ADENOVIRUS

Magali Charles, DVM

WHO AM I?

• Magali Charles
• Based in Bangkok, Thailand
• DVM, graduated from French Veterinary School (Nantes)
• COBB
• Veterinarian services support in Asia
Fowl adenovirus: a
resident virus
IBH (Infection Body Hepatitis):
Symptoms
• Young chicks (broilers) : 2 to 8 weeks old (can
be from 4 days old)
• Symptoms: Apathy followed by acute

Courtesy of Dr Hess
mortality.
• Peak of mortality during 3 to 4 days and
ceases within 9 to 14 days.
• Mortality: 2 to 5% (sometimes up to 30%,
rarely 80%)
• Anemia and icteric
 Fadv-1 Gizzard
A erosion
Classification Group I
B Fadv-5
Fadv-4
C HHS
avianadenovirus
Fadv-10
Fadv-2
D
Fadv-3
IBH
E Fadv-9
Fadv-11
Family:
Adenovirida

Avian Group II
Hemorragic
Fadv-6
e

enteritis
virus
Adenoviridae (turkey)
Fadv-7
Marble
Siadenovirus speen
disease
Fadv-8a IBH
(pheasant)

Group III EDS Fadv-8b

Egg drop
syndrom

Atadenovirus
 Can be apathogenic
Usual bugs in the microbiota:
- Any symptoms (isolated from healthy birds!)
- Interfere with ELISA serology
3 « pictures »
HS
Gizzard
IBH Angara
erosion
disease

Courtesy of Dr. Pedro villegas.

Hydropericardium Syndrome
Global distribution of IBH and HHS
Usually, in an
area:
 1 or 2 groups
 1 or a few
serotypes

IBH: mainly 2, 8a, 8b, 11

HHS: 4

A Schachner, et al, 2017 Avian Pathology

Classification
• Aviadenovirus (goupe I) FAdV(I) :
inclusion body hepatitis (IBH)
Serotypes
 8B and 11 in Indonesia
4 and 8 in Pakistan
2, 4,7,8,9 and 11 in India
4 in China
2,4,8 and 9 in South Korea
Canada 8A, 8B & 11 (according to the
area)
Primary infection / Coinfection
• Primary infection :
 FAdV-4 => HHS
 Some serotypes from species D and E => IBH
 Fadv-1 => Gizzard erosion and ulceration (CEU)
 2 to 3 serotypes can be isolated from the same samples

• Co-infection with IBDV and/or chicken anemia or REO/NDV

 Immunosuppression
 More severe disease
Diagnostic
Diagnostic: Histology

• Liver histopathology:
Pathognomonic Intranuclear lesions
(definitive diagnostic)

Courtesy of Dr S. Chenier
Basophils intranuclear inclusions
• Spleen: inclusion (not systematic)
Diagnostic: classification by
PCR
• Cloacal and/or affected organs’ samples
• Often isolated from asymptomatic chicks

Virus isolation in fresh frozen

livers
Diagnostic: confusing ELISA

• ELISA Serology: difficult to

interpret, usually positive (non
specific), useful for vaccination
take
• Single serotype ELISA: cross-
reaction
• Seroneutralization : excellent but
expensive
Epidemiology
 High resistance

• Non enveloped virus

• High heat resistance
• Destroy by formalin at 1%
• Worldwide spread, endemic
strains
Horizontal transmission

Progeny without Maternal Maternal Antibodies (infection

Antibodies before lay):
infection by virulent serotype

Same
serotype
=> full
protection

Low or
Mortality inexistent cross
and protection
excretion
for a few
weeks
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 • Excretion:
Feces (main replication site)
Semen (artificial insemination)
• Failure in biosecurity
Horizontal Lack of efficiency of Cleaning and disinfection
process
transmission Equipment shared between houses, farms)
No shower for employees
Airborn at cleaning time after flock removal.
Chicks from different supplier in the same
house/farm
 • Vertical transmission : likely during the
egg peak of production (stress of high
Vertical production, changes in hormonal
transmission: balance?)
Points of • Breeder “free” of FAdV before the laying
period= NO specific MAO transmitted
attention • Shedding 4 to 6 weeks
• Birds can be carriers all their life
Prevention
 Strict
biosecurity • All in all out farm layout
• Including accurate cleaning and disinfection
measures: process during the downtime
• At risk: manure/ organic material / material/
horizontal contamination
• Prevent IBDV, MDV, CAV (vaccination) + feed
without mycotoxins + excellent environmental
conditions for the first few days
• In the case of contamination: Dedicated people
and equipment per house
 Target :
Transfer of MAO to the progeny
Prevention
Prevalent circulating serotypes
against IBH • Vaccination: live (Australia)
and HHS: • Inactivated vaccines or autogenous
Vaccination in vaccines (mainly prepared with
serotypes 4 and 8)
breeders Usually 2 injections in rearing
High antigen content required > 10⁶TCID50
Local vaccines, risk of low amount of
antigens (repeat vaccines injection)
 Broilers before 6 weeks,
Affects Broilers and broilers
mortality by 3 to 10% and
breeders at onset of lay
lasts 1 week

Severe symptoms if combine with

immunosuppressive agents Typical lesions: pale
(IBDV, CAV, mycotoxins, poor management at and enlarged liver

Take away
arrival such as cold body temperature)

Diagnosis: histopathology Mainly 1 or a few serotypes

then PCR (serotype) in the same area

Immunity: low or
Vaccination or natural
inexistent cross-
contamination prevent vertical and
protection between
horizontal transmission
serotypes
RODENTS PREVENTION
Magali Charles, DVM
Rodents: risk
and behavior

Banksy
Rodents: Biosecurity
at risk

• Reservoir hosts:
 Salmonella (ST/SE)
 Fowl cholera (Pasteurella Multocida)
 Coryza
 Colibacillosis
 Ascaridiasis
 Erysipelas (turkeys, free range)
 Leptospitosis (human health)
 Biosecurity failure: Carriers (NDV, IBD,
mycoplasma, coccidial oocyst)
Rodent behaviour

• Rodents hide during daylight hours and are

active at dusk and at night.
• Gnawing behaviour
 continuous growing of their superior
incisors, e.g. rat at 0.4 mm per day)
 Damage (insulation, equipment), risk of fire
or shutdowns (rodent damage in electrical
installation).
• 6 mm for a young mouse, 12 mm hole
allows a rodent to get in
Rodent behaviour

• Feed consumption =>

contaminate feed
• Sexual maturity (mouse): by 6
weeks old, gestation period of
3 weeks, life span: around 1 to
2 years
• Rodents produce an oily
secretion from their glands
that leave grease marks in the
areas where rodents travel
Rodent behaviour

• Mouse (Mus • Black Rat (Rattus

musculus) rattus) • Norway Rat

• Gnaw all the time • Eat once a day • Eat once a day
• Live in feed • live mostly on roof • live mostly
storage area, or in feed storage outside
untidy places, non area, close to a • area
burrowing water source
species.

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Rat: night activities

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 Rodents:
Prevention
Inspection

• Droppings
• Musk odor
• Tracks, pathway
• Burrows
• Egg damage
• Fresh gnawing
• Dead rodents
• Rodents seen during day time indicates high
infestation. (more than 500 rodents), at night
(more than 100)
 Mouse drop

Rat feces in the • Poop when they move

attic • Drop attract new rats

Drop from Rattus rattus

 Prevention

Rodent- Elimination of Eradication if

proofing the nests and presence of
farm food sources rodents
Prevention

• Clean premises discourage

rodents to inhabit in any area:
Tidy the storage room,
Avoid waste material around the
houses (hiding and nesting places)
• High risk at feed storage area:
proper storage condition feed
stored in bags are at risk, easy to
gnaw: prefer metallic bins
Or
bags, closed and resistant /
stacked on pallets).
Prevention

• Clean feed spills asap

• Door must be raised and closed
• No water collection (inside and outside).
Keep water from standing around the
house.
• No holes in the wall and floor (no lighting
leakage in dark house)
• Dead disposal (closed and place in an area
clean and easy to disinfect)
 • Plain tin sheets installed vertically
• Floor made in concrete (50 cm in
depth) to avoid nesting area
under the floor.
Prevention • Outside: free of vegetation (or
mowed) and hidden places
(garbage, equipement) from 1 meter
around the house. (Storage room).
• Note that catnip is attracting cats
and deferring rodents.
 Rodents:
eradication
and control
 • According to the rodent behaviour
• 3 lines:
Appropriate 1. In the house

placement of 2. Close to the walls outside

3. Close to the fence
the baits • Do not touch the bait (rodent will recognize
human scent)
• Swap with new baits regularly (attractive bait).
 Courtesy of animalatticpest

• Anticoagulant bait and control / Physical trap

• Every 20 meters
Prevention • In and around the poultry houses
• Target : rodent proof
Rodent control
Chemical control:
 anticoagulant (unique or
chronical intoxication) such as
brodifacoum, bromadiolone,
flocoumafen able to kill after 1
ingestion.
 Chlorophacinone multiple
ingestions
Cause internal bleeding and
prevent the blood from clotting.
 • Non-anticoagulant rodenticides (anticoagulant
resistant/ acute infestation)
1. Bromethalin: disrup energy production =>
lower cells activity and nerves impulse =>
Rodent paralysis => death.
1 dose – death after 3-4 days
control 1. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) at a high dose.
2. Alpha-chloralose: anesthesic, death by
hypothermia
Rodents control

• Date of inspection
• Location of bait stations or traps
• Rodent activity
• Number of rodents trapped
Eradication plan: get rid of rodents!

• Rodent follow-up :
 Biological and mechanical traps
checked monthly or even
weekly if possible
 Audit to avoid hidden nests and
habitat
• If consumption: check daily the
bait station, swap with a kill bait
(one use)

• If rodent observed: war!!!

Difficult to get rid of them
(professional pest control team)
Take away

Treat with the correct

Tracks the proofs:
Localise all the nests, product and place the
gnawed cables, drops,
the holes baits properly, with
musc odor, holes
gloves

(if prevention: raticide

only / if infestation: 4. Control and monitor
raticide + souricide / the bait consumption.
wet site: proof bait)
INSECT PREVENTION
Dr Magali Charles, DVM
Insect killer
specialist
Flies
• Fast development: minimum 1
week
• High productivity: 200 eggs laid
every 4-5 days, 10-30
generations per year.
• High humidity for eggs/ larvae
development
• Pupa development around 12°C
onwards (optimum at 26°C)
Courtesy of Poultry site
Fly damage
• Vector of diseases (NDV, AI, IBDV, E Coli,
worms,…)
• Workers and neighbourhood complaints
What is it?
Control

• Environment
• Mechanical
• Biological
• Chemical
Control
• Infestation evaluation: monitoring
• Break the cycle:
Biological control
Chemical control (adulticide and larvicide)
Feed storage
Water management

• Eggs laid in moist and warm

area with organic material.
• Manure protects the eggs and
feeds the maggots.
 Prevent leaks (water lines)
 Quick removal of dead birds
and broken eggs (to an
incinerator, garbage sealed
collectors)
Clean feed spills
Minimize risks of flies from
other fly-infested animal such as
cows, horses.
Manure management

Manure management
1. Dry manure
2. Remove the
manure weekly
(break the cycle)
3. Clean out between
flocks
Composting

• Biosecurity: destroy bacteria, virus, insect larvae (process temperature / time depend)
• Almost all the insect larvae are destroyed at 46°C
destroy during the composting process (54 to 71°C)
Larvae will migrate to the wall area (colder) to avoid hazardous temperatures. Solution: mix
the manure, treat the manure with insecticides on the surface.
Control the compost: if insect development at around 10-15 cm deep.
Mechanical control
Physical
• Knock down lamp (offices, farm building)
• Sticky boards, sticky ribbon
• Screens

Lack of efficiency if high infestation

Biological control

 « Usual » inhabitant: beetles

but…. Pest insects
 Predatory insects
Parasite wasps (destroy flies in the
pupa stages).
Any inconvenience for humans
Difficult for wasps parasites to take
over the whole flies population
(frequent releases required).
Use of insecticides prohibited
except Cyromazine (larvicide)
Parasitised fly pupae with a newly hatched wasp.
Photo: Dr Mac

Biological control
Chemical control: larvicide
• Cyromazine
In-feed insect growth regulator (IGR)
Interference with the chitin metabolism of fly
larvae (chitin synthesis inhibitor)
3 days withdrawal period before culling, not in
broilers
Administration: 1% for 4 to 6 weeks (at least)
Chemical control: larvicide
• Cyromazine, triflumuron / diflubenzuron, spinosad
• Against larvae, beetles
• First step: growth regulator (larvicide)
Early application, renew the treatments regularly
(contact mandatory with the larvae) Molecules Example of Dose for
product 1000m²

Cyromazine 2% Neporex 25 kg

Benzoylurea
Triflumuron Baycidal 2 kg
Second step: adulticide if needed Diflubenzuron Device PM 2kg

Spinosad Elector
 • Knock down (e.g. Permethrin)
Chemical Quick reduction of adult flies
control: Repeat applications frequently
adulticides Low risk of resistance selection
• Residual ( stomach and contact poison)
Pyrethroids,Organophosphates,
examples Molecule e.g. of neonicotinoid, spinosid
product
Pyrethroid Permethrin, Long acting control (for a few days or
Cyfluthrin Tempo months)
Deltamethrin
Esfenvalerate Higher risk of resistance selection
Organophosphate Chlorpyrifos
tetrachlorvinphos
Neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam Agita
Imidacloprid Quickbayt

Spinosid Spinosad Elector

 PYRETHOIDS SPINOSAD

Chemical
control:
rotation
NEONICOTINOID ORGANOPHOSPHATE
Painting, spraying, granules
• Application according to
local label instructions
Chemical control: space
spray or fogs
• Thermal fogger, cold foggers
• During the production, products with no
residual effects (country legislation)
• Often permethrin, cyfluthrin
• Do not mix with disinfectant unless if it is
approved by the supplier.
 • Do not contaminate food, water, eggs or
utensils with spray and do not treat animals
directly
Toxicity • Always follow the instruction on the label
strictly (legislation rules according to the
country)
Monitoring
• Monitor flies population thanks to sticky fly ribbons or electrical traps
• Over infested lead to a failure in treatment
• Larvicide treatment as soon as manure is high enough
• Insecticide treatment according to climate conditions or numbers of
flies
 To do list
• Just after depopulation: insecticides (adulticid)
• At the end of the clean out procedure: insecticide treatment
• Thermal fogger a few hours before chicks arrival
• Remove and/or dry the manure
• Monitor flies population:
Larvicide on wet manure
Adulticide to maintain the fly population in a low level
 ALWAYS FOLLOW SUPPLIER’S
Regulations Do not mix with another disinfectant
if not mentioned
Residues: « for use poultry » label
 Thank you for your attention !

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