ROLDAN L. GUDA JR.

ME-3104
15-08103
HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFEICIENTS
Case 3
𝑟1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

𝑟2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

From Case 1

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥

𝑒 𝑟1 𝑥 = 𝑒 (𝑎+𝑏𝑖)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥 ) ; *From Euler’s Equation

𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥 = cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝑏𝑥 + sin 𝑏𝑥

𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥 = 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑏𝑖)𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )(𝑒 −𝑖𝑏𝑥 ) ; 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏𝑥 = cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝑏𝑥 − sin 𝑏𝑥

Substitute:

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥]

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) cos 𝑏𝑥 + (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥]
let 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝐶1

(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )𝑖 = 𝐶2

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 ) sin 𝑏𝑥]

Case 4
𝑟 = (𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖)𝑛

𝑟1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
𝑟2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

𝑛=𝑝

From Case 2:

𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 )𝑒 𝑟1 𝑥 + (𝐶𝑛+1 + 𝐶𝑛+2 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 )𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥

𝑒 𝑟1 𝑥 = 𝑒 (𝑎+𝑏𝑖)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑖𝑏𝑥 ) *From Euler’s Equation

𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥 = cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥

𝑒 𝑟1 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏𝑥 = cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥

𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥 = 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑏𝑖)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑖𝑏𝑥 )

𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = (cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑝 𝑥 𝑝−1 )𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + (cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥) + (𝐶𝑝 + 1 + 𝐶𝑝+2 𝑥 + ⋯

+ 𝐶2𝑝 𝑥 𝑝−1 )(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )(cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑏𝑥]

𝑦 = {[(𝐶1 + 𝐶𝑝+1 ) + (𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑝+2 𝑥 + ⋯ + (𝐶𝑝 + 𝐶2𝑝 )𝑥 𝑝−1 ] cos 𝑏𝑥 + [(𝐶1 + 𝐶𝑝+1 )𝑖 + (𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑝+2 𝑥)
+ ⋯ + (𝐶𝑝 + 𝐶2𝑝 )𝑥 𝑝−1 ] sin 𝑏𝑥}

For

terms having 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙 For terms having 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙

Let (𝐶1 + 𝐶𝑝+1 = 𝐶1 Let (𝐶1 + 𝐶𝑝+1 = 𝐶𝑝+1

(𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑝+2 𝑥) = 𝐶2 𝑥 (𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑝+2 𝑥) = 𝐶𝑝+2 𝑥

(𝐶𝑝 + 𝐶2𝑝 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝐶𝑝 + 𝐶2𝑝 ) = 𝐶2𝑝

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑝 𝑥 𝑝−1 ) cos 𝑏𝑥 + (𝐶𝑝+1 + 𝐶𝑝+2 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑝 𝑥 𝑝−1 ) sin 𝑏𝑥