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078 Experiment#7 CS
078 Experiment#7 CS
OBJECTIVE:
To generate FM wave and plot its frequency spectrum, Effect of M.I. of FM using MATLAB
and Simulink.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.N. Item required
1. Computer
2. MATLAB
Frequency Modulation
The frequency modulation can be defined as; the frequency of the carrier signal is varied
proportional to (in accordance with) the Amplitude of the input modulating signal. The input is a
single tone sine wave. The carrier and the FM waveforms also are shown in the following figure.
The frequency of a carrier (fc) will increase as the amplitude of modulating (input) signal
increases. The carrier frequency will be maximum (fc max) when the input signal is at its peak.
The carrier deviates maximum from its normal value. The frequency of a carrier will decrease as
the amplitude of the modulating (input) signal decreases. The carrier frequency will be minimum
(fc min) when the input signal is at its lowest. The carrier deviates minimum from its normal
value. The frequency of the carrier will be at its normal value (free running) fc when the input
signal value is 0V. There is no deviation in the carrier. The figure shows the frequency of the FM
wave when the input is at its max, 0V and at its min.
Frequency Deviation:
The amount of change in the carrier frequency produced, by the amplitude of the input
modulating signal, is called frequency deviation.
The Carrier frequency swings between fmax and fmin as the input varries in its
amplitude.
The difference between fmax and fc is known as frequency deviation. f = fmax – fc
Similarly, the difference between fc and fmin also is known as frequency deviation. f =
fc –fmin
It is denoted by Δf. Therefore Δf = fmax – fc = fc – fmin
Therefore f = fmax – fc = fc – fmin
Frequency Modulation Equation:
The FM equation include the following
Vfm(t) = A sin [ wct + (Δf / fm) sin wmt ]
= A sin [ wct + sin wmt ]
A = Amplitude of the FM signal.
Δf = Frequency deviation
= Modulation Index of FM
= ∆f/fm
is called the modulation index of frequency modulation.
wm = 2π fm wc = 2π fc
Modulating index:
We can also define a modulation index for FM, analogous to AM:
= f/fm, where fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.
The simplest interpretation of the modulation index, is as a measure of the peak
frequency deviation, f. In other words, represents a way to express the peak deviation
frequency as a
Multiple of the maximum modulating frequency, fm, i.e. f = fm.
Bandwidth
Carson's bandwidth rule defines the approximate bandwidth requirements of communications
system components for a carrier signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad
spectrum of frequencies rather than a single frequency.
Carson's bandwidth rule is expressed by the relation
Example 1: Demonstrate FM for =2.5 to show narrow band FM of a sin wave of 2Hz and
carrier of 25 HZ. Using t=0:0.001:1; ( = 40, WIDEBAND FM)
clear all
close all
%info signal
vm=1;
fm=2;
t=0:0.001:1;
vinfo=vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
%carrier signal
vc=1;
fc=25;
vcarrier=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
% FM signal
B=40;
vfm=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t+B*sin(2*pi*fm*t));
subplot 311
plot(t,vinfo);
title('Vinfo Signal');
subplot 312
plot(t,vcarrier);
title('Vcarrier Signal');
subplot 313
plot(t,vfm);
title('WIDEBAND FM');
Output:
LAB TASK 1:
Demonstrate FM for different betas () in order to show narrow band FM, wideband FM and no
carrier using MATLAB code to show their plot in time and frequency domain.
Note: For this first part of the lab frequency modulation is what is being demonstrated. Different
betas will be chosen in order to show Narrow band FM, Wideband FM, and no carrier.
OUTPUT:
LAB TASK 2:
Demonstrate FM for different betas () in order to show narrow band FM, wideband FM, and
no carrier using Simulink.
Procedure:
Conclusion:
In this lab I concluded that the frequency of the carrier signal is varied
proportional to (in accordance with) the Amplitude of the input modulating signal. The
frequency of a carrier (fc) will increase as the amplitude of modulating (input) signal increases.
The carrier frequency will be maximum (fc max) when the input signal is at its peak.
The modulation index and deviation ratio both have important places within the design of
broadcast and radio communication systems. The figures define the level of modulation and
hence many of the properties of the frequency modulated signal. Accordingly they are important
when using FM.
When using a frequency modulated signal it is very helpful to have a measure of what is
effectively the level of the modulation.
This is useful in defining parameters like whether the signal is a narrow band or a wide band
frequency modulated signal. It is also very useful in ensuring that all transmitters or receivers in
a system are set to accommodate a standardised level of modulation as it affects parameters like
the receiver bandwidth, channel spacing and the like.