o22O7 O2O I e}eE'/MS 2OL1

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS couNcrL J.all f ozl,

ADVANCED PROFICTENCY EXAMINATION

\,/..1.4 Lx-

BTOIOGY

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o22O7 O2O I:APE/MS 2011

BiOIOGY
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o uestion 1
(a) (i) A - EpidenEl cells/ePidermis
B - Palisade cell/Palisade
mesoPhYII/PaIisade IaYer
/vascular bundle'
- (feaf) vein (accePt xylem or
phloem)

- stoma (stomata) or guard

D
n:It:'"* = 4 uarrcs
(ii)

. Dratring done twice t'he

size (1)
(1)
. details shown (not a pran) "'
layers (1)
. ""ii"r'.. cellular
Correct proportions of(1)
. Most/AII cells drawn
e Neat llnes (1)
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o uestion 1 cont' d

(iii) 0.3? run, 0.037 cm, 3?0 Hn

1 Eark
accept 0.36 - 0.38 cm
(b) (i) . Quantitative,/diagramatic representation ofinfeeding
an ecosvstern
i;;;;tt reratioistrips betwlen organismsof energy flot"
. (Graphical)/diagramatic represenEation
betseen tropic atructuag (levels) in an ecosystem
. (Graphical) /diagramatic rePresentation of-nurnber of
inaiviauats at different nutritional leveIs
AnY coqr!,ete definitioE = 2 ua'rtcs
(Pattia]' defLn-itios = l Dark)
1 Eatk
(ii) Pyramid of energy

(iii) Decreasing fTow of enety between successive

troPhic
Ievels in ascending order
Decteasinq efficiency of energy transfer
between
ascending troPhic leveLs
one trophic
Energy Toss when energy is transferred from
Ievel to the next level
Fewer organj:sls are suPported at each troPhic
llny one point coq'Iete1y e<Plained = ?l lrrks
rncoqrlete = Datk
tfotal 15 Ealks

syl-latcue Reference I 1.1.1, 1'3'4, 1'3'3

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Question 2

(a) (i-) . Syringe moves air bubble/water back to the original

position
. syringe zeros the appalatus/reset the reading
. Replaces water retnoved by the plant
Any 0!6 Point = 1 Dark

(ii ) . cuE end of shoot obliquely under !,aEer to prevent water

cohmn from breaking
. Ensure that there are no air bubbles in the apparatus
. Ensure joints are air-tight (sealed tightly) / seal vrith
vaseline or petroleum j el].y
. cut plant in morning/late afternoon/just before
experiment
. Assemble apparatus underwater
. Select shoot with healthy leaves
. Dry the surface of the leaves before start of the
experiment
2poLnts=2Darkg
(iii) Length,/Distance [oved and time
1 lark f,o! both
( iv) . RepeaE the experiment (under sane conditions)
. Take multiple readings under the same conditions
1 lark
(v) Exclude sunlight by covering the shoot with dark
polythene baglmaterial/put in a dark cupboard.
As a control cover a second identical shoot with a
transparent bag,/keep in a Iit room.
1 Eark each = 2 ua.rks
Note: Ihe reverge coDditiotrs cou].d be uged or
alteraatLv€].y use no bag but put one in a datk eutr,lroard
arrd 1eav6 otber ilt 1ight.
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(b) ( i)

1 Dark for ead ar-or corlectJ.y Ptac€d

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Ouestion 2 cont, d

(b) (ii) by active transport $hich requires energy

l pa.rk

(iii) Inhabitants of the desert lrould produce more concentrated

urine 1 taark
Long loop of HenI6 1 Da.rk
(iv) (Protein) Bolrmanr s capsule/basement nembrane of
glomerulus/renaI corpussle
clucose-proxilltal convoluted tubule
1 ua-rt eacb = 2 Darks
Note if order ig itrcorroct atil]. ara.rd 2 Darks
fota]. L5 Ealks
Sy].l.a.bus Reference: 2.L.6. 2.5.2, 2.5.4
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Question 3

(a) (i) The probability of developing a particular disease during

a given period of time in a given Population
Nunber of nevJ cases of disease occurring over a specified
period of time in a given poPulation
Nunber of new cases of a disease occurring during a given
period as a Proportion of the nunber of peoPle in the
population.
Any one d€finitio! clearly erq)IaiDed - 2 Eatkg
(Incoq)lete eaPl'aDaLioa - 1 Eatlc)
(ii) P].ease see GlaPh on Page I
. Bar pairs for each year separate 1 Dalk
. Bars of sane vridth 1 nark
. Axes correctly labelled 1 oalk
. At. Ieast 5 correct pairs drawn to correct height 1 llark
. KeY correct l Datk

(iii) Eor Costa Rica there is considerable (marked) fluctuation

in rates compared to ArgenEina where there is little
variation.
lncidence rates are higher for Costa Rica comPared to
Argentina where the rates are very low'
Any other reasonable descripLion of a trend'
1 oark each Point = 2 Darks
(b) (i)
HIv r] capsid proteins removed releasing RNA

o . virus binds (fuses) to host ceII

receptor (cD4lT cell)
. virus RNA enters host cel]
I . Reverse LrancriPtase enters host cell
. Double strands of DNA synthesized
o using viral RNA (bY reverse
transcriPtion)
. viral RNA used as temPlate for DNA
o synthesis
. Reverse transriPtase assists in
o o making a coPY of viral DNA
. host cell own
Viral DNA combines t"ithenzYme)
the integrase
o*o-iuv-o*o
o o Viral i""otpot"ted as Provirus
into host ceII DNA
l.!)
' ;iwAfrW?,7iii""trt\*4'as* Dtt+
CAe o/a'/a{)
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Imnature virus breaks free fron hos! cell (budding (and

matures )

Capsid becomes surrounded by host ceIl membranes (with

glycoprotein)
Ea,ch alIotatioB coErectly stated - 1 Ealk = { larks

(ii) . from infected blood or blood products (accept btood

transfusion)
. from infected mother to baby during pregnancy and
delivery
. from mother to baby through breast feeding
. conta[inated (infected) needles /syringes
erly tro coEr€ct routes - 2 Eaaks

Iota1 15 Ea-rks
SyUabus RefeEeace: 3,1.4, 3.3. S, 3.3.6
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Q\restion 3 cont'd

InqftLDce r8t s (PGr l0O,000lDhablta !)

EEgS
.tft I ITI
I I 1 i-r_'j
m E EI
N
l: I

--.
HiHr
i- r_li:
1L1l
_:
Ii i_.! EI tr EI ! i=.
I I
l-r:
Ei !'$l tri l_'i_
!

i++ 't-
t. iii" ,|-
:!.!r',t- 'l-r-it jtt p
t+i
. -! l-f -F -r ijr -aTE I

E
lE-! jl'i
ffil frtl- 1r +
r_ir
fl IE
Fi-!.i L l-r
l H: I{ IE lrf E E

N
I

l=i
itlt Eil ti+ L.-rr li-il
H. :-i-:-
l- ]-rf 1-

ffii
i ]+L
gH r-r-l-l
't ft_r' r
111
i
t
I
ilr
,-H +l H I
:i rH
r -Itl I 111 I I
-=
l+.{
I+ I

I H+
-tl-u t
+FH
t-i
t-!1
I l-lrr i,1
il
++;
r+: il1l !,El I E',E
TE tt I
i1
E if,
I l
i. !- +.!. i I

i
ilr: r= I fa 'l1r
iE !p:i !l
I i t-;.

t. I i I i-iT
L L.:
I 1.I +

-1.

.l i
!
I
I
I tiE E l:n: Bl Ii I

I 1 r1i
l:Ft. I
1',
I l-Iri I
I
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ouestion {
(a) (i) .. Phosphorylation: the generation of ATP from ADP and
inorgani.c phosphate (1) phosphate group added to molecule.
o Photophosphorylation: light energy from the Sun is used (1)
. oxidative phosphorylation: energy from the redox
reactions/ATP from oxidation of H atoms (1)
1 lark each = 3 E!.rks
(b) Sinilarities:
. system of eLectron carriers
. Stepr'Iise releaEe of energy
. A system of electron acceptors/chemiosrnosis
. Cytochromes
.
occur in membranous organelles
Note: accept that both make ATP if this is not stated
Differences:
Photophosphory}ation uses NADP lrhile oxidative phosphorylation
uses NAD
FAD is used in oxidative phosphorylation but not in
photophosphorylation
Photophosphorylation Ilray be cyclj-c or non-cyclic but oxidative
phosphorylation is non-cyclic
Light is necessary for photophosphorylation but not for
oxidative Phosphorylation
Hydrogen ions enter ETC of oxidative Phosphorylation;
electrons enEer the ETC of photsophosphorylation.
water split in final stage of photophospphoryLation to produce
electrons whereas in oxidative Phosphorylation oxygen is the
final acceptor
Any 2 siEi].arities = 2 Earks
Any 2 differe8ces = 2 Darks
L2
(c) (i) Nitrification: conversion of ammoniain soil to nitrites and
3
then nitrates using aerobic bacteria eg Nitrosomonas/
Nitrobacte r
I 5
DenitrificaEion: conversion of nitEates in soil to gaseous
5
nitrogen using denitrying/anaerobic bacteria eg TE!9lgsilflg '
pseudomonas

7 I
nitrogen into
Nitroqen f ixat.ion: convers ion of atmospheric
9
nitrogeneous compounds by lightening or microorganrsms
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or (nitrogen f ilctutg/f,reelivilrg bacteria) eg Rhizobiur,

AzoLobacter, Clostridiun
9 - 8 points Earhg
7 - 5 pointg =4 Darhs
5 - { polotb EArks
3 - 2 points =2 Elrkg
1 l)oint Dr.rk
llotaL 5 EaEks

(ii) Nitrogen fLxing bacteria in the roots of legunesnitrates

make
or
nitrogen available to tshe Iegure in the form of
allmonir]Ifl ions.

The amltonia enters the soil naking nitrogen avaitable

to the
grass for its growth -
when the legune is ploughed back into tshe soil'
plant
pro""i" dec6mposes (putrefying bacteria make the nitrogen/
nitrates available to the soil)
1 Eark each = 3 Earks
fota1 15 Ea.rks

syUabus R6f,ereac6: 1.1.3, 1'2'7, 1'3'5

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Qr-restion 5

(a) (i) Has a haer gEoup (bindary site) which binds (has an
affinity for) to a.D. o:q,g€D molecule.
Up to fouE oxygea Eo].equl.es per haeEoElobls can be
transported.
union of o:<ygen Do].ecu].€s is a loose one (no chemical
reaction) hence oxygen can easily attach and detach.
In the Iungs (where oxygen concentration is high) when one
orcligeD Eoleeul.€ biDats to haelloglobiD, other hae4 gloups
uore Eeadily accopt additional o:q,geD molecules.
In the tissues vrhen oae ha@ gloup giv€a up an o:rygen
Eo1€cule tlis cauges the others to lel€ase o:EI,gen Dore
readi1y.
Bin& reversibl.y rith oxygga
'l-5 l,oiats to inc!.ude high.l.ighted tet ,s - 4 Darks
(3poirt.g-3Datks)
(2froitts-2E8I€)
(1 poirt - l Dark)
(ii ) Pissociation curve:
r00

)
&s0
a

0
0 50 100
Prrtisl pr€ssur€ of oxygeD/tDm gg

Orcygen dissociatiotr cruEve of hae&oE].obin

Diagrat! xiti correct shape - 1 toalk
Correctaxes-1tlark
Note: tlust be tectrnicalty coErect for s shape curve
Description
a Curve shous the degree to 'rhich haenoglobin is saturated
at different oxygen partial pressures
The curve is s-shaped (sigmoid) (due to cooperative
binding of oz nolecules) .
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Over the steeply rising part of the curve a- small

increase
i;-;";i"l pr."lrt" of oiygen resurts in-a high.percentage
saturation ismall decrease results in unloading) '
Over the flat part of the curve a high degree
of
sair.ation is maintained with increase in Partial Pressure
of oxygen. not result
Eurther increase in oxygen concentration does
in an increase in t saturation' binds
At high partial pressures of 02 (lungs) haemog'lobin
to oz (to form oxyhaemoglobin)
.] At low partial pressures of 02 (tissues) oxyhaemoglobin
releases 02.
3-{PoiDts-2Darks
1-2PoiDts-1tlaEk
Total 4 Datks

(b) ( i) Trans Iocationi

PEoducte (orEa8ic
tlransPort (EoveseDt) of the sotuble (-substances)
ga].utes) ( sugaE) of pooto"yoU'""ig - throuqh the
;;d""a;."; titto.t (sieve tubee) of plants
OR
from source
Transport of sotuble Products of photosynthesis
in phloem (sieve
to sinks (growing or assi'rniiati"g- otgt"tl
tubes) of vascular bundles '
fleUdefiaed=2Darhs
Irrco4'Iets o! not wet1 def,ined - 1 tlaEk
(ii Principle: bulk tlanspoEt of DateriaLs froq one PoiDt to
)
diff€Eeuce bstveerr tre tito
another as a res tif-o-f-p=""trr.e
I,oiDts .

suggests tl e
or aDy reason&le stateEent tlrat cortectly
above
PriEciP1e out].inad = 1 nark

ExDerimental evidence
.,1
Use of aphids ( autoradio"raDhv)
to demonstrate
organic to*p6"'i"-
of in phloem/puncture
movement
experiment
of sucrose and
Evidence of concentration gradients lower in roots)
other maEerials (hiqh i""fla"t" and sections of
Observations of mass ffow in microscopic
Iiving sieve tube elements to lighE
Movementvi.ruses in leaves when exposed
of
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BIO1OGY
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I.IARK SCHEME

..o.,*SI.L,L
Ouestion
(a) (i)
6
I Ai/L t* .l.a$'*"{.'.^.,
CelI-nediated h
o t-cells uSed ,

i nvolves uhole .cetl . 3 *,t*

nvolves
"ytoiirri"
,.Recognise antigen fragrBents
Humoral

. B-cells used
rnyolves the release of ,ilElgpdies
Recognise whole antigens '
Whole cell hot directlv involved.
l'or €aqh respoa.se, arry txo distinguishing points = 2 nanks
-i-
r Total. 4 Darks
z^;p
(ii) On first exposure (primary response) the -B llmphocytes form
plasma cells/rnemory ceil.*.
S low response-IfrIEElTy.

clones of plasma cells produce antibodies which bond to

antigens and destroy them.
Plasma cells are short-Iived.'
Memory celLs ensure thdt there is a rapid response to future
invas ions/secondary fesponse. '@
Memory cells ]ong lived.
temory cells code/store information for specific antigens
]. mart aach point = 4 uarks
(b) (i) Physical de pendency

Results fro_m chronic_ use of a.drug that has produced

toLerance (effect of drug become iess intengl / grore arug
taken to achieve same ef fect*/ UzrLLi; \r,r,.L (Lfw\ Y e \rl
withdrataL slmptoms resutt frbri dbrupt discontinuation or
reduction in dosage (body cannot function without drug)
Psychological dependency
w#
€--.-)
Dependency is mehtal f6elihgs)
(

+ Lead.lr'to psychological withqrawal slrmptoms such as

cfavirigs, dePt:essLon etc '

I Eark each Pol'nt = 4 Ditks

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(i Brain shrinkage/dama e due to dehy dration

. Lirss of short Eerm memor alcohol-induced dehydr.ation

r e mpact o i vitanin A deficiency on the brain and
LoSs of intellgctua]. functio n suqh as calculation
ability to. Iear n new- skills due to brain shrinkage or r.r
t-
impact of vitamin A deficien cy on the brain''- \i-*tto
<! Reduction in B+ sleeR and l ess ability to sLeep due
brain shrinkage\ raliI
3c ^".-{"-^+
Peripber a!. Nerves sYsteu
J
] toss of sensory awareness in hands and feet
+ cramp!, numbnesg, tingling and/weakness in hands and feet .t , t ,l
-\ - oiseases
ti',c..-.Wi, U-l - r l*L ll. S., a a.l'uw.*- 1 Ul:yF:l
)J /L,
- to a raxir[u[ of 3 Ealke
1 EEtk each
f"#,I#E{el#"',',:";i;:*-:p..:,lpi#il-t,-,,^lu
<.,1
' u",,o.*
fi,llz:i;frH't-l-i,i3j.;{$*|"'- tn*t
i,T}*"