Clase de Radioterapia

Ver 2.
11
Chapter XIII
PDD
TAR
TMR
Dose Free Space
Joseph F. Buono RTT phone: 516 - 572 - 7536 office

Allied Health Science - 9460 Secretary
Nassau Community College email: joseph.buono@ncc.edu
1 Education Drive
page setup
Garden City, NY 11530-6793 website: rtscanner.com 10×7.5
Title
Menu
- Objectives - next by default
- Dose in free space
- BackScatter Factor ( BSF )
- Percentage Depth Dose ( PDD )

- Dose to second point ( i.e. - Cord Dose ) for SSD setup
- Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR )
- Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR )

- Dose to second point ( i.e. - Cord Dose ) for SAD setup
- Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR
- Conversion between PDD & TAR (also TMR)
Menu
Objectives
1 - Define Dose in Free Space.
2 - Define BackScatter Factor ( BSF ).
3 - State the factors that effect BackScatter Factor ( BSF ).
4 - Define Percantage Depth Dose ( PDD ).
5 - State the factors that effect Percentage Depth Dose ( PDD ).
6 - Define Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR ).
7 - State the factors that effect Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR ).
8 - Define Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR ).
9 - State the factors that effect Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR ).
10 - State the relationship between TAR, TMR and BSF.
11 - State the relationship between TAR table and BSF.
MENU
obj 1
Dose in Free Space
Dose in Free Space
MENU
DFS 0
Dose in Free Space
source
radiation beam
ionization chamber
build-up cap The exposure measured

point in space in Air at the center of the
chamber is:
Xexposure = Meterreading × CT,P,S × Nx
Exposure Calibration
measured in Correction factor
Roentgen factors due to
Temperature
Pressure
Stem error
MENU
DFS 1
Dose in Free Space
source
The reading from the

ionization chamber Next, need to place a
gives the Xexposure at small mass of tissue
the center of the beam at the center of the
without the perturbing beam, who's radius is
equal to depth dmax. The dose at the center
influence of the
of the mass of tissue
chamber.
is referred to as the
dose in "free space"
Xexposure
which is equal to:
Dfs = Xexposure × ftissue × Aeq

Xexposure = Meterreading × CT,P,S × Nx
where:
ftissue
END is the Roentgen to rad
Dose in Free Space conversion factor for tissue
next
MENU
BackScatter Factor
DFS 2
BackScatter Factor
BackScatter
Factor
MENU
BSF 0
BackScatter Factor
fixed
distance
beam
(usually machine
operating distance) central
generally axis
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
Ddmax
Find dose Df.s.
in "free space“ Find maximum
on the central axis. dose in a phantom
Df.s. on the central axis
at a fixed distance.
Ddmax
MENU
BSF 1
BackScatter Factor
NOTE:
Since the dose at Dmax (Ddmax ) will always be
equal to OR greater then the dose in
Definition:
“free space” (Df.s.), BackScatter Factors (BSF)
will always be equal to OR greater then 1.
Ddmax
BSF = ———
Df.s. As the photon energy increases
the BSF will become closer to 1.
Ddmax
Df.s.
BSF is dependent on:
1) Energy
increase in energy decrease in BSF
(max BSF ≈ .6 to .8 mm Cu HVL)
depending on field size can be as large as 1.5
2) Field Size 3) SSD

increase in F.S. increases BSF independent of SSD
MENU
BSF 2
Percentage Depth Dose
Percentage
Depth Dose
MENU
PDD 0
Beam
Fixed
SSD
central generally
axis
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
Ddmax phantom
Find maximum dose
on central axis.
Ddmax Find dose at some
other depth on central
axis.
Dd
Dd
MENU
PDD 1
Percentage Depth Dose @ depth

has been defined as:
Dose @ depth
PDDd = ——————— × 100%
Dose @ Dmax
D d
PDDd = ——— × 100%
Ddmax
Ddmax
Dd
MENU
PDD 2
PDD is dependent on:
Percentage Depth Dose @ depth 1) Energy

has been defined as: an increase in energy increases PDD
2) Field Size
Dose @ depth an increase in F.S. increases PDD
PDDd = ——————— × 100%
Dose @ Dmax (because of an increase in scatter)
3) Depth of Tissue
Dd an increase in depth decreases PDD
PDDd = ——— × 100% SSD
Ddmax 4) SSD
an increase in SSD increases PDD
( due to the inverse square law
and the fact that PDD is defined
Ddmax at two different points )
two different
distances from
the source
SSD + dmax
SSD + depth
Dd
MENU
PDD 3
Tissue Air Ratio
Tissue Air Ratio
MENU
TAR 0
Tissue Air Ratio
Beam
Distance
from source
generally central
100 cm Linac axis
80 cm Co60
Find dose Df.s.

in "free space“
on the central axis.
Df.s.
MENU
TAR 1
Tissue Air Ratio
Beam
Distance
from source
generally central
100 cm Linac axis
80 cm Co60
Dd
Find dose Df.s.
in "free space“
on the central axis. Find dose in phantom at
Df.s. depth on the central
axis at the same
distance from source.
Dd
MENU
TAR 2
Tissue Air Ratio
Beam
Distance
from source
generally central
100 cm Linac axis
80 cm Co60
Dd
Df.s.
Definition:
Dd TAR is dependent on:

TARd = ———
Df.s. 1) Energy
an increase in energy increases TAR
2) Field Size 4) SAD (distance)

an increase in F.S. increases TAR independent of distance
(because of an increase in scatter) both reading at same
distance from the source
3) Depth of Tissue Df.s. Dd
an increase in depth decreases TAR
MENU
TAR 3
Tissue Air Ratio
Note:
If depth is changed to dmax then:
Beam Ddmax Ddmax

TARdmax = ——— = BSF = ———
Distance Df.s. Df.s.
from source
generally central
100 cm Linac axis
80 cm Co60
Dddmax
Df.s.
Definition:
Dd TAR is dependent on:

TARd = ———
Df.s. 1) Energy
an increase in energy increases TAR

an increase in F.S. increases TAR independent of distance
3) Depth of Tissue Df.s. Dd
an increase in depth decreases TAR
MENU
TAR 3
Tissue Maximum Ratio
MENU
TMR 0
Beam
Distance
from source Place phantom such that the
generally central ionization chamber is at depth
100 cm Linac axis of maximum dose.
80 cm Co60
depth = dmax
dmax
Ionization
Chamber Ddmax
Turn beam on and
record dose reading.
Ddmax
MENU
TMR 1
central Find dose at depth in the central

100 cm Linac axis phantom at the same axis
80 cm Co60 distance from the source.
Dd
d
dmax
Ddmax Dd
MENU
TMR 2
Definition:
Dd
TMRd = ———
central
axis
Ddmax central
axis
100 cm Linac
80 cm Co60
dmax
Ddmax Dd
TMR is dependent on:
1) Energy
an increase in energy increases TMR

an increase in F.S. increases TMR independent of distance
3) Depth of Tissue Ddmax. Dd
an increase in depth decreases TMR
MENU
TMR 3
Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR
Relationship
between
BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR
MENU
REL 0
SOURCE
f
(SAD)
BUILDUP
IONIZATION CAP
CHAMBER Df.s.1 Ddmax1
Ddmax1
BSF = ———
Df.s.1
MENU
REL 1
SOURCE
f
(SAD)
d1
Ddmax1 Dd1
Df.s.1
Ddmax1 Dd1
BSF = ——— TARd1 = ———
Df.s.1 Df.s.1
MENU
REL 2
SOURCE
f
(SAD)
d1
Ddmax1 Dd1
Df.s.1
Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1

BSF = ——— TARd1 = ——— TMRd1 = ———
Df.s.1 Df.s.1 Ddmax1
MENU
REL 3
SOURCE
f f
(SAD) (ODI,SSD)
d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

BSF = ——— TARd1 = ——— TMRd1 = ——— PDDd2 = ———
Df.s.1 Df.s.1 Ddmax1 Ddmax2
MENU
REL 4
f f
(SAD) d1 (ODI,SSD)
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

MENU
REL 6
f f
(SAD) d1 (ODI,SSD)
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

solve BSF equation for solve TARd1 equation for

Df.s.1 Df.s.1
Ddmax1 Dd1
Df.s.1 = D
= f.s.1 =
BSF TARd1
Both equations are equal to
"Dose in free space", therefore
they are equal to each other.
MENU
REL 7
f f
(SAD) d1 (ODI,SSD)
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

Ddmax1 Dd1
= rearranging terms:
BSF TARd1
Df.s.1 =
MENU
REL 8
f f
(SAD) d1 (ODI,SSD)
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

Ddmax1 Dd1
= rearranging terms:
BSF TARd1
TARd1 Dd1
= = TMRd1 BUT:
TARd1
BSF Ddmax1 therefore: TMRd1 =
BSF
rearranging terms:
TARd1 = TMRd1 × BSF

MENU
REL 9
f f
(SAD) d1 (ODI,SSD)
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

TARd1 = TMRd1 × BSF
One other important relationship is between TAR's and BSF.
Dd1
TARd1 = ———
Df.s.1
If depth d1 is equal to dmax1 then:
Ddmax1
TARd1 = ——— BUT:
Df.s.1
Therefore:
MENU
At depth Dmax TARs are equal to BSFs
REL 10
Conversion between PDD & TAR (& TMR)
Conversion
between
PDD & TAR
(also TMR)
MENU
TMR 0
SOURCE
f f
(SAD) (ODI,SSD)
d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
MENU
TMR 1
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
MENU
TMR 2
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1
BSF1 =
Df.s.1
note: This is for field size

at distance f
MENU
TMR 3
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2
BSF1 = TAR2 =
Df.s.1 Df.s.2
note: This is for depth d2.

This is for the field size at a distance equal to f + d2.
Which can be said to be an SAD equal to f + d2.
MENU
TMR 4
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2

BSF1 = TAR2 = PDD2 =
MENU
TMR 5
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Solving this equation for Dd2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2
I1 d22 TAR2 × Df.s.2

= Dd2 = TAR2 × Df.s.2 PDD2 =
I2 d12 Ddmax2
Substitute this into At this point need to realize that
PDD2 equation for Dd2. Dmax1 and Dmax2
are related by the
"Inverse Square Law"
Thus:
MENU
TMR 6
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2


= PDD2 =
I2 d12 Ddmax2
Ddmax1
=
f2
MENU
TMR 7
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2


= PDD2 =
I2 d12 Ddmax2
Ddmax1 ( f + dm)2
=
Ddmax2 f2
MENU
TMR 8
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2


= PDD2 =
I2 d12 Ddmax2
Ddmax1 ( f + dm)2 solving this equation for:

=
Ddmax2 f2 Ddmax2
TAR2 × Df.s.2
PDD2 =
f2 Substitute this into
Ddmax2 = × Ddmax1
( f + dm)2 PDD2 equation.
MENU
TMR 9
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2


= PDD2 =
I2 d12 Ddmax2
Ddmax1 ( f + dm)2
=
Ddmax2 f2
TAR2 × Df.s.2 ( f + dm)2
PDD2 = ×
Ddmax1 f2
f2
Ddmax2 = × Ddmax1
( f + dm)2
MENU
TMR 10
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2

TAR2 × Df.s.2 ( f + dm)2 Solving for:

PDD2 = × BUT: Ddmax1
Ddmax1 f2 BSF1 = Dmax1
Df.s.1
Ddmax1 = BSF1 × Df.s.1
MENU
TMR 11
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2

TAR2 × Df.s.2 ( f + dm)2 Solving for:

PDD2 = × BUT: Ddmax1
Ddmax1 f2 BSF1 = Dmax1
Df.s.1
TAR2 × Df.s.2 ( f + dm)2 Ddmax1 = BSF1 × Df.s.1

PDD2 = ×
BSF1 × Df.s.1 f2
Substituting for:
Dmax1
MENU
TMR 12
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2

TAR2 × Df.s.2 ( f + dm)2 BUT

PDD2 = × I1 d22
Ddmax1 f 2
the relationship between =
I2 d12
Df.s.1 and Df.s.2 invert
is by the I2 d12 substituting
TAR2 × Df.s.2 ( f+ dm)2 "Inverse Square Law". = into the
PDD2 = × THUS:
I1 d22 equation
BSF1 × Df.s.1 f2
Df.s.2 f2
substituting =
into the Df.s.1 ( f + d2 )2
equation
MENU
TMR 13
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2

TAR2 × Df.s.2 ( f + dm)2

PDD2 = ×
Ddmax1 f2
TAR2 f2 ( f + dm)2
PDD2 = × ×
BSF1 ( f + d2 ) 2 f2
Df.s.2 f2
=
Df.s.1 ( f + d2 )2
MENU
TMR 14
f
(ODI,SSD)
f
(SAD) d1
dmax2
Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Df.s.1 d2
d2
Note: d1 = d2
Dd2
Df.s.2
Ddmax1 Dd2 Dd2

TAR2 × Df.s.2 ( f + dm)2

PDD2 = ×
Ddmax1 f2
TAR2 f2 ( f + dm)2
PDD2 = × ×
BSF1 ( f + d2 ) 2 f2
TAR2 ( f + dm)2
PDD2 =
BSF1
× END
( f + d2 )2
MENU
TMR 15

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Ver 2.

Joseph F. Buono RTT phone: 516 - 572 - 7536 office

- Objectives - next by default

- Dose in free space

- BackScatter Factor ( BSF )

- Percentage Depth Dose ( PDD )

- Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR )

- Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR )

- Relationship between BSF, PDD, TAR, TMR

- Conversion between PDD & TAR (also TMR)

2 - Define BackScatter Factor ( BSF ).

3 - State the factors that effect BackScatter Factor ( BSF ).

4 - Define Percantage Depth Dose ( PDD ).

5 - State the factors that effect Percentage Depth Dose ( PDD ).

6 - Define Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR ).

7 - State the factors that effect Tissue Air Ratio ( TAR ).

8 - Define Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR ).

9 - State the factors that effect Tissue Maximum Ratio ( TMR ).

10 - State the relationship between TAR, TMR and BSF.

11 - State the relationship between TAR table and BSF.

Dose in Free Space

build-up cap The exposure measured

Xexposure = Meterreading × CT,P,S × Nx

The reading from the

Dfs = Xexposure × ftissue × Aeq

2) Field Size 3) SSD

Percentage Depth Dose @ depth

PDD is dependent on:

Percentage Depth Dose @ depth 1) Energy

Tissue Air Ratio

Find dose Df.s.

Dd TAR is dependent on:

2) Field Size 4) SAD (distance)

Beam Ddmax Ddmax

Dd TAR is dependent on:

2) Field Size 4) SAD (distance)

Tissue Maximum Ratio

central Find dose at depth in the central

TMR is dependent on:

2) Field Size 4) SAD (distance)

Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

solve BSF equation for solve TARd1 equation for

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

TARd1 = TMRd1 × BSF

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Dd1 Dd2

TARd1 = TMRd1 × BSF

One other important relationship is between TAR's and BSF.

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

note: This is for field size

Ddmax1 Dd1 Ddmax2

note: This is for depth d2.