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Modelling of Interference Caused by Uplink Signal For Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Ground Stations
Modelling of Interference Caused by Uplink Signal For Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Ground Stations
Modelling of Interference Caused by Uplink Signal For Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Ground Stations
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These new generated signals can unexpectedly fall within Mf1 ± Nf 2 where M,N =0,1,2,3,…..
a victim receiver licensed passband (Fig. 1b). In case the
generated intermodulated signal is too strong, it will not The order of the distortion product is given by the sum
only interfere but it could completely block the desired M+N. The second order intermodulation products of two
receiving signal. Through modelling this process, the signals at f 1 and f 2 would occur at f1 + f 2 , f 2 − f1 , 2 f1
problem can be analyzed and avoided in advance.
and 2 f 2 . The third order intermodulation products
(component cei3 of Eqn. 1) of the two signals at f1 and
2. Intermodulation Interference f 2 would be 3 f 1 , 3 f 2 , 2 f1 + f 2 , 2 f 1 − f 2 , f1 + 2 f 2 and
f1 − 2 f 2 . These are presented in Fig. 2. Mathematically
The major source of interference in a satellite intermodulation product calculation could result in
communication system is the intermodulation noise "negative" frequency, but it is the absolute value of these
generated by nonlinear transfer characteristics of devices. calculations that is of concern. Broadband systems may
Toward the uplink, the intermodulation noise is mainly be affected by all non-linear distortion products.
generated because of high power amplifier (HPA) Narrowband circuits are only susceptible to those in the
nonlinearity. Related to downlink performance, especially passband. Bandpass filtering can be an effective way to
in urban areas (presence of GSM, UMTS, WiMax eliminate most of the undesired products without
networks) intermodulation should be considered because affecting in band performance (see Fig. 2).
of low noise amplifier (LNA) nonlinearity. Disturbance
introduced due to nonlinearity is known as
intermodulation interference.
The nonlinear transfer characteristic may be expressed
as a Taylor series which relates input and output voltages
[4]:
e0 = aei + bei2 + cei3 + ... (1)
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3. Intermodulation Interference by Uplink 3.1 Interference modelling
Signal
Generally, if spurious signals generated as
At the ground stations located in urban areas with high intermodullation products behind low noise amplifier fall
density of mobile radio systems it is not easy to eliminate within a passband of a receiver and the signal level is of
intermodulation interference signals since these are sufficient amplitude, it can degrade the performance of
unpredictable. As, above mentioned in case of the receiver. So, the receiver’s operation will be disturbed
intermodulation each specific case specifically should be if two above conditions are fulfilled. Based on this
studied. concept it is built the intermodullation interference
modelling which enables the interference calculation
Satellite ground station in urban area is designed so caused by any radio source of frequency f x and satellite
that, at the receiver input, the level of the signal received uplink signal of frequency f t . Only third order of
from the satellite via the main beam of the ground station intermodullation products is considered. Among third
antenna exceeds the in-band noise by an adequate margin. order of intermodullation products are considered only
But, the unwanted out-of-band inputs, as intermodulation components of frequencies 2 f x − f t and 2 f t − f x . Fig. 2
products, generated by the ground station transmit signal
and any other radio frequency signal in front of low noise tells us that these products could fall within a receiver’s
amplifier (for example: signals from nearby mobile passband. Other intremodullation products of
system base stations as presented in Fig. 3), even though frequencies, 3 f x 3 f t , 2 f x + f t and 2 f t + f x usually fall
they are received via sidelobes in the ground station’s too far from the passband and practically are eliminated
antenna pattern, they could be higher and mask the by filtering. Thus these products are not treated in
wanted signal. modelling concept.
The amplitudes of intermodullation products of
frequencies 2 f x − f t and 2 f t − f x are respectively
3 Ax2 At and 3 At2 Ax , (these yields out from trigonometry)
where Ax is amplitude of any radio signal of frequency
f x in front of low noise amplifier which is potential to
cause intermodulation with uplink satellite signal of
frequency f t and amplitude At . Thus, third order of
intermodullation products is characterized by:
f i1 = 2 f x − f t , N i1 = 3 Ax2 At (2)
f i 2 = 2 f t − f x , N i 2 = 3 At2 Ax (3)
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f LO , including intermodulation products and desired
f x , ft , fr , B
receiving signal of frequency f r . Thus, it is:
f IF = f LO − f r (4)
f IF =140
For a receiver with bandwidth B = 2 Δf , the receiving
passband at IF input is from f IF − Δf up to f IF + Δf
where f IF is intermediate frequency which usually is f LO = f IF + f r
f IF − Δf ≤ f in − f LO ≤ f IF + Δf (5)
f i1 = 2 f x − f t fi2 = 2 ft − f x
f i1 − f LO ≤ f IF + Δf f i 2 − f LO ≤ f IF + Δf
( f LO − f r ) − Δf ≤ fin − f LO ≤ ( f LO − f r ) + Δf (6)
( f LO − f r ) − Δf ≤ (2 f x − ft ) − f LO ≤ ( f LO − f r ) + Δf (7)
( f LO − f r ) − Δf ≤ (2 ft − f x ) − f LO ≤ ( f LO − f r ) + Δf (8)
S ( IF ) , N ( IF )
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Usually, only one of the treated components falls within No one of these intermodulation products is within a
a passband and cause the disturbance. So, if frequency range under Eqn. 10, so there is no
intermodulation components are out off band, then under intermodulation interference. For the above case the
Status (see Fig. 5) for f in , n = 1,2 will show up this intermodulation interference disturbs receiving system if
in front of low noise amplifier is present signal of
text: “Intermodulation products out of band (no
frequency f x = 1598 MHz or f x = 2283.5 MHz. This is
distrurbance)”, and no further analyses are needed. In
case when one of components falls within a band, then confirmed applying intemodulation interference
calculator.
under Status for f in , n = 1,2 will show up this text: “In
band interference” and further analyses related to the
amplitude level are needed. If amplitude of interference is 4. Conclusion
under limited level at Final Status will show up text as,
“No disturbance”, and if the amplitude of interference
A methodology for analyzing the impact of
level is above planned limit shows up the text:” It is
intermodulation interference on reception performance
disturbance (Action)”.
has been described. These analyses are of high
For a particular case, where uplink transmits with
importance on the final decision of the ground station
frequency f t = 2055 MHz, the intermodulation products design. The introduced “intermodulation interference
2 f t − f d generated by uplink frequency and few GSM calculator” based on modeling concept could be applied
1800 downlink frequencies f (communication from on uplink signal frequency selection in order to avoid the
d
interference. This methodology is applicable for MEO
BTS toward the mobile customer) in Table 1 are (Medium Earth Orbiting) systems, also.
presented [3].
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