Session 1.

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 2: Genes and Health

Structure of proteins
Basic structure of amino acids
Peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins
Secondary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure of proteins
Quaternary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional shape of proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Session 1.6

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 2: Genes and Health

Structure of proteins
Basic structure of amino acids
Peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins
Secondary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure of proteins
Quaternary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional shape of proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Basic structure of amino acids

Monomers of proteins = Amino Acids

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Basic structure of amino acids

Monomers = Amino Acids

Protein = Polymer of Amino Acids

Number of aa
1 Amino acid
2 Dipeptide
3-20 Oligo/Polypeptide
Many Protein

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Basic structure of amino acids

Amino Acids
Four covalent bonds

Alpha carbon

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Basic structure of amino acids

Amino Acids
Four covalent bonds

Alpha carbon

Carboxyl
group

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Basic structure of amino acids

Amino Acids
Four covalent bonds
Amine group

Alpha carbon

Carboxyl
group

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Basic structure of amino acids

Amino Acids
Four covalent bonds
Amine group

Alpha carbon

Carboxyl
group
Hydrogen atom
AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.
 Basic structure of amino acids

Radical Amino Acids

=
Side chain Four covalent bonds
Amine group

Alpha carbon

Carboxyl
group
Hydrogen atom
AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.
 Basic structure of amino acids

 ALL amino acids have the same Alpha carbon

 ALL amino acids have the same Hydrogen atom
 ALL amino acids have the same Amino group
 ALL amino acids have the same Carboxyl group

Two different amino acids have different Side chains

Amino acids only differ by their Side chains

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Basic structure of amino acids

There are MANY amino acids in the cells

But only 20 can be found in proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Basic structure of amino acids

The 20 amino acids

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Basic structure of amino acids

Three groups of amino acids

Three kinds of side chains

Non polar Polar Polar

+ uncharged + charged
Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Non-membrane
protein aa in protein center aa on protein periphery

Membrane protein aa on protein periphery aa in protein center

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Session 1.6

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 2: Genes and Health

Structure of proteins
Basic structure of amino acids
Peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins
Secondary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure of proteins
Quaternary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional shape of proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Peptide bonds

Polymerization of amino acids = Synthesis of Proteins

Bond between two amino acids = Peptide Bond

Peptide bonds are formed through condensation/dehydration reactions

Peptide bonds are broken by hydrolysis reactions

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Peptide bonds

Polymerization of amino acids = Synthesis of Proteins

n amino acids
…………..
n-1 peptide bonds

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Session 1.6

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 2: Genes and Health

Structure of proteins
Basic structure of amino acids
Peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins
Secondary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure of proteins
Quaternary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional shape of proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Primary structure of proteins

The primary structure of Proteins

Linear sequence of amino acids of a protein

NH2-First aa, second aa, third aa,………last aa-COOH

Around 100 to 500 amino acids

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Session 1.6

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 2: Genes and Health

Structure of proteins
Basic structure of amino acids
Peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins
Secondary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure of proteins
Quaternary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional shape of proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Secondary structure of proteins

The secondary structure of Proteins

Alpha helices and beta sheets
Hydrogen bonds between aa of the same protein
R are not involved

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Secondary structure of proteins

The secondary structure of Proteins

Alpha helices and beta sheets
Hydrogen bonds between aa of the same protein
R are not involved

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Secondary structure of proteins

The secondary structure of Proteins

Alpha helices and beta sheets

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Session 1.6

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 2: Genes and Health

Structure of proteins
Basic structure of amino acids
Peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins
Secondary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure of proteins
Quaternary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional shape of proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Tertiary structure of proteins

The tertiary structure of Proteins

Covalent, Ionic and Hydrogen bonds
+ Van der Waals forces
between aa of the same molecule

R are involved
Forms many shapes, such as
fibrous elongated proteins and globular compact proteins

Enzymes are
globular proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Tertiary structure of proteins

The tertiary structure of Proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Session 1.6

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 2: Genes and Health

Structure of proteins
Basic structure of amino acids
Peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins
Secondary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure of proteins
Quaternary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional shape of proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Quaternary structure of proteins

The quaternary structure of Proteins

More than one polypeptide chain grouped together
Only proteins with more than one subunit
can have a quaternary structure
Covalent, Ionic and Hydrogen bonds + Van der Waals
forces between aa of several proteins

R are involved

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Quaternary structure of proteins

The quaternary structure of Proteins

Primary structure visible?

Secondary structure visible?
Tertiary structure visible?
Quaternary structure visible?

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Review: structure of proteins

Covalent, Ionic
Hydrogen bonds and Hydrogen bonds
Haemoglobin between aa between aa
of the same protein of the same protein
Sequence of aa
in one protein

Covalent, Ionic
and Hydrogen bonds
+ Van der Waals forces
between aa
of several proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Review: structure of proteins

Four levels

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

structure structure structure structure
Folding starts Folding continues Folding continues
Sequence of aa
in one protein Hydrogen bonds Covalent, Ionic Covalent, Ionic
between aa and Hydrogen bonds and Hydrogen bonds
of the same protein + Van der Waals forces between aa
between aa of several proteins
of the same protein

ONE Molecule Several Molecules

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.
 Session 1.6

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 2: Genes and Health

Structure of proteins
Basic structure of amino acids
Peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins
Secondary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure of proteins
Quaternary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional shape of proteins

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Three-dimensional shape of proteins

3D-shape of proteins = Folding

Accessory proteins help the folding

Primary structure (sequence of amino acids)

Secondary structure
Bonds between amino acids inside one molecule
Hydrogen bonds: folding starts

Tertiary structure
Bonds between amino acids inside one molecule
Hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic, disulphide bridges: folding continues

Quaternary structure
Bonds between amino acids of different molecules
Hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic, disulphide bridges: folding continues
AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.
 Three-dimensional shape of proteins

Losing the 3D-shape = Denaturation

From active to inactive

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 Three-dimensional shape of proteins

Active 3D-structure Optimal temperature

Protein denaturing

First = hydrogen bonds

Last = covalent bonds

Temperature

Above optimum temperature,

Denaturation starts
AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.
 Three-dimensional shape of proteins

Optimum
3D-shape
Ionic bonds
Active 3D-structure

Denaturation

Denaturation

AS Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.