Aim:

To design an inverting and non-inverting amplifier using op amp and study

AC and DC characteristics.

Software used: LT-Spice.

Theory:
In an inverting amplifier circuit, the op-amp’s inverting input receives feedback
from the output of the amplifier. Assuming op-amp to be ideal and applying the
concept of virtual short at the input terminals of op-amp, the voltage at the input
of inverting terminal is equal to non-inverting terminal.
The non-inverting input of the operational amplifier is connected to ground. As we
know gain of op amp is very high, this means that the difference between the two
input terminals is very small and can be ignored.
Voltage gain = V / V = – R /R
out in f in

In non-inverting amplifier the output is in phase with respect to the input. The
feedback is given at the inverting input. However, the input is now applied at the
non-inverting input. The output is a non-Inverted amplified version of input.
The calculation hinges around the fact that the voltage at both inputs is the same.
This arises from the fact that the gain of the amplifier is exceedingly high.
If the output of the circuit remains within the supply rails of the amplifier, then the
output voltage divided by the gain means that virtually there is no difference
between the two inputs.

Voltage gain  = V / V = (1+ R /R )

out in f in

Observations:

 Inverting Amplifier:
I) Taking a sinusoidal input of 5V (peak voltage) and observing output by varying gain:

1). For the voltage gain of 10

2) . For the voltage Gain of 100

3). For the voltage gain of 1000

II) AC analysis of the inverting amplifier with varying gain

1). For the voltage gain of 100

3) . For voltage gain of 10

3). For the voltage gain of 1000

  Non-Inverting Amplifier

I) . Taking a sinusoidal input of 5V (peak voltage) and observing output by varying gain:

1). For the voltage gain of 1001

2) For the voltage gain of 101

3) . For the voltage gain of 11

II) AC analysis of the non-inverting amplifier with varying gain

1). For the gain of 11

2) . For the gain of 101

3) For the gain of 1001

 Voltage follower

1). For 1V sinusoidal input

2). For 1.5V sinusoidal input
 Combination Circuit:
Result:

The AC and DC characteristics of the inverting and non-inverting amplifier

using op-amp have been verified.
 EXPERIMENT 2
Name:Anvay Nikam

Rg no:18BLC1100

Aim:

To design log, anti-log, summing and averaging amplifier using op-amp.

Software-used: LT Spice.

Theory:

An op-amp with appropriate connections with electrical components like

resistance, diodes can be used to generate mathematical functions like
summing, averaging, logarithm and anti-log.

In summing amplifier, we feed all the voltages at the non-inverting terminal

(for positive summer) and inverting terminal (for negative summer) and the
output obtained is addition of these voltages with positive and negative sign
respectively.

For logarithmic and anti-log, we will use diode at the feedback and input
side respectively and make use of its equation which is

I=Is*exp(qV/kT-1).

So, at the output side we will get output in terms of log and exponential
respectively.
Observations:

I). Inverting summer:

1. Rf=R=1K; V1=v2=v3=1v

2.Rf=R=1K; V1=1, V2=2, V3=3

3.Rf=3k, R=1k; v1=v2=v3=1v

4.Rf=2k R=1k; v1=v2=v3=1v

5.Rf=0.5k, R=1k; v1=v2=v3=1v

6.Rf=0.25k, R=1k ; v1=v2=v3=1v

II). Non-Inverting Summer
1.R=Rf=1k; v1=v2=v3=1v

2.Rf=R=1K ;V1=1, V2=2, V3=3

3.Rf=3k, R=1k; v1=v2=v3=1v

4.Rf=0.5k, R=1k; v1=v2=v3=1v

 5.Rf=0.25k, R=1k ; v1=v2=v3=1v

III). Subtractor
 V1=V2=1v
 V1=3v , v2=5v
IV). Logarithmic Amplifier
 Vin=1v; R=1k

 With BJT
V). Antilog Amplifier

 Vin=1v;.Rf=1k

 With BJT
Result:
The summing (inverting and non-inverting), subtractor,
logarithmic, anti-log amplifier have been verified.
 Experiment 3
Name:Anvay Nikam

Rg no:18BLC1100

Aim:

To design differentiator, integrator using op amp.

Software Used: LT spice.

Theory:

In an op-amp differentiator circuit, the output voltage is directly proportional

to the rate of change of input voltage with respect to time, which means
that a quick change of the input voltage signal, then the o/p voltage will
change in response.

As the output of an op-amp differentiator circuit is proportional to the

change in input. So, when the inputs of the differentiator circuit are
standard waveforms like sine, square then output is inverted cosine wave
and spike output respectively.

In the op-amp integrator circuit, the feedback will be provided by the

capacitor among the input and output of the operational amplifier. The op-
amp integrator performs the function of mathematical integration.

The operation of this circuit is that it generates an output which is

proportional to the input voltage with time. For example, if we give the input
voltage as sine and square wave then output will be cosine wave and
triangular wave respectively.
Observations:

I). Differentiator

1). Input Capacitance of 1uF.(Input Square wave)

2). For capacitance at input of 0.1uF.(input is square wave)

3). For Input of Sine Wave

AC ANALYSIS
1). For Square wave as input
2). For Sine Wave as input

II). Integrator
1). For Sine Wave as input.
2). For Square wave as input (Capacitance at feedback side is 0.1uF)

3). For Square Wave as input with feedback capacitance of 0.3uF.

AC-Analysis
Result:

Integrator and differentiator using op amp have been studied and verified.
 Experiment 4
Name:Anvay Nikam

Rg no:18BLC1100

Aim: To design and study full wave, half wave rectifier, clipper, clamper
and peak detector using op-amp.

Software Used: LT Spice.

Theory:

So in half wave rectifier we use two diodes along with op-amp to generate
a rectified output that will only produce a positive cycle of output when the
input is negative and rest of the time output will be zero while for full wave
rectifier the output will be always positive for both positive and negative
cycle of the input.

Clipper circuit can be formed using the diode and battery that will remove
some portion/voltage of the input and display the changes in the output.

A clamper is an electronic circuit that fixes either the positive or the

negative peak excursions of a signal to a defined value by shifting its DC
value. The clamper does not restrict the peak-to-peak excursion of the
signal, it moves the whole signal up or down so as to place the peaks at the
reference level. We can create clamper with op amp by using capacitor,
diode, resistances and battery.

1. To design a Half wave and full wave Rectifier.

Half wave rectifier

Output:
Full Wave Rectifier

Output:
2. To design a peak detector using op amp

Output:
3.To design clipper using op amp
Negative Clipper

Output:

A)2V
B)2V

Positive clipper
Output:

A)2V

B)2V

4.To design clamper circuit using op amp

Positive clamper

Output: Using 0V Vref

Using -2V Vref

Using 2v Vref

Negative Clamper
Using 0v Vref

Using -2V Vref

Using 2v Vref
Result:

The half wave, full wave rectifier, clipper, clamper and peak detector using
op-amp have been verified.
 Experiment 5
Name:Anvay Nikam

Rg no:18BLC1100

Aim: To design and study Comparator and Schmitt trigger

Software Used: LT Spice.

Theory:The Op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level with another

analogue voltage level, or some preset reference voltage, VREF and produces an
output signal based on this voltage comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage
comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltage inputs and determines which is the
largest of the two.

We have seen in previous tutorials that the operational amplifier can be used with
negative feedback to control the magnitude of its output signal in the linear region
performing a variety of different functions. We have also seen that the standard
operational amplifier is characterised by its open-loop gain AO and that its output
voltage is given by the expression: VOUT = AO(V+ – V-) where V+ and V- correspond
to the voltages at the non-inverting and the inverting terminals respectively.

Voltage comparators on the other hand, either use positive feedback or no feedback at
all (open-loop mode) to switch its output between two saturated states, because in the
open-loop mode the amplifiers voltage gain is basically equal to AVO. Then due to this
high open loop gain, the output from the comparator swings either fully to its positive
supply rail, +Vcc or fully to its negative supply rail, -Vcc on the application of varying
input signal which passes some preset threshold value.

Inverting comparator vref=0

Vref=2V

Vref=5v
Vref=-2

Vref=-5
Non inverting Comparator

Vref=0

Vref=2
Vref=5v

Vref=-2
Vref=-5

Positive time marker

Negative time marker

Schmitt Trigger
Case 2:
Result:

The comparator and schmitt trigger have been studied and verified
 Experiment 6

Name:Anvay Nikam

Rg no:18BLC1100

Aim:
Design and Implement a 3-bit flash type ADC with Vref = 4 V . Simulate for various analogue
input voltage ranging from 0.1 V to 3.88 V.

Software used:
LT Spice

Theory:
A flash ADC (otherwise called direct conversion ADC) is a kind of analog to digital converter that
utilizes a straight voltage stepping stool with a comparator at each "rung" of the stepping stool
to contrast the information voltage with progressive reference voltages. Each tap at the resistor
ladder is used for one comparator, possibly preceded by an amplification stage, and thus
generates a logical 0 or 1 depending on whether the measured voltage is above or below
the reference voltage of the resistor tap. The reason to add an amplifier, such as an op amp is
twofold: it amplifies the voltage difference and therefore suppresses the comparator offset,
and the kick-back noise of the comparator towards the reference ladder is also strongly
suppressed. 
Truth Table:

Input Voltage A1 A2 A3
Vi (in V)

0.1 0 0 0

0.5 0 0 1

1 0 1 1

2 0 1 1

2.5 1 1 1

3 1 1 1

3.88 1 1 1
Output:
Result:
Design and Implement a 3-bit flash type ADC has been simulated and verified using LT Spice.