre ssure (due to pressure difference between
source and 6ink)
Spiral slash prevents optimal bulk flow of phloem sa.p to root
(sin]()
More phloem sa PI s avail-ab1e to qo to other sinks e.g fflrit
lrlore sugars tran6 ported t o fruit cells
- s-,reet.er
4-SpoiEts-4ee-lkB
3tolDtss-3Eaj.hs
2poirlts-2marks
1poiDts-1nark
[{ marks ]
(b) (i) Depolarization
1. AC rest (not sending a signal) , sodium Potassiufl pump
maintai.n charge -inside cel L re.Iative Lo the
outside.
] ii ,1""
1".1,i. .,
2. At rest sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels, in Ehe
membtane, are closed

3. At rest more potasgium chaonels open dif ferential

permea-bi1rty.
4. Sodium potasEium punp mainLains a positiwe charge on the
outside of the ynembrane compared Eo the inside (-7omv) !
!

I { when a i Lhre-s-.1-lqfd level,l s5i6r1rr= is received it causes sodium

ion (voltage gated) channels Eo open
$ 6. Incr"a=" permeability to sodiuEl ions/ i nflux of soC..urn iolls
into cell
\ ?. Amount of sodium icns enLering ceII is greaie. :ItaI] anount of
potassirim ions leavinq cell
f

- 11-
o22O7 02O / CAPB/US 2Or4
Biology
Unit2-Paper02
Mark Scheme
Question 5 co.rt e

8. Causeg inside of the cell Lo become posiLiveLy charged

relative to the outside
9. Voltage changes across nembrane becomes more positive (-70mV
to +lomv)
10_ when potential difference reaches about +30mV decrease in
sodium permeability (no more sodium gets in) membr:ane is
depolari zed
8-10 ateps corract].y stsated - 6 markd
5-7 stseps correctsl.y stsateal - 5 Earka
4 steps correctly gtaEed - 4 marks
3 EEepE cortecE,.y stsatsed - f tr|atkE
2 stseps correctl:, stated - 2 rErks
]. Etep correcEJ.y stsatsed - 1 Eark
[5 narks]
(ii) Lidocaj.ne and qenerator of an actioD potential
?- Lidocaine alters/iEterferes iriEh the dePolarization of the
Deurorle
a.Blocks movement of sodiuh ions across neurone' s cell membranes
(into ce11) /inacEivates sodium channels - no influr( of sodi-um
rons
9. No actj.on potential qenerated ewen bhough threshold stimulus
receiwed/preveol-s build- up of act ion Potential/Eo dePolari zal: iolt

Eachpoint-1mark
[3 Elarks]

Total 15 marts
 -12-
02207 02A /C.LPA/lrs 20L4
Biology
un 1E 2 Paper 02
Matk Scherne

q]|9Eqlgg_!
I
I
i (a)
I 1, IiyperteEsio!
t o High btood pressure (high force against the rralls of arteries
i
as heart pumps blood Ehrough body)
;
2. Excessive fat intake .aII lead to Higb blood ciolesterol
I levels J,
i : , {,..L, ",.,. ..
| 3.t Cbolesterol/ dcpos*ted iE altery wa1L tso repai! da-Eaged
{endotheliirm) area
I
I 4 . whlte blood cer..rs srreEm in a" -n.r. Lrli*".or.r rro.",
r depoaited - .
!
! i 5. Euild-up of cbo].eBterol.) depositB (a!d white cells) results
t. praque for:qatlon in altery nafIs. in
!

5. Causes haldeaiug ( thlckeEiDg/stlffeling/Io6s of elaslicity,

artery t-a1l (atherosclerosis ) of
7. Irrcrease in plaque formation leads to reductioD iD lumen
artery (narrowing of lumen/blocked blood flow ia arteries)Epace of
L Eeart geDerates greaeer blood pres6ule for clrculatioD
(hyperEens ioo/increased blood pressure)

correct explaDatioD of hlt)ertension (I,oiEt. 1) t Inark

-
Deecripb ioD of plaque forrtatloll to include points,3,4,5
3 barks
plaque f,or'matsloa poiDts - 2 narks
Olty 1 plaque Ecrrffat-ioE point _ 1 mark
&<pla.uatioE of associatioE to include poiEEB 2, 6.'1 , A
Ilarka
..j 2-3 lroiats 2 Darks
-
-- OoLy1poiEt-thark

[7 m.ark6]
(b) Chronic bronchitis: caused by ercess nucus ill h-!rg air passag.es

o Tars in cigaret.te 6moke causes excess mucus secretion in

lung/air pas sages
o Smoking de6troys or paraiyses cil ia that normatly sweep
away mucus

-Leads Eobreatbless[ess (difficuity ]n geEEitlg enough oxygen

blood) (sloi,, onset, loig duration aisease) ,,-i t_,
 - 1l
o22O7 O2A / CAPE/MS 2014
Biology
U it 2 -- Paper 02
Mark Scheme

QueGtion 6 cont' d

,qEPfryJSIg., car]s;ed by breakdoen of tlrin lralls ol air

sacs (a]veoli) .

o Chemicals in cigarett.e smoke cause lorrg Cerm irrltation of

Iung tissues, and leads to breakdokn of elast.ia ti.ssue by
the body's immrmc syst em. t
o Decreased the EoCal surface area for qas excbanqe,
o Reduced elasLiiily af t*r9 Lissues /lJS5
Lends to breat.hleBsne6s (eimilar as fora chronic
I ''".
bronchiti s/ labored breathing)
A . .,-it
\(rr -L) r't . -r_l
For distincti on of eacA cooditiou-, to iuclude
higLligbtsed p oirrts * 2 Darxs
Exlrlaaat{oD of link of clgarette Brrokiag t.o chroEic
broncb.iti s
Fo. each I)oint - 1 llark
Por corylele expla.DaEioD of li.D]C of cigaret.te smokiEg
t o eq)byseba

Aly t.hree poiDEB - 3 roarhs

[8 marksl

Yj .:;:a- -,l:-'"-r,"! -1 i\- + '{&1.f}c!nr'

Total 15 marks
\,. ,,.,.,,-.1. i. :
.\
!i .(\--r .:.:,. t-,,,r-, \r!: '. l

1\..i
i-:1.,.r(-r% -.":-r