CHAPTER G GA S -2 =37 TH -8 7 alla, -3 -3 alls, THeet Ane Dunne steed, Suerwacs EQ.2, Awd SUBTRACT Aa 8 4 to 6 Nets 2 Gauss ELimwarin SELES, Aa [Aye oS/S 2-0 TIMES EGA Fron 2 | Ars ~a]s Tits Ea.d Fan Bea, 2-3 my 4 ACO} aw eo 8 =| la ll] oe | wwcn is Meg i 42 5s tae) a L © 7 pS 2 TENS. BL times e@2, pumng Stee a, Sueteact Agg [ An s = FRou fq. 3B. [fs 2-3 x 4 o 88] \ as | He | vate te veramautamzen, » Ba eee ws VIA Back, SUBStiTUTION, BX Cannes Roe, 5B $2 ad 4d: |-5 1 -t]+ $0 eH -b 8 5A HB Ags [as -to -2| 226 3G 8 2 GB, Hehe Hr A -2-3 5p Aye] eT « Cexeanmme A, Agour THe fist Gwe 8 eeuene > 5-2 & 3 5 Tol 2 gy Hb -36 ~ 180"Gi courp , & 4 mr Os 5 * 5 5 _ ye B25 He Abe was Gg wat ABs Vos BX MatRD. HERED ; . | paras 28 - ‘= 5 - . AK Y 5 RTA TAT 5% ATY WHEREAS! a6 ay as BG 28 Re By Kress 5 Xa 2s “GtProblem 6.2 6 2 17x] [3 410 2IIx, f=]4 [3 4 14jh4] 2 12 3h Js 12 3.7/5 1° GE Step >| 0 sz aR Pt 2™ GE Step >| 0 8 ¢ ee 2 l x} |-5 agit |e 339 [Ls] |= ee 2. 00 26. Back Substitution: - 2-4-0147} .2-0.0147 x= ——— = 0. FT OOM % 0.233 3 Henne) 20289 aia Problem 63 6 2 1Ym) [3 410 2|/x,J=|4 3 4 i4jis] [2 : x] 13 Pete eels IGE Step >}0 SF |/m|=/2) 2 GEStep>|0 x 2 f=] 2 go fll fb s7 fled js eect eet 10 2 9 9 B36 26 Back Substitution: 4 -3),f 37 ae 2-15 -0.4386)] »-(2) (2) x nag oa 3 3=2(0.2982) -(-0.4386) A737 -182~2 AX AV AZO 5 Kaw — Ven x Xs TB ~ 0633 5 z > WUT AR ttTinL GUESS OF 2CCOP=1 Aww XAC0>=1 Oy 2 = 3B 2 AOGSD 2 O-46GS 5 Os B-H\0)s ly SUCCEEDING ITERATIONS | CoMtUTE MoRE GENERALLY AS Lowey = SOV 0638S AMD XK, Coane venxeny APTER SEVERAL ITERRMONS ONE CAN OBTAIN My sO ABAZE Aus XQVOAVTA a Note: AN UNEDUCATED GUESS oF THE INTIAL VALUES man CAUSE THE SeLurow TD DwERGE. -\83-104 Sommary~ Gauss Eli % Divisions | Mottiphadig | + Sobtmebeig. GE step Nel NOw-t) nna} v4 ce seep | a) | @-nee-ad | (sara) qr Ge step 9) (4) (A~S) | (0-2)(0-3) Wisc ee cep Ts @oy wT Totals F tees cect win 3 GG From Eq (rec) , cack substitution 1h anen bys He SRT Alomar eh 7 Alvin Sia” 7 Abs ts Ag whch — Feguies one chvision, (Y=) moltiphectisns aud (N-R) subtractions por each be jQont}ae Sommary — Back Substitutiin a * pwvisions [1 moltiphadhal 4 So btractios Xu \ ° ° net \ \ 1 Xia 1 2 2 Xy t @&-)) a Totals N Site wo) er Be “18aProblem 6.7 v-3xt1=0 x@)=1 ¢=0.01 xt 3 x(y= bt! 2-667 3 (2) =~0,4815 x(3) = 0.4106 2(4) = -0.3895 x5 3839 s=0.0144 (6) = 0.3825 s = 0.0036 Problem 6.8 2 -G+j)e=44j3 xO)=l4j x (4473) GB+75) x() = -0.5+ 0.5 ~0,8676 + j0.2797 ~0.80594 j0.1815 ¢=0.1270 0.7827 + j0.2071 «=0.0418 0.05 “\85-Problems 6.9 6 0 0 0 0.3333 ~0.167 D=|0 10 0} M=D'(D-A)s| -04 0 2 0 0 14 0.2143 0.2857 0 (+1) = ME) +D"B x1=04243 x2=0.2325 x3=-0.0152 after 10 iterations Problem 6.10 6 0 0 0 -0.3333 ~0.1667 D=|4 10 0] M=D"(D-A)=/0 0.1333 0.1333 3 4 14 0 0.0333 0.0738 i+) = ME()+D"B x1=0.4249 x2=0.2330 x3=-0.0148 after 4 iterations ‘The Gauss-Seidel method converges over twice as fast as the Jacobi nmethod Problem 6,11 After 100 iterations the Jacobi method does not converge, Afier 100 iterations the Gauss-Seidel method does not converge, 186 ~GA2 NOTE ERROR IN PRINTING OF PROB. STATEMENT: | 2 THE Secon Eauanen Swour GE %_ wv Xp “Sia Reweiting Te Given EQUATIONS, 2 WBA %y 2 w Awe %, Cosh, wy * 4 0683 Warr Av tinal Guess of 22, Cod UPDATE %, Wink THE FIRST EG. ABOVE, AMD X, WT THE SECOHD E@UATion, Thus mM = | HorGaas Laocans 0 AGcd Aw My bB XCOE VEAL EO Im SucckE DING \TERATIONS , CoMPUTE MoRE GEHERALLY AS XCvern s OY .ercas - 3 a Aue My Gaede B= HEH) AFTER SEVERAL wreRATIONS, 2,2 O-IBR AMD Qs OUT. ASTER A FEW WORE LTERATIONS, %)FO+ABAZG AND X> otk, ‘ > VowtveR, NOTE TAT AN ‘UNEDUCATED GUESS OF ImITIAL VALUES | Sveuns x, Co) > X, Co): 100, WeULD HAVE CAUSED THE SonuTien To Diverae. “IsProblem 6.13 s Using Matlab code, it took 3 iterations using Gauss-Siedel to converge to ¢ < 0.05 ¥, = 0.93732 6.8194" 9182.2 -9.3436" 4 AKA 4 Bo qe tees h = god ARPES GAUSS ~SerDer ALGORITHM Wit XC) 22 FIRST \TERAnow ‘iELOs xODs 4G) = as 7 Dy Ba vane Secoud AERATION ¢ XG@>= 4Camays 253 SUSStQuENT WTERAMONG WiLL RESULT IW PBMC, SAI, B7B9R b.a5GR, s.09R8, AND 4:0000 ae Note. TERR 1s 4 REPEATED Root AT X24 ALSO Wie A WRONG INmAL ESmmare, THE Saunas Migut Dwerae. ~1S8-Bx, - ax, 2 24 AX, ATH, + 2M, =O 2X. BK, (2D GAUSSIAN CTERATION: XCar) = £2444 %,60) Xai = & (4x, = 2x, 649) Ryka 4 Ot- 2x, Co) Lev X,coy = 24/823 5 X, C020 5 X, Cos 12(B215 THE FoLLowinG CaLCULAMeHS WILL RESULT WINK ITERATIONS: Wemarion *y x, oe aves ° 3 o S 1 3 1.2857 ‘s \-2es7 2 3-64.24 1.2897 186 0 Gann 2 B.GArd Vitae Anis O.asg2 4 38125, v4 \o6ae 2296 5 pens 1-41689 \oGas — OAGKO 6 Bases \ao89 \i0228 — o-ot2e 7 2845 aes 10228 0586 z Base \aers W008 9.0284 4 B.837 \nesq, LooB\ — a-0208 vo aanar vagy, \.0024 0.0105 u BAAD. L9989 \0024 0095 4g ~138q-GAS coum. oy Gauss--SewweL \teranion: XC = Cra a aK, Cd) Xa Che = 5 Gm Cand - 2%,60) RaChnd = 2 (12-2 x Cea) CALCULATED VALUES With ITERATIONS ARE Suouw BeLa Wesanow x, Me Xs BX ay ° Ss ° Vo 1 3 Mest tee V7 2 B.ca2a Verma 96380. Gang, i 3.8725, 19084 \o22z8 OBIE 4 3.9545, A615 oo 8s 0.0820 5 near W4et 0022 02a. 6 3.anaz VAas1 — eeto 9.0105 q beaag0 \aaas Leoed. 0.0038 4 otk: GAUSS ~ SEIDEL ITERATIVE SCHEME Converces MUCH FASTER COMPARED TO THE GAUSSIAN ITERAnVE SCHEME, ARO ~-t B@le2c) iss xbnj= Ma + OY 2 transgorm, (assume Zero initia! Bac Tak iamy the conditions) + i 2X¥@O= MRG+ OYA) @U- my) eas SYS xe: @u-n 0' Ye = ow Ye Ga7T For Example G@-3, pee (2 UH Fer Example 1.5, =y5 oO [s+2] Det CEU-M)= ods +o = (#4) =0 Gwe For Tacost, ee “An at =fAn ye o ycAn] f° 3 me S'(p-a) +2, [ +e] [fe st | ° Pat Re ae a orecaumase pee] SA] sade a [(E=BS) a= te For Gauss-Seidel , vv tear (mre) Be tee | oieGAB conry, Det (2U >): mee 7 Anaay N=, Beth Tacokt and Gauss- Seitel Converge ip ancl only Tf feat | Pa Anau. When 192Problem 6.19 LQ=y ps0 fxjax' 49x +2x-48 a0)= i = a of a F 32 6 =0.001 sno Z SOY) So= 3x? #1842 x) =14 [3418+ 2)"0-(14+942~48)) = 2.5652 (2) =2.5652~ 15 s]o229= 2.07587 £=0.19 x) = 2.07587 ~ tes sJoan- 2.00167 ¢ = 0.0357 (4) = 2.00167 — [aos aos ; 0834) =2.0000 == 0.008 Problem 6.20 f@=y y=0 F(x) =x) 49x? +2248 x(0)=—1 e=0.001 r= |X a A ose Lasrsier42 =~] |(-42) = 4.22 a(=-1 [451 ) =-4.23077 : oe x(2) =—4,23077 hag | 8 8177 x(3)=~2.8177-| sbi 4.55) =~3.00049 2 =0.065 24.9. x(4) = -3.00049- [4 5 0012) =-3.0000 2=0.002 “\a3~gor T= SEL aS ext From BQ (62-7) # % ‘ mt xe) = xine [4 Meee xd +8] fo- [a tcley eG)+sxc)+4)} i_[o \ 2 3 [4 5 [xe | 1 | o.o7o707 Jr! aa442e messcy3s | UHS1143 =H SESS X(S)—XCH)| = [TRYSHMSE +L HSTLG: | ear ay = asthey Stop apier S iterations. Note Hat *= ~LHSNYSS 1g One solution, The otter two Solutions are “= 0.0589087 + J 1.354303 62% T= at SYS ew blo K 4H 10g From &EG4.9): x(Lat)= x@\+ Fata +seday+ roasts Hatfo — Tx ti sete) + toexd) +81) ie of 1 [ 2 3 4 felis ig 9 x@) [-1]-1-5 [-v.2ns | auseag] -a.zenend « 4-2t2ysat] aaeemy |-2tnsell xfa)-xb2)}. |-r.942323+2-929901] = 0. 000 F xe) ~2.9% 970} Stop apter 19 HHerations. X= ~2-1923223 | Note treat x= -3 is ene of poor solutions to seis 4 gegree polynomial, The sier tnree Solutions are X= “3, X=o-32, and KEwd, wlta~Problem 6.23 Qxpexp-B8=0 xP xp 4+mx,-450 3(0)=1 x,(0)=1 ¢=0.001 s+)=20-LVRO] rt - 2x, +x, 2x, Oe, +x, Using a Matlab soript it takes 4 iterations to converge Tteral i 2 Sit 4 x 2a 1.8284 13082 1.8091 Xz 13 1.2123 1.2061 1.2060" “1456.24. Ler POY = YAmgea LSE THE WotiAL Guess YEA | PCY Ds RADE A Aw oe as oaTaR Paps: a a Boo aamy soma Cae) = plcars ast aun ag? POND / PCY = oe araa (C3814) 2 = 0-284 Foe Tue FiasT irenanen, ft = Puay = ye I cs ee, gig aay eonaat 5 PCy) e p(428a)= conan eee , A_eosat 7 -284) = 26738; 22221 . eons B Cad = pC4289) = -267BBS AGO = TD ae Qu WeRation: go asp = Agi = 4.281 4oeDBS= A225 ce Cy) = pCa-3228) = ee01d 5 Pe Cyr) =F C40228) «25679, ag = oreora (2.5674) = 000074 Dao Wregnnion, Ys YAP = 4 BAB oeeoTés A dawad PCyD = —ercceeed see PCy?) pierens From Zeno BY ONE PART INA MiLUION, ONE SonURoN TO TIS NeWLINGAR Equaney CAN BE Sain my BE 3 Se HR = 4.32B24 Aad, OFCSURSE, THE PRESEucE of THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION MEANS THAT THERE ARE oTHEg SoLeTeES Tw THE PROBLEM, ~196-e258. Sexa2 2 -ex* eqn-ga0 eC Chay? NEwionN- RAPUSON ALGORITHM: With Coeds 6 AS . atiaxsa Ae 7 Aco) = C= F(xtor) so -Lé ~6 er 4aced-a] aa = BCe 126) 492 45 Axe): 20) 2-88 2 un daw a5 dx KO 2 HCO + AX CO = E-bUNs 4-BEg MKCAds KOO * AcG) = 4-889 ~ FASB. 2 gatss Waost KO: XCD + AX Gs Aaren_ RAB: Aoaes vze747 DCAD = XCd4 AXCD = 40405 — O:37188_ 24-0045 pwc, RCEVs X C4 ALCaD = A-coll 20095 . Aono e~ Wolke Nore» Newton -AACHSON METHOD CONVERGES MORE, RAID WAN ME GAUSS-SevDEL Mend \E THE STARTHG VALUE 15 NoT CLOSE ENOUGH TO We ROOT, THE Memmen MAN CONVERGE TOA Ror DAPEERENT Fea THE EXPECTED OvE OR EVEN DIVERGE, G26 es BW AHS er earen RARHEON ETHODS LTH COD *S Ler fexss He2HAMX =O AFRO La crn BTERARON Ne. = ow § (xem) ae aaa ° ° a2 2 \ He \ = ONbBS 15403 NORA 2 ier = 00ke vaste e.00tt soo = 0.000204 V4 682 orecove® -\9T-G27 cor Yue Sflocwse (64s y Y22 ages Aas (-oeast Ys Viet -2 24a sea [west Vins —Bj6 2 oi Zest, Yee z0 = B-§Gz Gay /-6a-4¥ , Cer av ous 2, t= Va[ Ma W cr Ean 6,-010) Aa Vale Fae B= Oae)) * Yaa Va ce C5.-$3- O22) ] Wes Wee beh an Ci) ea (8, ~ west?) + 4-41 Cu} co Geary] tamen Yierss Ca (O- neste 0secc4 s Syn ne .s1"s 4 44, 59588 oR Syn BGG eR Io.anacs’, tame G2 le-a7acs” (ED FoR bus}, Pye Val Yar Ow C5- 8-8.) tag Vue C- ean) Suastterina, 2 = Va [601 C Go (&-N6 B1) + GV Ga os. ] a wWus 2 Nz [en GR.aar | + Vy cr (5g-NeeT) — eed aA Aue, Gg = Vn Lan eC da S= 851) + ge Va Aon an] Vig Va LO Aen (dg = 06-87" J 6, Atw 63.48 ] ‘ on -- cn 6.579) grt WE tm craves C&y -we.st° ) 5a Combine EGA BaD EG2 ABOVE, 2 2 2 2 2 : \ 2 ren 6Ra3"] = t& ANE 00 63.4" | + gy, — ae oe “= Vs oa a o es « az on Vy) +t A. ve [onset as Am boas |e 5 aye mn Gv Wwen Gwes Ve avg+4 s60 2 Me seunen of wens Vee SHV S fs 2 TAMING ME Posivt Sau, Vg 2 8127 em Vaz 0 -4R42, “198 -G27 contd, Sossriwnwa is Fad 2 ge wra2y Ca 62.43 4 08842 Co CF, ~ Ue D Mausew ELDS ca CE, = west) = 2. 169 on Sy - Wests x TAGE on 8, = 20-898" aw Re WL Ya Ye Oe Goud HM end 8.- f= G2) aes Vy 07 ChB O8 7) =O AABT ]Rd TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS Us THE SYSTEM 1S CALCULATE AS BAAD AG HB = 0 SABT Problem 6.28 KyaYy=0 Vey = 2.68— j28.46 Fy, =-0.894 j9.92 Yi, =-1.79+ j19.84 Problem 6.29 0.446 + 74.96 ‘Wo04s+ 70.08 1.786 j19.839 232-j23.8 ~144-G:3@ @) By inspection 5 ~SiaeS | +dio. | tins Yaus =] +310, | -dis. | 40s. per onit tidus | #fs.[-ing Pater Fas hot B® Ber Age OF Sire Vas lO per Bye her be bo Oe Problem 6.31 Assume flat start ¥,(0)=1.040 ¥,(0)=1.020 -1 wa) 44 8 Y= -¥, 34-78 Dose yo lteae cts anreiaai Using Matlab code to solve for V;(1), take that value and use equation again to find final value of ¥,(1) V,(1) = 1.088423.9005° V,(2)=1.0894.23.9471" ~200~Problem 6.32 Assume initial start (0) =1.0230° ¥,(0)=1.020 w+) Using Matlab code to solve for ¥ (2), take that value and use equation again to find final value of ¥,(1) . ¥, (0) = 1.0895.24.2618" V, (2) =1.0894.23.9511" -201-633 Gus is Voltaqe controllecdts First calculate @y From Ft GS-3) - Os = valor} ¥a1¥i sin[@- Se) -6,)]+ Yar Vici amn[8,@)-6,6)-6 x2) + Nas¥sle) sin Gers] + Vey Voisin l 81-8612] & Yau Weld Sm LE yCl~ SoCo) - Osel Qy = bOS$O+O + 24.43 (1.06) sinGEsomU5) + 24.7519 sin Eavasae] + Of = SOS ger wart Also Qgy > Opt @g = WEORY OF Neat check Qenerater 3 var linibe. Smee Ges = WHS RK COS Bez max 7 NO (as QWen in Table Sl), SEE Ger = Pyguex = 1O Fer oats Then Qs * Deg ~Gyg FO OLE O-F per oat Bes 3 is now a load bus for tht iteration. Next compote VeCr) from 84 (65.2). fos | LH Boy } i Gaus [4 at (role F bHOS per onit ® 1 ae. 1 : gat PEP § ouneedo.8sy) — Fe nec4y + day gas EgeeTe | vONTEdo-esn ~ [-neend + day ee} uetin ~Sason . as,tq /-83.5! . wan = Sasa 5 £835 oxen, Lat Tl wats Eesai THas [ese fenaate Finally , one more pass “through EQS), di 50.9 ‘ nee See at on “get's Hiawedl por | Tossa? [otoseny Hiseead = B4S6O~ S25-686 | aSe856 LREHIS?_ osm faane® 4p [28ST eS RSE Per oait Yee -20%-G24 Bos a is & lead bo&. Usidy tre Input clate awd bes adwiittance values from Problen 6-30 Va Egle-Se2) + Ss me 2 ( fet org = < oh Se TH Makelh aoe ae (So ~[ficr 012") +s) aie] 35 LOLs Ry- i B= aise} erorios L515) Bays ceo US = MOST {esas e = 7.83? 1S Lowe ee = 0.9758 /~7- 883" Next, tre above Valve 1s used th Eg 4.52) © re~calelele yi): 1 § -zottos coat BOS Ee | lex O.77S8/+7.952° 5 2.06155 /165-%° = LH i Vu = en wlme 0 olanse ase %o-= a aay lista? ~ S15} = e Tye LeSHes DastS” kg. 9565 La TeES8° per onrt V5 [10° ——— = Bus 3 is @ voltage comhpolled buc. First culco late Oy frou €4(6-S.3), y= WELW sis [5@)~ 87 O4)] + WoK ISI» O-~$O-AY eee sala ei VE-0 SePTHARE, Yo As Foun TBE HTS : f se is, f ‘ex Va sin [-Oyg] Aw Vz 5 bo (2-65 AFTER ont Gauss SEIDEL Ine Ramone ~203~6-34, conrp. Qy= Lo {e 5)(1-0) sin (0% 0-40") +(5] (0.9568) sin(o¥7.g89"-205) : + G8)(1e) sin (ar) @yg= Oe2b24 fer nit Also %eq> Dt Py Ov 2ery CQqz 0 Fro Tallee-/2) Smee Oey = Orbea = : MY does not exceed Segue +S: Per out, @$ aWwen ly Table 6.12) the qewretor Var boats @t bee 3 are not exceeded. Compptny Val) from Ba (68.2) mers ae a { 274s ae [am + B.C] MW= sag } oaoset ~ [Ga-s)Qeo1e) + (slersLase} S 1-0 Lo 0) = nee aes |e fous) ~ Lins +4. neasieaar? }} Hoy = ontee-37S | S08 J 873S° "LS [770° Ws La 7° Wil) = boos asec? BeG.s.2) has been used above te compute GyO1s 26469. The bus voltage magquitvde Vy stro per onit fs mopot date) ac qiven ty Table GePe cheregore , Vy) 21.0126 per omit -204-oo Yen ee sMeete\Eaereanmere mwa arded-Govceenjar—~Guriad| Yaa | age . dwog Wola je e4G = loo be 3° fu i vi fie A vn wy Seva Viiesctan vac, i a eremne Vi Ans Vi wwe sate waves VE. tHe gece e542 ; : Naeee Ned we wog rege) = C0r66Gnj 2c) Gore. Jooet 7 Yor W014 hee +Casie)-€ S ao = Cai 53) Go2s ~ Jo 0083) | A0862 -Au.cng . = Mee AW ENDL ostagonoit4 s 1066 har pu Beee Gwe ‘3 bss -205=G-36 Gawss- SEive, ireearive Seuemes wim Geo, Vga\pu; S20 (Staanwe vanues), eee er bso aruen i aicteee guns 7 e See ulal 5 4g Fas ~8omus @..-cotvae Chas, ~ Teh + hah + Yass) Vr = Im IWS6 Gled sate regacee yh iceoyso Vee 4 BS Say) Yan ww 0-6 450 SNe SHIRE xo e05+So.0na5 Ve + : = 0-995 / 5-14" Ves t Sta = O 9454 jon -(S 4.549] 8S Ng Tables 6.448 «40-1 * -45(Cle) ~34( 4 “i (“see ona LBS FOSTASOOAMA _ sav nen > OADM jews so.anaa /- 274" ©-AATRAJo 0444 6 LBB o.Asaa [274* FAME —jowara 29923 /o 2.447 Reriat: SwbeRs AT, = C495 4 joA00)~G. jo): ~ oes 44on1 8 Va + A218 -je.0474)~ Cade ana AX. Bast ra ~206-6.36 cont. ATERAMON 2: Bye ~ Te PL 46 Conas agony 4J2 Gud 454 (o-anrg -hooaray| (e295 40-04 = 0136 Nae ie a : = dC.) ~ dann -gooma)] soharnajemeyencelmen 2 \ /4.24 20-4473 + 90.0729 Vesaa *Adaa J ovoig 40 LEO Vara we (ANS 2g oma a Footed Uns 1 [roatoe 5 Ci lo) -4aCe% e023) 2° Bay eanne deg 39 CO) 3G sone noes *) jdG Reveat: = eae’ ghoo7s, ; own 5343" . = OAARR x jo-o32)~ ONES ~40.060! 4 Fae eae TOS 4, otza (2315 ra ay SE ; Rereons Vy = 0.9qa¢ 4 jo032)—2" 20-1205 = Jo 0842, oan 375° * = o4224 (9.68 Chee: AV, = (0-2474+402U3)—Comas eset) = 0.0024 J 0-027 AN, = (6-9208 ~Jo 0592) — (o-M218-} ona14) em orw ery Joos AR vray > 0/028 THIRD ITERATION YIELDS THE FoltowING RE SOL TS WITWIN THE DESIRED Tore RAWce’, Us oAasiadoocia 24 [os a Nig F 0-208 —foroGha = ora /- a” G37 ‘The maximum mismatches corresponding to the first three iterations are 171.55, 56.76, and 73.6MVA. 38 iterations are necessary in order to have the maximum mismatch be Jess than O.SMVA. —207-Problem 6.38 ‘The maximum mismatches corresponding to the first three iterati 77.04, 44.91 ions are 177.04, 44. and 29.55 MVA. 29 iterations are neces for the ismateh v A. ssary in order for the maximum mi: luc Problem 6.34 (Note: Typo in problem: load increase should be at bus 2; also increase maximum number of iterations from 50 to 200) Bus 2 Load (MW) Iterations required 800 49 810 49 820 50 830 50 840 51 850 120 860 No solution - diverges —208-GAO ARC = B- Od “Usk, Fg (G62) * ARO= By vy ape Vi Cos Gyel- §)~ Sai] + Toe Va) cos [S480] * YaVh cos[ay@1~S,6)-2,g|+ Yay YO) 2s Fev] using £4 (G42)5 src teen: fter-e6-agh = nada | : Yue Maettaa eee See eae 4 Penitaaieleaies ay 0-036+40.40 ae asst S \ i ; Ba ants are per ont = Ray £9 Haq 6,008 +40.0% [4428 per o Sas * 2 5 fs = = 4.48987 295-113" per gui SRgg +d Rg 0.007 +4010 u : 1 pec Faye ae a) tis Ray tly Ray X3y Rug +4 XH rigid Ty = (0.2032 —J2.4792) +1. Boy ~ Jat 860) +(o,etae ~J9-7176) + FoR 4 jot Yay = 2.4904 -3 26.99 <= BTL [2 85637" per omit Tsing these adetrttawe values in £3 Ger) above AP, @= oO - 40 jo 4 auM9g (1.03) cos [95.1425] + 14.93(1.05) cos [=94.297" | + BI (0) cos [25.34] Haasrilijeospesive|t APyle)= ~.05-6,07104 = $0,0910% per onit ~209-Se sing “RE eguation por TF] ty “Table BS SaneD. a 2 -V, ella sin [s4@) 8, - en] WMO Ears] mM ENT WOrena easier gered ThyOl= -10 So + 204899 (1-0) sinGasiya’) + 24.93 (1,08) sin(é- seat) + serra} § -sasost = 438508 per vact Thyy@d= =! GA Lats BE (6-0-2) a. Rey fru, cos ($,- 8° 4.) + yay coel-9, 4 C08 (6.8 2.) Ges B= MDM cotlar siren) + aemcon(s8rq) + Tegm ecw Cy) sig G46) Rar Ge wLiv sls ey) + WemsiP Con) + hy sslr5-8)| Wrowns + ON nowes? a Per Pa “20 Ba BF Je) = Jeremy {= | eolty xe 83 oy er Ma. aoe ‘% : ° Wee oe Re ae ore Problem MAY im the above turee SBvetionns nao = Vy [io.cos(s,-a09) + 5,c08 (s.-89-98) | a) BeS C05 (8:-90") + V4 cos( 5y~8,-40°) @) woes = Va Linsm (s,-a0) + 15M + Susin (se mae) @) to = =210-Gihi (@) Step S&.6)\= Ses Oo VOWS Oo contD, Com pute, Ag 65) Bcx\= to [10 ees(-a09 +5 cos(-ae | = Oo Bw aS cos(- 904) +S cos(-204) FO Os) = Ho [to sinGao+ is + $Sih-409| = © 2,-2.@) forene, ann age@is | B-R& | © | toro | = | be aa Q,- AC -04-0 ~ OS le) Step 2 Compote Dl8\ (see Tatle 6-8 Text) cans. Tavis (8-8) eH aay si (Bir & — ex)] * =o [toQ) si Cac%) + SO) sine ]= 1s. = VWiragy Sin (S.- 84> %q) = (1-0) (s) sin 90%) = 78. a = Va Ma Sin (er G7On)= ME) s&-907 = “8 2 4 \Ravisia (827 §-O,)) Yn Vile #.7en)] = 1.0 [est si C20) HS)C1) cm CA0*)] = TS = Sat Vain 0088.) + Pays cos(irsy-@n) + eV cose) +N V; cos (5,7 -@,)) = 0 = aR Tig = a = Wa, cos( sy 3r ®,.) 2d 33.7 = = VM, ary cos(sr sO) + Mar €08(8,755- ,) EO Re cae = MY ¥y 5(8,° 837 O,) = © = 2HTe THYa SHO + Divs sin(S- he) +MYAN Sino.) + YasVy sin (O28 -®u) | THe CNS) sh(-a09}+ Lagirysin cae) + 807 sel +sensie-ad} = 18 Stee 3 Solve eet o AS, 72.0 s 7S Off ag | = Lo o 0 18 av, -O.5 Vawig Gauss elmation ) multiny Ke First equation by (“S)is) asd subtract from the second eguatisrt Ww TS ° AR, “moO O S-833333 O Balt tite 0.33333 ° ° is] Lav - Os Back Substitutions Av, = 705/18 = -6,03333% OsBssBS]/s.e35332 = O. OSTI4ES v2.0 +5 (o-ostzes)] [5 = =o.1Y2eS7 As ~ On4zest7 bx = lags a 0-08 NN285 Av ~ ©, 033333 =212—GAR Step 4. Compute 01) ane. 8.0) ° i" ~ars7 | |-o.tlyaesy q £@2]al) |= X@+ Ox =] Oo] +] cosritass|=| o.osniyaes po on a0) Vf [reOS88353° | ongeegenan | ter one Check Qez using Fa, (65-8) Q, 2a [5M sin (Bar 0,1) PEM Sinley-Se &) Yay neg.) | 1th ; [R-d01 sis (0,084 HE) +S (oebte) sin Cosmiy eet -z radios + msc sih(Ry] ®,= VL -a.4asa ~ 41S + TS] sO. 1Ue per ody Bex = Det Qyq = WWMLL+ OF ONG PEF Onig Swee @gq = OMe fe lertiin the leet [Hs.0, +U.6], Bus Bo remaiks A voltaqe-controlled bos, this Completes +e first Newtn-Rephion fteretion, Problem 6.43 72498 125 12.5 The ¥;,.; for the system is given by, Fy, =| f12.5 —j24.98 12.5 2S f12.5 = 24.98. Bus 1 is the swing bus, bus 2 is the voltage-controlled bus, bus 3 is the load bus. The unknown variables are 5,,5,, and V3, thus the Jacobian will be a 3x3 matrix, Values of 4, Yi, Vi and V2 are known. Thus, B, =V,Vehy Sid, -6) + VN sin(3, 4 Py = Vyhdy sin, ~6,)+ YP¥ sind, ~ 3 3.125[sin d, + ¥, sin(d, ~,)] =12.5sind, +13.125%, sin(6, -4,) ‘Since V? is given, the equation for Qz can be eliminated. =~ [WF cos, ~8,)+ VP Yo 6098, -8,)+ 72%, | Q, =~[12.5¥, 2086, +13.1257, cos(6, ~5,)~24.9877 | The unknown vector and Jacobian matrix are given by HDB6:43 conta. lO Oma 4 35, 85, a, oly, aR a AP, Fel5,| J@=|2h oh - i O55 3a av : 2, 2, 20 26, 28, BY, ‘The partial derivatives are given by al = Val Ya, 005(6; ~ 6,) + VaFeFy 008(6, ~4,) = 13.125[ e088; +, 005(4, ~5,)] 26, Bo. VY, cox(5, -6,) =-13.125¥, cos(5, -6,) 36, * w, ar, 2 36, = =12.5V, cos, +13.125¢05(6,-6,) PFs 12.5sin 5, +13.125sin(5, -5,) a, : 80, = Va, sin(6, - 6,) =13.125sin(5, -6,) -13.125V, cos(8,-6,) ~13.125¥, sin(5, -6,) =12.5V, sin 5, +13.125V, sin(d, -5,) ~[12.5cos6, +13.125c0s(6, -5,)-49.96F,] -1.2244 and these Note that P: = Po2 = 0.6661, Ps = -Pi3 = -2.8653 and Q) = -Qus remain constant through the entire iterative process. With an initial guess 6? = 6? =Oand V3= 1.0 AP, P| fR@) 0.6661 0 0.6661 AP, |=| P, |-| 2.@*) |=|-2.8653|-| 0 |=|-2.8653 SQ} LQ} [Ocy} [1.2244] |-0.645 5794, -2i4rGAB CONTD, 26.25 13.1250 13.125 25.625 0 | Note that J and Ff, are both zero. 0 0 24.335 0 php 0.0262 0 Fa + 05250 ca 0 0.0411 ‘A8;] [ -0.04trad |] 2.3517" Ax? =| Ad, |=| -0.1328rad |=] 7.6111" ay,| | -0.0238 | | 0.0238 0] [-23517°]) [-2.3517° 0 |+| 761 |=] ~7611" 1.0} | -0.0238 | | 0.9762 Using the new values 64= -2.3517°, AP, = 0,6661-0.6359 = 0.0302 an} ‘Updated mismatch vector: | AP, 40, 25.8725 12.7586 Thus J' =| 12.7586 24.8534 1.1745 -2.7907 6, ) [-0.0405rad" Then ¥°=| 6, | =|~0.1349rad |= vy, 0.9684 8! -7.6111° and V'= 0.9762, P,(#!) = 0.6359 and 0.0302 =| -0.0352 0.1756, 1.2031 0.0518 0.0266 0.0006 ~2.8587 | and J” =| 0.0266 0.0545 0.0053 23.3109 0.0006 0.0052 0.0435 2.3219" AP} [0.0003 7.7285" | then} AP, | =| 0.0133 0.9684 49} |-0.0015 After two more iterations, the mismatch, ¢ <0.001 6,=-2.3013°, 5,= Then, .6878° and ¥, = 0.9684 -215—AVN in ~8,) +7 V,%sin(d, -8,) 3.125sin(-,)+V, sin(~6,) : =~ [WAY cos(d, -8,) + HV, F, c0s(6,-5,)+7%, | = -[13.125c086, +12.57, cos(-8,) + 24.98] aa = Q, = [VV 2, 008(85, 5) +V,V.¥,, 008(5, -5,)4+ VE Fn ] = —[13.125c086, +13.125Y, cos(6, ~5,)+27.54] 2 =0.6566 Q,=-0.1305 Q, Problem 6.44 Afier the first three iterations Jo2 = 104.41, 108.07, 107.24; and with the next iteration it converges to 106.66. Problem 6.45 Adding 301.8 Mvar (290 Mvar nominal) will increase V2 to 1.02 pu and decrease overall losses from 34.84 to 23.55 MW. LTN6 Problem 6.46 Before new line | Afler new line Bus Voltage Va (pu)_ 0.834 0.953 Tolal real power losses (MW) [34.8 183 Branch blw bus 1-5 (% loading) | 68.5 63.1 Branch b/w bus 2-4 (% loading) | 27.3 175 Branch b/w bus 2-5 (% loading) | 49.0 25.4 (both lines) Branch b/w bus 3-4 (% loading) | 53.1 45.7 Branch b/w bus 4-5 (% loading) | 18.8 22.4 -216-Problem 6.47 Gi voltage (pu)_| Mvar at bus |_| Bus 2 Voltage (pu) [Real Power Losses (MW) 1.000, 4 6,834 34.84 1,005 i 0,838 [34.36 1.010 128 0.843, 33.90 1.015 135 «(0.88 33.45 1.020 142 0.852 __ [33.03 1.025 150 Duns Hazes 32.62 1.080 157 0.861 32.24 1.035 165 +f 0.865 31.86 1,040 173 0.870 3151 1,045 181 0.874 3117 1.050 189) 0.878 30.85 1.055 197 0.882 30.54 1.060, 205 0.886 30.25 1,065, 213, 0.890 29.97 1.070, 222 0.895 29.71 1.075 Bi 0.899) 29.46 1,080 239 0.903, 29.23 Problem 648 CREFERTO SIMALATOR EXAMRLE GAB Tap setting | Mvar @Gi__[ V5 (pu) V2 (pu) P losses 0.975 94, 0.954 0.806, 37.64 0.98125, 90 0.961 0.817 36.63, 0.9875 98 0.965 0.823 36 0.99375, 106 0.97 0.828 354 1.0 14 0.974 0.834 34.84 1.00625 123 0.979 0.839 34.31 1.0125 131 0.983 0.845; 33.81 1.01875 140. 0.987 0.850 33.33 1.025 149 0,992 0.855, 32.89 1.03125 158 0.996 0.86 32.47 1.0375 167, 1.0 0.865 32.08 1.04373 176 1.004 0.87 3172 1.05 185 1.008 __—*| 0.874 31,38 1.05625 195 1.012 0.879 31.06 1.0625 204 1.016 0.884 30.76 1.06875 214 1.02 0.888 30.49) 1.075 224 1.024 0.893 30.23 1.08123 233 1.028 0.897 30 1.0875 23 1.031 0.901 29.19 1.09375 253 1.035 _ 0.906 aa Li 263 1.039 0.910 29.42 ~2\7-oan 35-0 Mvag HoweaL > 32-2 Muar Actua. Ar og Pu. Problem 6.50 Total real power losses are minimized when generation at BLT138 is 280 MW. fone eee ibd caret i Rees oe Is i ul 7 - F al 10! Fs i a a a a a Comet @ S36) Problem 6.51 ‘Total real power losses are minimized when generation at BLT138 is 280 MW. Problem 6.51 w RAY 138-50B138 removed 4 2 ¢ 2 ye 5 Bs) . i & B : 7 q 2 0 a bo 10080 SBOSC«RO SCR Generation @ BLT198 OW) -2a-Problem 6.52 The largest impact on the system occurs when the RAY138 to BOB138 fine is removed. ‘Device taken out of service | System Losses (MW) _| Difference (MW) [None 1151 0.00 TIMI38 to RAYI38 aT ECE 0.36 RAY138 to SLACKI38 11.56 : 0.05 RAY138 to BOBI38 14.08 [2.57 BOBI38 to BLTI38 1207 0.56 TIMI38 to MOROI38 11.63 0.12 MOROI38 to LAUFI38__| 11.54 0.03 LAUFI38 to 50138 12.88 137 LAUFI38 to BUCKY138 | 12.30 0.79 z BUCKY138 to SAVOYI38_| 13.14 1.63 | SAVOY138 to JO138 12.79) ~ [138 JO138 to LYNNI38 11.67 0.16 LYNN138 to SLACKI38__| 11.55 0.04 Problem 6.53 ‘There are many different approaches to solve this problem. One method discussed here will use voltage sensitivities to find a solution. Use PowerWorld Simulator and select Tools > Flows and Voltage Sensitivities, select transmission line UTUC69 to BLT69 Ckt 3 and click Caleulate Sensitivities. The LAUF69 generator will have the larges impact to reduce line overloading by increasing generation. One solution is to raise LAUF69 from 20 MW to its max 150 MW. This will reduce the overload from 141% to 109%. Next recalculate sensitivities and notice if generation at BLT69 is reduced it will have an effect on the overload. If the generator is reduced from 106 MW to 65 MW, the line loading is reduced from 109% to 100% solving the problem. ** Note there are many additional solutions to this problem. BSe OAc = CM as a ay as] orroine = EAs a4 nt ts er “bt cor tles 61 Row wot 8 eS tea etre -219-G56 BV ME PROCESS OF NODE ELIMINATION AvD Active BRANCH DESIGNATION, in FLA. BAS Sree No. a 2 8 nape Etnanare ® ©OO ©OG00 \ 2 No.of Active Gaancugs, RESULTING FILL WINS THE Fits CDASHED) BRANCH AFTER STEP G 15 Shown Bato: Neve TWAT THO FILL-InS ARE UnAvoIpABLs WHEN THE Gus NUMBERS ARE ASSIGNED Te FIG. G4 WW ACSORDANCE WIN THE STEP NUMBERS ABOVE, TE ROWS AND Gorumns oF Yoi. WILL BE OPTIMALLY ORDERED FoR Gaussian ELmmArion, AND AS A RESULT, THE TRIANGULAR Facweas Loanm UG WILL REQUIRE Minimum STRAGE AND COMPUTING TIME FoR Solving THe MODAL EQuAriONs, 2.20 -Problem 6.57 Table 6.6 w/ DC Approximation _ ‘Load Bus#] Voltage | Phase | PG | QG | PL | OL . Magnitude | Angie | (per | (per | (per | (per | (per unit) | (degrees) | unity | unit) | uni) | unit) 1 | 1.000 0.000 | 3.600 | 0.000 | 0.000 [0.000 2 1,000 -18.695 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 8.000 | 0.000 3 1,000 0.524 [5.200] 0,000 | 0.800 [0.000 4 1,000, =1,997 | 0.000 | 0.000 |" 0.000 |" 0.000 3 1,000 4.125 |"0.000 | 0.000 |" 0.000 [0.000 TOTAL | 8.800] 0.000 |""8.800 | 0.000, When comparing these results to Table 6.6 in the book, Voltage magnitudes are all . constant. Most phase angles are close to the NR algorithm except bus 3 has a positive angle in DC and a negative value in NR. Total generation is less since losses are not taken into account and reactive power is completely ignored in DC power flow. Table 6.7 w/ DC Approximation Line# [Bus to Bus P Qo | s 1 2 4 | 2914 0.000 [3.914 4 2 2.914 | 0,000] 2.914 2 2 3 | 5.086 | 0.000 [5.086 3 2 5.086 | 0.000 | 5.086 3 4 5 1.486 | 0.000 | 1.486 5 4 [=1.486 | 0.000 | 1.486 With the DC power flow, all reactive power flows are ignored. Real power flows are close to the NR algorithm except losses are not taken into account so each end of the line haas the same flow. Table 6.8 w/ DC Approximation ‘Tran. # | Bus to Bus P Q 7 8 1 1 3 3,600 | 0.000 | 3.600, 3 1 | -3.600 | 0.000 |~3.600 2 3 4 4.400 [0.000 | 4.400 4 3__[ -4.400 [0.000 | “4.400 With DC approximation the reactive power flows in transformers are also ignored and Josses are also assumed to be zero, eitProblem 6.58 When Example 6.17 is solved with a line outage from bus 2 to 4 the case solves without error and it appears the system is stable with no overloads or voltage problems. If you ‘solve the same system using the Newton-Raphson algorithm (Example 6.9), it can be .seen the system is not stable, An overload on the transformer from bus 1 to 5 has a 124% loading. A very low per unit voltage of 0.375 can also be seen at bus 2. This large discrepancy can be attributed to the assumptions made in the DC power flow algorithm. Problem 6.59 Certain factors in a power system can critically affect the accuracy of the DC power flow. If a system experiences an outage (as shown in Problem 6.52), low voltages can be seen at radial buses created after the outage. If a system requires large amounts of reactive power to support voltages, the DC approximation will also lose accuracy. ‘The DC power flow should only be used for systems that have steady voltages close to 1.0 per unit, H222-Design Projects 1 and 2 “The solutions given below solve the problems, but lower cost solutions may be available. For simplicity, all lines were Rook conductors with a 12.5 feet spacing. This gave a resistance of 0.1688 Q/mi and reactance of 0.7206 Q/mi, The current limit for a rook conductor is 770 Amps. Note there are many different solutions that will work the projects and some may even be lower cost than the ones described below. Design Project 1 Initially the case has three problem contingencies: BOB69 to WOLEN69 Ckt 1 (1 violation), BOB69 to WOLEN69 Ckt2 (1 violation) and BOBI38 to BOB69 (1 violation). ‘The first two problems are caused because WOLENGS is a radial bus and when one circuit goes down the other circuit is overloaded. When the transformer at + BOB69/138 goes down, BOB69 and WOLEN69 are now radial and an overload on the BLT69 to BOB69 line oceurs. A solution to this problem could be constructing a new line from AMA69 to WOLENG9 to prevent overloading of existing lines. One possible solution involve the addition of two 69 KV lines and one 138 KV line, One 69 kV line connects WOLEN69 to AMA69. The second 69 kV line would connect SHIMK069 to AMAG9. A 69/138 kV transformer needs to be created at the AMA bus to connect JO138 to AMA138. Construction costs totaled $4.16 million (see table below). Total energy savings of 9.88 - 8.98 = 0.9 MW is seen from the base case with the new additions, Over 5 years this comes to a savings of, 5 years * 8760 hrs/yr * 0.9 MWh * $55/MWh = $2,168,100 (assuming zero cost of money). Construction Item _1 Oty Total Cost 69/138 kV substation upgrade L $200,000 187 MVA, 69/138 kV transformer | 1 $1,150,000 69 KV line fixed cost 2 $100,000. 69 kV Rook transmission line 15 mi $1,800,000 “138 KV line fixed cost 1 $100,000 | 138kV $810, Energy Savings a 21 Total Project Cost over 5 years [$1,991,900 ~22d-Design Project 2 Initially the base case has two problem contingencies. When TIM69 to HANNAHG9 is ‘removed, this causes the AMANDA69 bus to be fed radially from the LAUF69 bus causing line overloads and low bus voltages. Also when HOMER69 to LAUF69 is removed, the TIM69 to HANNAH69 line becomes overloaded. One solution is to provide a second path for power to get to the AMANDA69 bus if one of those lines gocs down, One solution is the addition of one 69 KV line and one 138 kV line. The 69 kV line connects KYLE69 to AMANDA69. The KYLE substation needs an upgrade to handle 138 kV service. The 138 KV line then connects TIMI38 to KYLE138. Construction costs totaled $3.734 million (see table below). The addition of the new lines increases the losses of the grid from 10.75 to 11.44 MW. Over 5 years this comes to an additional cost of, 5 years * 8760 hrs/yr * 0,69 MWh * $55/MWh = $1,662,210 (assuming zero cost of money). * (Construction Ttem [Oty Total Cost ‘69/138 KV substation upgrade [1 $200,000 101 MVA, 69/138 kV transformer | 1 $870,000 69 EV line fixed cost 1 $50,000 (69 KV Rook transmission line 52 mi $624,000 138 KV line fixed cost i $100,000 138 kV Rook transmission line | 10.5mi_| $1,890,000 TOTAL | $3,734,000 ‘Additional Losses $1,662,210 Total Project Cost over 5 years $5,396,210 224 -