Submitted To: Sir Haider

Submitted by: Saad Ali Khan

Registration No: UW-18-ME-BSC-059

Assignment : 02

Compare following temperature measuring instruments based on their

working principle, advantages and limitations.

 Thermoelectric effect sensors:

Working Principle:

The working principle of thermocouple is based on three effect discovered by three

effect by seebeck,peltier and Thomson. They are as fellow:

1. Setback effect:
The Setback effect is the production of EMF (electromotive force) at the junctions
of two different conductors. Two dissimilar materials connected back to back at two different
temperatures TH (hot) and TC (Cold)generates an EMF (V) across their junction.

2. Peltier Effect:

When an electric current is passed through thermo-couple ,heat is evolved at

one junction and absorbed at the other end i.e one end become hot while other become cold,
essentially a reverse see beck effect. Being reversible, hot and cold junctions are determined by
the current flow.

Advantages:
 It has wide temperature ranges.
 It has good reproducibility.
 It has rugged construction.

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  It does not required bridge circuit.
 It has good accuracy.
Limitations:
 For Accurate Temperature measurements, cold junction compensation is
necessary.
 The emf induced versus temperature characteristics is somewhat nonlinear.

 Varying resistance devices

Working principle of variable resistance:
As shown in the diagram below, a variable resistor consists of a track
which provides the resistance path. Two terminals of the device are connected to both the ends of
the track. The third terminal is connected to a wiper that decides the movement of the track. The
motion of the wiper through the track helps in increasing and decreasing the resistance.

Advantages of Variable Resistors:

When we want to regulate somthing ;we use variable resistors for example :volume
control in radios and volume in headset. Also , the variable resistors can forms a potential
devider in which the overall resistance between the two end points remain the same,but the ratio
of the two resistors in the legs changes.so the variable resistor is affectively a potential divider..

Limitations of Resistors:
 Resistor Affected An Noise. The electrical noise introduced by a resistor in a
circuit will vary according to the composition of the resistor, but for any given
component, it will be proportional to voltage and current.
 Resistor Affected An Inductance.
 Radiation thermometers:
Working principle of radiation thermometer:

An infrared thermometer is a device that measures the infrared radiation – a type of

electromagnetic radiation below the visible spectrum of light - emitted by an object. The most
basic design of infrared thermometers consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation
onto a detector, which converts the radiant energy into an electric signal. This configuration
facilitates temperature measurement from a distance, without the need for contact with the object
to be measure

Advantages of radiation thermometers:

 It has ability to measure high temperature.

 It has fast speed response.
 It has good stability.

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  It has no physical contact with target of measurement.

Limitations of Radiation Thermometers:

You can develop confidence in their ability to give fast temperatures,

you must understand their limitations.

 Only measure surface temperatures and NOT the internal temperature of food or other
materials
 Require adjustments depending on the surface being measured
 Can be temporarily affected by frost, moisture, dust, fog, smoke or other particles in the
air
 Thermal expansion methods:
Principle of Thermal Expansion Method:

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change its

shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. Temperature is a
monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic energy of a substance. When a substance is
heated, the kinetic energy of its molecules increases.

Advantages of thermal expansion:

 Sometimes it is difficult to remove stopper of bottle. ...
 The understanding of the basic concept is highly useful in fixing iron rim with the
wooden wheel.
 We know that rivets are very simple useful tool which is used to hold the steel plates
together.

Limitations:
 Crystobalite is more thermal expansion as compared to quartz.
 The effect of SiO2 will balance the contraction of gypsum during heating.

 Only treats vibrational effect.

 Limited treatment of elastic effect.