AN SMEAR ie, Please refer to the multi-Rom for the audioscripts 3 TparAGRAPHESCSC~S~S~S~«*d "The Trust also operates a Green Grants scheme, where residents can claim 50 percent of the cost of | equipment ,... Purchases included .. | SECTION 1 greenhouses. 1 fan) accountant 2 over 50 8 iF PARAGRAPH 7 tells us that electri 3 family (membership) 4 nine/9_—_ 5 doctor was available prior to the estalltion 6 (swimming) pool 7 pay extra) 8 social events of the gtd, mostly via diesel 9 airconditioning 10 (the) restaurant generators. SECTION 2 9 |r PARAGRAPH 8 tells us that."The WE 12F 138 140 15C work by the Eigg Heritage Trust 166 1718 BF to reduce energy use has resulted SECTION 3 in sigican seduction in carbon 21C «2A 238 2A 258 sme - 26f 7G 2A 29D 308 10 [xe The passage does say in PARAGRAPH 5 that: ‘New energy supplies are being SECTION 4 developed, including sustainably 31 iceage 32 invisible 33 infection(s) harvested forests to supply wood 34 flavour 35 fungusffungi 36 sexes for heating’, but this does not go as 37 extinction 38 lowland 39 shelters) far as saying that wood will be th 40 ci main source nt | PARAGRAPH 9 tells us that: A reliable electricity supply has brought improvements ...for example ... the READING PASSAGE 1 elimination of the constant noise of Tm [usu | ARGH _| diesel generators." hundred’ | ‘For the island community of about a | [12 |F PARAGRAPH 9 tells us that: ‘Every one hundred residents. household has the same five KW cap, hundred irrespective of income | 2 [50 percent’ | PARAGRAPH 1 fra |r PARAGRAPH 9 tells us of the fity percent |... COz emissions ... are 20 percent varity of jobs created lower than the UK average, and lectriity grid electricity use is - 50 percent lower 3 [water | PARAGRAPH 2 pecan oo | | ..most of its electricity from 14 |F PARAGRAPH F gives predictions of | renewable sources, mainly water, wind humbers of temporary and home- and solar power. based workers likely to be seen in 4 [energy | PARAGRAPH 3 20) yestsitine monitors +All households and businesses have 15 [8 PARAGRAPH B explains that in the energy monitors, which display current _ industrial age companies structured and cumulative dectricity usage... their organisations along mechanistic [an cocina PARAGRAPH [lines ‘systems of strict hierarchical generators | ‘Demand is also managed by warning structures and firm meens of contral the entire island when renewable 16 [6 PARAGRAPH G warns business leaders energy generation is lower than | that the pace of change is fast and demand, and diesel generators are that they need to be aware of and to ‘operating to back it up analyse factors which cause change in 6 [insulation | PARAGRAPH 6 7 ahrwvoni ‘Eig Heritage Trust has installed 17 [A PARAGRAPH A describes the insulation in all ofits own properties agricultural age which was one of at no cost to the tenants, ve organisational stabil ANSWER KEY relThe author states that the fish were injected before and after the fish were trained: therefore A is the correct answer. 8 |e PARAGRAPH C shows that in the later | [28 [¢ PARAGRAPH 4 part ofthe industrial age, demand Such findings suggest that our | for products was high, outstripping experiences create parallel, and possibly | supply: ths meant thet customers independent stages of memory each were pleased to obtain goods and with a different life span.’ could not be too demanding about | [39 PRAGA the particular features of the product. The writer uses an example of an 19 [0 PARAGRAPH D explains that everyday task (walking up stars) to in the neo-industial age as ilustrate how important to our lves technological advancements brought it is to create immediate memory (A). about increased productivity, supply B is tempting, but does act spell out overtook demand. the importance of memory creation to 2 |e PARAGRAPH C notes thatin the enable unconscious task performance. industrial age, organisations were: je not eal with nyt titty “taskeoriented”, with effort being Baragraph. D isnot suggested put into increasing production 30 |D PARAGRAPH 6 shows the observations | through more effective and efficient by Kami and Sagi to confirm other | production processes." findings: ’...there are also other kinds | Hn IA | PARAGRAPH A describes the of evidence inaicating more directly | agricultural period as being one where that the memories consolidate over | both customer and labour markets, time after learning...’ Kami and Sagi's were local work supported previous findings (0). | - It did not cast doubt on earlier work 2 [> PARAGRAPH D says that nthe (a5 in A) and used a visual test (not Deora age, peopl became aiauinG rewetes more discrminatng n the goods an services they wished to buy, ... the ane Patan emphasis moved towards adding value different cegions ofthe brain Bearers were predominant active a different times over a period of several hours a [e PARAGRAPH B says thatthe industrial ater the taining) the experiment age ‘was characterised by a series of by Shadmehr and Holcomb used inventions and innovations Gri ore eae caer 24. [temporary | PARAGRAPH F correct.’ They found that... subjects’ Leach anticipates that: “In | performance remained stable for 20 years time, 20-25 percent of | several hours after completion of the the workforce will be temporary | training." This contradicts C. There is workers..."" | no reference to a ‘treatment’, as in D. 25. [home PARAGRAPH F 32 [NG In PARAGRAPH 6 we learn that ‘... 50 percent will work from home ‘,.. the performance of human in some form. subjects trained in a visual skill did = ‘ot improve unt eight hours after 2 ae the tang was completed an that managers and decision makers are improvement was even greater the aware of, and able to analyse the eparel ay 1e passage does not factors which trigger organisational S2ylhow often the taining was oven: change." 33 |Y PARAGRAPH 8 shows that the rat ‘came to associate a tone of specific frequency wath footshock READING PASSAGE 3 3a ly PARAGRAPH 8 a A PARAGRAPH 2 "the selectivity ofthe neurons response to the specific tone used in.training continued to increase for several days after the training was terminated.” rz) ANSWER KEY35 [N PARAGRAPH 9 contradicts the statement: ‘tis not intuitively obvious why our lasting memories consolidate slowly. PARAGRAPH 9 ‘All species of animals studied to date have both short and long term ‘memory; and all are susceptible to retrograde amnesia. The passage does not show a difference between the stability of long term memory of humans and of other species, but neither does it specifically say they are the same. PARAGRAPH 1 The answer must be ‘new’ as if subjects could already do the task they could not be ‘trained’ to do it PARAGRAPH 6 ‘The hypothesis that lasting memory consolidates slowly over time is supported primarily by clinical and experimental evidence...” PARAGRAPH 9 maybe we consolidate memories slowly because our mammalian brains are larye ard eniimously complex We can readily eject these ideas. All species of animals studied to date have both short- and long-term memory; and all are susceptible to retrograde amnesia.” PARAGRAPH 9 ‘Consolidation of memory clearly emerged early in evolution, and was | conserved.” —_ - Task 1 Model answer The table shows the change in attitude, over ten years, of students at a particular university to different aspects of its academic provision, Firstly, the most striking set of statistics relate to approval for electronic resources. There was a sharp increase in the number of students giving these resources @ good rating, particularly n the fist tive years: from 45 percent in 2000, 10 72 percent in 2005, and 88 percent in 2010. There was also an overall improvement in ratings for teaching quality, though the increase was relatively small (65 percent in 2000 rising to 69 percent in 2010) and there was a decline in the interim (63 percent in 2005). There was also a fluctuation in attitudes to print resources, rising from 87 percent to 89 percent in the first five years and then falling by one percent in 2010. Good ratings for the university's buildings and teaching facilities were identical throughout, 36 [NG a7 |F 38 fe 39 fH 40 [A at 77 percent. Finally, there were poor ratings at the beginning of the period for the range of modules offered (32 percent in 2000) and they got worse, falling steadily from to 30 percent in 2005 and 27 percent in 2010. Task 2 Model answer Currently, in many countries, the age at which people stop paid work tends to be between 55 and 65. In the past, with few people living beyond the age of 80, it was rare for anybody to enjoy more than 20 years of retirement. However nowadays, that figure is much more likely to be 30, of even 40 years, This is often cited as a reason for requiring people to work to a later age. ‘Advocates of this point of view claim that itis extremely expensive to support people for so long in retirement. Pensions are paid for partly by people in their working lives but today pension schemes usually yield far less money than necessary because they were designed to maintain people for much shorter periods. Increasingly, itis argued, the burden falls on younger people who end up working harder to pay for the enjoyment and relaxation of the old in their extended retirement. This, they say, is fundamentally Although | acknowledge the validity of this argume | believe itis outweighed by two very powerful counter. arguments. Firstly, when older people retire later they deprive young people of the opportunity to work and develop professionally. Secondly, | believe that people aren't just valuable members of society when they are earning ‘money. Retired people can contribute a great deal through sharing in family responsibilities such as child care, and also in the wider community, by doing voluntary work. | think ‘we should maintain the current retirement age and allow people to flourish in different ways when they finish paid employment. Test 2 SECTION 1 1 Lameon 2 42 West Lane 3 11Plune/1.06/06.11. 4 cook 5 equipment & foodshanding 7 FistAid 8 (college) tt 9 0208685114 10 colour/color blindness SECTION 2 ile At Ay too IASG 16C 17K 188 19C 208 SECTION 3 zi Coda G) 23,A\ 12416 225 'r 26D 276 WC 2A 30E SECTION 4 31 heavy 32 surgery 33 beetles 34 gas, 35 moving 36 surface area, 37 tubes 38 pressure 39 submarines/a submarine 40 fue!READING PASSAGE 1 B “There is nothing in the passage which comments on funding for sports science and related degrees. 1 dunt PARAGRAPH 2 “.. many of the men who were READING PASSAGE 2 assessed for miltary duty had been eee 14 Je ] Paragraph A explains the size, output al stools GETS | a eo a large wind turbine for “.. the solution in the providing of Physical Education (PE) programs in 15 fi Paragraph B estimates the greenhouse ane gas emissions (i.e. the environmental eee ee ce ote npr better prepared and specifically educated PE teachers 16 [iv Paragraph C describes te carbon — savings (ie. the environmental surplus PARAGRAPH 3 benefits) of using a turbine to produce ) |] the surnlus of Austratians electricity rather than the typical gid L | graduating with a PE degree t 17 [ix Paragraph D shows the financial 5 [employment "| PARAGRAPH 3 incentives given by the UK government ‘opportuntiey | *.. obliged institutions delivering to encourage individuals to install careerstoutes | this qualification to identify new turbines. meinen portunities, 18 Paragraph E questions the 6 PARAGRAPH 5 confirms that business government's spending on subsidies People now see sport as having good to individuals, arguing that the money potential as an investment. fay have bess Delian orien 7 [NG Although the passage shows that offshore wind farms. Rupert Murdoch has invested in a 19 |i Paragraph F accepts that there has range of sport ventures, the passage been some benefit inthe subsidies to does not state that he has a personal individuals | interest as distinct from a business | interest 20 | vil Paragraph G suggests hat ] spending on turbines individuals may are‘'new and developing career paths producing consumer goods. | for graduates of human movernent | science, sport science, exercise science | |21 |8 PARAGRAPH A ‘and related degrees ” a 15AW mero-tumine...is | 2 {tT PARAGRAPH 7 shows the mutual | ede Eker ch yar ee dependence of business and university |_| on a suitable windy site” | courses. Businesses need returns on PARAGRAPH D: ‘The carbon their money, so universities must scant in aa ae provide courses which enable ths. BC aay eerie 10 |F PARAGRAPH 8 notes the opposite, Le. is a 25-tonne carbon saving (t's governments have focused too heavily important to remember that al these {on cure rather than prevention. sums rely on a wind turbine having a IT PARAGRAPH 8 says: favourable location.) ifthe change is not brought about az fe PARAGRABH D again for philosophical reasons it wll occur “The UK government... introduced naturally, because insufficient funding a subsidy for renewable energy that | will be available to adress the eve pays... producers... 24p per energy | increasing costs of medical support." unit." frz |r PARAGRAPH 9 says that graduates of | [23 [offshore wind | PARAGRAPH E human movernent, exercise science farms had the government invested and sport science degrees, ‘Who its money in offshore wind farms already have the skls, knowledge and instead of subsiaising smaller domestic understanding to initiate community turbines, they woud have broken health education programs leven after eight years." ANSWER,it would be ... difficult for them to achieve the eract size required everytime, without any mechanical | means of regulating symmetry and | wall thickness... Even where there | sno noticeable exteral difference | between pots meant to contain | the same quantty ofa commodity differences in ther capacity can actually reach one or two fires” 24 [developing | PARAGRAPH F 33 [NG There is nothing in the passage to technology | ‘in addtion, such investment helps indicate whether there are plans for | to promote and sustain developing further excavation. | technology. 34 [N PARAGRAPH 3 | 25 [negative | PARAGRAPH G | “., thereisnorealdocumentay | “itis actualy quite iffiult to spend ssidence. Our entire knowledge comes money without having a negative from the ceramic material itself carbon impact.’ 35 |¥ PARAGRAPH 5, 26 [as PARAGRAPH G “oa the length of a man's arm limits ‘Sof the subsidy encourages the size ofa smaller pot to 2 capaci people to spend their money on a of about twenty litres carbon-reducing technology such as_ | [36 Tw PARAGRAPH 6 2 wind turbine, rather than on carbon ‘merchants handling @ commodity 7 producing goods like cars such as wine would have been able to determine easily the amount of wine a ]e PARNGRIPH 2 a7 |v PARAGRAPII 8 ‘The pottery found includes a wide | ‘In one case the deviation from the variety of functional types ike storage required size appears to be as much as Js smal ora peurng 10.1020 percent.” vessels, cooking pots, drinking vessels and so on, which all relate to specific Eh focal 2 tt activities regular trade routes within the “Aegean led to increased movement 28/0 PARAGRAPH 2 of goods ... The increased demand | ‘Given the large number of shapes for standardised exchanges | produced ... it has generally been inextricably linked to commercial assumed that mast Akrotiri transactions, might have been one pottery was produced by specialised of the main factors which led to the craftsmen standardization of pottery production. 2 [A PARAGRAPH 4 39 [A PARAGRAPH 8 ‘Standard measures may already have | “Even where there is no noticeable been in operation, such as those external difference between pots evidenced by a graduated meant to contain the same quantity lead weights — made in dis ‘of a commodity, differences in their found at the site.” capacity can actually reach one or 30 |E PARAGRAPH 4 | two litres." “The existence of units of capecty ao |e nly 8 summarses the overall purpose in Late Bronze “ge times is a0 of the passage, showing the place of evidenced, by the notation of units pottery production in Akrotiri within ofa liquid measure for wine on the overal socio-economic context vated containers ~ at |p PARAGRAPH 5 the size of a smaller pot to a capacity ie of about twenty litres; that is also the ‘Task 1 Model answer ‘maximum aman cen comfortably cary” | The diagram shows the different stages in the process of 32 (C PARAGRAPH 8 converting an animal hide ito leather goods The first stage is to hang out the hide on a line, in the open air to dry. After this, itis transported by lorry to the factory for processing. On arrival, itis submer. ts of soap and water, and washed and then transferred to another vat where itis soaked in lime. Having been cleaned in this way, the hide is then sent to a large rolling m. where it is smoothed and flattened. In the next stage it is submerged in aliquid called tannin, which is a mix of vegetable matter and water. This is follov polishing stage where small rollers are movedsurface to produce a shine. The leather is then transported to a different factory where itis manufactured into the leather products we see in the shops, for example, shoes, handbags and sports equipment. Task 2 Model answer Although some people would argue that we don’t change in any fundamental ways as we develop from young children to adults, | feel there are some marked differences in our social behaviour as we get older. Firstly, most young children tend to express themselves much more openly than they do when older, showing great extremes of happiness and misery. However, when they are adults they lear to hide their real feelings. This can mean that children have very volatile relationships — for example, groups of youngsters will often fall out and ro. with each other at one moment, and then immediately afterwards they have mended their differences and are back as close companions. Some people say this change in behaviour is good, that showing extreme feelings is, selfish and being a member of any community requires moderation of expression. Other people condemn this change, saying childish openness about feelings is more honest and as such, it should be valued. In many cultures, there are proverbs which say something like ‘truth comes from mouths of the very young’, and adults sometimes lament the fact that they no longer feel things as deeply as they did when they were children. They regard this as 2 great loss. In my view, itis a good thing if adults can retain some childlike qualities in their social behaviour throughout their life. | feel that, within reason, it s healthy to show feelings, openly because it leads to stronger relationships. However, adults should always keep in mind the consequences of expressing what they feel the moment they feel it. They need to realise that sometimes saying what they feel is simply selfish and if it hurts others, then they should keep their thoughts to themselves. Test 3 SECTION 1 1 grey/aray 2 62,0003 teacher shopping 5 (£1,100 6 tax 7 tyreltire 8 headlight 9 Thursday 10 London SECTION 2 WA 124 138 14C 45H 1sF WE WA 196 200 SECTION 3 21C 22C_ =23A 248 25/26 B/E 27/28 CD 29/30 B/D ANSWER KEY Set 31 33 35 37 40 TION 4 English literature 32 autobiography lab(oratory) 34 practical skills novices/beginners 36 experimental video 38 framework 39 editor sequence/order READING PASSAGE 1 1 Toten] PARAGRAPH 7 ] milion | “At one time, there may have been a5 many as ten milion of these lit animals 2 [eatsand [PARAGRAPH 1 fore’ |“. their populations ... were fores and | destrayed by the introduction of cats cats and foxes 3 | monitored | PARAGRAPH 2 scientists from the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory monitored these two populations.” 4 |i PARAGRAPH 2 2 wild-fre destroyed the entre area ‘occupied by the remaining colony.’ 5 Jewinct | PARAGRAPH 2 in October 1991, a wild-fre destroyed the entire area occupied by the remaining colony. Thus the ‘mala was finally pronounced extinct in the wid. 6 | sive PARAGRAPH 3 months |". the female can breed when she is Just five months old 7 | i5/fiReen | PARAGRAPII 3 weeks |". the mother carries her young... in ther pouch for about fifteen weeks 8 |(strong) | PARAGRAPH 4 | ‘medicinal discuss this with the leaders of the powers | Yapa people. Traditionally the mala trad been an important animal i their cutture, with strong medicinal powers for old people." 9 | skilsand ~ | PARAGRAPH 4 | knowledge’ | ‘Ihe skills and knowledge of the Yapa | knowledge | would play a significant and enduring | and skils__| role in this and all other mala projects." 10 /F PARAGRAPH 5 shows that although an electric fence was able to protect the mala, they could not survive in the “unfenced wild’nt PARAGRAPH 5 shows that 24 | Astrakhan |] PARAGRAPH F he reintroduction programme had to The fst attempts to organise be abandoned. procedures and carry out proactive iz Sa es steps to contro plague date to the i toutes Ne mes roomate aftermath of the 1727-1728 epidemic size increased in size. 7 in Astrakhan. “ 25 | houses | PARAGRAPH F 3 [T PARAGRAPH 7 confirms that the a eS ‘The houses of infected persons were [ees eacromean tobe bumed along witha of the personal property they contained READING PASSAGE 2 26 *| fre PARAGRAPH F = letters brought by couriers were di Section A describes how inthe ee seventeenth century Russian eee owe tte authorities used a variety of means to Dna find out about and prevent the import | READING PASSAGE 3 of plague from foreign countries. ae ir 7 PARAGRAPH 1 states that Wy Section & shows that there was some ‘Even if the claims of miscondu | success in preventing the import of the aay pe? eee | plague, though not total prevention end eompatence were 16 i Section C explains how Russian confined to a few individuals, the involvement in wars with other damage was Borie The perceted countries allowed the spread of the wrongdoings of a few people had _| plague to Russian soldiers. raised doubts about the many.” 7 vi Section D describes how the Sar 2 |v PARAGRAPH 2 confirms the | Peter 1 tried to limit the spread of the statement by saying that the plague in a variety of ways. | scientists kept a low profile and 18 wv Section E summarises the measures | hoped for the best. taken by the Russian authorities as | [a9 [WN PARAGRAPH 2 shows the reaction being limited in theirsucces by being | | ef mena esas taba Nestle jecemeal ——— jo |v PARAGRAPH 3 says that 73 [wi Section F shows how a coherent | ‘Ralph Cicerone) concluded that re strategy was developed for ‘the perceived misbehavior of even more systematic control of plague. a few scientists can diminish the 20and [Band | PARAGRAPH A says that: credibility of science as a whole a iD information on disease outbreak 31 [NG PARAGRAPH 4 | occurring abrosd wes regularly Although the passage states reported to the tsar’s court through that the US public's confidence various means, including in scientists, as a source of undercover agents...(B) information about global warming, PARAGRAPH B says that: had dropped between 2008 and foreign vessels were not allowed 2010, it does not tell us whether to dock in Russian ports if there confidence has increased or was credible information about the decreased since 2010. existence of epidemics in countries Y wer from whence they hac departed.) | [32 paren ee ate Zz and [Aard | PARAGRAPH C explains that: Should take professional advice to 23 e none of the occurrences was of help to rebuild their reputation. the same scale as in the past... (A) ——_—————+ Fi PARAGRAPH E summarises the aeroe | [22 [A PARAGRAPH ose nature of the ati-plague measures Ths teststey Go te 5109 ian lof the measures had a take the heat — leader fist, pronsonat hacer they were meaning that the heads should intended to respond to a specific - oz. outbreak, and were not designed 3a fc PARAGRAPH 9 says that, contrary asa coherent set of measures to be | to the PR advice, ‘many climate implemented systematically at the first researchers have avoided the ia sign of plague. (E) 1d the publ _| ANSWER KEY[3s PARAGRAPH 12 says that climate scientists should not be conceding to unfounded arguments which are based on prejudice rather than evidence PARAGRAPH 14 Uses the term marathon to indicate the time it will take to rebuild confidence: a marathon race being | along distance race rather than a short sprint PARAGRAPH 1 some of the relevant statistics hhad been withheld from publication.” 38 «dF PARAGRAPH 6 climate science needs professional help to rebuild its reputation. It could ... follow the advice given by Leslie Gaines-Ross, 2 ‘reputation strategist’ at Public Relations (PR) company Weber Shandwick.’ PARAGRAPH 6 in her recent book... 2steps tosafeguarding and recovering reputation’, Gaines-Ross’s strategy PARAGRAPH 12 those cit a aaa RATT cena: Oe, Task 1 Model answer Firstly, generally speaking, graduate unemployment rose for both groups from 2008 to 2009. Although women’s unemployment levels were the same for April 2008, July 2008 and April 2009, all ather figures rose. Secondly, there Was generally more unemployment for both genders during the autumn and winter months, with figures for both genders peaking in October (e.g. for males: 16 percent in, October 2008 and 22 percent October 2009). Perhaps the most striking trend, though, is for a greater percentage of male than female graduates to be out of work at all times of the year. Also there is greater seasonal variation for men than women: the gender difference is much more marked in October of both years and this reaches a peak in October 2009, where there is an eight percent difference between women and men. Finally, employment of women graduates is relatively table throughout the whole two-year period. It only varies by eight percent (si percent in April 2008, to 14 percent in October 2003). By contrast, men’s unemployment fluctuates more noticeably, with a range from eight to 22 percent. 37 «c 39«[D 40 [A [Ese rr Task 2 Model answer Many people make the assumption that the production of more and more goods is always a good thing for all economies. They say that this growth generates wealth, Not just for the wealthy few but forall strata of society They argue that increasing production brings immediate benefit to rich industrialists but that, in turn, they provide employment for, and buy gouus anid services from, other less wealthy people in the community. Also it is argued that the wealthy individuals will pay more in taxes and thus the money from growth will benefit everyone, through improved health and education, and that a happier, more stable and more developed society will result. However, other people argue that such growth in production can have the opposite effect. They contend that any riches tend to be claimed by the few and trickle down to very few others in the community. Also, wealthy people know how to use a variety uf devivus measures 10 evade paying tax. Another argument against such growth is that even if this wealth does filter down to all citizens it . does not, in itself, bring about a better society. Instead it can produce a consumerist mentality which draws a simple equation between having ‘things’ and being happy. This is bad for the moral and spiritual life of the country and also can damage the environment as people want more and more objects, creating pollution through production and disposal of waste On belance, | feel that a compromise position is the healthiest one - some economic growth should be encouraged as long as there are safeguards intended to ensure fair distribution of wealth and reduce the negative impact on the environment, iit ae SECTION 1 ay eels eunpiratine act 7 Setirey “8 0777800128 9 church fo 30" Apriva0-04/0430 section 2 ii cenaal Talal asc" 16 16 Cc 17/18 D/E 19/20 C/E SECTION 3 eo 228 2c mA anne ce 2728 of 2930 Ce SECTION 4 31 callcenve 32 inconclusive 33 methodologyimethods. 34 unequal 35 femalefwomen 36 response 37 control 38 sample/group 39 their/other colleagues 40. confidentialREADING PASSAGE 1 1 T | PARAGRAPH 2 | ‘His father ... ran the Brash retail music siness that had been founded in 1862 ... specializing in pianos. F PARAGRAPH 3 Brash's first job was with Myer | department stores before he joined the family business. T | PARAGRAPH 3 ‘After initially complaining of his | extravagance his father grew to accept | the change, and gave Geoff increasing responsibilty T | PARAGRAPH 4 tes us that after World War Il Brash’s had focussed on ‘white goods' before Geoff Brash took over in 1957, NG ‘Although the passage describes relationships with businesses in Japan | and china, it does not tell the reader | if Brash considered opening stores in other counties (@) share scheme PARAGRAPH 5 “Aired Brash had aso been a pioneer in introducing a share scheme for his staff...” Roland? Roland group’ the Roland group PARAGRAPH 6 ‘He developed a relationship with the founder of Japan's Roland ‘group (@) trade | PARAGRAPH 7 fir 1m 1965, Brash rade fair, attenced a jazz PARAGRAPH 7 2 trp that reintroduced jazz to many Chinese musicians." 10 1998 | PARAGRAPH 8 “The company was sold to Singaporean interests and continued to trade until 1998 " ‘education | PARAGRAPH 9 | ©.. promoting multimedia music ‘making and education for teachers and students." 2 technology | PARAGRAPH 9 offer teachers and young people the opportunity to get exposure to the latest music technology 13 [branches] PARAGRAPH 9 “The organisation has now also established branches in New Ze South Africa and Ireland, as well as Australia.” READING PASSAGE 2 4 ‘di PARAGRAPH A identifies the variety of occupations undertaken around the ‘Thames river in medieval times and outlines what each involved. PARAGRAPH B describes the physical | difficulties of transporting goods and the ways men worked to overcome th PARAGRAPH C outlines the change in status of river work over the centuries, from well-regarded in the fourteenth eighteenth centuries to disreputable in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries 7 [lw PARAGRAPH D describes the composition of ‘a workforce of many thousands congregated in a relatively small area." PARAGRAPH E shows the river community as being ‘... a world apart with its own language and laws.” a PARAGRAPH F outlines the great ‘numbers of people employed on 2 casual basis compared to a relatively small number of permanent workers Cand Paragraph A identifies nine diferent occupations of workers making their living by the river(C) Paragraph B details the heawyliting and carrying required of the men when quays and streets were unsuitable for wagons or large carts.) J22 [Aand Paragraph D notes the many thousands of people employed in a small area and describes the East das ‘the most intensively inhat region of London. (A) Paragraph F notes’ waiting for work at the dock gates and“... some 2,500 casual workers who were hired by the shift (C) 24 | reguer wage PARAGRAPH F 400-500 permanent workers w earned a regular wage ... But there were some 2,500 casual workers who were hired by the shift ANS’ ER KEY25 [steam | PARAGRAPH F fas Ja PARAGRAPH 4 power | ‘Steam power could not be used for |_| preschoolers may be unable to the cranes ... because of the danger understand that there is a direct link of ire between how the controller is used 26 PARAGRAPH F and the activities that appear before This was part of the life ofthe river them on screen. unknown to those who were intent 36 PARAGRAPH 4 upon its more picturesque aspects ‘the vast majority are still unable = to read and write. Thus, using READING PASSAGE 3 text-based menu selections is 7 ‘Although the passage tells us in notable PARAGRAPH 1 how many preschool | |37 8 PARAGRAPH 3 tells us that in children in the US had played video 2007 staff at Nickelodeon had an games, there is no comparison with idea that their new Nintendo DS | usage in other countries might be suitable for preschoolers._| IY T PARAGRAPH 1 says x |e PARAGRAPH 3 shows that the aim we predict that preschoolers of the study was to find out what | wi both continue and increasingly preschoolers might be able to do begin to adopt video games for with a hand-held game and what | personal enjoyment. the literature could tell them about 2 [Nc | Although we are told in ce HeeepmIere | PARAGRAPH 1 that ‘once a game | [38 [A PARAGRAPH 5 suggests that one of system enters the household it the limitations of game cartridges potentially available for al fami is the limited memory capacity and | members, including the youn that spoken instructions use a lot | this does not necessarily mean of memory | that parents are explicitly gi ao |e Bis the best title as the passage heir permission for children to use deals with a piece of research | the game. which helped to design video 30 «(N | PARAGRAPH 2 notes that research games for preschool children, | in this field tends to focus on The passage does not deal with | marketing and fault finding rather the issues ‘than original design for targeted users a OLY [PARAGRAPH 2 says that research has to be undertaken. | Taek 4 Model answer inorder urcerstond | The bo ple cars show that low and high income Senior cizens| their abiltes, ther | 970U85 spend ther disposable income (earings excluding ereecnetand ther neste house ret or purchase on sinfar ems butin ferent proportions, ale eae Regarding the low income group, the highest proportion iecuieion ta) thelr stil developing of their money is spent on food and drink ~ 29 percent, Fo ache me oncne ma!” | compared to just 15 percent for the high income group. stumbling Blocks are cognit This is closely followed by 24 percent paid out on fuel 33 OE PARAGRAPH 5 bills, which contrasts with a much lower figure for this ‘they are less exact with their stylus | item for the high incme group (only 7 percent). The movements ... [but] their fingers are | most popular item for the high earners is recreation and ‘50 small that they mimic the stylus | cultural activities - 21 percent compared with 11 percent very effectively, and therefore by by the low earning group. The higher group also spend using their fingers they can often | 3 much higher proportion than the lower income group ed aoe on restaurants and hotels (12 percent and 4 percent eaSrectiors respectively) and on transportation (16 percent and 9 34 PARAGRAPH 4 percent respectively). The proportion of expenditure on Though preschoolers... understand | clothing for the two groups is very similar, with only one that pictures can stand for re percent difference between the two (six percent for high | objects rr income group and five percent for the low).Task 2 Model answer Few would argue that technologies developed in recent years have had a significant impact on the way books and music are shared. The Internet enables very cheap, or even completely free, access to words and sounds. For many people this s @ very negative development. Firstly they make the point that downloading words and music without paying is morally wrong ~ is, afterall, a form of stealing, just as much as if someone had shop-litted a CD. Secondly, they claim that if nobody actually buys music or books then the people who produce them, for example, novelists, journalists or musicians, will no longer be able to make a living from such work. Eventually new work will stop being created, no one will perform live and whole industries will cease to function. They say that eventually the only way to make money from writing and music will be through things like celebrity endorsements, and mediocrity will flourish I eliove, Nowever, that freer access to books and music or the Internet is a liberating development, allowing more people to enjoy what was once the preserve of the few. Its particularly {good that young people can freely experience a wide range (of music and writing. | feel the only way to prevent accessing books and music is by stricter monitoring and harsher penalties and that this would be extremely damaging, because it would increase survelance and contro. | believe it would stifle creativity and undermine creative industries much mor free access is said to do now. | believe writers and musicians wil find 2 way of benefiting trom the new situation and youd artists will be able to make a lving as they always have done. SECTION 1 1 weekend(s) 2 plasdeco 3 clear 4 latefunreliable 5 cheaper 6 messy 7 designs 8 expensive 9 painting 10 ladder(s) SECTION 2 118 12C 113A 148 15C 16C 17) «18H 19D 206 SECTION 3 21D 228 423A 24H 25F 26 27/288/E 29/30 NC SECTION 4 31 common 32 woodland/woods/orest(s) 33 tall 34 greyigray 35 humans/people 36 memory 37 hearing 38 birds 40 water 39 year ee READING PASSAGE 1 [oy eee PARAGRAPH 2 tel that “| ona ina corabref fishery the physical accessibility ofthe reef opens uD ‘opportunites for direct participation by women T PARAGRAPH 2 go 3. on 10 say that by boeing able to directly participate in coral-ref fishing, the independence and importance of women are enhanced. NG PARAGRAPH 2 shows that the coral: reef enables to acquire important skis and kiiowledge for later life PARAGRAPH 3 confirms that con Uithi Atoll ‘women have a distinct role, and nights, in the distribution of fish catches. aa ‘While the passage notes in PARAGRAPH 3 that the canoes are ‘made from mahogany fogs from nearby Yap Island... it does not specify where the canoes are actually constructed. PARAGRAPH 3 tells us that reef fisheries give women greater control ove the household income and allow them to in negotiate for loans or credit PARAGRAPH 4 says that coral reef fisheries are ‘relatively stable compared with other fisheries, or land-based agricultural product sea cucumbers PARAGRAPH 5 ‘in Palau, sea cucumbers grov the reef are seldom J weather in an effort to consene their populations. PARAGRAPH 6 in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low 10 | scuba ding PARAGRAPH 7 In the Caribbean alone, tours based ‘on scuba-diving 11 | communi- cations PARAGRAPH 7 "The upgrading of roads and communications ... may also benefits to local communities. 42 | sustain. ability PARAGRAPH 7 There is growing recog sustainability is a key re 13 | conflict PARAGRAPH 8 Where tourism developn been carefully planned sometimes arisen between toi and focal, smallscae fishers Neneh my READING PASSAGE 2 "The theme of PARAGRAPH in order to learn scien often have 10 change think in ordi ANSY1s ii | PARAGRAPH 8 illustrates the problem of superficial understanding by ‘explaining how Students can lam information but | | be unable to appiy it | PrORCH Which is now termed PARAGRAPH C explains Piaget's idea “discoverviearning’"* | that ain ets om conties | [38 —Trscrr_| gemule | between existing concepts and new |_| Discovery learning intaly took information which challenges them. | what is now considered the ‘one | 7 i PARAGRAPH D shows that ‘eamer' route. The role of the | ‘scovery leaning’ had aitialy teacher was to select situations that been seen a5 a lone learner being challenged the pupils reasoning challenged to re-think, but later the | [26 Tpocay PARAGRAPH D | role peers can play in learning hed friends it was subsequently proposed been proposed, that interpersonal conflict, especially % ln | PARAGRAPH € outinesa study 7] | with pests, might play an important | | wich it was found that ‘arosers |__| ete in erometing cognitve chance | 2s... observed... ina second test | given around four weeks after the READING PASSAGE 3 |24 — Jiscovey | PARAGRAPH D ||eeming | ‘Piaget's hypothesis about how | cognitive change occurs was later | teansleted into an educational ,_ |__|areup ors "MeN afer te [zo PARAGRAPH 2 emphasises the 19 wii PARAGRAPH F describes a study | fascination monumental ruins | which investigated whether the | | hold for us and our wonder at the exchange of ideas in pair work ‘mysteries they hold, This might be * || could a ee cemed een,T 20and [Band [paRAGRAPH c ze fc ] PARAGRAPH 3 2 |p According to Faget, learning takes This Suspicion of unintended | blace when pupit are acicey ecological suede (ecocide) has been engaged in solving probleme th confirmed... by archaeolagt, challenge their current thinking (8) | cimatologists, historians, | Although the teacher is important (as paleontologists, and palynologists | in A), itis the inner dynamics of the (pollen scientists). Pupi’s thinking whichis key. 2 [a PARAGRAPH 4 notes that many fauna children - according to Faget -|_ | | ciusations ‘decined rapiahy | do not abways accept the need, |aterreachingpeot oe change ther ideas the face of new oe | Jrcet the mentation: hey may | > | [PARAGRAPH | thei old way of thinking. (0) | Today many people fee! | Repetition and consistency of input that environmental problems overshadow all the other threats to Hobs civilisation." PARAGRAPH 5 notes the build up of toxic substances as one of four new environmental threats, PARAGRAPH 5 shows that theres] myugh debote about te serousres | | of the curent environmental | (Qiis not mentioned and children’s | ability to help each other (€) was not Noted by Piaget. ay poyFaget PARAGRAPH ‘Howe compared the progress | of 8-12 year-old children in understanding what influences mation down slope," tay Goemand colleagues created two | | |__| problems || ‘groups according to a pre-test: 2 33 NG The passage states in PARAGRAPH | | Post test was given immediately after 6 that: the sessions and another four weeks | We ditér from past societies in | | ater (&) some respects that put us at lower | | The children did not work in mixed: | tsk than them .. We also differ from | | ability groups (8); the talkativeness of | Bast Societies in some respects that the children is not mentioned (O; put us at greater risk than them’ | the teacher was not actively involved | but it does not compare individual (0) [ societies past and present. | BI answer xey34 The final sentence of PARAGRAPH 6 warns us that we can learn lessons from the past but we must be careful about the comparisons. PARAGRAPH 2 “The monumental ruins left behind by those past societies hold a fascination for all of us. PARAGRAPH 4 “it [is] tempting to draw analogies between the course of human societies and the course of individual human lives... But that ‘metaphor proves erroneous for ‘many past societies PARAGRAPH 5 ‘These environmental problems include the same eight that undermined past societies, plus four new ones PARAGRAPH 6 “some of those [differences] often ‘mentioned include our powerful technology (i. its beneficial effects)... We also differ from past societies in some respects that put Us at greater risk than them: again. our potent technology (ie. its unintended destructive effects) PARAGRAPH 6 ‘We shouldn't be so naive as to think that study of the past will yield simple solutions, directly transferable to our societies today." as C 36 > 37s F 3a |D ac (Only A sums up the argument. The issues mentioned in B, C and D are tithes not referred to in the passage or form only a small part of the argument Task 1 Model answer The graph shows the average weather conditions in one region of East Africa. It shows that there are significant differences in the average monthly precipitation and some variation in temperature. Ihe range of rainfall figures is very large across the year (from approximately five to 280 millimetres) whereas the temperature only fluctuates by three degrees, from 20.5-23.5°C. Broadly speaking, in this region periods of high rainfall tend also to be periods of slightly hotter weather, with two roticeable peaks in the year. Temperatures ae fairly high in March and April (ust over 23°C), which coincides with a time of very heavy rainfall (with a top figure of 280mm in Apri). Both rainfall and temperature figures fallin the middle of the year (to a yearly low of 20.5°C, and just five mm of rain in July). The exception to this pattern - of warmer weather being damper ~ is January/February and September where there are relatively high temperatures (22-23°C) but low rainfa (less than 20mm). Task 2 Model answer | strongly agree with the suggestion that humankind should consume less meat and instead have more vegetables in their diet, and | believe that a num steps can be taken to persuade people to do this. Firstly, | feel that education has a major role to play in bringing about this change of lifestyle. A well-informed minority of the world’s population may be fully aware of the fact that itis much cheaper and more environmentally sound to eat vegetables, thereby cutting out one whole stage of production, rather than consuming the animals ‘which graze on vegetation. However, | believe that the majority are not conscious of this. Figures should be made widely available showing the savings to be made from this option ~ both financial and ecological. From a young ag children should also be taught this as an essential part of the curriculum and to set an example, school meals should be redesigned to reflect a shift from meat to vegetables. ‘A second measure would be financial. Taxes can be put con meat to make it a luxury item to be eaten fairly rarely ‘at most three of four times a week, rather than two or ‘three times a day as is the practice in many parts of the developed world. There is, however, a danger in too muich interference in people's choice. Itis often the case that resistance builds up against lecturing and fiscal penal meaning that people will react by ignoring all the ad Perhaps @ compromise position would be to encour less wastage in food production and retail, particularly in the developed world. Huge amounts of perfectly usable food are thrown away by households and restaurant and supermarkets. Less wastage would mean less production in the first place. of 5, Test 6 SECTION 1 1 Moonfleet 2 fields 3 shops 4 summerhouses 5 river 6 dining 7 sea 8 garden 9 parking 10 agent SECTION 2. WA 128 13C 148 15/16 B/D 17/18 AC 19/20 BE SECTION 3 BVyAtes2a)eh 031A) 124)Co 825 6 268 278 2A 290 30 SECTION 4 31 (very) thin 32 court documents 33 high-quality 34 buried 35 thick 3G bleached/whitened 37 dialect 38 baseline 39 evolution 40 trade routes, ANSWER KEYHest READING READING PASSAGE 1 13 ] PARAGRAPH 9 describes the popularity of fabric designs originally used for a simple wrap, and use of beads for accessory 1 [labels] PARAGRAPH 1 items and evening wear. ‘During the 19505 ...There were no Jebrity designers or models, nor aaa ites READING PASSAGE 2 2 bargain | PARAGRAPH 1 4H PARAGRAPH H ‘even. high-socity women. | “This report, therefore. is structured ete proud Of oxting # baa | around the invdual components of 3 PARAGRAPH 2 : 2 SSA Ory. ‘tn] the 1960s... PARAGRAPH D : acceptance of innovative types of | a wn is bisected by the material such as plastic and coated | | east-west railvay, and people living in pobester Ladygrove.. felt and stil feel cut off from the town and its community” 4 traditional | PARAGRAPH 3 ber ie None ss cou “The following decade witnessed an | |16 | peecnennG a increase in the export of traditional rom now on public finance wil iaterials need to provide a greater proportion 5 reine RAGED of infrastructure project costs.’ ‘In India too, contours became eo PARAGRAPH C more masculine the ne of job _ ae opportunites in the rata industry 6 [ow | PARAGRAPHS ad ina ge, lan ordnance ee eceareetaes depot was the spur to Didcot's themselves noticed by making expansion." showy outfits..." 18 PARAGRAPH | Gis cote eee “discussions with the local ‘In the last decade of the t their a community about their aspirations milena, the market shrunk Re Teuer cies and alan ear made 2 —t sua undertaken 3 it PARAGRAPH 7 tells us that at the “in 1990 public-sector finance was beginning of the 21° century, sed to buy the and required for pee eure the Orchard Centre development, more sensible designs helped the comprising a superstore, parking and indian fashion industry accelerate SPE et ol acme ote) once again, acca 9 [NG Although the passage tells us in zo |c PARAGRAPH C ARSGRAPA 7 tat. nc the ‘Didcot ale to develop Broadvay | it doce mot tel us how much cotton es aaa teen : us how muc! achieved only a strip of shops along seg iepores one side of the main street hemmed 0 |T PARAGRAPH 8 describes the many in by low density housing and service advantages enjoyed by the indian _ trade uses." garment and fabric industries, ae RAGRAPH E n iF PARAGRAPH 8 makes it clear that ‘Population growth in the new changes in the rate of exchange housing areas failed to spark between the rupee and the dollar adequate private-sector investment. have depressed prices, making and the limited investment which exports more attractive. did take place - Didcot Market Pace 12 F PARAGRAPH 9 tells us that in development Chapa the range and quality of 2 A PARAGRAPH raw silks churned out here are good despite the crude production methods and equipment. the Orchard Centre development, comprising a superstore, parking and anew street of stores...” ANSWER KEY23 |p ] PARAGRAPH F 33) OA PARAGRAPH 6 the improved ralway crossing at any given language is a complex Marsh Bridge... Such projects were stem shaped by many factors, delayed due to difficulties in securing including culture, genetics and public finance." history” 24 [lowcost’_| PARAGRAPH G | [pe fe PARAGRAPH 7 affordal the requirement for developers Linguistic elements may build on that forty percent of the units in 2 human reasoning. We perceiv new housing development should be world in a certain way bet w cost homes learn to speak 25 [infrastruc | PARAGRAPH H 35 «(C PARAGRAPH 8 ‘ure ‘The Government's Sustainabk Notes that middle ear infections Communities Plan seeks a holistic are common among indigenous approach to new urban development ‘Australian children and their in which... infrastructure ofa language lacks sounds which would kinds are carefully planned and be difficult to hear, given an ear delivered infection, There may be a cause Bes [ssa | PARAGRAPH and-effect relationship here masterplan | ‘discussions with the local 36 «(8 PARAGRAPH 9 community... 5 well as other ‘Levinson and Evans are not the stakeholders, wil be undertaken fist to question the theory of and will ead to the development of a universal grammar, but no one strategic masterplan.’ summarised these ideas quite a persuasively’ READING PASSAGES __ _ far fo The passage compares in rr PARAGRAPH 1 says that one of objective manner the differn the mast influential ideas is that of __ lof inguists universal grammar which prevailed | [3g |e PARAGRAPH 2 from the 1960s for the next five “. Arremnte has V - decades no CV syllables 2 [N PARAGRAPH 2 shows that 39 «A PARAGRAPH 3 linguists have identified many ‘Others, such as La0 Universal language rules. Howev adjectives at all there are almost always exceptions."| }5 TARGHAPT 29 PARAGRAPH 3 confirms that some ‘Even apparently in linguists are controversial in arguing A aaiaiead hee een To that languages, such as Straits lacking. This includes recursion Salish do not even have distinct “Amazonian Piraha does not have nouns or verbs this quay 30 [NG Although the passage tells us that some linguists are pleased en to move away from the search oral fevoweal ara | tas Mol anewer of linguists The plans show the changes to a health cen es last six years. Since 2005, the centre has expanded in ay PARAGRAPH 5 number of different ways, Firstly, an extension has b: The Evans and Levinson ideas added to accommodate a minor operations room. Also uagest that human Brains ore the interior has been significantly remodelled. in 200 different depending on the eee Pee ears ek are a there was a large entrance area with wide doors a lot of open space for waiting, with the reception d 2 iY PARAGRAPH every time a language becomes extinct, humanity loses an impor piece of diversi the middle There physiotherapy room. This room has stayed the but the consulting rooms have been made sma) increased to four in number. The office ha jere only three consulting rooms 2smaller and the reception desk put in front of it. A children’s play area has been added in the corner near the entrance. Outside there have also been changes. The car park has been expanded with room for 18 more cars. The garden is decreased in size to accommodate the extra parking space. Task 2 Model answer In many parts of the world, and in many different scetors, more and more people are staying at home rather than mmuting to work. Opponents of home-working say that being toget! 1 a workplace with colleagues is an important part of keeping people healthy and happy. Staying at home, never meeting people can lead to depression. They also say that, from a professional point of view, itis important to spend time in formal and less formal situations with co-workers Although it is argued that interaction can happen via computers, especially with a visual clement such as video conferencing, they don’t believe this can ever replace face face contact. For me, the advantages of working from home more in outweigh the disadvantages. Firstly, many workers prefer home working, saying they function more effectively because they can relax, without the pressure and wast of the long commute. With new technologies placing people in the same room metaphorically, itis becoming much easier to do this. With less travel there is a smaller carbon footprint, although this is 2 claim which has yet to be proved because many people choose to live in remoter areas and car use is not significantly reduced when working at hom« Finally, what clinches the argument for me is the fact that working at home enables many people to join the workforce who would not otherwise be able to do so. This option is particularly liberating for women because they often have more caring responsibilities. To sum up, | believe strongly that working from home is he fairest and most efficient option for most people. Test 7 SECTION 1 1 terminal 4 07765 328411 7 (walking) shoes 9 chocolatets) 2 Pantera 3 east 5 hotel (restaurant) 8 Mountain Lives 10 (a) calendar 6 raincoat SECTION 2 le tap ee gen 04 Aen 168 17F 188 19D 20€ SECTION 3 21/22 ND 23/24 BE 25/26 B/C 27C «288 «29D -30F SECTION 4 31 rainfall 32 air/pla 33 freezing 34 unsuccessful 35 veap/inexpensive ANSWER KEY 37 solar 40 women 36 grass 39 walls a2 READING PASSAGE 1 1 [hottar | PARAGRAPH 3 | hot tar onto which a layer of stone chips was laid - became known as “tarmacadam PARAGRAPH 3 ‘Immediately above this... and compacted to a thickness of just five centimetres PARAGRAPH 3 stone dust mixed with water PARAGRAPH 2 says that new roads were generally of inferior quality, and that the achievements of Roman builders were largely unsurpassed until the eighteenth century [Although PARAGRAPH 4 states that privately owned toll roads were built in the nineteenth century it does not comment on who could afford to use them. PARAGRAPH 5 contirms that the advent of heavy traffic meant that | roads were inadequate: the ever:increasing use of motor vehicles threatened to break up | roads built to nineteenth-century standards h 7 details the development of high speed roads but does not mention the use or non-use of speed | restrictions, PARAGRAPH 8 ‘The development by the Romans of the arched bridge 9 [stone PARAGRAPH 8 | “Most were built of stone 10 |light PARAGRAPH 10 ‘Such bridges are nevertheless light PARAGRAPH 10 ‘The 1998 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan has a span of 1,991 metres, whichis the longest to date.’ PARAGRAPH 11 ‘Cantilever bridges ... exploit the potential of steel construction PARAGRAPH 11 ‘Although the suspension bridge can span a wider gap, the cantilever is relatively stable...” 38 site/location/place 2 Syfive ony centimetres 3 water 5 NG 8 Romans 11 | longest 12 ‘| steel 13 | stableREADING PASSAGE 2 25 | sha PARAGRAPH G 4 Ic PARAGRAPH B growth | ‘The newly evolved regions of DN Homo neanderthalensislved in aso include a gene called RUNX2 Europe and parts of Asia, as did which controls bone growth. That Homa sépiens, mmy account for ctences nthe 1 [e PARAGRAPH B shape of the sku | interlopers in the form of Homo | |26 _ ||tlefinger | PARAGRAPH G Sapiens, who were spreading out von: “Another of his teams hes reveal! from Attica." th entence of hitherto unsuspected species of human, cere ee using mitochondrial DNA found settee See itlefinger bone inva region was always quickly ia followed by the disappearance of Neanderth READING PASSAGE 3 w ie PARAGRAPH € tells us that a7 «dy PARAGRAPH 1 tells us that the two species, ie. Homo the first commercial fishermen reanderthalensis and Homo sapiens cast their nets and hooks ove were inte-ferile thousand years ago. oe 13 [A PARAGRAPH E says that oeee| PARAGRAPH 2 supports the no Neanderthal mitochondrial statement by stating that, in general BNA has turned up in modern we view the oceans as something humans which should be open to all 1 [Dd PARAGRAPH D explains the change | 29 |N PARAGRAPH 2 contradicts the | in thinking about the relationship statement when it says that | between the two species most marine protected area ‘Previous genetic analysis... had allow some fishing to g suggested 1 interbreeding b 30 [NG The passage focuses on v ‘Neanderthals and mod protecting supplies of fish i d The nev... examination not discuss the option of limiting this conclusion is wrong. ea ster deren 2 [8 The final sentence of PARAGRAPH IN PARAGRAPH 4 makes it clear 8 explains that we do not yet knov that destruction of the variety o why the arrival of Homo sapiens in a tranmals has been much eg region was always quickly followed by than their recovery wil be to the disappearance of Neanderthal. maaae a |s PARAGRAPH G ay that Neandertals | [33 ithe writer means that pleas from | and modern humans share the same Teneres’ managers or more time version of a gene which is involved in to make their models work, delay sesso i ably tl spese action which might lead to rea 2 PARAGRAPH A sets out the - groundbreaking nature of the 33 ‘None of the statements A, B or D analysis by Svante Paabo and his is supported by the passage, but in colleagues, 3 ie PARAGRAPH E notes that itis strange, ‘that no Neanderthal exemplifies the worst pitt sdrial DNA has turned up ‘models...’ Which agrees with humans, since the usual statement C | pattern of invasion in historical times | [3a In PARAGRAPH 6 the wa was for the invaders’ males to mate suean ed's lord With the invades’ fernales this catastrophic mista 2a [inter PARAGRAPH E common-sense manag breeding _ |... even after several hundred thus support {erossbreed: | thousand years of separation, the Statements B, Cand ng fertile two species were in | contradicted in thePARAGRAPH 1 ‘by the nineteenth century it was stil fet justifiably that the plentiful resources of the sea were... beyond! the reach of fishing, and so there was litle need to restrict fishing or create protected areas. PARAGRAPH 1 modem fishing technologies leave fish no place to hide ...” PARAGRAPH 1 the only refuges from fishing are | those we deliberately create.’ | PARAGRAPH 5 | ‘creating marine reserves... has been tried and refined for the last fifty years 38 PARAGRAPH 1 the sea tras far behind the in terms of the area cof protection given." PARAGRAPH 5 To some people, creating marine reserves is an admission of failure.” PARAGRAPH 6 ‘if we don't break out of this cle of failure humanity wil lose 3 key source of protein, and much ‘more besides. Disrypting natural ecosystem processes... could have ramifications for human life itself" (SAT Task 1 Model answer The pie charts indicate that there are some major differences but also a number of similarities in the proportion of time younger and older people spend on six different activities in the Internet. The most noticeable difference relates to the most popular activity for each of the groups. Social networking is the most favoured activity for the younger group, accounting for 24 percent of their time on the Internet. This contrasts with just eight percent spent on this by 60 to 70 year olds. The largest percentage of Internet time for older users (29 percent) was spent on making bookings, for example for travel, while for younger users this was their least popular activity, at just five percent. In other activities there were surprisingly similar percentages for the two groups. Both groups spent a rly large amount of time researching, for example, health matters (26 percent for older people, 20 percent for younger). The younger age group spent 21 percent of their time accessing music and films but this was only four percent more than the older age group. Finally, there as only two percent difference between the two groups in the proportion of time they spent buying things on the Internet 36 OF 37([D id d the quality 39=«([H ao [c ANSWER KEY Task 2 Model answer itis widely agreed that a happy and stable relationship in marriage is the bedrock of any community, with a greater ikelihood of responsible partners, and if children result harmonious families. Because of this, itis important to support the institution of marriage in every way possible. One important question in relation to this is: at what age should couples be allowed to marry? There are a number of reasons for making the minimum legal age for matrimony as late as possible. Many would argue that people in their 20s are able to make much more rational and informed decisions than teenagers can. Older people will have seen enough of the world to know that that the feelings they hold for someone at a given moment, may not last. They will realise that superficial characteristics, like physical beauty or sporting prowess may not be the only ones to bring happiness in a relationship. Older couples are likely to give more consideration to issues such as income and job prospects, but also to less obvious but, important personality traits such as tolerance, kindness or moral strength However, other people contend that itis unrealistic to make couples wait until their 20s before marrying. They suggest that as soon as the boy and girl have reached puberty they should be allowed to marry. To prevent them doing so would result in resentment between the generations, frustration and an increase in the number of Unsupported pregnancies. f married teenagers are given enough help and support, they can have children when they are young and healthy enough to enjoy them. Taking into account both these sets of arguments, | feel that 21 is probably too old but that 18 should be made the legal minimum at which couples can marry. General training Reading SECTION 1 1 E Pink, blue, green, silver or brown — please state preference. 2 |e | ‘this set is suitable for a broad range of sizes’ 3. iE This item is not available for ‘overseas delivery’ 4 [0 for all young children who want to copy adults and do some real ‘woodworking.” 5s [A ‘A great product for keeping young children entertained in the bath.’ (implies the product is made | to be used in water) 6 "A great creative kit for making an adorable ballerina doll 7 {[e This small xylophone a iF The letter tells us in PARAGRAPH 1 | that the Campbell Hotel is ‘one of Scotland's oldest family-run hotels.”fama PARAGRAPH 2 says We have 2 onine _] PARAGRAPH 4 | reserved a twin room for you networking online networking, using | In the UK, a twin room means a comporate sites such as Linkedin, room with two beds | haz also given employees the ability 10 NG The letter does not say whether to liaise with people doing similar prices will be reduced or not for work 4 guests who do not have breakfast. | [23 PARAGRAPH 5 W T PARAGRAPH 3 says ‘We are Tror people who're working in currently offering a special rate for digital media it's everything], but Sunday nights ~ £25 per person ...’ in the building trade it's almost (as opposed to the £55 normal | pointless rate). 24 formal PARAGRAPH 7 2 PARAGRAPH 4 of the letter informs courses | Apart from on-the-job training, (guests that: ‘Check-in is from there are self-help books ... as well aaa 2s formal courses. 13 [NG The letter does not indicate whether | |75 | Saf ee dinner in the Loch Restaurant must Deelopment |". eeckle hat ther genuine areos of weakness are, and then be prestook - fatk about them with their Sta iF PARAGRAPH 6 of the letter says esse nant eee that iFcancelled upto 24 hours : = before the day of arrival no fee will | |?6 {Job ieeatanae | be charged, Ifcancelled later shadowing | .. temporary roles or job then the fst night wil be charged shadowing can give you 2 more eae | rounded view of the organisation. aan 7 PARAGRAPH 10 SECTION 2 ‘One of the key skills is dealing = with your Boss and part ofthat i [15 [website [PARAGRAPH 2 knowing what your boss is being Check our website to learn about judged by. They al hove targets volunteer postions available in L s your area.” __| SECTION 3 16 [officer | PARAGRAPH 3 lcemln MREGRaPae Contact the DNR officer who is describes the wide range | designated for the project | ‘geographical areas in which the 17 [schedule | PARAGRAPH 4 Spotted Fycatcher has been “Arrive on time (or a little early) to ‘observed at different times of work on the project for which you the jose registered to work. The sel 2 |v PARAGRAPH B outlines records kept you agree to is important: be sure in the eighteenth century of very to call you wi be absent or need! regular pattems ofthe bird's arrival | to leave early. in England and compares this with [re [pubic | PARAGRAPH 5 bullet point 1 modern records tf working with the publicin your | sq [i PARAGRAPH C shows how the Vokitiaer posttest female undertakes most of the nest from them... are to be passed on building and incubation, but that |__| toyour supervisor. the male ensures the eggs are kept 79 [opinion aRAGRAPH 5 bullet point | vari wile Une female leaves the ‘Avoid expressing a personal nest to feed gpinion. 31 vill PARAGRAPH D does briefly refer to 20 hours PARAGRAPH 5 bullet point 2 predators, but mainly describes the | ‘Keep a note of your hours ... turn way the parent birds care for the inyour records to your supervisor” chicks in the early days 21 [needs | PARAGRAPH 5 bullet point 3 x [w PARAGRAPH E describes the way the Your superior wil be happy to birds change their insect-catching aiscuss any concerns that you may pattem according to changes in have 2 well a any speci needs temperature a ANSWER KEY33k [PARAGRAPH F outlines the appearance of the bird and other | | means of identification. PARAGRAPH G shows the work being carried out to gather and Understand data on declining numbers as a first step towards conservation. PARAGRAPH A: ‘Despite its rather dull plumage’ | PARAGRAPH F: ‘The Spotted Flycatcher lacks the more brightly marked plumage of many other birds, and ... itcan be mistaken for another, PARAGRAPH F “.. seldom seen on the ground, but usually feed fr | @ petch, making salies after aerial insects.” PARAGRAPH F. ‘it is rare to see several Spotted Flycatchers | together uniess they happen to b 2 famil | PARAGRAPH F ‘the audible snapping sound that the bill sometimes ‘makes when the bird snatches fan insect from the PARAGRAPH A tells us that the birds have been sighted in the northern hemisphere (Britain) and the southern hemisphere (Africa). (D). Statements A, B and C are | contradicted in PARAGRAPHS A and B of the passage. PARAGRAPH D confirms that the nest may be used for more than one brood (6). A cannot be chosen as PARAGRAPH C describes the nest as ‘delicate’ Cand D are also contradicted in PARAGRAPH C. 34 [vil 35 | drab/dull 36 [37 38 | snapping sound 39 40/8 General Training Writing Task 1 Model answer Dear Alice | hope you're well and enjoying being back at university after the holiday. | wonder if you could do me a favour. Would it be possible to buy some books suitable for a 14 year old boy? My friend (Jasmine) has a son who is not doing particularly well in his English classes at school. His English is actually quite good, but he’s lost motivation and Jasmine wondered whether it might help if he could be persuaded 10 do some more reading in the language. As you know, very difficult to get hold of English books here and the in the bookshops are rather boring for a teenage boy ANSWER KEY ‘As you have two younger brothers, | thought you might, have some suggestions about what he would enjoy. If you could choose a couple of books, Jasmine would be very happy to send money to cover the cost of the books and postage. | hope you don’t mind my asking you to do this and do let me know if there's anything I can send you from here to say thank you, Best wishes Sasha Task 2 Model answer Unquestionably there are many more cars on the roads now than there were even ten years ago but whether there are too many, and they are ruining our urban areas, is a matter of some dispute The main arguments against this point of view are as follows. Firstly, we cannot claim that there are too many cars in a given place if the majority of people there fecl the numbers are acceptable. Secondly itis wrong to deprive people of the right to drive their own cars. Public transport is often so poor that itis not a realistic option. Only private cars can enable people to go about their d lives efficiently and comfortably, for example, commuting ‘to work and going shopping. Thirdly, in most urban areas, even the most congested ones, itis still possible to drive round fairly easily. Buses and bicycles often have special lanes so all forms of transport can co-exist happily together. However, | feel strangly that there are too many cars in ‘our towns and cities. Roads are becoming more dangerous, with many more serious road accidents occurring, affecting everyone, including those in cars. Pedestrians and cyclists have less and less space and freedom to move safely. Another point to consider is that large numbers of cars are causing severe pollution, making the air of our cities Unpleasant; at times, almost unbreathable. There has been a sharp rise in the number of people suffering from respiratory diseases, and old and valued buildings are being destroyed hy chemicals fram car exhausts. Thus, although many people fiercely defend the right of choice to drive cars in cities, | believe steps should be taken to reduce their number before they end up taking over and Urban environments