University of Management and Technology

Resource person: Gulraiz Nasim Ch Introduction to statistics

Name: Registration #

Lecture # 17 & 18 Section:

Chapter # 4
Introduction to Probability

Overview:
Statistics is basically focused on presentation of Data (discussed earlier (Tabular Representation
and Graphical Representation)) and interpretation of results/chance outcomes after analysis. For
example
Scenario Extracted Information
No. of accidents in a certain area 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 1, 7, 5
No. of defective Items in a Lot of specific
D, N, D, D, N, N, N, D
Materia
Volume of Gas released (𝑑𝑚3) in a
2.04, 4,90, 5.87, 2.11,
chemical reaction at different
1.23
concentration of Acid
Opinion of people before election about a
PTI, PMLN, PPP
certain political party.
Hence we observed that we may handle information in numeric form or representation in
counts/measurements or it is categorized.
Probability:
The word probability has two basic meanings (i) a quantitative measure of uncertainty and (ii) a
measure of degree of belief in a particular stamen or problem.
Probability and statistics are fundamentally interrelated. Probability is often called the vehicle od
statistics. The area of inferential statistics in which we mainly concatenated with drawing
inferences from experiment or situations involving an element of uncertainty, leans heavily upon
probability theory.
Uncertainty is also an inherent part of statistical inferences as inferences are based on sample,
and a uncertainty occurs when we toss a coin, draw a card or throw dice, etc. The uncertainty in
all these cases is measured in terms of probability.
Experiment and Random Experiment
A word “Experiment” is used to describe a process which generates information/data e.g.
Volume
of Gas released (𝑑𝑚3) in a chemical reaction at different concentration of Acid or No. of
defective
Items in a Lot of specific Materia. An experiment becomes “Random Experiment” if
a) Experiment is repeated large number of times.
b) Situation/Condition/Atmosphere should be identical when you perform this experiment.
c) Results/Outcomes are uncertain.
Sample Space
A list of all possible results/outcomes that a certain random experiment can have is called sample
space. Like in above examples the sample space of description of item is, either defective or
nondefective. It is usually denoted by S.

S = {Defective, Non-Defective}

Some more examples of sample spaces

Random Experiments Sample Space (S)

Tossing a Coin {H, T}
Tossing of two coins {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}
Rolling a dice {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
{(1,1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2,1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3,1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
Rolling od two dices (4,1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5,1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6,1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
}
Satisfactory Level of people about a certain {Strongly agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree,
Brand Strongly disagree}
Support of voters to a XYZ Political Party in
{Yes, No}
future
 Numbers can be classify as even or odd
{Even, Odd}
according to the objective
S1 = {H, T}
S2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Rolling a coin and Dice altogether Combination of both
S = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H,
6), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
Class Activity 1:
Suppose that three items are selected at random from a manufacturing process. Each item is
inspected and classified defective, D, or non-defective, N. What will be the sample space of
these
items?