SEMINAR REPORT

ON
GWALIOR SWARM INTELLIGENCE

For the partial……

Batch 2019-2022

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
PIMG A.Shashank
Abhijeet Panigrahi
Gulshan Chhabra
Sanskar Tiwari
B.Com (Eco) II A
 DECLARATION

We, A.Shashank, Abhijeet Panigrahi, Sanskar Tiwari and Gulshan Chhabraare students of
B.Com I Year of Prestige Institute of Management Gwalior, hereby declare that the
Seminarreport entitled “Swarm Intelligence”is submitted by us in the line of partial
fulfillment of course objectives for the Bachelor of Commerce.
We assure that this seminar report is the result of our own efforts and that any other institute
for the award of any degree or diploma has not submitted it.

Date: 30-JAN-2020 Name

A.Shashank

Abhijeet Panigrahi

Sanskar Tiwari

Place: GWALIOR Gulshan Chhabra

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,A.Shashank, Sanskar Tiwari, Gulshan Chhabra and Abhijeet Panigrahi
of B.Com II Year of Prestige Institute of Management Gwalior, have successfully completed
theirSeminar Report. They have prepared this report entitled “Swarm Intelligence” under
my direct supervision and guidance.

Prof./Dr.Kalpana Tomar

(Faculty Guide)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

WeA.Shashank, Sanskar Tiwari, Gulshan Chhabra and Abhijeet Panigrahi, express our
sincere gratitude to Dr./ProfKalpana Tomarfor giving us the opportunity to work under
his/her guidance on the report entitled “Swarm Intelligence”.

We are grateful to our Director Dr. S. S. Bhakar, Prof. Shaifali Chauhan (Seminar
Coordinator), Faculty Members and other friends for their valuable suggestions in the
execution of report preparation.

We are also thankful to other staff that guided and helped us very kindly at each and every
step whenever we required.

We also acknowledge & convey thanks to the library staff, computer department of PIMG for
their kind and valuable support.
 Contents

 Introduction Page No.

 Invention and Features Page No.
 Advantages and Dissadvantage Page No.
 How SI relate to businessPage No.
 Swarm Intelligence Page No.
 Conclusion Page No.
 References
 MEANING OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE

Swarm intelligence is a study of decentralized, self-organized systems that can move quickly
in coordinated manner. In nature, swarm occur naturally and scientists have studied natural
processes such as ant colonization, bird flocking and animal herding to how discrete
biological agents work together with their environment to perform a common goal.

In robotics, swarm intelligence involves taking what scientists have learned from observing
nature and applying the concepts to machines. For example, a robot swarm may be made up
of tiny, identical devices each equipped with a sensor.

Swarm behavior suggests simple methodologies used by agents of swarm to solve complex
problems, which using the other optimsation algorithms such as Genetic Algorithms may not
be possible to solve. The basic reason behind this is the group behavior in these algorithms.
The distributed control mechanism and simple interactive rules can manage the swarm
efficiently and effectively. Flocking behavior does not involve central coordination.

Swarm Intelligence has been derived from the natural swarm behavior of animals which can
be defined as the collective behavior exhibited by the animas of same size, aggregating
together to solve a problem which is essential for their survival. SI can be defined as the
emergent collective intelligence of groups of simple agents. Agents are analogous to the
animals of the natural swarm. Agents can be a hardware device or a software program which
operate in distributed control mechanism. Agents solve problems by interacting with other
agents, or with their environment. Software agents are capable of taking simple decisions to
solve a problem.
 INVENTION OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE

 First introduced by Beni and Wang in 1989 with their study of cellular robotics
systems.
 The concept of SI was expanded by Bonabeau, Dorigo, and Theraulaz in 1999 ( and is
widely recognized by their colleges)

“using the expression ‘swarm intelligence` to describe only this work seems
unnecessary restrictive: that is why we extend its definition to include devices inspired by
the collective behavior of insect colonies and other animal societies”.

FEATURES OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE

 One million heads, one beautiful mind.
 Agents interacting locally with each other and the environment.
 Agents follow simple rules.
 Emergence of intelligent, collective, self-organised, global behavior.
 Decentralized and artificial or natural.
 Very adaptive.
 Application of bio-inspired concepts.
 Large mass of the agents is a must.
 ADVANTAGES OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE

1. Flexible: The systems are flexible because agents can be easily added or removed
without influencing the structure.
2. Scalable: The systems are scalable because the same control architecture can be
applied to a couple of agents or thousands of agents.
3. Robust: The systems are robust because agents are simple in design, the reliance on
individual agents is small, and failure of a single agents has little impact on the
system`s performance.
4. Adaptation: The swarm system can not only adjust to predetermined stimuli but also
to new stimuli.
5. Self-organized: The solutions are emergent rather than pre-defined.
6. Decentralized: There is no central control in the colony.

DISADVANTAGES OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE

1. Behavior: Difficult to predict the behavior from the individual rules.

2. Knowledge: The functions of colony could not be understood with the knowledge of
functioning of a agent.
3. Sensitivity: Even a small change in the simple rules result in different group level
behavior.
4. Action: Agent behavior looks like noise as action of choice is stochastic.
 HOW SWARM INTELLIGENCE HELPS AND RELATES TO
BUSINESS

1. Swarm intelligence applications help in logistics and transportation business

The concept of swarm intelligence applications has been successfully used in
transportation and logistics that involve the complex movement of goods along
different routes. The South West Airlines had difficulty in storing cargo in airports
with its capacity running at full load most of the time.

2. Swarm intelligence applications help in telecommunication business

Telecommunication business is quite complex as some routes will be busy at some
point of time while others will be idle. Each call has to go though a series of
intermediate nodes and hubs before it can reach the destination.

3. Swarm intelligence applications help optimize factory operations

This is one of the best swarm intelligence examples in which manufacturing
operations have benefitted from the observation of how bees allocate work among
themselves. There are workers bees, queen bees and nursing bees in a beehive. When
workload increases, even the nursing bees help worker bees to complete a task. This
was effectively used in paint booths in a truck manufacturing facility.
4. Swarm intelligence applications help in getting consumer feedback better
The most frequently used methodology to understand consumer taste and preferences
is though survey and online polls. There are ratings for films, hotels, airlines, books
available online but they can`t get the collective intelligence of the crowd. Box office
data showed Jurassic word ranking $643.3mn the most popular film, but swarm
intelligence algorithm showed it was Mad Max was highest rated film- with movie
critics given the higher rating.
Swarm intelligence software does not use absolute numbers but the quality behind it.

5. Swarm intelligence applications in HR and recruitment

In this swarm intelligence examples, companies have followed the practice of insects
in hunting for food to be applied in recruitment of employees.
Mass recruitment strategies can be utilized where competition is low and labor market
size is also small. It enables companies to get talent fast and with agility. It will enable
the company to hire the best talent even before other competitors emerge and raise the
wage levels.
 SWARM INTELLIGENCE OF ANIMALS

ANTS COLONIZATION

Ants form and maintain a line to their food source by laying a trail of pheromone, i.e. a chemical to
which other members of the same species are very sensitive. They deposit a certain amount of
pheromone while walking, and each ant prefers to follow a direction rich in pheromone. This enables
the ant colony to quickly find the shortest route. The first ants to return should normally be those on
the shortest route, so this will be the first to be doubly marked by pheromone (once in each
direction). Thusother ants will be more attracted to this route than to longer ones not yet doubly
marked, which means it will become even more strongly marked with pheromone.

Soon, therefore, nearly all the ants will choose this route. But what if the ants happened to return
from a longer route first, marking it most strongly? Computer simulations show that this problem is
solved if the pheromone decays or evaporates slowly. This makes it harder to maintain stable
pheromone trails on longer routes.

Studying this uncanny skill has enabled researchers to create software agents capable of solving
complex IT problems, such as rerouting traffic in a busy communications network.
FLOCKING BEHAVIOUR

Flocking behaviour can be described as the behavior exhibited when a group of birds, called
a flock, are foraging or in flight.[11] Birds and fish adjust their physical movement to avoid
predators, seek food and mates, optimize environmental parameters such as temperature, etc.
Birds have poor eyesight and they move in flocks in order to identify the obstacles in their
paths. Similar algorithms can be applied in controlling the air traffic in the time of disaster
management. Some fish such as clown fish also move in such flocking fashion called school.
They use it to identify if some fish has been missed out in the journey. Humans, however
adjust not only physical movement but cognitive or experiential variables as well. We do not
usually walk in step and turn in unison rather, we tend to adjust our beliefs and attitudes to
conform with those of our social peers. Essentially the basic models of flocking behaviour are
controlled by three simple rules:

1. Separation - avoid crowding neighbours (short range repulsion)

2. Alignment - steer towards average heading of neighbours

3. Cohesion - steer towards average position of neighbours (long range attraction).

With these three simple rules, the flock moves in an extremely realistic way, creating
complex motion and interaction that would be extremely hard to create otherwise.
 Properties of a Swarm Intelligence System

The typical swarm intelligence system has the following properties:

 it is composed of many individuals;
 the individuals are relatively homogeneous (i.e., they are either all identical or they
belong to a few typologies);
 the interactions among the individuals are based on simple behavioral rules that
exploit only local information that the individuals exchange directly or via the
environment (stigmergy);
 the overall behaviour of the system results from the interactions of individuals with
each other and with their environment, that is, the group behavior self-organizes.
The characterizing property of a swarm intelligence system is its ability to act in a
coordinated way without the presence of a coordinator or of an external controller. Many
examples can be observed in nature of swarms that perform some collective behavior without
any individual controlling the group, or being aware of the overall group behavior.
Notwithstanding the lack of individuals in charge of the group, the swarm as a whole can
show an intelligent behavior. This is the result of the interaction of spatially neighboring
individuals that act on the basis of simple rules.

Most often, the behavior of each individual of the swarm is described in probabilistic terms:
Each individual has a stochastic behavior that depends on his local perception of the
neighborhood.
Because of the above properties, it is possible to design swarm intelligence system that are
scalable, parallel, and fault tolerant.

 Scalability means that a system can maintain its function while increasing its size
without the need to redefine the way its parts interact. Because in a swarm intelligence
system interactions involve only neighboring individuals, the number of interactions
tends not to grow with the overall number of individuals in the swarm: each individual's
behavior is only loosely influenced by the swarm dimension. In artificial systems,
scalability is interesting because a scalable system can increase its performance by simply
increasing its size, without the need for any reprogramming.
 Parallel action is possible in swarm intelligence systems because individuals
composing the swarm can perform different actions in different places at the same time.
In artificial systems, parallel action is desirable because it can help to make the system
more flexible, that is, capable to self-organize in teams that take care simultaneously of
different aspects of a complex task.
 Fault tolerance is an inherent property of swarm intelligence systems due to the
decentralized, self-organized nature of their control structures. Because the system is
composed of many interchangeable individuals and none of them is in charge of
controlling the overall system behavior, a failing individual can be easily dismissed and
substituted by another one that is fully functioning.
 CONCLUSION

The nature has provided us with a technique for processing information that is at once elegant
and versatile.SI and flocking behaviour are based on the swarming methodologies already
present in nature. ACO uses natural ants’ foraging system to find the optimal path to the
destination. ABC uses bees’ way of building swarm and exploiting the nectar to search for
the optimum solution. Based on the swarming theory and flocking of birds, the PSO
algorithm is apparently simple to implement. Some parameters and fitness function however
has to be readjusted for applying it to different problems. Nonetheless, in the last few years, a
number of theoretical advances have been made. Social optimization occurs in the time frame
of ordinary experience - in fact, it is ordinary experience. It can be concluded that this class
of algorithms belong ideologically to that philosophical school that allows wisdom to emerge
rather than trying to impose it, that emulates nature rather than trying to control it, and that
seeks to make things simpler rather than more complex.
 REFERENCE

www.scholarpedia.org
www.sciencedirect.com
www.techferry.com
www.wikkipedia.com