FIRE FIGHTING & FIRE SAFETY

LECTURE III
z SUBJECT : BUILDING SEIVICES IV
III YEAR „A‟ BATCH
PRESENTATION BY
AR. NUPUR CHICHKHEDE

Dr. D Y Patil College of Architecture, Akurdi, Pune.

 Fire Protection In Building
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 Fire protection in buildings is typically achieved via all of the
following:
 Passive fire protection –
 Active fire protection –
 Education -
Active Fire Protection
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 Fire Break Glass Alarm (B.G.A.)

 Fire Control Systems

 Fire Indicator Panel (F.I.P.)

 Smoke Fire Detectors

 Portable Fire Extinguishers

 Fire Hose Reels & Fire Hydrants

 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
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 Section: As per section 7.9 of part IV of NBC. (8 of Appendix A)

 Different types of detectors are provided as per the risk involved in the area.
 Zones are made as per the risk or as per the floor.
 2way communication system to be provided which will help to contact from
ground floor to specific floor or vice-versa.
 Mike on every floor has to be provided.
 On mike instructions can be given as per situation.
 Manual call points, automatic detector & public address system shall be
interlinked.
 Detectors shall be installed as per IS 2189/ 1988.
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FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

• Manually operated
M.O.E.F.AS. Electrical fire alarm
system

• Automatic Fire
A.F.A.S. Alarm System
 FIRE ALARM & DETECTION SYSTEM
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 A fire detection system recognizes when a fire is occurring and activates

the fire alarm system.
 Alerts occupants
 May alert the fire department
 May automatically activate fire suppression systems
 Fire alarm and detection systems can be very simple or very complex.
 These systems generally have the same basic components.
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Manual Initiation Devices
 Designed so that
building occupants
can activate the fire
alarm system
 Primary manual
initiation device is the
manual fire alarm box,
or manual pull-station.
 Once activated, should
stay in the “activated”
position until it is reset.
Residential Fire Alarm Systems
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 Single-station smoke alarm

most common type of
residential fire alarm system.
 Includes both a smoke
detection device and an
audible alarm within a single
unit
 Installed in private dwellings
and apartments.
 Up-to-date codes require new
homes to have a smoke alarm
in every bedroom and on
every floor level.
 Many home fire alarm systems
are part of security systems.
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Fire Alarm System Control Panels
 Fire alarm systems can be broken down into five

categories, based on how the fire department is

notified of an alarm:

 Local alarm system

 Remote station system

 Auxiliary system

 Proprietary system

 Central station
 Fire Alarm System Control Panels
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 Local Alarm System
 Does not notify the fire department
 The alarm sounds only in the building to notify the occupants.

 Remote Station System

 Sends signal directly to fire department or to another monitoring location via a telephone line or a radio signal
 Auxiliary System
 Building‟s fire alarm system is tied into a master alarm box located outside.
 Proprietary System
 Building‟s alarms connected directly to monitoring site owned and operated by
building owner.
 Central Station
 Third-party, off-site monitoring facility that monitors multiple alarm systems
 An activated alarm transmits a signal to the central station by telephone or radio.
 Personnel at the central station then notify the appropriate fire department of the fire alarm.
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Fire Alarm System Control Panels

 Serves as the “brain” of the system

 Manages and monitors the proper operation of the system
 Can indicate the source of an alarm
 Also manages primary power supply and provides backup
power supply for the system
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A fire alarm control panel (FACP), fire alarm control unit (FACU), or simply fire alarm panel is the
controlling component of a fire alarm system. The panel receives information from devices
designed to detect and report fires, monitors their operational integrity and provides for
automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the
facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence
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SPRINKLER SYSTEM

 Section: As per section 7.10.7 of part IV of NCB.

 Sprinkler system is a must for basement parking & other risk areas
where large quantities of combustible materials are stored.
 Each sprinkler should cover 6.96m2 area.
 Normally a separate sprinkler should be provided for a separate car.
 Sprinklers may connect to main water tank & pump, but capacity of
the tank & pump shall be increased in that proportionate.
 The capacity of water tank shall be calculated on the basis of
sprinklers.
Automatic
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Sprinkler System
Components
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Types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems

 Divided into four categories:

 Wet sprinkler systems
 Dry sprinkler systems

 Preaction sprinkler systems

 Deluge sprinkler systems
Automatic Sprinkler System Components
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Wet Sprinkler Systems

 Most common and the least expensive type of automatic

sprinkler system
 Piping always filled with water.
 As sprinkler head activates, water is immediately
discharged onto the fire.
 Major drawback: cannot be used in areas where
temperatures drop below freezing
 Will also flow water if a sprinkler head is accidentally
opened or a leak occurs in the piping.
 Automatic Sprinkler System Components
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Dry Sprinkler Systems
 Operate much like wet
sprinkler systems,
except that the pipes
are filled with
pressurized air instead
of water
 A dry-pipe valve keeps
water from entering
the pipes until the air
pressure is released.
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Pre-action Sprinkler Systems

 The system's discharge is a two-step process: First, the innovative detection

system identifies smoke or heat, which activates a pre-action valve that allows
water to flow into piping and effectively creates a wet pipe sprinkler system.

 Second, individual sprinkler heads release to let water flow onto the fire.
 Deluge Sprinkler Systems
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 When the
detection system is
activated water discharges
through all of the
sprinkler heads in
the system. Deluge
systems are used in places
that are considered high
hazard areas such as power
plants, aircraft hangars and
chemical storage or
processing facilities
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Residential Sprinkler Systems
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 Relatively new, but

many homes now being
built include them
 Typically use smaller
piping and sprinkler
heads with smaller
orifices and less water
discharge
Standpipe Systems
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 Network of pipes and

outlets for fire hoses
built into a structure to
provide water for
firefighting purposes
 Usually used in high-
rise buildings, although
they are found in
many other structures
as well.
Automatic Sprinkler Heads
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 The working ends of a

sprinkler system
 Composed of:
 A body, which includes
the orifice (opening)
 A release mechanism
that holds a cap in place
over the orifice
 A deflector that directs
the water in a spray
pattern.
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Special Sprinkler Heads
 Designed for special
applications
 Covering large areas

 Discharging the water in extra-

large droplets
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Sprinkler Piping
 Network of pipes that
delivers water to
sprinkler heads
 Includes main water
supply lines, risers,
feeder lines, and
branch lines
 Usually made of
steel
 Plastic pipe
sometimes used in
residential systems
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Valves

 A sprinkler system includes several different valves such as:

 Main water supply control valve

 Alarm valve

 Other, smaller valves used for testing and service

 All of the valves play a critical role in the design and function of
the system.
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Water Supplies

 Water may come from municipal water system, on-site storage tanks,
or static water sources.
 Water supply must be able to handle demand of the sprinkler system,
as well as the needs of the fire department.
 Preferred water source for a sprinkler system is a municipal water
supply.
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Types of fire extinguisher

 There are four classes of fire extinguishers – A, B, C and D – and each

class can put out a different type of fire. Class A extinguishers will put out
fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood and paper.
Class B extinguishers are for use on flammable liquids like grease,
gasoline and oil.
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How are fire extinguishers identified?

 Type of Extinguisher Colour coding under BS EN 3

 Water mist White and red

Red with a cream panel above the

 Foam
operating instructions

Red with a blue panel above the

 ABC Dry Powder
operating instructions
Red with a blue panel above the
 Specialist Powder
operating instructions

Each extinguishing medium is assigned its own colour code: red for
water, cream for foam, blue for dry power, and black for carbon dioxide. A
fifth colour, yellow, is added for the new Wet Chemical type of fire
extinguisher.
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There are 4 classes of fire:
Class A
Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as
wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.

Class B
Flammable or combustible liquids such as
gasoline, kerosene, paint, paint thinners and
propane.
Class C
Energized electrical equipment, such as
appliances, switches, panel boxes and power tools.

Class D
Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium, and sodium.
 Types of Fire Extinguishers
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 Water and Foam
Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away
the heat element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate
the oxygen element from the other elements.
Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used
on Class B or C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable
liquid in a Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.
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 Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away
the oxygen element of the fire triangle and also be removing
the heat with a very cold discharge.
Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually
ineffective on Class A fires.
 Types of Fire Extinguishers
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Dry Chemical
Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry chemical
that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct
extinguisher for the type of fuel. Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-
ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.
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 Wet Chemical
Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of the
fire triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between
the oxygen and fuel elements.
Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high efficiency
deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class
A fires in commercial kitchens.
 Types of Fire Extinguishers
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 Clean Agent

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well

as the newer and less ozone depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish
the fire by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Clean agent extinguishers are primarily for Class B & C fires. Some larger
clean agent extinguishers can be used on Class A, B, and C fires.

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 Dry Powder

Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they
extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by
removing the heat element of the fire triangle.

However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal

fires, only. They are ineffective on all other classes of fires.
Types of Fire Extinguishers
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 Water Mist

Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by taking away
the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean agent
extinguishers where contamination is a concern.
Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are safe for use on
Class C fires as well.
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 Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical
Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by
interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry chemical is
effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier between
the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct
extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite
after apparently being extinguished successfully.
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Fire Extinguisher Maintenance

 In addition, fire extinguishers must be maintained annually in accordance with

local, state, and national codes and regulations.

 This is a thorough examination of the fire extinguisher's mechanical parts, fire

extinguishing agent, and the expellant gas.

 Your fire equipment professional is the ideal person to perform the annual
maintenance because they have the appropriate servicing manuals, tools,
recharge materials, parts, lubricants, and the necessary training and
experience.
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How do Fire Hydrant Systems Function?

 A special well is dug, called “Fire Well”, where water is stored throughout the
year for 365days. This water well is connected to the pump room. From the
pump room, there are two to three main pipes. These pipes form a network of
pipe that cover the factory compound and the factory. The pump has the
work, to continuously filling all the pipes connected with water under pressure.

When a fire is seen by a person, he activates the hydrant system and points it in
the direction of the fire. A very strong flow of water now, attacks the fire and
the fire is eventually extinguished. The pump continuously pumps the water to
maintain the system pressure.
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Fire Hydrants
 Most fire hydrant valves are not
designed to throttle the water flow; they
are designed to be operated full-on or
full-off.

 When a firefighter is operating a

hydrant, he or she typically wear
appropriate personal protective
equipment, such as gloves and
a helmet with face shield worn.

 Hydrant spacing in residential areas shall

not be greater than three hundred feet.
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Fire Hose Reels
 Fire hose reels are located to provide a
reasonably accessible and controlled
supply of water to combat a potential fire
risk.
 The length of a fully extended fire hose is 36
meters with a diameter of 19mm (outside
diameter).
 These appliances are designed to deliver,
as a minimum, 0.33L of water per second.
 A control nozzle attached to the end of the
hose enables the operator to control the
direction and flow of water to the fire.
 All fire hose reels come with a unique ball
valve shut-off device, a plastic or solid brass
hose reel nozzle and mounting bracket
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Fire Hose Reels
 Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps,
pipes, water supply and hose reels
located strategically in a building,
ensuring proper coverage of water to
combat a fire.
 The system is manually operated and
activated by opening a valve enabling
the water to flow into the hose that is
typically 30 meters away.
 The system pressure loss will activate the
pump ensuring adequate water flow and
pressure to provide a water jet of typically
a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle.
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DRY RISER SYSTEM

A dry riser system is an empty

pipe running up the inside of a
building which can be
connected to by firefighters and
used as a pressurised water
system.

There will be inlet connections on

the outside of the building – or in
fire escape areas – for the fire
services to access, allowing the
water to be pumped up to
valves on upper floors on the
inside.

These are generally found in

properties over 18m tall.
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WET RISER SYSTEM

These are typically

found in taller
buildings, usually over
50m tall. For this
reason, they are
constantly kept
charged with water,
so as to be able to
provide the same
level of protection
against a fire in the
upper reaches of
taller properties.
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Fire Pumps

 Used when the water

comes from a static
source
 May also be used to
boost the pressure in
some sprinkler systems,
particularly for tall
buildings
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Assignment 3 :

Market Survey on Active fire protection system and Passive fire Protection
system.
As per check list.

Live case study on Active fire protection system Detail Layout of building
( Residential commercial or industrial )

Plan section elevations with pictures

Comparative analysis with NBC NORMS.

Mode of submission : A2 Size sheet

Thank You.
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