General Zoology
GENERAL ZOOLOGY Course Description:
General Considerations, Basic Chemistry, Cells
and the Organization of Life
BIO 110
lacajuday@bicol-u.edu.ph
Zoology: General Considerations
• Principles of modern Zoology
• Zoology as a subset of Biology
• Subdisciplines and specializations
• Importance of Zoology
• Evolutionary and ecological perspectives
• Human Impacts
This course provides a general survey of the animal kingdom with
emphasis on the fundamentals of biological principles as they apply to
animals and the structures and functions of the organs and systems of
representative animals.  The laboratory will focus on observation of the
body plan of living and preserved representatives of the major animal
phyla and actual dissection to study different organ systems using frog as
model animal.
Uses of Principles in Zoology
The principles of modern zoology are derived from:
-Laws of physics and chemistry
-Scientific method
Because life shares a common evolutionary
origin, principles learned from the study of one
group often pertain to other groups as well.
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 Zoology as a subset of Biology Zoology as a subset of Biology
-science of animals ZOOLOGY
-1660s, fr. Modern Latin zoologia Botany
-fr. Greek zoon "animal" + -logos Microbiology
“study" Systematics
Physiology
Genetics
Cell and Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Biology
Ecology

# 10 Fundamental Courses in Biology

Zoology as a Diverse Field Conchology

Specializations in Zoology

Ornithology Ichthyology Herpetology Malacology

A. Subdisciplines
Helminthology

Herpetology Entomology Mammalogy Parasitology

B. Taxonomic Category

Arachnology Protozoology
# Specializations in Zoology

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 SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY
SUBDISCIPLINES SUBDISCIPLINES

ANATOMY CYTOLOGY ECOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY GENETICS HISTOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PARASITOLOGY

Study of the structure of Study of the structure Study of the interaction Study of the Study of the Study of tissues Study of subcellular Study of animals that live
entire organisms and and function of cells of organisms with their development of an mechanisms of details of animal in or on other organisms
their parts environment animal from the fertilized transmission of traits structure and function at the expense of the
egg to birth or hatching from parents to offspring host

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SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY

SUBDISCIPLINES TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

PHYSIOLOGY SYSTEMATICS MORPHOLOGY ONTOGENY ORNITHOLOGY PROTOZOOLOGY MALACOLOGY HELMINTHOLOGY

Study of the function of Study of the Study of structures as to Development of the BIRDS PROTOZOANS MOLLUSKS WORMS
organisms and classification of, and the form and shape individual
evolutionary especially viewed as a
their parts
interrelationships whole
among, animal groups
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 Few of the many dimensions of zoological research

SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

ENTOMOLOGY HERPETOLOGY ICHTHYOLOGY MAMMALOGY

INSECTS AMPHIBIANS FISHES MAMMALS
REPTILES

• www.mhhe.com/zoology 

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Zoologists strive to understand: Reasons for studying Zoology

• provides insight into how "life" works, consequently, how we work
1. The origin of animal diversity.
•
2. How animals perform basic life processes.
• higher mammals provide especially useful insight into the human world

3. How they are able to inhabit various ecosystems.

• animals also have a great impact on our lives (i.e, they provide us
with food, with companionship)

• conservation of threatened or endangered species; the maintenance of

biodiversity is considered to be crucial to our survival

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 Zoology an Evolutionary Perspective

Animals share a common evolutionary past

and evolutionary forces that influenced their
Zoology: Evolutionary and Ecological
history. Zoologists must understand
Perspectives evolutionary processes if they are to
understand what
an animal is and how it originated.

EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES ICHTHYOLOGY: CICHLIDS

Fontosa(Cyphontilapia fontosa)
change in populations of organisms over
ORGANIC time

EVOLUTION source of animal diversity and it explains

family relationships within animal groups
Charles Darwin (1859) explain
evolutionary change
Ex. cichlid scale eaters of Africa
Dogtooth Cichlid
(Cynotilapia afra)
ü  native to Lake Malawi in Africa
ü  native to Lake Tanganyika in Africa
ü  females of the species brood
developing eggs in her mouth to protect
them from predators

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 ICHTHYOLOGY: CICHLIDS

Eretmodus Algae scrapers that nip algae

with chisel-like teeth

Tanganicodus Insect pickers

COLORFUL CICHLIDS AROUND THE

WORLD
Perissodus Scale eaters

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Animal Classification and Evolutionary Animal Classification and Evolutionary

Relationships Relationships

EVOLUTION EVOLUTION
Explains why animals appear and
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) function as they do, but it also
explains family relationships within
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE the animal kingdom

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 Animal Classification and Evolutionary Animal Classification and Evolutionary
Relationships Relationships

GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

groups of individuals are more Karl von Linne (1707–1778); two-part name describes
each kind of organism; first part indicates the genus,
closely related if they share more of
and the second part indicates the species to which
their genetic material with each other
the organism belongs
than with individuals in other groups

Hierarchy of relatedness depicted in the classification system

of a housefly, horsefly, cichlid fish, and human.
Zoology an Evolutionary Perspective
Evolutionary
Process
1. Organic Evolution - genetic
change
2. Subspecies adapt to survive in
the same area
Copyright McGraw Hill 2010
Animal classification and
Evolutionary Relationships
Can explain:
1. Why organisms change
2. How closely related two
species are
3. That more DNA shared the
closer the relationship
4. That certain groups of
subspecies come from 1
invading species.
5. Binomial nomenclature

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 ECOLOGY
study of the relationships between organisms and
their environment

Zoology an Ecological Perspective

HUMAN IMPACT
humans have depended on animals, and that
dependence too often has led to exploitation

ZOOLOGY: An Ecological Perspective

We depend on animals for food, medicines, and clothing. We also depend on animals in other, more subtle ways. This
dependence may not be noticed until human activities upset the delicate ecological balances that have evolved over hundreds
of thousands of years.
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Example OVERPOPULATION
Global overpopulation is at the root of virtually all other
environmental problems; estimated that the world population
will reach 10.4 billion by the year 2100
1950s
Giant Nile perch (Lates Algae & Oxygen Ecological
niloticus) Depletion problems
introduced into Lake Victoria algae in the lake grew Overfishing, agricultural EXPLOITATION of World Resources
in an attempt to increase the uncontrolled, died and decayed, runoff, and wastes from
lake’s fishery lake became depleted of its growing urban populations Continued use of fossil fuels, deforestation, greenhouse effect,
oxygen severe regional water shortages, and results in the extinction of
many plant and animal species

Extinction Severe Deforestration

voracious predator reduced Nile perch excessively oily flesh WORLD RESOURCES AND ENDANGERED ANIMALS
the cichlid population must be dried. Fishermen cut
local forests for the wood
There is grave concern for the ecology of the entire world, not just Africa’s greatest lakes. The problems, however, are most
needed to smoke the fish.
99% - < 1% acute in developing countries, which are striving to attain the same wealth as industrialized nations

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SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS

01
UNDERSTANDING
how matter is cycled and
recycled in nature, how
populations grow, and how
organisms in our lakes and
forests use energy
02 03 04
OVERPOPULATION COMMUNITY BOLD MOVEMENT
Unless dealt with, must work as a world
community to prevent the Bold and imaginative
solving the other
spread of disease, famine, steps toward improved
problems will be
impossible.
and other forms of suffering
that accompany over-
social and economic
conditions and better
WHAT IS HAPPENING
population.
resource management
are needed
AROUND THE WORLD

An understanding of basic ecological principles can help prevent ecological disasters like
those we have described.

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A new estimate of biodiversity on Earth

Brendan et al. (2017)

Brendan B. Larsen et al, (2017). Inordinate Fondness Multiplied and Redistributed: the Number of Species on Earth and the
New Pie of Life, The Quarterly Review of Biology. DOI: 10.1086/693564

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 #10: PHILIPPINE CROCODILE

Scientific Name: Crocodylus mindorensis

Common Name: Philippine freshwater crocodile
Habitat: Mindoro, only about 100 left

Top 10 Most Critically Endangered Species #9:THE MINDORO BLEEDING-HEART #8:RUFOUS-HEADED HORNBILL

PHILIPPINES

Scientific Name: Aceros waldeni

Scientific Name: Gallicolumba platenae Common Name:Kalaw
Common Name:Kulo-kulo Habitat: Panay, some part of Zamboanga del Norte,
Habitat: Mt. Siburan, Mindoro extinct in Guimaras

#PHcritically endageredSP

#7:HAWKSBILL SEA TURTLE #6:RED-VENTED COCKATOO

#5:PHILIPPINE FOREST TURTLE #4:PHILIPPINE NAKED-BACKED FRUIT BAT

Scientific Name: Eretmochelys imbricata Scientific Name: Cacatua haematuropygia

Common Name:pawikan
Common Name:Katala, Kalangay
Habitat: global Scientific Name: Siebenrockiella leytensis
Habitat: Palawan, only about 180 left Scientific Name: Dobsonia chapmani
Common Name: Palawan turtle Common Name:kwaknit
Habitat: Palawan
Habitat: Cebu, Negros Island (very small numbers)

#PHcritically endageredSP #PHcritically endageredSP

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 #3: VISAYAN WARTY PIG #2: TAMARAW

#1: PHILIPPINE EAGLE

Scientific Name: Sus cebifrons Scientific Name: Bubalus mindorensis

Common Name: Cebu warty pig, Negros warty pig Common Name:Tamaraw
Habitat: Cebu, Panay, Negros Island Habitat: Mindoro
Scientific Name: Pithecophaga jefferyi
Common Name:Haribon
Habitat: Philippines

#PHcritically endageredSP #PHcritically endageredSP

Zoology an Ecological Perspective

Understanding how organisms interact

Most organisms that are now extinct or

endangered is a result of human activity

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 Next Topic:
The Chemistry of Life
Cells and the Organization of Life

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