INTRODUCTION

Amplitude shift keying - ASK - is a modulation process, which imparts to a

sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels
adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one
of which is typically zero. The data rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency. Thus
the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid.
On-off keying (OOK) denotes the
simplest form of amplitude-shift
keying (ASK) modulation that
represents digital data as the presence or
absence of a carrier wave. In its simplest
form, the presence of a carrier for a specific
duration represents a binary one, while its
absence for the same duration represents a binary zero. Some more sophisticated schemes
vary these durations to convey additional information. It is analogous to unipolar
encoding line code.

Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent

digital data. ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern
of binary digits. Usually, each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern
of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator,
which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the
amplitude of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus
recovering the original data. Frequency and phase of the carrier are kept constant.

The transmission of digital signals is increasing at a rapid rate. Low-frequency

analogue signals are often converted to digital format (PAM) before transmission. The
source signals are generally referred to as baseband signals. Of course, we can send
analogue and digital signals directly over a medium. The low-frequency signal is often
frequency-translated to a higher frequency range for efficient transmission. The process is
called modulation. The use of a higher frequency range reduces antenna size. In the
modulation process, the baseband signals constitute the modulating signal and the high-
frequency carrier signal is a sinusoidal waveform.

There are three basic ways of modulating a sine wave carrier. For binary digital
modulation, they are called binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK), binary frequency-
shift keying (BFSK) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK). Modulation also leads to the
possibility of frequency multiplexing. In a frequency-multiplexed system, individual
signals are transmitted over adjacent, non-overlapping frequency bands. They are
therefore transmitted in parallel and simultaneously in time. If we operate at higher
carrier frequencies, more bandwidth is available for frequency-multiplexing more signals.

MATERIALS USED

LABEL COMPONENTS
OOK MODULATOR
R1 1 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
R2 10 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
Q1 2N3904
NOISE GENERATOR
R1 27 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
R2 27 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
R3 27 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
R4 4.7 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
R5 1 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
R6 22 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
VR1 100 kΩ , potentiometer
Q1, Q2 2N3904
C1 100 nF
C2 1uF
C3 10uF
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
R1 10 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
R2 10 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
R3 10 kΩ , ½ watts, carbon resistor
IC LM741
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OOK MODULATOR

OOK MODULATOR (PCB LAYOUT)

 VCC
12.0V

R4
27kΩ NOISE
GENERATOR
R5 R7
27kΩ 4.7kΩ

R6
27kΩ C5
100nF
C3 OUTPUT
10µF

Q1 Q2
2N2222 2N2222

R8 C4
1kΩ 10µF

R9
100kΩ 50 %
Key=A

NOISE GENERATOR(MULTISIM)

NOISE GENERATOR (PCB LAYOUT)

 VCC
12.0V
SUMMING
AMPLIFIER
R10
PULSE U2

7
5
1
10kΩ
3
R11 6
OUTPUT
NOISE 2
10kΩ
741

4
R12

10kΩ

SUMMING AMPLIFIER (MULTISIM)

SUMMING AMPLIFIER (PCB LAYOUT)

 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
The experiment aims to construct a OOK Modulator circuit that will display the
OOK Modulation output with analog signal as the information and the pulse signal as the
carrier.
In the experiment conducted, the design of OOK Modulator circuit shows the ON-
OFF Keying expected output.
The theory tells us the that the output of OOK Modulation should be like an
ASK(Amplitude Shift Keying) wherein at binary 1, there should be a signal and at binary
0, there is no signal flowing. ON-OFF Keying acts as a switch. It is a special type of
ASK. It has also noise immunity. This experiment shows that once a noise enters the
signal, once demodulated, the system will still be able to recover the original signal since
it only determines if at a certain point at the signal, will there be a signal flow. Once there
is an output signal, it will read it as binary 1.
The group were able to get the required output waveform of an OOK wherein at
binary 1 of the pulse modulator, there is signal flowing at the output of the OOK and at
binary 0 of the pulse, there is no signal flowing at the output of the OOK. Once the noise
enters the signal, using the summing amplifier, the output looks like an OOK but with a
noise since at binary 0, there will still be no signal flow. Once recovered, it will provide
the original signal. To be able to see the effect of noise, at the OOK Modulation, the
amplitude should be higher because once it is lower, it will be hard to determine or it
cannot be able to determine the effect of noise in the modulation process.
FINAL OUTPUT WAVEFORM
 CHANNEL 1 : OOK MODULATOR OUTPUT
CHANNEL 2 : PULSE MODULATOR OUTPUT

CHANNEL 1 : OOK MODULATOR OUTPUT WITH NOISE

CHANNEL 2 : PULSE MODULATOR OUTPUT
 CHANNEL 1 : OOK MODULATOR OUTPUT
CHANNEL 2 : PULSE MODULATOR OUTPUT

CHANNEL 1 : OOK MODULATOR OUTPUT WITH NOISE

CHANNEL 2 : PULSE MODULATOR OUTPUT

SPECIFICATIONS