cialur-ekonomikuri statusi (Anderson et al.
,1992; fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da kognituri
Klag et al., 1991). hipertenziis mizezia frustraciebi,
romelic gamowveulia mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi
cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRwevis fuWi mcde-
lobiT; is ar ukavSirdeba genetikur faqtors.
analogiurad, qronikuli stresi, romelsac
socialur-ekonomikurad araxelsayrel piro-
bebSi myofi qalebi ganicdian, Seicavs naadrevi
mSobiarobisa da mcirewoniani bavSvis gaCenis
safrTxes (Lobel, 1994; Lobel et al.,1992). amgvarad,
siRaribisa da rasobrivi crurwmenebis pirobebSi
dabadebuli bavSvebi, SesaZloa, cxovrebas gaci-
lebiT meti riskis pirobebSi iwyeben, vidre
maTi privilegirebuli Tanatolebi.
E efeqtebi fsiqologiur da kognitur fun-
saidan
viciT
xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWiris
damangreveli Sedegebi
gamokvlevaTa did nawilSi, romelic
aCvenebs, rom dabali Semosavali dakav-
Sirebulia janmrTelobis cud mdgoma-
reobasTan, Semosavali mxolod erTxel
izomeboda. miRebuli korelaciebi, SesaZ-
loa, ver afiqsireben mravalwliani si-
Raribis kumulaciur efeqts da, aseve,
SeiZleba sapirispiro mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirs asaxavdnen _ cudi janmrTeloba
iwvevs siRaribes. bolodroindelma gamok-
vlevam, romelSic ekonomikuri siduxWire
1000-ze met respondentTan sami aTeuli
wlis manZilze izomeboda, cxadad aCvena,
rom xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWire
funqcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs (Lynch
et al., 1997).
ekonomikuri siduxWire ganisazRvreba,
rogorc siRaribis federalur donesTan
SedarebiT 200%-ze naklebi ojaxis Semosav-
lis qona. 1994 wlis gamokvlevebiT dadgin-
da, rom ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodebi
mozrdilma adamianebma, ZiriTadad, 1965-
1983 wlebSi ganicades da rom yvelaze
meti problema maT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
iseT ZiriTad aqtivobebTan hqondaT, ro-
goricaa: saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebi da
fizikuri sisufTavis SenarCuneba. msgavsi
qcionirebaSic gamovlinda. ekonomikuri
siduxWiris periodis armqone adamianebTan
SedarebiT siRaribis mdgomareobaSi samjer
namyofi adamianebi samjer ufro xSirad
ganicdidnen klinikuri depresiis simpto-
mebs, xuTjer ufro xSirad fasdebodnen,
rogorc cinikurad mtrulad ganwyobilni
da optimizms moklebulebi da oTxjer
ufro xSirad uCiodnen sirTuleebs kogni-
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
tur funqcionirebaSi. imis dasamtkiceblad,
rom es Sedegebi gamowveulia ekonomikuri
siduxWiriT da ara _ sawyisi cudi janmrTe-
lobiT, mkvlevrebma warmoadgines monace-
mebi im monawileTa Sesaxeb, romelTa
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba 1965 wlis
sawyisi gazomvebis dros Sefasebuli iyo,
rogorc kargi an Zalian kargi. mkvlevrebma
daaskvnes, rom bolodroindeli ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri strategia zrdis
araTanabar Semosavlebis ricxvs da sul
529

ufro met bavSvs aiZulebs, icxovros
xangrZliv siRaribeSi, rac tovebs `fi-
zikur, fsiqologiur da kognitur anabeWds,
riTac yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xarisxi
qveiTdeba~ (gv. 1895).
am gamokvlevis monacemTa gacnobis Semdeg
gakvirvebas aRar unda iwvevdes is, rom qronikul
stress SeuZlia bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTa-
rebazec iqonios gavlena. ganvixiloT gamok-
vleva, romelSic adgendnen stresis dones 6-
dan 16 wlamde bavSvebis jgufSi da, amasTan,
zomavdnen maT inteleqts IQ testis meSveobiT
(ix. Tavi 10). monacemebis mixedviT, gamovlinda
uaryofiTi korelacia stressa da verbalur
gaazrebas Soris IQ testSi: saSualod, rac ufro
maRalia stresis done am bavSvebis cxovrebaSi,
miT uaresia maTi Sedegebi am parametris mixedviT
(Plante & Sykora, 1994). rogorc xedavT, qronikuli
stresis maRal dones mavne zegavlena aqvs
bavSvebis kognitur aqtivobaze. es monacemebi
imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom stresis zogierTi
mavne efeqti socialuri gadawyvetilebebiT unda
ganeitraldes.
yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
dagveTanxmebiT, rom sayvarel adamianTan
urTierTobis gawyvetas, miwisZvras an diskri-
minaciul crurwmenas namdvilad SeuZlia
stresis gamowveva, magram ras ityviT ufro sust
stresorebze, romlebsac yoveldRiurad ganic-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
diT? ra SegemTxvaT guSin? albaT, arc ganqor-
windiT da arc avtokatastrofaSi sikvdils
gadaurCiT. ufro savaraudoa, rom dagekargaT
rveulebi, an saxelmZRvanelo. SesaZloa, dagag-
viandaT mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze an dagajarimes
manqanis akrZalul adgilze dayenebisaTvis, an
kidev, xmaurianma mezobelma Zili dagifrTxoT.
es yvelaferi ganmeorebadi yoveldRiuri stre-
sorebia, romlebsac adamianTa umetesoba TiTqmis
mudmivad ganicdis.
dRiurebis gamokvlevam, romelSic saSualo
klasis warmomadgeneli saSualo asakis TeTrka-
niani qalebi da mamakacebi iniSnavdnen dRis
manZilze momxdar usiamovnebebs erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi (Zireul cxovrebiseul cvlile-
baTa da fizikur simptomTa CanawerebTan erTad),
530 gamoavlina sruliad aSkara kavSiri usiamov-
nebebsa da janmrTelobis problemebs Soris:
rac ufro xSir da intensiur usiamovnebebs
aRniSnavdnen adamianebi, miT uaresi iyo maTi
fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgoma-
reoba (Lazarus,1981; 1984b). yoveldRiuri usiamov-
nebebis klebas kargad yofnis gancdis gaZliereba
mohyveba (Chamberlain & Zika, 1990). mkvlevrebma
aCvenes, rom yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
uaryofiT moqmedebas cxovrebis sakmaod adreuli
etapebidan iwyeben.
saidan
viciT
sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebis mier
gancdili yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
mkvlevrebma sTxoves sabavSvo baRis 74
aRsazrdels, aReweraT TavianTi yovel-
dRiuri usiamovnebebi. am informaciis
mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi ekiTxebodnen
bavSvebs, moxda Tu ara bolo erTi Tvis
manZilze iseTi ram maT cxovrebaSi, rogo-
ricaa `raRacis dakargva~, an `vinmeze
gabrazeba~. mas Semdeg, rac ganisazRvra,
moxda Tu ara TiToeuli es movlena,
bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen, imoqmeda Tu ara
maTze am movlenam cudad. ase rom, yovel-
dRiuri usiamovnebebis sazomSi aisaxeboda,
Tu ramdenad ganicdida bavSvi TiToeuli
am movlenisagan gamowveul stress. bav-
Svebze yoveldRiuri stresebis zegavlenis
dasadgenad, mkvlevrebma sTxoves bavSvebis
mSoblebs da aRmzrdelebs, daefiqsire-
binaT, Tu ramdenad cudad iqceodnen
bavSvebi. Sedegebma aCvena dadebiTi kore-
lacia yoveldRiur usiamovnebebsa da
qcevis problemebs Soris: saSualod, bav-
Svebi, romelTa cxovreba ufro metad iyo
datvirTuli usiamovnebebiT, qcevaSi ufro
met agresiasa da destruqcias avlendnen
(Creasey et al.,1995).
xSirad bavSvobas umankoebis xanad miviCnevT.
Tumca, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom zogierTi
bavSvi ukve ganicdis stresis garkveul dones,
rac uaryofiT SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
stresorebis ganxilvisas fokusirebas, Ziri-
Tadad, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebze vaxdendiT,
magram isic unda iTqvas, rom mravali adamiani-
saTvis yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi yoveldRiuri
dadebiTi gancdebiT balansirdeba (Lazarus &
Lazarus, 1994). dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gancdebis
fardobiTi balansi SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, erT-
erT gamokvlevaSi 96 mamakacs pozitiuri da
negatiuri movlenebis yoveldRiur angariSs
sTxovdnen. am mamakacebs yoveldRiurad imunuri
reaqciis siZlieresac umowmebdnen. Sedegebma
aCvena, rom sasurveli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi
kavSirSi iyo ufro Zlier imunur reaqciasTan,
xolo arasasurveli movlenebi _ ufro sust
reaqciasTan (Stone et al., 1994). amrigad, Tu gvinda
cxovrebis Semdgomi mimdinareobis winaswar-
metyveleba, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebis gaTva-
liswineba araa sakmarisi; saWiroa, vicodeT is
yoveldRiuri siamovnebebic, rasac cxovreba
gvTavazobs.
Cven ukve mimovixileT adamianTa cxovrebaSi
stresis mravali wyaro. fsiqologebi sakmaod
didi xnis winaTac xvdebodnen, rom am sxvadasxva
tipis stresorTa gavlena, didwilad, damoki-
debulia imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad SeuZlia
adamians, Tavi gaarTvas maT. axla ganvixiloT,
ramdenad warmatebulad Tu warumateblad
umklavdebian adamianebi stress.
stresis daZleva
Tu cxovrebaSi stresebi gardauvalia da Tu
qronikul stress SeuZlia cxovrebis dangreva
da adamianis ganadgureba, aucilebelia, viswav-
loT stresis marTva. daZleva exeba garegan da
Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis process,
rodesac es moTxovnebi, individis aRqmis Tanax-
mad, eWvqveS ayeneben, an aRematebian mis resursebs
(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). daZleva SeiZleba moicav-
des qceviT, emociur an motivaciur reaqciebsa
da azrebs. am qveTavs imis aRweriT daviwyebT,
Tu rogor zemoqmedebs kognituri Sefaseba imaze,
rac ganicdeba, rogorc stresori. Semdeg gan-
vixilavT daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebs; aRvwerT
rogorc daZlevis zogad principebs, ise spe-
daZleva (Coping) _ im garegan da Sinagan mo-
TxovnebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic
aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcve-
li, an dauZleveli.
cifikur intervenciebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT
zogierT individualur gansxvavebas stresTan
gamklavebis unarSi.
stresis Sefaseba
stresul situaciebTan gamklavebisas pirveli
nabijia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad stresulni
arian isini sinamdvileSi. kognituri Sefaseba
stresoris kognituri interpretacia da raode-
nobrivi Sefasebaa. kognituri Sefaseba centra-
lur rols asrulebs situaciis gansazRvraSi:
ras moiTxovs is Cemgan, ramdenad didia safrTxe,
ra resursebs vflob masTan gasamklaveblad
(Lazarus,1993; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). zogierTi iseTi
stresori, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxeulis da-
zianeba, sakuTari almodebuli saxlis naxva,
TiTqmis yvelas mier ganicdeba, rogorc safrTxe,
Tumca, bevri sxva stresori SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxvagvarad ganisazRvros, imisda mixedviT,
Tu rogoria Tqveni piradi cxovrebiseuli
viTareba, konkretuli moTxovnis mimarTeba Tqvens
ZiriTad miznebTan, moTxovnebTan gamklavebis
SesaZleblobebi da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
Sefaseba. situacia, romelic mwvave distress iwvevs
erT adamianSi, SeiZleba sruliadECveulebrivi
ram iyos meorisaTvis. SeecadeT, miaqcioT yurad-
Reba da gaiazroT cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,
romlebsac gansxvavebulad xedavT Tqven da
Tqveni megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi: zogierTi
situacia TqvenSi, magram ara Tqvens megobrebsa
da ojaxis wevrebSi, stress iwvevs. sxva movlenebi
maTSi iwvevs stress, TqvenSi ki ara. ratom?
riCard lazarusi, romlis kognituri Sefa-
sebis zogadi Teoria wavumZRvareT emociebis
ganxilvas, moTxovnaTa kognitur SefasebaSi or
stadias ganasxvavebs. pirveladi Sefaseba aRwers
moTxovnis seriozulobis sawyis Sefasebas. es
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
Sefaseba iwyeba kiTxvebiT: _ `ra xdeba?~ da `es
CemTvis kargia, stresulia Tu CemTan araviTari
kavSiri aqvs?~ Tu pasuxi meore kiTxvaze aris
`stresulia~, Tqven afasebT stresoris poten-
ciur zemoqmedebas da arkvevT, ziani ukve
arsebobs, Tu is mxolod savaraudoa da saWiroa
Tu ara qcevis ganxorcieleba (ix. cxrili 13.2).
Tu gadawyvetT, rom raRac unda iRonoT, iwyeba
meoradi Sefaseba. afasebT stresul viTarebasTan
gasamklaveblad Tqvens xelT arsebul pirovnul
da socialur resursebs da gansazRvravT saWiro
531
 an fizikur stresorze. Tu karg fizikur formaSi
cxrili
13.2 xarT, maSin ukeT gaumklavdebiT stresors, vidre
maSin, roca ar xarT karg formaSi. SegiZliaT
mtkice gadawyvetilebis gamotanis/
naxoT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kognituri Se-
kognituri Sefasebis safexurebi
faseba Semamsubuqebeli cvladis gansazRvrebasac.
safexuri sakvanZo kiTxvebi is, Tu rogor SeafasebT stresors, momavalSi
1. gamowvevis Sefaseba riski seriozulia, gansazRvravs imas, Tu ra tipis daZlevis reaqci-
Tuki ar Sevicvlebi? ebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. axla ganvixiloT
2. alternativebis es alternativa misa- daZlevis reaqciebis zogadi tipebi.
mimoxilva Rebi saSualebaa
gamowvevasTan
dasapirispireblad?
sakmarisad ganvixile
Cems xelT arsebuli daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebi
alternativebi?
3. alternativebis awon- romeli alternativaa warmoidgineT, rom mniSvnelovani gamocdis
dawona saukeTeso? dro axlovdeba. Tqven ifiqreT amis Sesaxeb,
akmayofilebs saukeTeso
alternativa arsebiT SeafaseT situacia da sruliad darwmunebuli
moTxovnebs? xarT, rom es stresuli situaciaa. risi gakeTeba
4. fiqri valdebulebis ganvaxorcielo SegiZliaT? mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom
aRebaze saukeTeso alternativa
da sxvebsac gavumxilo? daZleva SeiZleba win uswrebdes potenciurad
5. arCeul poziciaze riski seriozulia, stresul movlenas anticipatoruli daZlevis
myarad dgoma Tuki ar Sevicvlebi? formiT (Folkman, 1984). rogor unda gaumklavdeT
6. uaryofiTi ukukav- riski seriozulia,
Siris miuxedavad Tuki Sevicvlebi?
mosalodneli gamocdiT gamowveul stress?
rogor unda uTxraT mSoblebs, rom skolidan
gagricxes, an Seyvarebuls, rom igi aRar giyvarT?
moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. Sefaseba grZeldeba stresuli situaciis anticipacia (anu winaswar
manam, sanam xdeba gamklavebis reaqciebis mo- warmosaxva) uamrav azrsa da grZnobas aRZravs,
sinjva. Tu pirveli reaqciebi araefeqturia da romelic Tavad SeiZleba iyos stresis gamomwvevi.
stresi narCundeba, iwyeba axali reaqciebi da ase xdeba intervius, sityviT gamosvlis, an ucnob
fasdeba maTi efeqturobac. adamianTan Sexvedrisas. saWiroa icodeT, rogor
kognituri Sefaseba stresis Semamsubuqebeli gaarTvaT Tavi stresul situacias.
cvladis magaliTia. stresis Semamsubuqebeli ganasxvaveben daZlevis or ZiriTad gzas imisda
cvladebi is cvladebia, romlebic cvlian mixedviT, Tu ra aris mizani: problemasTan
stresoris zemoqmedebas konkretuli tipis
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

uSaulo dapirispireba _ problemaze mimarTuli

stresul reaqciaze. Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi
filtravs, an saxes ucvlis stresorebis Cveul
zemoqmedebas individis reaqciebze. magaliTad,
Tqveni daRlilobis done da zogadi janmrTe-
lobis statusi Semamsubuqebeli cvladebia,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogori
iqneba Tqveni reaqcia mocemul fsiqologiur
stresis Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi (Stress mod-
erator variables) _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian
mimarTebas stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stre-
sul reaqcias Soris.
anticipatoruli daZleva (Anticipatory coping) _
potenciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorciele-
buli mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an
asatani gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul moTxovnebsa
da xelT arsebul resursebs Soris.
532
daZleva Tu stresiT gamowveuli diskomfortis
Semcireba _ emociaze fokusirebuli daZleva
(Billings & Moos,1982; Lazarusrus & Folkman,1984). am ori
ZiriTadi midgomis ramdenime qvekategoria
mocemulia cxrilSi 13.3.
daviwyoT problemaze mimarTuli daZleviT.
`wavavloT xars rqebSi xeli,~ _ Cveulebriv,
ase aRiwereba problemuri situaciisTvis mzad-
yofnis strategia. es midgoma moicavs yvela
strategias, romelic gamiznulia stresorebTan
Ria qceviT uSualod dasapirispireblad; aseve,
problemis racionalurad gadaWris aqtivobebs.
xuligans an gaumklavdebiT, an gaeqceviT; ecdebiT
mis mosyidvas qrTamiT, an sxva ramiT; Tqven
koncentrirdebiT gadasawyvet problemaze, an
stresis gamomwvev faqtorze; Tqven acnobierebT,
cxrili
13.3
daZlevis strategiebis taqsonomia
daZlevis strategiis tipi
problemaze mimarTuli daZleva
stresoris Secvla, an misdami sakuTari
damokidebulebis Secvla uSualo
moqmedebebiT an/da problemis gadaWris
aqtivobebiT
emociaze mimarTuli daZleva
me-s cvlileba imgvari moqmedebebiT,
romlebic ukeT agrZnobinebs adamians Tavs
stresoris cvlilebis gareSe.
rom saWiroa moqmedeba, afasebT situacias da
sakuTar resursebs da axorcielebT reaqcias,
romelic adekvaturia muqaris gasaneitraleblad
an Sesamcireblad. problemis gadaWris amgvari
mcdelobebi sasargebloa kontrolirebadi
stresorebis, anu stresorebis samarTavad, rom-
elTa Secvla, an Semcireba SesaZlebelia aseTi
moqmedebiT. aseTi stresorebis magaliTebia
avtoritaruli ufrosi, an aradamakmayofilebeli
niSnebi.
emociaze fokusirebuli midgoma ukeTesia
arakontrolirebadi stresorebis zegavlenis
samarTavad. davuSvaT, pasuxismgebeli xarT
alcheimeriT daavadebuli mSoblis movlaze.
msgavs situaciaSi ar arsebobs `xuligani~, rom-
lis garemodan mocilebasac SeZlebdiT; Tqven
ver geqnebaT garegani stresuli situaciis Sec-
vlis gzebis povnis SesaZlebloba. amis nacvlad
SeecdebiT, SecvaloT Tqveni grZnobebi da azrebi
mis Sesaxeb imiT, rom alcheimeriT daavadebu-
lebze mzrunvelTa mxardaWeris jgufebSi gaer-
TiandebiT, an relaqsaciis teqnikas daeuflebiT.
es midgoma isev daZlevis strategias ganekuT-
vneba, radgan acnobierebT, rom Tqvens kargad
yofnas safrTxe emuqreba da am safrTxis Sem-
cirebas cdilobT.
daZleva aris viTareba, romelSic, rac ufro
met gansxvavebul strategias flobT, miT uke-
Tesia (Taylor & Clark, 1986). daZleva rom warmatebuli
iyos, Tqveni resursebi aRqmul moTxovnas unda
Seesabamebodes. amrigad, daZlevis mravalfe-
magaliTi
brZola (safrTxis ganadgureba, moSoreba, an
Sesusteba)gaqceva (safrTxisgan distancireba)brZolisa Tu
gaqcevis variantebis SerCvea (molaparakeba, garigeba,
kompromisi)momavali stresis prevencia (sakuTari
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris gazrda, an anticipirebuli
stresoris Zalis Semcireba).
somatikaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi (SfoTvis sawinaaRmdego
medikamentebis, relaqsaciis, bio-ukukavSiris
gamoyeneba)kognitur sferoze mimarTuli aqtivobebi
(dagegmili garTobebi, fantaziebi, fiqrebi sakuTar
Tavze)Terapia damatebiTi SiSis gamomwvevi cnobieri, an
aracnobieri procesebis dasaregulireblad.
rovani strategiebis floba adapturia, radgan,
savaraudod, ufro advilad moaxerxebT am
Sesabamisobis miRwevas da stresul movlenasTan
gamklavebas. metic, imis codna, rom daZlevis
sxvadasxvagvar strategiebs flobT, dagexma-
rebaT, gazardoT TqvenSi realuri unari, daak-
mayofiloT garemodan wamosuli moTxovnebi
(Bandura,1986). TviTdarwmunebas mravali streso-
ris Zlieri zegavlenisagan SeuZlia Tqveni dacva,
radgan rwmena imisa, rom mzadyofnaSi gaqvT
daZlevis resursebi, aRkveTs stresul, qaotur
reaqcias: _ `ra gavakeTo?!~
aqamde Cven stresorebis daZlevisadmi zogad
midgomebs ganvixilavdiT, axla ki warmatebuli
daZlevis specifikur kognitur da socialur
midgomebs gavecnobiT.
kognituri strategiebis modificireba
stresTan adaptaciis Zlieri saSualeba stre-
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
sorebis Tqveneuli Sefasebebisa da maTi daZ-
levis Sesaxeb TavdacviTi kogniciebis Secvlaa.
Tqven sxvagvarad unda gaiazroT mocemuli
situacia, Tqveni roli masSi da is kauzaluri
atribuciebi, romlebsac arasasurveli Sedegis
asaxsnelad akeTebT. stresis fsiqikuri daZlevis
ori gza arsebobs: sakuTriv stresorTa bunebis
gadafaseba da stresze sakuTar reaqciaTa Sesaxeb
codnis restruqturireba.
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamia-
nebi maT cxovrebaSi stresis gancdas, nawi-
533

lobriv, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Sefasebis
Sesabamisad akontroleben (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994).
garkveuli stresorebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad
fiqris swavla, maTTvis saxelis Secvla, an
maTi warmosaxva naklebad saSiS (an, Tundac,
sasacilo) konteqstSi warmoadgens kognituri
gadafasebis formas, rasac stresis Semcireba
SeuZlia. RelavT imis gamo, rom sityviT unda
gamoxvideT didi, mkacri auditoriis winaSe?
stresoris gadafasebis erT-erTi teqnika aseTia:
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
_ warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni potenciuri kritiko-
sebi darbazSi SiSvlebi sxedan, rac namdvilad
Seamcirebs maT SiSismomgvrel Zalas. SfoTavT
imis gamo, rom morcxvobas ver daZlevT wveu-
lebaze, romelsac aucileblad unda daeswroT?
xom ar mogeZebnaT vinme Tqvenze metad morcxvi
da saubris dawyebiT simorcxvis daZlevaSi
daxmarebodiT?
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT stresis marTva imiT,
rom SecvaloT is, rasac sakuTar Tavs eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb da SecvaloT masTan mopyrobis xerxi.
kognitur-bihevioristma fsiqoTerapevtma donald
maiCenbaumma (Donald Meichenbaum, 1977,1985,1993)
SemogvTavaza samfaziani procesi, romelic amgvar
stresis inokulacias (acras) iTvaliswinebs. I
fazaSi adamianebi sakuTari realuri qcevis ukeT
534 gacnobierebas cdiloben: ra iwvevs mas da ra
Sedegebi moaqvs. amis gakeTebis saukeTeso xerxi
yoveldRiuri Canawerebis warmoebaa. es Canawerebi
adamianebs sakuTari problemebis mizezebisa da
Sedegebis terminebiT axlebur gaazrebaSi ex-
mareba da aZliereben maTi kontrolis gancdas.
SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, magaliTad, rom Tqveni
niSnebi cudia (stresori), radgan yovelTvis
cota dros itovebT davalebis kargad Sesas-
ruleblad; II fazaSi adamianebi axali qcevebis
identificirebas iwyeben, romlebic aRkveTen
araadaptaciur, TviTdestruqciul qcevebs. albaT,
fiqsirebuli `samecadino dro~ unda gamoyoT,
an Ramis satelefono zarebi 10 wuTamde daiyvanoT;
III fazaSi, adapturi qcevebis ganxorcielebis
Semdeg, individebi afaseben TavianTi axali
qcevis Sedegebs, aqamde ganxorcielebuli da-
makninebeli Sinagani dialogis gareSe. nacvlad
imisa, rom uTxran sakuTar Tavs: `gamimarTla,
rom profesorma swored maSin gamiZaxa, roca
teqsti wakiTxuli mqonda~, isini amboben: `mixa-
ria, rom momzadebuli viyavi profesoris Seki-
TxvisaTvis. araCveulebrivia, rodesac mas Wkvia-
nurad SegiZlia upasuxo~.
es samfaziani midgoma reaqciebisa da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb gamonaTqvamebis inicirebas gulis-
xmobs, romlebic SeuTavsebelia aqamde ganxor-
cielebul damakninebel azrebTan. am gzis arCevis
Semdeg adamianebi acnobiereben, rom icvlebian
da mxolod sakuTar Tavs unda umadlodnen am
cvlilebas, romelic momavali warmatebebis sa-
windaria.
13.4 cxrilSi mocemulia sakuTari Tavis Se-
saxeb axali tipis gamonaTqvamebis magaliTebi,
romlebic stresul situaciebTan gamklavebaSi
gvexmareba. stresis inokulaciis treningi war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi.
saidan
viciT
stresis inokulaciis treningi
tkivilis samarTavad
am gamokvlevaSi monawileoba 60 spor-
tsmenma mamakacma miiRo, romelTac spor-
tuli travmis gamo muxlis qirurgiuli
operacia CautardaT. sportsmenTa naxevari
samkurnalo jgufSi moxvda, sadac reabi-
 13.4
cxrili
sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis
magaliTebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
stresis daZlevas
momzadeba
me SemiZlia SevimuSavo misi daZlevis gegma.
ubralod mosafiqrebelia, ra SemiZlia gavakeTo
amisaTvis. es nerviulobaze ukeTesi gamosavalia.
ar aris saWiro uaryofiTi mimarTva sakuTari
Tavisadmi, iazrovne racionalurad.
konfrontacia
erTbaSad erTi nabiji; me SemiZlia am situaciis
marTva.
es SfoTva aris is, rasac eqimi
miwinaswarmetyvelebda.
es aris Sexseneba Cemi daZlevis meqanizmebis
gasavarjiSeblad.
dawynardi; Tavs vakontroleb, nela, Rrmad isunTqe.
daZleva
rodesac SiSi geufleba, Seisvene.
yuradReba awmyoze SeaCere, ra maqvs gasakeTebeli?
nu ecdebi SiSis mTlianad gaqrobas, SeinarCune
marTvad doneze.
amaze uaresic SeiZleboda momxdariyo.
ubralod, sxva rameze ifiqre.
TviTganmtkiceba
gamomivida, me SevZeli amis gakeTeba.
iseTi cudic ar yofila, rogorsac movelodi.
marTla kmayofili var Cemi miRwevebiT.
litaciis Cveulebriv programas stresis
inokulaciis treningi daemata. treningi
fokusirebuli iyo gamojanmrTelebis peri-
odis SfoTvisa da tkivilis saxeobebze
da xels uwyobda mamakacebs zemoT aR-
werili kognituri restruqturizaciis
teqnikebis gamoyenebaSi. danarCenma ocda-
aTma mamakacma mxolod reabilitaciis
standartuli kursi gaiara. samocive mona-
wiles sTxoves, moewodebinaT tkivilis
gancdis subieqturi Sefasebebi mkurna-
lobis dawyebamde da Semdeg aTive fizio-
Terapiuli sesiis win. miuxedavad imisa,
rom samkurnalo da sakontrolo jgufebi
didad ar gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan
mkurnalobis dawyebamde an pirveli
testuri sesiis dros, danarCeni cxra Tera-
piuli sesiis ganmavlobaSi inokulaciis
jgufis cdis pirebi gacilebiT nakleb
tkivils aRniSnavdnen, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis cdis pirebi (Ross & Berger,1996).
me-4 Tavidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor aris
tkivilis gancda ganpirobebuli rogorc fizio-
logiuri, ise fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT. gankur-
nebis procesSi myof sportsmenebze Catarebuli
qvemoT mocemuli eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu
rogor SeiZleba daZlevis teqnikebis gamoyeneba
tkivilis fsiqologiuri komponentebis zogi-
erTi aspeqtis gasakontroleblad.
warmatebuli daZlevis kidev erTi ZiriTadi
komponentia Tqven mier stresorze gacnobie-
rebuli kontrolis daweseba, rwmena imisa, rom
SegiZliaT cvlilebis Setana romelime mov-
lenis, an gancdis msvlelobaSi (Vaughan, 1993).
Tu gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT daavadebis mimdi-
nareobaze, an daavadebis yoveldRiur simptomebze
zemoqmedeba, albaT, kargad axerxebT am daava-
debasTan gamklavebas (Affleck et al., 1987), magram Tu
fiqrobT, rom stresis wyaro meore pirovnebaa,
romlis qcevaze gavlenas ver axdenT, an situa-
ciaa, romelsac ver SecvliT, izrdeba imis
albaToba, rom am qronikul viTarebas fsiqo-
logiurad ver gaumklavdebiT (Bulman & Wortman,
1977). individebi, romelTac SeuZliaT stresis
cnobieri kontroli iseTi fataluri daavadebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric Sidsia, amiT TavianT
fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobas argeben
(Thompson et al., 1994).
sanam samomavloT gamoyenebad kontrolis am
strategiebs daimaxsovrebT, stresis daZlevis
bolo aspeqti _ socialuri ganzomileba gan-
vixiloT.
socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc stresis
daZlevis resursi
socialuri mxardaWera sxvebisTvis gaweuli
daxmarebaa, romelic amcnobs adamians, rom igi
uyvarT, masze zrunaven, afaseben da rom igi
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisa da urTierT-
valdebulebebis qselSia CarTuli (Cohen & Syme,
1985).Dsocioemociuri mxardaWeris am formebis
garda garSemomyof adamianebs SeuZliaT
materialuri (fuli, transporti, bina) da
informaciuli mxardaWeris (rCeva, pirovnuli
gacnobierebuli kontroli (Perceived control) _
pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an
gancdis msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla;
xSirad sasargebloa stresorebTan gamkla-
vebisas.
535
 arakatastrofuli qronikulad daavadebuli pacientebi mkvlevrebi cdiloben imis dadgenas, Tu ra
kiboTi daavadebuli pacienebi
tipis mxardaWeraa yvelaze sasargeblo sxvadasxva
specifikuri movlenis dros (Helgeson & Cohen,1996;
socialuri daxmarebis

60
yvelaze efeqturi

50 Kuijer et al., 2000).

40
%

30
20 saidan
10
0 viciT
emociuri informaciuli materialuri

mxardaWeris tipi
mxardaWeris wyaroebisa da tipebis
urTierTSedareba
suraTi
13.10 Seli teilori kolegebTan erTad Seis-
wavlida sxvadasxva tipis socialuri mxa-
socialuri mxardaWeris Rirebuleba
rdaWeris efeqturobas kiboTi daava-
aRqmuli socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc diagnozis
debulebTan (Dakof & Taylor, 1990; Taylor, 1986).
funqcia
(Martin, et. al., 1994, kiboTi daavadebuli pacientebis
avadmyofebi gansxvavebulad afasebdnen
monacemebi aRebulia Dakof&Taylor, 1990). sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeris sargebli-
anobas. isini sasargeblod Tvlidnen mxo-
ukukavSiri, informacia) uzrunvelyofa. nebis-
lod meuRleebis, da ara eqimebis, an mom-
mieri adamiani, visTanac gaqvT mniSvnelovani
vlelebis `gverdiT yofnas~. meore mxriv,
socialuri urTierToba _ iqneba es ojaxis
avadmyofebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo infor-
wevri, megobari, TanamSromeli Tu mezobeli _
maciis an rCevis miReba kiboTi daavadebuli
SesaZloa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni so-
sxva pacientebisagan, an eqimebisagan da
cialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawili iyos.
ara -_ ojaxisgan da megobrebisagan.
mravali gamokvleva miuTiTebs stresisadmi
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu visgan _ iqnebodnen
mowyvladobis SemcirebaSi socialuri mxar-
es eqimebi, megobrebi Tu ojaxis wevrebi _
daWeris Zalaze (Cohen & McKay, 1983). rodesac
modioda Tavsmoxveuli naZaladevi xalisi
adamianebs hyavT xalxi, visac SeuZliaT mimarTon,
da daavadebis simZimis daknineba, avadmyo-
isini ukeT axerxeben rogorc sakuTar yovel-
febi Tvlidnen, rom maT es arafers argebda.
dRiur problemebTan, ise samsaxurebriv stres-
ebTan, umuSevrobasTan, ojaxis rRvevasTan,
seriozul daavadebebTan da sxva katastrofebTan 13.10 suraTze mocemulia socialuri mxar-
gamklavebas (Gottlieb, 1981; Pilisuk & Parks, 1986). so-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

daWeris tipebis Sedareba efeqturobis mixedviT

cialuri mxardaWeris pozitiuri efeqtebi kibos da iseTi arakatastrofuli daavadebebis
scildeba stresuli movlenebis daregulirebas; mqone pacientebTan, rogoricaa: qronikuli Tavis
maT SeuZliaT diagnostirebuli daavadebisagan tkivili an gaRizianebuli kuW-nawlavis sin-
gankurnebis gaumjobeseba da daavadebiT gamow- dromi (Martini et al., 1994). monacemebi kidev erTxel
veuli sikvdilis riskis Semcireba (House et al.,1988 mowmobs, rom socialuri mxardaWeris optimaluri
Kulik & Mahler, 1989). erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Tir- tipi stresis sxvadasxva wyarosTvis gansxva-
kmlis mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofTa sikvdi- vebulia. SegiZliaT moifiqroT mizezebi, Tu
lianobis koeficienti Seiswavleboda (Christensen ratom unda iyos emociuri mxardaWera ufro
et al., 1994). miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, ojaxis sasargeblo kiboTi daavadebulTaTvis, vidre
mxardaWeris sazomze miRebuli qulis erTi arc ise mZime daavadebebis mqone avadmyofe-
erTeuliT mateba sikvdilis albaTobis 13%-ian bisaTvis?
klebas ukavSirdeba.Q mkvlevrebi, agreTve, cdiloben gansazRvron,
Tu rodis iwveven mxardaWeris wyaroebi realurad
socialuri mxardaWera (Social support) _ sxva
adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan gam- SfoTvis gazrdas. magaliTad, Tu vinme daJinebiT
klavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio- gTavazobT eqimTan daniSnul Sexvedraze an
kolejSi gasaubrebaze wamoyolas maSin, roca
536
emociuri da informaciuli mxardaWera.
Tqven marto wasvla girCevniaT, amis gamo SeiZ-
leba damatebiTi SfoTva ganicadoT (Coyne et al.,
1988); aseve, mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofebma,
SesaZloa, ver gaamarTlon maT socialur wreSi
Semavali adamianebis molodinebi.
saidan
viciT
molodinebi da qronikul
daavadebasTan adaptacia
mkvlevrebi amowmebdnen, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens avadmyofebis mier garSemomyof
adamianTa molodinebis aRqma daavadebasTan
maT adaptaciaze. avadmyofebs Tirkmlebis
daavadebis bolo stadia hqondaT, yvelas
sWirdeboda dializi. mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
maT, rom skalaze (`srulebiT ar veTan-
xmebi~-dan `srulebiT veTanxmebi~-mde)
SeefasebinaT iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `xandaxan vgrZnob, rom Cemi
ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan, rom
gacilebiT ukeT moverevi Cems daavadebas,
vidre es realurad SemiZlia~ da `zogjer
vfiqrob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi
moelian Cemgan sakuTar mkurnalobaze meti
pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, vidre es rea-
lurad SemiZlia~. mkvlevrebi, aseve, zo-
mavdnen, Tu ramdenad kargad axerxebdnen
pacientebi avadmyofobis daZlevas. Sede-
gebma aCvena Zlieri dadebiTi korelacia
molodinebsa da distresis xarisxs Soris.
magaliTad, pacientebTan, romlebic sa-
kuTari ojaxisa da megobrebis molodinebs
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc gadaWarbebuls, ufro
mosalodneli iyo Civili depresiisa da
cxovrebis dabali xarisxis Sesaxeb (Hatchett
et al.,1997).
rogorc Cans, pacientebis megobrebi da ojaxis
wevrebi yvelafers akeTebdnen maTTvis mxar-
daWeris uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca, maTi molo-
dinebi pacientebisadmi zrdida am ukanasknelTa
distress.
efeqturi socialuri mxardaWeris qselis
nawilad yofna niSnavs Tqvens rwmenas, rom
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxvebi Tqvens gverdiT
aRmoCndebian maSinac ki, Tu stresis gancdisas
faqtobrivad arc ki mimarTavT maT daxmare-
bisaTvis. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Setyo-
bineba `fsiqologia da cxovrebidan~ isaa, rom
yovelTvis unda imuSaoT, rogorc socialuri
mxardaWeris qselis Semadgenelma rgolma da
arasodes misceT Tavs ufleba, iyoT socialurad
izolirebuli.
stresze msjelobisas Cven araerTxel aRvniS-
neT stresis gavlena fizikur da fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze. axla uSualod ganvixilavT,
Tu rogor iyeneben fsiqologebi avadmyofobisa
da janmrTelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamokvle-
vebiT miRebul codnas.
Sejameba
stress iwvevs stresorebi _ stimulebi, rom-
lebic organizmisagan garkveul reaqcias mo-
iTxoven. stresi iwvevs fiziologiur pasuxebs,
romlebic amzadeben organizms moqmedebisaTvis.
rodesac amgvari pasuxebi zedmetia, safrTxe
eqmneba imunur sistemas, ramac SesaZloa gamoiw-
vios fsiqosomaturi daavadebebi. sxvadasxva saxis
stresors, rogoricaa: cxovrebiseuli cvli-
lebebi, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi, matravmi-
rebeli movlenebi, sxvadasxva saxis fsiqolo-
giuri efeqti aqvs.
stresis daZleva xSirad maSin iwyeba, rodesac
adamianebi moTxovnis gansazRvris mizniT
afaseben situacias. safrTxis mimarT adamianebi
iyeneben stresis daZlevis problemaze orien-
tirebul, an emociaze orientirebul gzebs. maT,
aseve, SeuZliaT, stresTan gamklaveba stresoris
xelaxali SefasebiT, an stresze reaqciebis
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
Sesaxeb codnis restruqturizaciiT. stresis
inokulaciis (acris) treningi kogniciaTa res-
truqturizaciis erT-erTi programaa. adamianebi
ukeTesad axerxeben stresis daZlevas, rodesac
grZnoben, rom akontroleben situacias. socia-
luri mxardaWera saukeTesoa maSin, rodesac is
individis moTxovnebs Tanxvdeba. socialuri
interaqcia, SesaZloa, uaryofiTi iyos, rodesac
adamianebi grZnoben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT
arsebuli molodinebis gamarTleba.
537

janmrTelobis fsiqologia
ra wvlili SeaqvT fsiqikur procesebs cudad
da kargad yofnis gancdaSi? Cven ukve war-
mogidgineT sakmarisi sabuTi imisa, rom pasuxi
am kiTxvaze aris: _ `sakmaod didi~. janmrTelo-
bisaTvis fsiqologiuri da socialuri faqto-
rebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebam xeli Seuwyo axali
sferos _ janmrTelobis fsiqologiis _ gan-
viTarebas. janmrTelobis fsiqologia fsiqo-
logiis dargia, romelic mowodebulia imis
dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi
janmrTelobas; ratom xdebian isini avad da
rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze (Taylor, 1986,1990).
janmrTeloba gulismobs sxeulisa da gonebis
zogad mdgomareobas, romelic aRiwereba
siZlierisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar
aris ubralod daavadebis an dazianebis arar-
seboba, aramed am SemTxvevaSi saqme imas ufro
exeba, Tu ramdenad kargad funqcionireben
sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilebi erTad. janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb msjelobas davi-
wyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor scildeba avad-
myofobis tradiciul dasavlur models is
filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic safuZvlad
udevs mocemul sferos. Semdeg ganvixilavT
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis wvlils daavadebisa
da disfunqciis prevenciasa da mkurnalobaSi.
janmrTelobis
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
biofsiqosocialuri modeli
janmrTelobis fsiqologia janmrTelobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeliT xelmZRvanelobs.
am midgomis safuZvlebs mraval aradasavlur
kulturaSi vxvdebiT. sanam biofsiqosocialuri
modelis gansazRvrebas CamovayalibebdeT,
ganvixiloT zogierTi aradasavluri tradicia.
janmrTelobis dacvis tradiciuli
praqtika
fsiqologiuri principebi avadmyofobis
mkurnalobasa da janmrTelobis SenarCunebaSi
yvela droSi gamoiyeneboda. bevr kulturaSi
esmiT sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisa da
538 relaqsaciis ritualebis mniSvneloba cxovrebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavi
venesuelis varaos kulturisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli gankurnebis ritualis magaliTiT daviwyeT.
rogorc aRvwereT, mkurnali mowveuli iyo avad-
myofi biWis sxeulSi Casaxlebuli sulebis
gansadevnad. mkurnalma Seasrula tradiciuli
gankurnebis ceremonia. mSoblebma biWis gamoj-
anmrTeleba mkurnalis moqmedebebs miaweres
(Briggs,1996).
msgavsi rwmenis arsebobas SeiZleba sxva
kulturebSic SexvdeT. magaliTad, navajoSi
daavadebas, avadmyofobasa da kargad yofnas
socialur harmonias da gonebasa da sxeuls
Soris urTierTqmedebebs miawerdnen. huazos cneba
navajoSi niSnavs harmonias, sulier simSvides,
saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur urTierTobebs, mSve-
nierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi, sxeulisa
da sulis sijansaRes. avadmyofoba ganixileba,
rogorc borotebiT gamowveuli nebismieri
disharmoniis Sedegi, romelic isadgurebs
adamianSi tabus darRvevis, jadoqrobis, zedmeti
damyolobis, boroti ocnebebis gamo. tradici-
uli gankurnebis ceremonia gulisxmobs avad-
myofobis gandevnasa da janmrTelobis aRdgenas
ara marto Samanis mkurnalobiT, aramed ojaxis
yvela wevris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, romlebic
avadmyofTan erTad cdiloben huazos mdgomare-
obis dabrunebas. tomis nebismieri wevri avad-
myofobas miiCnevs ara avadmyofis pirad pasuxis-
mgeblobad (da danaSaulad), aramed ganixilavs,
rogorc ufro zogadi disharmoniis niSans,
romelic unda aRikveTos Temuri gankurnebis
ritualebiT. es kulturuli orientacia garan-
tias iZleva, rom Zlieri socialuri mxardaWeris
qseli avtomaturad daexmareba pacients.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia (Health psychology)
_ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia
imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben ada-
mianebi janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian isini
avad da rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.
janmrTeloba (Health) _ sxeulisa da gonebis
zogadi mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba sim-
tkicisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar
aris ubralod daavadebis, an dazianebis ar-
arseboba.
huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi
arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs harmonias,
sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur
urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da
xelobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.

biofsiqosocialuri modelisken
Cven axlaxan vnaxeT, rom aradasavlur kul-
turebSi gankurnebis praqtika xSirad sxeulsa
da gonebas Soris kavSiris arsebobas gulisxmobs.
amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove mecnieruli
azrovneba, ZiriTadad, biosamedicino models
eyrdnoba, romelic sxeulisa da gonebis dua-
listuri koncefciiT xelmZRvanelobs. am mode-
lis Tanaxmad, medicina fizikur sxeuls suli-
sagan damoukideblad mkurnalobs. goneba mniS-
vnelovania mxolod emociebisa da rwmenebisaTvis
da cota ram Tu SeuZlia gaakeTos sxeulis
realobisaTvis; Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi
mecnierebma daiwyes urTierTqmedebaTa tipebis
aRnusxva, romelTa SemTxvevaSic ar muSaobs xisti
biosamedicino modeli. Tqven ukve naxeT
zogierTi maTgani: karg da cud cxovrebiseul
movlenebs SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon imunuri
sistemis funqcionirebaze; adamianebi met-
naklebad moqnilebi arian stresis uaryofiT
SedegebTan mimarTebaSi; adekvaturma socialurma
mxardaWeram SeiZleba Seamciros sikvdilis
albaToba. amgvari gaazrebis Sedegad Camoyalibda
biofsiqosocialuri modelis sami komponenti:
`bio~ miuTiTebs biologiuri avadmyofobis rea-
lur arsebobaze, `fsiqo~ da `socialuri~ ki _
janmrTelobis fsiqologiur da socialur
komponentebze.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli fizikur jan-
mrTelobas gonebis mdgomareobasa da garemom-
cvel samyarosTan akavSirebs. janmrTelobis
fsiqologi janmrTelobas ganixilavs, rogorc
dinamikur mravalganzomilebian movlenas.
optimaluri janmrTeloba, anu kargad yofna
(wellness) moicavs Tqveni cxovrebis fizikur,
inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier, socialur
da garemos aspeqtebs. rodesac daavadebis
prevenciis, an adreul etapze misi gamovlenis
mizniT garkveul qmedebebs axorcielebT, Tqven
janmrTelobis sakeTildReod iqceviT. janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis zogad mizans warmoadgens
fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyeneba kargad yofnasa
da janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri
qcevis xelSewyobisaTvis. ganvixiloT aRniSnul
mizanTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebi.
janmrTelobis profilaqtika
cneba janmrTelobis profilaqtika niSnavs
zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTarebas, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa
avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
XXI saukuneSi avadmyofobis prevencia XX
saukunis dasawyisisgan gansxvavebul amocanebs
ayenebs (Matarazzo, 1984). 1900-ian wlebSi sikvdilis
upirveles mizezs infeqciuri daavadebebi
warmoadgenda. am periodSi praqtikosma eqimebma
wamoiwyes pirveli revolucia amerikul sazo-
gadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaSi.
kvlevebis, sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, vaqcinebis
ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis
standartebis cvlilebebis (rogoricaa narCe-
nebis kontroli da kanalizacia) saSualebiT
maT TandaTanobiT SeZles sikvdilianobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeli (Biopsychosocial mo-
del) _ janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli,
romlis mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
sistemis, qceviTi stilis, kognituri pro-
cesebisa da garemo faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma
SeiZleba adamiani avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe
daayenos.
kargad yofna (Wellness) _ optimaluri janmrTe-
loba, romelic aerTianebs fizikur, inteleqtu-
alur, emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos
sxvadasxva sferoSi sruli da aqtiuri fun-
qcionirebis unars.
janmrTelobis profilaqtika (Health promotion)
_ zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTareba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa
avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
539
 didi raodenobiT miReba, mgzavroba usafrTxo-
cxrili
13.5 ebis Rvedebis gareSe, stresebiT savse cxovreba
_ yvelaferi es garkveul rols asrulebs iseTi
sikvdilis ZiriTadi mizezebi aSS-Si,
daavadebebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogorebicaa: kibo,
1998 weli
gulis daavadebebi, dambla, agreTve, ubeduri
sikvdilis
sikvdili- SemTxvevebisa da TviTmkvlelobebisas. civili-
rangi sikvdilis mizezi mizezebis
anobis
xelSemwyobi zaciis aRniSnul daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli
procenti
faqtorebi
qcevebis SecvliT mravali daavadebisa da naad-
1 31.0 gulis daavadeba DS
revi sikvdilis prevencia gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
2 23.2 kibo DS
3 6.8 dambla DS am codnaze dayrdnobiT advilia garkveuli
4 4.8 filtvebis obstruq-
rekomendaciebis mocema, magram ufro sasurvelia,
ciuli daavadebebi S
5 4.2 yvela saxis ubeduri rom janmrTeloba iseTi kargi Cvevebis Semu-
SemTxveva A SavebiT SeinarCunoT, romlebic CamoTvlilia
1.9 mxolod avtoavariebi A
6 3.9 pnevmonia da gripi S 13.6 cxrilSi. bevri maTgani, albaT, ukve nacnobia
7 2.8 diabeti D TqvenTvis. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis
8 1.3 TviTmkvleloba A
9 1.1 Tirkmlebis daavadebebi fsiqologebi gamoiyeneben fsiqologiur prin-
10 1.1 RviZlis qronikuli cipebs imis albaTobis gasazrdelad, rom Tqven
daavadeba da cirozi A
marTla gaakeTebT imas, rac TqvenTvis kargia.
* D=kveba; S =moweva; A =alkoholi amis demonstrirebis mizniT axla ganvixiloT
ori konkretuli Tema: moweva da Sidsi.

mniSvnelovnad Semcireba iseTi daavadebebis

SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa: gripi, tuberkulozi,
poliomieliti, wiTela da yvavili.
Tu mkvlevrebs cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjo-
besebSi surT wvlilis Setana, cxovrebis
stilTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebiT gamowveuli
sikvdilianobis Semcirebas unda ecadon (ix.
cxrili 13.5). sigaretis moweva, Warbi wona,
cximisa da qolesterinis didi raodenobiT
Semcveli sakvebisa da alkoholiani sasmelebis
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
moweva
SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom nebismierma,
vinc ki waikiTxa es wigni, ar icoda, rom Tambaqos
moweva Zalian saxifaToa. yovelwliurad
daaxloebiT 400 000 adamiani kvdeba mowevasTan
dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT. aSS-Si yovel-
wliurad kiboTi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa 30%-
ze meti swored Tambaqos moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli
(Skaar et al., 1997). miuxedavad amisa, 60 milioni
adamiani aSS-Si jer kidev mwevelia. mwevelTa

70% ambobs, rom surs mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba,

cxrili
13.6
aTi nabiji pirovnuli keTildReobisaken
1. regularulad ivarjiSeT.
2. miiReT noyieri, balansirebuli sakvebi (mdidari
bostneuliT, xiliT, marcvleuliT, naklebi cximiTa
da qolesteriniT).
3. SeinarCuneT optimaluri wona.
4. iZineT 7-8 saaTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi, daisveneT
yoveldRe.
5. mgzavrobisas isargebleT usafrTxoebis RvedebiT
da velosipedis CafxutiT.
6. ar moswioT sigareti da ar miiRoT narkotikebi.
7. zomierad, an saerTod ar miiRoT alkoholi.
8. iqonieT mxolod daculi, usafrTxo sqesobrivi
urTierTobebi.
9. regularulad gaiareT samedicino-
stomatologiuri Semowmebebi; daicaviT samedicino
reJimi.
10. CamoiyalibeT optimisturi damokidebuleba da
SeiZineT megobrebi.
540
magram ver axerxebs (daavadebaTa kontrolisa
da prevenciis centri, 1997). janmrTelobis
fsiqologebs ainteresebT orive sakiTxi: (1)
ratom iwyeben adamianebi mowevas _ amiT
fsiqologebi SeZleben mis prevencias da (2)
rogor daexmaron adamianebs mowevisaTvis Tavis
danebebaSi _ riTic adamianebi SeZleben miiRon
`eqsmwevelad~ gadaqcevasTan dakavSirebuli
mniSvnelovani sargebeli.
analizi imisa, Tu ratom iwyebs zogierTi
adamiani Tambaqos mowevas, pirovnul Tvisebebsa
da socialur faqtorebze fokusirdeba. individTa
erT-erT tips, romelTanac Tambaqos moweva
asocirdeba SegrZnebaTa maZieblebi uwodes
(Zuckerman,1988); ufro mosalodnelia, rom aseTma
individebma sarisko qmedebebi ganaxorcielon.
erT-erT gamokvlevaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis
pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sefasebis monacemebi,
romlebic XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi (1964-1967)
miiRes, Seadares XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis
bolos (1987-1991) maT `mweveli-aramwevelis~
qcevas. qalebi da mamakacebi, romlebic 60-ian
wlebSi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
SegrZnebebis maZieblebs, 20-25 wlis Semdeg ufro
mosalodneli iyo, rom mwevelebi yofiliyvnen
(Lipkus et al., 1994). savaraudoa, rom pirovnuli
faqtorebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba zogierTi
jgufis wevrebis Sefasebebs; anu, miuxedavad
imisa, an swored imitom, rom moweva mavnebelia
janmrTelobisaTvis, is `magaria~ (Leary et al., 1994).
es gansakuTrebiT mozardebSi SeiZleba iyos
ase. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi Tvlian, rom
mowevis warmatebuli prevencia mowevis Sefasebis
Secvlas _ `magaridan~ `cudisken~ _ gulisxmobs.
ukeTesia, Tu saerTod ar daiwyebT mowevas,
magram rogor SeiZleba daexmaros TambaqosaTvis
Tavis danebebis swavlaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi
maT, vinc ukve eweva? miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma
adamianma uSedegod scada mowevisTvis Tavis
danebeba, daaxloebiT 35 milionma amerikelma
samudamod mainc daaneba Tavi mowevas. 90%-ma es
damoukideblad, specialuri samkurnalo prog-
ramebis gareSe SeZlo. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres
is etapebi, romelsac adamianebi gadian, rac
TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis mzard mzadyofnas
mowmobs (DiClemente et al., 1991; Prochaska et al., 1993):
gansjis wina periodi _ mweveli jer ar
fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis danebebaze;
gansja _ mweveli fiqrobs mowevisTvis
Tavis danebebaze, Tumca, jer ar axorcielebs
cvlilebebs qcevaSi;
momzadeba _ mweveli ukve mzad aris, rom
Tavi daanebos mowevas;
moqmedeba _ mweveli axorcielebs
gansazRvrul qmedebebs dasaxuli qceviTi
miznebis misaRwevad;
SenarCuneba _ axla mweveli ukve aramwe-
velia da cdilobs am mdgomareobis SenarCunebas.
mocemuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yvela
mweveli fsiqologiurad erTnairi ar aris mo-
wevisTvis Tavis danebebis sakiTxSi. intervencia
imgvarad unda iyos dagegmili, rom manamde
zrdides mwevelis mzadyofnis, sanam is fsiqo-
logiurad mzad iqneba janmrTelobis sakeTil-
dReo qcevis gansaxorcieleblad.
mowevis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli warmatebuli
mkurnaloba mwevelis rogorc fiziologiuri,
ise fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofil-
ebas moiTxovs (Tsoh et al., 1997; U.S. Department of
health and Human Services, 2000). fiziologiur
doneze mwevelebi saukeTesod eqvemdebarebian
nikotinis Semcvleli Terapiis iseT efeqtur
formas, rogoricaa nikotinis plastiri da
nikotinis saReWi rezinebi. fsiqologiur doneze
mwevelebma unda gaiazron, rom arsebobs uamravi
eqsmweveli da rom TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebeba
SesaZlebelia. garda amisa, mwevelma unda
daiswavlos Zlieri ltolvis daZlevis stra-
tegiebi, romelic Tan axlavs TambaqosaTvis Tavis
danebebis mcdelobebs. mkurnaloba xSirad moi-
cavs Cven mier adre aRweril daZlevis kognitur
xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamians,
Seamsubuqos masze mravali stresoris zemoqme-
deba. mowevasTan dakavSirebiT adamianebs as-
wavlian, Tu rogor moZebnon Tavis daRwevis
gzebi situaciebidan, romlebmac SeiZleba kvlav
gauRviZon mowevis Jini.
Sidsi
Sidsi _ es aris SeZenili imunodeficitis
sindromi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aTasobiT
adamiani kvdeba am saSineli daavadebiT, mravali
adamiani cxovrobs aiv infeqciiT. aiv (adamianis
imunodeficitis virusi) aris virusi, romelic
anadgurebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (T limfo-
citebs), riTac azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs sxeulis unars, SeebrZolos sxva daava-
debebs. individi mowyvladi xdeba mTeli rigi
sxva virusuli da baqteriuli infeqciebis mi-
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
marT, ramac SeiZleba sicocxlisaTvis iseTi
saSiSi daavadebebi gamoiwvios, rogoricaa: kibo,
meningiti da pnevmonia. virusiT Tavdapirveli
Sidsi (AIDS) _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sin-
dromis abreviatura, sindromi gamowveulia
virusiT, romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeq-
cias.
aiv (HIV)_ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi,
romelic azianebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs
(limfocitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis
imunur sistemas; aiv infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.
541
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
Tu Tqven aSS-Si cxovrobT,
Tqveni mTavroba momdevno aTi
wlis gegmas gTavazobT: aSS-is
janmrTelobisa da mosaxleobis
momsaxurebis departamentma
Seqmna programa saxelwodebiT
_ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~,
sadac mocemulia konkretuli
rekomendaciebi pirovnuli da
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelo-
bisaTvis aucilebeli qcevebis
Sesaxeb. programas ori zogadi
mizani aqvs: (1) gansxvavebebis
Semcireba janmrTelobis statu-
sebs Soris mosaxleobis sxva-
dasxva fenaSi _ moxucebSi,
umciresobebsa da bavSvebSi da
(2) janmrTeli cxovrebis xan-
grZlivobis gazrda. fsiqolo-
gebi orive miznis ganxorcie-
lebaSi Seitanen TavianT wvlils.
rac Seexeba pirvel mizans,
fsiqikuri janmrTeloba Seta-
nilia `janmrTelobis statusis~
kategoriaSi. ukve ramdenime we-
lia fsiqologebi did energias
xarjaven sazogadoebis sxva-
dasxva jgufebSi fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis dacvis gaumjobe-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
sebaze. meore mizani uSualod
exeba kvalifikacias, rasac fsi-
qologebi janmrTelobis pro-
filaqtikis sagnad miiCneven.
programa `janmrTeli adamiane-
bi 2010~-is mizania, rom adamia-
nebma Secvalon janmrTelo-
basTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi.
rogorc vnaxeT, es janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis kvlevebis
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.
es sakiTxi rom gavagrZeloT,
ganvixiloT ori konkretuli
mizani programidan `janmrTeli
adamianebi 2010~:
• samuSao saaTebSi fizikuri
aqtivobiT dakavebul mozrdi-
542
janmrTeli adamianebi 2010 wlisaTvis
lTa raodenobis Semcireba 40%-
dan 20%-mde;
• im mozrdilTa raodenobis
gazrda 15%-dan 30%-mde, rom-
lebic regularulad saSualo
xarisxis fizikuri aqtivobiT
arian dakavebulni (30 wuTi,
TiTqmis yoveldRe).
TqvenTvis, albaT, cnobilia,
Tu ratom girCevT es programa
regularulad varjiSs, anu jan-
mrTelobis mTavari gaumjobeseba
miiRweva iseTi varjiSebiT, ro-
goricaa: velosipediT siaruli,
curva, sirbili da Cqari sia-
rulic ki. es aqtivobebi iwveven
gulisa da respiratoruli sis-
temis mdgomareobis gaumjobese-
bas, kunTebis tonusis gaZlie-
rebas da bevri sxva sargebelic
moaqvT janmrTelobisaTvis.
rogor SeiZleba janmrTelo-
bis fsiqologiis codna daex-
maros adamians dadebiTi efeq-
tebis miRebaSi? mkvlevrebi swav-
loben, Tu vin da ratom mimarTavs
regularul varjiSs da cdi-
loben gansazRvron is prog-
ramebi Tu strategiebi, romlebic
yvelaze metad exmarebian adamia-
nebs varjiSis daiwyebasa da
gagrZelebaSi (Dishman & Buckworth,
1997). faqtobrivad, varjiSis
dawyebisTvis mzadyofnas igive
modeli miesadageba, romelic
mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebisTvis
mzadyofnis SemTxvevaSi moqme-
debs (Myers & Roth,1997). gansjis
wina etapze adamianTa yuradReba,
ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulia im
winaaRmdegobebze, romlebic
xels uSlian varjiSis dawyebas
(magaliTad, drois ukmarisoba,
varjiSisas partnioris ararse-
boba), vidre im sargeblobaze,
romelic moaqvs varjiSs (maga-
liTad, exmareba relaqsaciaSi,
aumjobesebs garegnobas). ro-
gorc ki individebi treningis
Semdgom _ gansjisa da Senar-
Cunebis _ etapebze gadadian,
yuradRebis koncentracia wi-
naaRmdegobidan sargeblobaze
gadainacvlebs.
rogor unda moaxerxoT
gansjis wina etapis daZleva,
Tu Tqven jer kidev ar var-
jiSobT regularulad?
mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom
adamianebs SeuZliaT iseTi
strategiebis daswavla, rom-
lebic saSualebas miscemT maT,
daZlion varjiSis xelisSem-
Sleli dabrkolebebi (Simkin &
Gross, 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT
zustad iseve ganixiloT var-
jiSis dawyeba, rogorc nebis-
mieri sxva situacia, romelic
stresis dasaZlevad Tqvengan
kognitur Sefasebas moiTxovs.
ecadeT dagegmoT cxovreba ise,
rom varjiSi ganixilebodes,
rogorc jansaRi garToba.
Tqven, aseve, unda icodeT, rom
Tqveni kolejis bevr students
aqvs `Cavardnebi~ rogorc kve-
bis, ise varjiSis Tvalsaz-
risiT: rodesac akademiuri
stresis periodebi gaivlis,
isini cudi kvebidan da mini-
maluri varjiSidan jansaR
qcevas ubrundebian (Griffin et
al.,1993). rogor unda Camoa-
yaliboT Tqveni azrebi ise, rom
Tavi aaridoT amgvar paterns?
scadeT daexmaroT programas
`janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~
dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.
www.health.gov/healthypeople
es `janmrTeli adamianebi
2010~-is veb-gverdis misamarTia,
sadac SegiZliaT gaecnoT
programis 467 konkretul mi-
zans.
inficirebidan simptomebis gamovlenamde periodi
(sainkubacio periodi) SeiZleba xuTi weliwadi
an meti iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom aiv virusiT
inficirebulTa did nawils ar aqvs Sidsis
samedicino diagnozi, maT mudmivi stresis qveS
cxovreba uwevT, rom nebismier dros am saxifaTo
daavadebam SeiZleba uecrad iCinos Tavi.
dResdReobiT ukve arsebobs mkurnaloba, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis Sidsis sruli siZlieriT
Semotevis gadavadebas, magram ar arsebobs arc
Sidsisgan gankurnebis saSualeba da arc misi
gavrcelebis Tavidan asacilebeli vaqcina.
aiv virusiT inficireba ar xdeba haeriT.
inficirebisTvis aucilebelia sisxlTan uSua-
lo kontaqti. zogadad, aiv virusi erTi ada-
mianidan meores SeiZleba gadaedos ori gziT:
(1) sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros sisxlis an spermis
gacvliT da (2) wamlis ineqciisaTvis gankuT-
vnili intravenuli nemsebisa da Spricebis
saziarod sargeblobisas. virusi, aseve, SeiZleba
gadavides sisxlis gadasxmiT da im samedicino
procedurebiT, romlis drosac janmrTel
adamians SemTxveviT gadausxamen inficirebul
sisxls, an gadaunergaven organoebs. hemofiliiT
daavadebulma mravalma adamianma Sidsi swored
am gziT SeiZina, Tumca, yvela adamians emuqreba
SidsiT daavadebis safrTxe.
Sidsis virusiT inficirebisagan Tavis dacvis
erTaderTi gza im cxovrebiseuli Cvevebis
Secvlaa, romlebic riskis winaSe ayeneben
adamians. es niSnavs permanentuli cvlilebebis
Setanas seqsualuri qcevis paternebsa da
wamlebTan dakavSirebuli piradi moxmarebis
sagnebis gamoyenebaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologi
tomas koatsi (Thomas Coates) im multidiscip-
linaruli kvlevis gundis wevria, romelic mTel
rig fsiqologiur principebs iyenebs Sidsis
Semdgomi gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad
(Catania et al,. 1994; Coates, 1990; Ekstrand&Coates, 1990;
Kegeles et a,,. 1996). gundis muSaoba moicavs
gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis mraval iseT aspeqts,
rogoricaa: fsiqologiuri risk-faqtorebis
Sefaseba, bihevioraluri intervenciebis ganvi-
Tareba, Temis liderebis treningi adamianebis
ukeT ganaTlebis mizniT janmrTeli sqesobrivi
da wamlebis moxmarebis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT,
daxmareba sareklamo da sainformacio kampaniebis
SeqmnaSi da cvlilebebis sistematuri Sefaseba
Sesabamis damokidebulebebSi, Rirebulebebsa da
qcevebSi. Sidsis sawinaaRmdego warmatebuli
intervenciisaTvis saWiroa sami komponenti (Fisher
et al,. 1994, 1996; Yzer et al., 1998):
informacia _ adamianebs unda miewodebo-
deT informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gadadis
Sidsi da rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan acileba;
maT unda miiRon konsultacia usafrTxo seqsis
(magaliTad, sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros pre-
zervativis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) da steriluri
SpricebiT sargeblobis Taobaze;
motivacia _ adamianebi unda iyvnen moti-
virebulni Sidsis prevenciis ganxorciele-
bisaTvis;
qceviTi unar-Cvevebi _ adamianebs unda
aswavlon miRebuli codnis praqtikaSi gamo-
yeneba.
ratomaa aucilebeli samive komponenti?
adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen Zlier motivirebulni,
magram ar iyvnen informirebulni da, piriqiT,
maT SeiZleba hqondeT sakmarisi codna da
motivacia, magram ar hqondeT saWiro unar-Cvevebi.
magaliTad, maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, rogor
daZlion socialuri barieri da mosTxovon
partniors prezervativis gamoyeneba (Leary et al.,
1994). fsiqologiurma Carevam SeiZleba adamians
roluri TamaSis gamocdileba, an sxva qceviTi
unar-Cvevebi SesZinos am barieris mniSvnelobis
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.
mkurnaloba
mkurnaloba fokusirebulia avadmyofobis
daregulirebasa da gamojanmrTelebaSi adamianis
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
daxmarebaze. Cven ganvixilavT mkurnalobis sam
aspeqts. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT fsiqologis
rols pacientTa mxardaWeraSi, rac jandacvis
specialistis daniSnuli reJimis Sesrulebis
aucileblobaSi mis darwmunebas gulisxmobs.
Semdeg ganvixilavT im xerxebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZleven adamianebs, zustad gamoiyenon
fsiqologiuri teqnikebi sxeulis reaqciebis
gasakontroleblad. bolos ganvixilavT maga-
liTebs, romlebSic gonebas mniSvnelovani
wvlilis Setana SeuZlia sxeulis gankurnebaSi.
543
 pacientis mier samkurnalo reJimis dacva
pacientebs xSirad uniSnaven mkurnalobis
garkveul reJims. es SeiZleba moicavdes
samkurnalo kursebs, cvlilebebs kvebaSi, woliTi
reJimis periodebs da varjiSebs; aseve, iseT
damatebiT procedurebs, rogoricaa: ganmeorebiTi
Semowmeba, sareabilitacio treningi da qimio-
Terapia. mkurnalobis reJimis darRveva erT-erTi
seriozuli problemaa janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi (Clark & Becker, 1998). pacientTa daumor-
Cileblobis xarisxi mkurnalobis zogierTi
reJimis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba 50%-s aWarbebdes.
Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia im indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebis dadgenaze, romelTac
zogierTi individi mihyavs mkurnalobis reJi-
misadmi morCilebamde, zogierTi ki _ ara.
saidan
viciT
pacientTa damyoloba hemodializi-
sadmi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania yuradRebis makontrole-
beli stili pacientis mier reJimis
damyolobisTvis. avadmyofobisas zogierTi
adamiani gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs
avadmyofobis yvela aspeqts; aseT indi-
videbs Zlier makontroleblebs uwodeben,
romelTagan gansxvavebiT, susti makon-
troleblebi naklebad axdenen yuradRebis
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
fokusirebas avadmyofobaze. erTi SexedviT,
SesaZloa, saSiSad ar mogeCvenoT Zlier
makontroleblad yofna, Tumca, yuradRebis
fokusis Zlieri Seviwrovebis gamo, Zlier
makontroleblebs aqvT sakuTari avad-
myofobis gazviadebulad Sefasebis ten-
dencia. amis gamo maT sakuTar avadmyofo-
baze arasakmarisi kontrolis gancda aqvT,
ramac mkvlevrebis azriT, SeiZleba gaar-
Tulos maTi mkurnalobis reJimisadmi dam-
yoloba. aRniSnul kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi
afasebdnen pacientebs rogorc yuradRebis
makontrolebeli stilis, ise maT mier
aRqmuli kontrolisa da mkurnalobis re-
Jimisadmi damyolobis mixedviT. kvlevis
Sedegebi Seesabameboda mkvlevarTa mier
544
warmodgenil paterns. sust makontroleb-
lebTan SedarebiT, Zlier makontro-
leblebs sakuTar avadmyofobaze arasak-
marisi kontrolis gancda hqondaT da
naklebadac eqvemdebarebodnen eqimis mier
daniSnul mkurnalobis reJims (Christensen
et al., 1997).
am kvlevis wakiTxvamde SeiZleba fiqrobdiT,
rom is, vinc Zalian koncentrirebulia sakuTar
avadmyofobaze, ukeT mouvlis sakuTar Tavs. amis
nacvlad, miRebuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom
avadmyofobaze Zalian Zlieri fokusirebiT
adamians SeiZleba avadmyofoba ufro uaresad
eCvenebodes, vidre sinamdvileSia da, amdenad,
mkurnalobis uimedobis amgvari gancda saWiro
qmedebebis ganxorcielebis Zalas arTmevdes.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom janmrTelobis dacvis
specialistebs SeuZliaT zomebis miReba pa-
cientis reJimisadmi daqvemdebarebis gasaum-
jobeseblad. pacientebi ufro kmayofilebi arian
sakuTari janmrTelobis dacviT, roca sjeraT,
rom mkurnalobis efeqturoba aRemateba maT
safasurs; aseve, metia albaToba, rom individi
mihyveba mkurnalobis reJims, rodesac mkurnali
eqimi mas informacias gasagebad awvdis; rwmun-
deba, rom pacientma gaigo misi naTqvami, Tava-
zianad moqmedebs, mzrunvelobasa da mxardaWeras
avlens. garda amisa, janmrTelobis specia-
listebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturuli da
socialuri normebis roli mkurnalobis pro-
cesSi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, CarTon masSi
ojaxis wevrebi da megobrebi. zogierTi eqimi,
romelic kritikulad afasebs sakuTari pro-
fesiis moZvelebul damokidebulebas biosame-
dicino modelze, amtkicebs, rom eqimebs unda
aswavlon samedicino daxmarebis gaweva mkurna-
lobis mizniT (Siegel, 1988). fsiqologiur kvle-
vebze dayrdnobiT, pacientis damyolobis gan-
viTarebis strategiebi, aseve, gamoiyeneba eqimi-
pacientis TanamSromlobis deficitis dasaZ-
levad (Putnametal.,1994; Zimbardo & Leippe, 1991).
gonebis CarTva sxeulis gankurnvaSi
sul ufro xSirad mkurnaloba, romelsac
unda daeqvemdebaron pacientebi, fsiqologiur
komponentebs moicavs. axla ukve bevr mkvlevars
miaCnia, rom fsiqologiur strategiebs SeuZliaT

janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba. magaliTad, bevri
adamiani stresze daZabulobiT reagirebs, rac
kunTebis daZabvasa da sisxlis wnevis momatebas
iwvevs. sabednierod, mravali winaaRmdegoba
datvirTvaze SeiZleba gakontroldes iseTi
fsiqologiuri teqnikebiT, rogoricaa relaqsa-
cia da bioukukavSiri.
meditaciis saSualebiT relaqsacias uZvelesi
fesvebi aqvs msoflios mraval kulturaSi.
aRmosavlur kulturebSi saukuneebis manZilze
mimarTavdnen gonebis damSvidebisa da sxeulis
daZabulobis moxsnis xerxebs. dResdReobiT
iaponiidan da indoeTidan Semosuli Zenis dis-
ciplinisa (aq igulisxmeba cxovrebis Zeniseuli
wesi da ara Zeni, rogorc filosofiuri
moZRvreba an saswavlo disciplina) da iogas
varjiSebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils war-
moadgenen bevri adamianisaTvis rogorc am
qveynebSi, ise, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTSi. sruli
relaqsacia Zliermoqmed antistresul reaqcias
warmoadgens. organizmis relaqsaciuri reaqcia
aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis
daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba,
guliscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva
(Benson & Stuart, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996), iklebs
eleqtruli aqtivoba tvinSi da mcirdeba
garemomcveli samyarodan centralur nervul
sistemaSi Semavali stimulebis raodenoba.
agznebadobis amgvari dabali donis dros xdeba
stresidan gamosvla. relaqsaciuri reaqciis
Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia oTxi piroba: (1) wynari
garemo, (2) daxuWuli Tvalebi, (3) komfortuli
poza da (4) raime sityvisa Tu frazis gonebaSi
mravaljeradi gameoreba. pirveli sami mdgomare-
oba amcirebs nervul sistemaSi Semaval sig-
nals, xolo meoTxe _ asustebs mis Sinagan
stimulacias.
bioukukavSiri TviTregulaciis teqnikaa, ro-
melic sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba,
magaliTad, sisxlis wnevis kontrolis, Sublis
kunTebis relaqsaciisa (wneviT gamowveuli Tavis
tkivilisas) da Zlieri gawiTlebis Semcirebis-
Tvisac ki. am teqnikis Semqmnelis, fsiqolog
nil mileris (Neal Miller, 1978) mixedviT, biouku-
kavSiri aris procedura, romliTac adamiani
igebs, Cveulebriv, sust an Sinagan reaqciebs
mkafio garegani signalebis mowodebiT. pacients
SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dainaxos~ sakuTari
sxeulis reaqciebi, romelTa monitoringi da
gaZliereba saTanado xelsawyoebiT xdeba. es
ukanasknelni sxeulis reaqciebs sxvadasxva inten-
sivobis sinaTlis an bgeriT signalebad gar-
daqmnian; amis Semdeg pacientis amocanas garegani
signalebis donis kontroli warmoadgens.
ganvixiloT bioukukavSiris gamoyenebis erT-
erTi magaliTi. odesme SegimCneviaT, rom,
rodesac modunebuli xarT, xelebi Tbili gaqvT,
xolo rodesac SfoTavT, xelebi gicivdebaT?
faqtobrivad, xelebis temperatura imis niSania,
rom sxeuli stresis zemoqmedebis qveSaa.
bioukukavSiris seansze kvlevis monawileebs
eZlevaT ukukavSiri xelis mtevnisa da TiTebis
temperaturis Sesaxeb da sTxoven, scadon misi
gazrda. magaliTad, erT kvlevaSi monawileebs
SeeZloT, daenaxaT TavianTi TiTebis tempera-
turis ricxobrivi maCvenebeli. bioukukavSiris
kursis Semdeg maT SeeZloT TiTis saSualo
temperaturis 79,8F-dan 87.4°F-mde (Roberts & McGrady,
1996) gazrda. ratom xdeba es? kvlevam aCvena, rom
kanis gaTbobis gamosawvev bioukukavSiris tre-
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
nings SeuZlia ganapirobos sisxlis wnevis
uwyveti Semcireba (Paron et al., 1996). mkvlevrebi
zustad ver gansazRvraven im fiziologiur
relaqsaciuri reaqcia (Relaxation response) _
mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis da-
Zabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba, gu-
liscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
bioukukavSiri (Biofeedback) _ TviTregulaciis
teqnika, romlis drosac individi aracnobieri
biologiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols
axorcielebs. 545

meqanizms, romlis saSualebiTac kanis tempera-
turis bioukukavSiris treningi amcirebs sis-
xlis wnevas. isini, aseve, ganagrZoben imis kvle-
vas, Tu ratom moqmedebs treningi zogierT
individze, zogierTze ki _ ara (Lal et al., 1998;
Roberts & McGrady, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, Tu maRali
wneva SegawuxebT, medikamentozur mkurnalobas-
Tan erTad bioukukavSiris kursis mosinjvac
SegiZliaT.
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena
janmrTelobaze
ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur faqtorebs
_ sxeulze gonebis zegavlenas _ seriozul
daavadebaze zemoqmedeba? sabednierod, janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
sakmaod optimistur suraTs gvaZleven. ganvixi-
loT klasikuri kvleva, romelic aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur procesebs kibos
mimdinareobis Semsubuqeba.
saidan
viciT
socialuri mxardaWera da kiboTi
daavadebul adamianTa sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba
mkerdis kiboTi daavadebul, metasta-
zebis mqone 86 pacients tradiciuli
mkurnaloba utardeboda, 50 aseTive avad-
myofisagan Semdgari eqsperimentuli jgufi
546 ki tradiciul mkurnalobasTan erTad, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelkvireul mxar-
damWer Terapiul jgufSi monawileobda.
es pacientebi sakuTar gamocdilebaze, kibos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis daZlevis Taobaze
sasaubrod ikribebodnen, sadac keTil-
ganwyobil garemoSi sakuTari SiSebisa da
sxva Zlieri emociebis daufaravad gamov-
lenis saSualeba hqondaT.
marTalia, aTi wlis Semdeg ganmeorebiTi
Sexvedrisas, mTeli SerCevidan mxolod
sami iyo cocxali, magram mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba dadasturda sicocxlis xang-
rZlivobis TvalsazrisiT im pacientebs
Soris, romlebic damatebiT gadiodnen
fsiqologiur mkurnalobas da romlebic
mxolod samedicino daxmarebas iRebdnen.
jgufur TerapiaSi monawile pacientTa
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 36.6 Tve
iyo, sakontrolo jgufis pacientebisaTvis
ki _ 18.9 Tve. kargad kontrolirebuli
kvlevis es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom
fsiqologiurma mkurnalobam SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos daavadebis mimdinareo-
basa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze (Spiegel
et al., 1989).
am saxis kvlevebi gvaZlevs imeds, rom mxar-
damWeri jgufebis garemos kiboTi daavadebuli
pacientebisaTvis sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba
SeuZlia (Walker et al., 1999). mniSvnelovani dak-
virveba am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom mkurnalobis
fsiqologiuri da biologiuri midgomebi erTad
unda muSaobdnen. janmrTelobis bevr fsiqologs
miaCnia, rom samedicino mkurnaloba, tradiciul
mkurnalobasTan erTad, fsiqologiur daxmareba-
sac unda gulisxmobdes.
dabolos, kidev erTi SeniSvna mkurnalobasTan
dakavSirebiT. gqoniaT Tu ara odesme imdenad
samarcxvino saidumlo, rom veravisTvis gagim-
xeliaT? Tu es asea, Turme am saidumloze saubars
SeuZlia sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesos Tqveni
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. es aris daskvna
janmrTelobis fsiqologis jeims penebakeris
(James Pennebaker, 1990,1997 et al., 1998) mravalricxo-
vani kvlevebidan. penebakerma aCvena, rom pi-
rovnul travmebTan, warumateblobebTan da
samarcxvino, an danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvev
gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli gandevnili az-
rebi da grZnobebi damangrevlad moqmedebs
adamianis fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze.
amgvari Sekaveba fsiqologiurad mZime gadasa-
muSavebelia da, droTa ganmavlobaSi, aryevs
sxeulis Tavdacvis unars, winaaRmdegoba gauwios
avadmyofobas. sxva adamianebisadmi ndoba aneit-
ralebs Sekavebis uaryofiT efeqts. Tavis nebaze
miSvebis gancdas Tan sdevs fizikuri da fsiqo-
logiuri janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba kvirebis
da Tveebis Semdeg. ganvixiloT emociuri gantvir-
Tvis zemoqmedeba revmatiuli arTritis mqone
adamianTa mdgomareobaze.

saidan
viciT

emociuri gantvirTvis dadebiTi

gavlena janmrTelobaze
kvlevaSi revmatiuli arTritiT daavade-
buli 72 adamiani monawileobda. es daava-
deba iwvevs periferiuli saxsrebis qroni-
kul anTebas, romelsac Tan axlavs tki-
vili da Sromis unaris dakargva. mkvlev-
rebi varaudobdnen, rom emociuri gantvir- gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebisaTvis Seda-
Tvis seansebs SeiZleboda xeli Seewyo am rebiT martivma moqmedebam grZnobebis gamosav-
daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli stresis Sem- lenad _ ganmartoebiT magnitofonTan, odnav
cirebisTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare, gaaumjobesa maTi fizikuri funqcionireba.
yoveldRiuri funqcionirebis zogierTi
problemis SemsubuqebisTvis. pacientebis
`profesiuli gamofitva~ da
naxevari gantvirTvis jgufs miakuTvnes;
isini yoveldRe, oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi,
janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
15 wT-iT magnitifonze iwerdnen sakuTar, janmrTelobis fsiqologiis bolo amocanas
stresul movlenebTan dakavSirebul warmoadgens rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba, rom-
yvelaze Rrma grZnobebs. sakontrolo lebic janmrTelobis dacvis sitemis mowyobas
jgufi zustad igive dros andomebda neit- exeba. mkvlevrebma, magaliTad, Seiswavles jan-
raluri davalebis Sesrulebas _ mraval- mrTelobis dacvis muSakis saqmianobasTan dakav-
janmrTelobis fsiqologia

ferovani peizaJis aRweras. erTi SexedviT,
gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebi odnav
uaresad grZnobdnen Tavs _ davalebam
mravali uaryofiTi emocia aRZra. Tumca,
mkurnalobidan sami Tvis Semdeg, gan-
tvirTvis jgufis wevrebi, Sesabamisad,
ufro nakleb fizikur disfunqcias ganic-
didnen _ nakleb problemebs, magaliTad
siarulSi da saxsrebis moxvraSi, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi (Kelley et
al.,1997).
Sirebuli stresi. janmrTelobis dacvis yvelaze
energiul TanamSromelsac ki uviTardeba
emociuri stresi mTeli rigi pirovnuli, fizi-
kuri da socialuri problemebis mqone uamrav
adamianTan intensiurad muSaobis Sedegad. emo-
ciuri stresis gansakuTrebul tips, romelsac
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis muSakebi
ganicdian, kristina maslaCma (Christina Maslach), am
farTod gavrcelebuli problemis wamyvanma
mkvlevarma, gamofitva uwoda. profesiuli gamo-
fitva warmoadgens sindroms, romelic emociur
gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da pirovnuli
547
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze

SegxvedriaT warmatebaze domis SesaZleblobas, gansakuT- cebdnen, rom adamianebs, rom-

orientirebuli adamiani, ro-
melic arafrad agdebs dabrko-
lebebs? misi klaselebis
umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom
gulis Seteva mas 20 wlamde
daemarTeba. gavxarT am pirov-
nebas? rogorc iciT, zogi ada-
miani savse cxovrebiT cxov-
robs, sxvebi ufro nel temps
amjobineben. SeiZleba dagain-
teresoT, ramdenad zemoqmedebs
individualuri gansxvavebebi
janmrTelobaze. erTmniS -
vnelovnad mowmobs, rom pasuxi
am kiTxvaze dadebiTia. ganvi-
xiloT ramdenime maTgani.
1950-ian wlebSi maier frid-
mani (Meyer Friedman) da rei
rouzmeni (Ray Rosenman) miuTi-
Tebdnen imaze, rasac adamianebi
jer kidev antikuri xanidan
varaudobdnen: arsebobs kavSiri
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
erTobliobasa da avad gax-
rebiT, gulis koronarul
daavadebebs Soris (Friedman &
Rosenman, 1974). am mkvlevrebma
daadgines ori qceviTi pater-
ni, romlebsac tipi A da tipi
B uwodes.
A tipis qceviTi paterni aris
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli
paterni, romelic ukidures
metoqeobas, agresiulobas,
mouTmenlobas, sulswrafobasa
da mtrul ganwyobas gulis-
xmobs. A tipis adamianebi xSi-
rad ukmayofiloni arian saku-
Tari cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxare-
ebiT, uaRresad konkurenciulni
da ambiciurni da, ZiriTadad,
martoxelebi arian; B tipis
qceviTi paterni aris yvelaferi
is, rac ar aris A tipi, anu am
tipis individebi naklebad
mtrulad ganwyobilni arian,
ar uyvarT konkurencia da a.S.
fridmani da rouzmeni amtki-
lebic A tipis qceviT paterns
avlenen, sxvebTan SedarebiT
gacilebiT ufro xSirad awu-
xebT gulis daavadebebi (Fried-
man & Rosenman, 1974; Jenkins,
1976).
gamokvlevebSi didi yurad-
Reba eTmoba individebs, rom-
lebic xasiaTdebian A tipis
qceviTi paterniT. gamokvle-
vebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
A tipis qceva gulis daava-
debebTan erTad bevr sxva
Tanmdev avadmyofobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli (Suls & Marco,
1990; Vahtera et al., 2000). amJamad
kvlevebi A tipis qceviTi pa-
ternis im specifikuri ele-
mentebis gamovlenazea foku-
sirebuli, romlebic yvelaze
xSirad ayeneben adamianebs
safrTxis winaSe. pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebidan yvelaze
meti `toqsikurobiT~ mtruli

realizaciis Semcirebas gulisxmobs, rasac romelTac moeTxovebaT Zalze intensiuri ur-

Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

xSirad ganicdian im profesiis warmomadgenlebi, TierToba pacientebTan, klientebTan an sazoga-

A tipis qceviTi paterni (Type A behavior pattern) _
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs,
agresias, mouTmenlobasa da mtrul damokide-
bulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis
koronarul daavadebaTa risks.
B tipis qceviTi paterni (Type B behavior pattern) _AA
tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da
emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad
agresiuli da naklebad mtruli paterni.
C tipis qceviTi paterni (Type C behavior pattern) _
qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs
aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan
ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es
qceviTi paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas da
TavSewirvas.
548
doebasTan. praqtikosi eqimebi TandaTanobiT
kargaven pacientebis mimarT mzrunvelobisa da
TanagrZnobis gancdis unars da maT SeiZleba
sakmaod ugulod da, zogjer, arahumanuradac ki
moeqcnen, ris gamoc Tavs cudad grZnoben da
ganicdian sakuTar warumateblobas. gamofitva
samsaxuris xSiri gacdeniTa da kadrebis dena-
dobiT, samuSaos Sesrulebis gauaresebiT, Tanam-
SromlebTan cudi urTierTobebiT, ojaxSi prob-
lemebiTa da janmrTelobis cudi mdgomareobiT
vlindeba (Leiter & Maslach, 1988; Maslach, 1982; Maslach
& Hlorian, 1988; Schaufeli et al., 1993). dRes muSa-mosam-
saxureTa Soris gamofitvis sindromma arnaxul
dones miaRwia, rac organizaciuli Semcirebis,
samuSaos restruqturizaciisa da fuladi moge-
bisadmi da ara _ TanamSromelTa motivaciisa
 ganwyoba gamoirCeva (Carmelli &
Swan, 1996; Fredrickson et al., 2000;
Smith, 1992). mtrulma ganwyobam
SeiZleba janmrTelobaze ze-
moqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc
fiziologiurad _ iwvevs ra
sxeulis stresuli reaqciebis
qronikul zeagznebadobas, ise
fsiqologiurad _ iwvevs ra
mtrulad ganwyobil adamianebSi
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gauaresebas da socialuri mxar-
daWerisagan Tavis aridebas.
sasixaruloa is faqti, rom
bihevioraluri Terapia A tipis
qceviTi paternis Sesasusteblad,
umravles SemTxvevaSi warmatebu-
li iyo (Friedman et al., 1986; Thoresen
& Powell,1992). Tu sakuTar TavSi
mtrul ganwyobas aRmoaCenT,
sakuTari janmrTelobis dasa-
cavad am tipis Carevas unda
mimarToT.
zemoT aRniSnuli tipi A da
misi sawinaaRmdego tipi B
mkvlevrebma qcevasa da gulis
koronarul daavadebebs Soris
kavSiris asaxsnelad Seqmnes.
cota xnis win mkvlevrebma
miuTiTes, rom kidev erTi, C ti-
pis qcevaTa paterni, saSualebas
mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT,
romel individebs aqvT kiboTi
daavadebis meti albaToba, an
visTan ufro swrafad ganviTar-
deba es avadmyofoba (Eysenck, 1994;
Temoshok & Dreher,1992). qcevis C tipi
gulisxmobs iseTi Tvisebebis
arsebobas, rogorebicaa: gulis-
xmiereba, simtkice, an sakuTari
Tavis msxverplad gaReba, Tanam-
Sromloba da sxvaTa gulis
mogeba, moridebuloba, moTmineba,
avtoritetebisadmi morCileba da
uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuT-
rebiT, brazis argamovlena (Temo-
shok, 1990 p.209). C tipis qceviT
paterns ar Seesatyviseba `meb-
rZoli suli~, romelmac SeiZ-
leba xeli Seuwyos kibos, an sxva
romelime seriozuli avadmyo-
fobis mimdinareobis Senelebas.
`mebrZoli sulis~ zemoqmedeba
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines SidsiT
daavadebul pacientebTan (Reed et
al., 1994). individebi, romlebic
sakuTari sikvdilis gardauva-
lobas ar eguebodnen, ufro
metxans cocxlobdnen, vidre
isini, vinc beds Seegua.
zogadad, C tipis individe-
bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `pa-
siuri miReba~ avadmyofo-
bisadmi saukeTeso midgoma ar
aris. davubrundeT optimizmis
cnebas, romelic me-12 TavSi
ganvixileT. Cven vnaxeT, rom
optimistebi warumateblobas
garegan mizezebsa da arasta-
bilur cvalebad movlenebs
miaweren (Seligman, 1991). daZ-
levis es stili Zlier gav-
lenas axdens optimistTa
keTildReobaze. mkvlevrebma
daamtkices optimizmis gavlena
imunuri sistemis moqmedebaze
(Segerstrom et al., 1998). optimist
adamianebs avadmyofobis
naklebi fizikuri simptomebi
aqvT, ufro swrafad axerxeben
garkveuli avadmyofobebisgan
gamojanmrTelebas, zogadad
ufro janmrTelebi arian da
ufro metxans cxovroben
(Peterson et al., 1998). dadebiTi
samomavlo perspeqtivebi sxe-
ulze qronikuli stresis
zemoqmedebis SemcirebaSi
dagexmarebaT da sasargeblo
qcevebis ganxorcielebis al-
baTobas gazrdis.

da erTgulebisadmi gansakuTrebuli daintere- gadatvirTva. am urTierTobis xarisxze moqmedi

sebis Sedegia. amdenad, gamofitva mxolod muSa-
mosamsaxureTa da janmrTelobaze mzrunvelTa
problema ar aris, is organizaciul gaumarTao-
bazec miuTiTebs, rac organizaciuli miznebis,
Rirebulebebis, samuSaos moculobis da waxa-
kidev erTi faqtoria pacientebTan uSualo
kontaqtis odenoba. pacientebTan mudmiv uSualo
kontaqtSi muSaobis xangrZlivobas ukavSirdeba
gamofitvis siZliere. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
SemTxvevebs, rodesac kontaqti rTuli da
janmrTelobis fsiqologia

damTrgunvelia, magaliTad, kontaqti momakvdav

lisebis struqturis gadasinjvas moiTxovs (Leiter
pacientebTan (Catalan et al., 1996). aseTi gaxan-
& Maslach, 2000; Maslach & Leiter, 1997).
grZlivebuli kontaqtebiT gamowveuli emociuri
ra rekomendaciebis mocema SeiZleba? gamo-
daZabulobis Semcireba mTeli rigi saSua-
fitvis gamovlenasa da xarisxze moqmedebs mTeli
lebebiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu eqimebs SeuZliaT,
rigi socialuri da situaciuri faqtorebisa,
ise Secvalon TavianTi samuSao ganrigi, rom
romlebic arapirdapirad moicaven misi Tavidan
droebiT ganeridon amgvar stresul situaciebs.
acilebisa an Semcirebis gzebsac (Leiter & Mas-
lach,2000; Prosser et al., 1997). magaliTad, eqimi-pa- profesiuli gamofitva (Job burnout) _ sindromi,
cientis urTierTobis xarisxze mniSvnelovnad romelic gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas, de-
moqmedebs eqimis mier miRebul pacientTa personalizacias da pirovnuli realizaciis
Semcirebas, romelsac xSirad ganicdian isini,
raodenoba; rac ufro didia pacientTa raodenoba,
romlebic Zlieri stresis pirobebSi muSaoben.
miT metia kognituri, sensoruli da emociuri 549
 maT SeuZliaT individualur kontaqts jgufuri
daxmareba arCion da SeuZliaT yvela Sansis
gamoyeneba gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis pozitiuri
ukukavSiris misaRebad.
rCevebi janmrTelobasTan
dakavSirebiT
dadga saboloo rCevis mocemis dro. nacvlad
stresis an avadmyofobis molodinisa da Semdeg
masze reagirebisa, dasaxeT miznebi da dagegmeT
cxovreba ise, rom janmrTelobisaTvis mtkice
safuZveli SeqmnaT. cxra safexuri meti bedni-
erebisa da ukeTesi fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaken
dagexmarebaT ufro aqtiurad marToT sakuTari
cxovreba da SeqmnaT ufro pozitiuri fsiqo-
logiuri garemo rogorc TqvenTvis, ise sxve-
bisaTvis. aRniSnuli nabijebi warmoidgineT,
rogorc wlis ganmavlobaSi gansaxorcielebeli
programa:
1. arasodes TqvaT cudi sakuTar Tavze. iseT
faqtorebSi eZebeT Tqveni ubedurebis
mizezebi, romelTa Secvla SesaZlebelia
momavali moqmedebiT. sakuTar TavTan da
sxvebTan gamoiyeneT mxolod konstruqciuli
kritika _ Tu ra unda gakeTdes gansxvave-
bulad Semdeg sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad;
2. SeadareT sakuTari reaqciebi, azrebi da
grZnobebi Tqveni megobrebis, TanamSrom-
lebis da ojaxis wevrebisas, raTa SeamowmoT
sakuTari adeqvaturoba da pasuxebis rele-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
vanturoba Sesabamisi socialuri normebis
mimarT;
3. gyavdeT ramdenime axlo megobari, romlebsac
sakuTar grZnobebs, sixaruls da mwuxarebas
gauziarebT. izruneT socialur mxardaWeris
qselTa SenarCunebasa da gafarToebaze;
4. SeimuSaveT drois balansirebuli gancda,
rac gagiadvilebT im moTxovnebze koncen-
tracias, romlebsac giyenebT davaleba,
situacia da sakuTari Tavi. iyaviT orien-
tirebuli momavalze, rodesac raRacis
gakeTebaa saWiro. iyaviT orientirebuli
awmyoze, rodesac mizani miRweulia da
siamovnebis miRebis droa da warsulze
orientirebuli imisaTvis, rom ar mowydeT
Tqvens fesvebs;
550
5. yovelTvis miiReT qeba miRwevebisa da war-
matebebisTvis (da gauziareT Tqveni dade-
biTi grZnobebi sxvebs). aRricxuli gqondeT
yvela is Tviseba, romelic erTaderTad da
ganumeoreblad gaqcevT da romelic SegiZ-
liaT SesTavazoT sxvebs. magaliTad, mor-
cxvma adamianma SeiZleba kargi samsaxuri
gauwios molaparakes, Tu misi yuradRebiani
msmeneli gaxdeba. gacnobierebuli gqondeT
Tqveni pirovnuli siZlieris wyaro da
Tqvens xelT arsebuli daZlevis saSua-
lebebi;
6. rodesac grZnobT, rom emociebze kontrols
kargavT, ganerideT situacias fizikuri
wasvliT; sakuTari Tavi sxvis adgilze war-
moidgineT konfliqtur situaciaSi. amJamad
gadaulaxavi problemebis gadaWris gzebis
aRmosaCenad warmosaxva momavlisken mimar-
TeT, an esaubreT gulisxmier mosaubres.
mieciT Tqvens Tavs emociebis gancdisa da
gamoxatvis saSualeba;
7. gaxsovdeT, zogjer warumatebloba da
imedgacrueba gicavT kidec siyalbisagan.
SeiZleba miganiSnebdnen, rom Tqveni miznebi
sazianoa TqvenTvis, an SeiZleba dagifaron
momavali dacemisagan. iswavleT Secdomebze.
miiReT warumatebloba aRiarebiT `me davuSvi
Secdoma~ da ganagrZeT gza. nebismieri
ubeduri SemTxveva, warumatebloba, an imedis
gacrueba, potenciurad, gardaqmnis, Secvlis
mSvenieri SesaZleblobaa.
8. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ver exmarebiT sakuTar
Tavs, an sxvas sulier tanjvasTan gam-
klavebaSi, mimarTeT kvalificiuri specia-
listis rCevas. zogjer fsiqologiurad
miCneuli problema, sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba
fizikuri iyos da piriqiT;
9. danergeT jansaRi gasarTobebi. gamoyaviT
dro dasvenebisTvis, meditaciisaTvis,
masaJisaTvis, franis gaSvebisaTvis; iseTi
aqtivobebisaTvis, romlebic SegiZliaT
akeToT martom da romelTa saSualebiTac
SegiZliaT ukeT CawvdeT da daafasoT
sakuTari Tavi.
maS ase, rogor grZnobT Tavs? Tu arsebul
stresorebs cud gunebaze dayeneba SeuZliaT,
imedi gvaqvs, Tqven SeZlebT kognituri gada-
fasebis gamoyenebas maTi zemoqmedebis Semcirebis
mizniT. Tu avad xarT, imedi gvaqvs, SeZlebT
fsiqikis unaris gamoyenebas gankurnebis daCqare-
bis mizniT. yovelTvis saTanadod SeafaseT am
gansxvavebul `grZnobaTa~ Zala, raTa akontro-
loT sakuTari cxovreba. gamoiyeneT es Zala.
Sejameba
aradasavlur kulturebSi gonebaze fsiqo-
logiuri zemoqmedebis gamoyenebis xangrZlivi
tradicia arsebobs. janmrTelobis biofsiqoso-
cialur modelSi asaxulia samive komponentis
_ biologiuris, fsiqologiuris da socialuris
_ wvlili janmrTelobaSi. janmrTelobis fsi-
qologebi iseTi fsiqologiuri meTodebis
gamoyenebas cdiloben, romlebic adamianebs
daarwmuneben Tavi aaridon arajansaR qcevebs,
magaliTad, Tambaqos mowevas. mkvlevrebma, aseve,
ganaviTares SidsTan brZolis qceviTi cvlile-
bebis kompleqsuri programebi. mkurnalobisadmi
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis midgoma gulisxmobs
imis analizs, Tu ratom eqvemdebarebian, an ar
eqvemdebarebian adamianebi mkurnalobis reJims.
kvlevebiT, aseve, dadginda sxvadasxva xerxebi,
romliTac SeiZleba gonebis Zalis gamoyeneba
sxeulze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad. janmrTelobis
dacvis samsaxuri iseTi unda iyos, rom eqimebma
SeZlon, Tavi aaridon gamofitvas da darCnen
sakuTari saqmiTa da klientebiT gatacebulni.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi

emociebi asruleben mo- kognituri Sefaseba stresis

emocia
emocia aris cvlilebaTa
rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, kognitur Sefa-
sebas da qceviT da eqs-
presiul reaqciebs.
rogorc evoluciis Se-
degi, bazisuri emociuri
reaqciebi yvela ada-
mianisTvis saerToa.
sxvadasxva kulturebs
emociebis gamoxatvis
marTebulobis gansxva-
vebuli standartebi aqvT.
klasikuri Teoriebi emo-
ciuri pasuxis iseT as-
peqtze amaxvileben yurad-
tivaciur, socialur da
kognitur funqciebs.
stresi Tqvens cxovre-
baSi
stresi SeiZleba gamoiwvios
uaryofiTma, an dadebiTma
movlenebma. stresTa umrav-
lesobis safuZvelia cvli-
leba da garemos biolo-
giur, fizikur da socialur
moTxovnebTan adaptaciis
saWiroeba.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi
stresze regulirdeba hi-
poTalamusis, hormonaluri
ZiriTadi Semamsubuqebeli
cvladia.
daZlevis strategiebi an
problemaze fokusirdebian
(uSualo moqmedebebiT), an
emociis daregulirebas
cdiloben (arapirdapiri
gziT, an Tavis aridebiT).
stresTan gasamklaveblad
SeiZleba kognituri gada-
fasebisa da gadastruq-
turebis gamoyeneba.
socialuri mxardaWera,
aseve, stresis mniSvnelo-
vani Semasustebelia manam,
sanam pirobebs Seesabameba.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

Rebas, rogoricaa, maga- da nervuli sistemebis rTu- janmrTelobis fsiqo-

liTad, periferiuli sxe-
ulebrivi reaqciebi, an
centraluri nervuli
sistemis procesebi.
SedarebiT Tanamedrove
Teoriebi xazs usvamen
agznebis Sefasebas.
li urTierTqmedebiT.
stresoris tipisa da droSi
misi moqmedebis mixedviT,
stresma, SesaZloa, gamoiw-
vios msubuqi aSliloba, an
seriozuli problemebi Se-
uqmnas janmrTelobas.
logia
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
avadmyofobis mkurnalobasa
da prevencias eZRvneba.
janmrTelobisa da avad-
myofobis biofsiqosocia-
luri modeli adgens kav-
551
551
 Sirebs avadmyofobis fi- garemoSi saTanado si- posttravmuli stresis
zikur, emociur da garemo tuaciuri cvlilebebis aSliloba
faqtorebs Soris. ganxorcielebiT. rezidualuri (narCeni)
avadmyofobis prevencia stresis paterni
XXI saukuneSi mimarTulia daZleva
ZiriTadi cnebebi
stresis Semamsubuqebeli
cxovrebis wesis ganmsazR- emocia cvladebi
vrel iseT faqtorebze, amigdala anticipatoruli daZleva
rogorebicaa: moweva, kveba, jems-langes emociis gacnobierebuli
varjiSi da Sidsis ga- Teoria kontroli
dadebis safrTxe. kenon-bardis emociis socialuri mxardaWera
avadmyofobis fsiqosocia- Teoria janmrTelobis
luri mkurnaloba paci- kognituri Sefaseba fsiqologia
entis mkurnalobas sxva emociis kognituri janmrTeloba
ganzomilebas matebs. Sefasebis Teoria huazo
individebi, romlebic ierks-dodsonis kanoni biofsiqosocialuri
stresi modeli
xasiaTdebian, rogorc
stresori
tipi A, tipi B da tipi C, kargad yofna
mwvave stresi janmrTelobis
optimisturi qceviTi
qronikuli stresi profilaqtika
paterniT avadmyofobis brZola an gaqcevis Sidsi
albaTobas gansxvavebu- reaqcia aiv
lad ganicdian. dacvisa da zrunvis relaqsaciuri reaqcia
janmrTelobis dacvis reaqcia bioukukavSiri
TanamSromlebi gamofit- zogadi adaptaciuri profesiuli gamofitva
vis riskis qveS imyofe- sindromi A tipis qceviTi paterni
bian, rac SeiZleba Sem- fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi B tipis qceviTi paterni
cirdes maT mxardamWer cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis C tipis qceviTi paterni
erTeulebi
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

mW

552
552
pirovneba

14
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis
Teoriebi
• tipebiT kategorizacia
• niSnebiT aRwera • niSnebi
da memkvidreoba • winaswar-
metyveleben Tu ara niSnebi
qcevas • pirovnebis tipisa
da niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
ratom aris zogi adamiani
morcxvi
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
• froidis Teoriss fsiqoana-
lizi • froidis Teoriis
Sefaseba • post-froidis-
tuli Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebi
• humanisturi Teoriebis niS-
nebi • humanisturi Teori-
ebis Sefaseba
socialuri daswavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi
• miSelis kognitur-afeqturi
pirovnebis Teoria •banduras
kognitur-socialuri daswav-
lis Teoria •kentoris soci-
aluri inteleqtis Teoria
• socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebis Sefa-
seba
me-s (self) Teoriebi
• me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri
aspeqtebi • TviTSefaseba da
TviTprezentacia • me-s kul-
turuli konstruqcia
• me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: me
internetSi
pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba
pirovnebis Sefaseba
• obieqturi testebi • proeq-
ciuli testebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 553
 g ainteresebT, kargi mSobeli iqne-
biT Tu ara? Tqven rom freno-
logiis _ me-19 saukuneSi popula-
ruli erT-erTi Teoriis mimdevari
iyoT, nebismieri, visac SeeZleboda Tqveni Tavis
qalis moyvanilobis xeliT mosinjva, SeZlebda
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. im Teoriis mixedviT,
romelsac frenologia eyrdnoboda, tvinis
Zlierad ganviTarebuli organoebi Signidan
awvebian Tavis qalas da amozneqilobebs qmnian.
tvinis yovel organos ukavSirdeboda iseTi
niSnebi, rogoricaa: mSobliuri siyvaruli,
megobroba da brZolisunarianoba. am organoeb-
Tan asocirebuli kopis zomis SefasebiT
adamiani dauyovnebliv sakmaod bevrs Seityobda
sakuTari Tavisa Tu sxva adamianis Sesaxeb. qvemoT
mocemulia mSobliuri siyvarulis gamovlinebis
aRwera wignidan „rogor amovikiTxoT xasiaTi:
frenologiisa da fiziognomiis axali ilus-
trirebuli saxelmZRvanelo~ (saavtoro ufle- dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
bebi daculia samuel uelsis mier, 1869): isini Tqven gverdiT ar arian, xolo erT-erTi
mSobliuri siyvarulis anu filoprogeni- maTganis sikvdili TiTqmis gausaZlisi dartyma
tivobis organo moTavsebulia naTxemis Sua na- iqneboda TqvenTvis;
wilis (2. suraTi 23) da kefis gamozneqilobidan didi – Tqven gaqvT unari, Zalian giyvardeT
daaxloebiT erTi duimiT zemoT (gv. 42). Tqveni Svilebi, bevri gaakeToT da SeswiroT
maTi gulisaTvis, magram Tqven ar iqnebiT
ipoveT Sesabamisi adgili sakuTar Tavis gadaWarbebulad mzrunveli da, zogadad, ar
qalaze? rogoria is Tqveni megobrebis Tavis igrZnobT Svilebisadmi Tu Sinauri cxovele-
qalebTan SedarebiT? ai, ras ambobs zemoT bisadmi Zalian Zlier mizidulobas;
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

dasaxelebuli saxelmZRvanelo imaze, Tu rogo- saSualo zomis – Tqven sakmaod indiferen-

ri mSobeli iqnebiT Tqven, Tqveni mSobliuri
siyvarulis organos zomaze dayrdnobiT:
Zalian didi – Tqveni siyvaruli bavSvebisa
da Sinauri cxovelebis mimarT Rrmaa. rogorc
mSobeli, Tqven gaakerpebT Tqvens STamomavlobas
da, SesaZlebelia, gaaTamamoT kidevac ganebivre-
biTa da mavne waqezebiT, an dajerebis nacvlad
mbrZaneblobis uflebis micemiT. Tu Tqven
554 Svilebi gyavT, mudmiv SfoTvas ganicdiT maTTan
tuli xarT Tqveni sakuTari Svilebis mimarTac
ki, Tu saerTod gyavT isini, da civi yvela
sxvis mimarT; cotas atana SegiZliaT maTgan da
ar gaqvT miznad maTi siyvarulis mopoveba. Tqven
ar gaRelvebT Sinauri cxovelebi;
mcire zomis – Tqven midrekilni xarT, iyoT
civi da indiferentuli sakuTari Svilebis
mimarT da gamoxatoT aSkara antipatia sxvisi
Svilebis mimarT (gv. 160-161).
 Tu Tqven ver xvdebiT, ratom unda iyos
kavSiri Tqveni Tavis qalis formasa da mSob-
liuri siyvarulis unars Soris, maSin gagexar-
debaT imis gageba, rom frenologia savsebiT
diskreditirebul iqna, Tumca, is impulsi, rasac
is eyrdnoboda, dResac arsebobs da sakmaod
Zlieria. fsiqologebi eZeben martiv, magram
efeqtur gzebs adamianTa kategorizaciisaTvis;
maT surT, rom am kategorizaciebma maT imis
winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba misces, Tu ro-
gori reaqcia eqnebaT da rogor moiqcevian es
adamianebi sxvadasxva situaciaSi. es aris pi-
rovnebis Teoriebis arsebiTi mizani – gansa-
zRvron adamianTa Soris gansxvavebebi, rac maT
cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebebis winaswarmetyve-
lebis saSualebas miscems.
mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan,
albaT, Zlieri intuicia gaqvT Camoyalibebuli
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor funqcionirebs
pirovneba. rogoria Tqveni pirovnebis Teoria?
gaixseneT vinme, visac WeSmaritad endobiT; axla turis, warmoSobisa da pirovnebasTan kavSirSi
_ is, visac piradad icnobT da TqvenTvis misabaZi myofi movlenebis gagebasa da (2) qcevisa da
magaliTia. warmoidgineT im adamianis Tvisebebi, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis winaswarmetyvele-
visTanac mTeli darCenili sicocxlis gatarebas baSi imaze dayrdnobiT, rac viciT pirovnebis
isurvebdiT da Semdeg imisa, visac dasanaxadac Sesaxeb. gansxvavebuli Teoriebi gansxvavebul
ver itanT. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi pirveli, rac winaswarmetyvelebebs akeTeben imis Taobaze, Tu
dauyovnebliv mogvdis TavSi, es iseTi pirovnuli rogor pasuxoben da rogor eguebian adamianebi
Tvisebebia, rogoricaa: patiosneba, sandooba, konkretul pirobebs.
keTilSobileba, agresiuloba, uxasiaToba an sanam zogierTi mTavari Teoriuli midgomis
pesimizmi. jer kidev bavSvobaSi, albaT, Seimu- ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, unda davsvaT kiTxva:
SaveT da iyenebdiT pirovnebis Sefasebis sakuTar _ ratom arsebobs amdeni gansxvavebuli (da
sistemas; cdilobdiT, gangesazRvraT, vin xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego) Teoria? pirov-
iqneboda axal klasSi Tqveni megobari Tu mteri; nebisadmi midgomebSi Teoretikosebi gansxvavde-

pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi

SeimuSavebdiT mSoblebTan da maswavleblebTan
gamklavebis teqnikebs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
amoikiTxavdiT maT pirovnebas.
fsiqologebi pirovnebas mravalnairad gansa-
zRvraven, magram yvela gansazRvrebisaTvis
saerToa ori ZiriTadi cneba: unikaloba da
qcevis maxasiaTebeli paternebi. Cven ganvsazR-
vravT pirovnebas, rogorc unikaluri fsiqolo-
giuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas, romelic
gansxvavebul situaciebSi da sxvadasxva dros
gavlenas axdens individis qcevis damaxasiaTebel
paternebze. pirovnebis Teoriebi warmoadgenen
hipoTetur debulebebs individualuri pirov-
nebebis struqturisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.
isini gvexmarebian fsiqologiis miznebidan ori
mTavari amocanis gadaWraSi: (1) pirovnebis struq-
bian amosavali wertilis da monacemTa wyaroebis
mixedviT, aseve imiT, Tu rogor cdiloben
gansxvavebuli saxis fenomenebis axsnas. zogi
dainteresebulia konkretuli pirovnebis struq-
turiT, zogi ki _ imiT, Tu rogor ganviTarda
es pirovneba da rogor gaagrZelebs igi zrdas.
zogs ainteresebs, ras akeTeben adamianebi, spe-
cifikur qcevebsa Tu mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT maSin, rodesac sxvebi
swavloben imas, Tu ras grZnoben adamianebi am
dros. dabolos, zogi Teoria cdilobs axsnas
pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri
fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic droTa
ganmavlobaSi gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli
qceviTi (rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis
speqtrze gansxvavebul situaciebSi. 555
 fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone adamianebis
pirovneba, sxvebi ki yuradRebas janmrTel
individebze amaxvileben. ase rom, yoveli Teoria
raimes gvaswavlis pirovnebis Sesaxeb, erTad ki
maT bevris ramis moTxroba SeuZliaT adamianis
bunebis Sesaxeb.
am TavSi Cveni mizani iqneba, mogawodoT
zogadi midgoma, Tu rogor unda gesmodeT
pirovnebasTan Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba.
Tumca, sanam daviwyebdeT, daufiqrdiT Semdeg
kiTxvebs: Tqveni pirovnebis rogor portrets
Seqmnidnen fsiqologebi, Tqven rom SeeswavleT?
romel adreul gamocdilebas gamoyofdnen isini,
rogorc Tqvens dRevandel qcevasa da azrov-
nebaSi wvlilis Semtans? Tqveni awmyo cxovrebis
romeli pirobebi axdens Zlier gavlenas Tqvens
azrebsa da qcevaze? ra gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da
mraval sxva pirovnebas Soris, romlebic imave
situaciaSi xvdebian, rogorSic Tqven? es Tavi
dagexmarebaT am SekiTxvebze ufro zusti
pasuxebis formulirebaSi. fsiqologebma tipebsa da niSnebs Soris am
Semdgom ramdenime qveTavSi pirovnebisadmi gansxvavebaTa asaxvisaTvis Seqmnes.
Semdeg Teoriul midgomebs ganvixilavT: tipisa
da niSnis, fsiqodinamikurs, humanisturs, socia-
luri daswavlis, kognitursa da me-s (self-is) tipebis kategorizacia
analizs. am Tavs Sefasebis im zogierTi teqnikis Cven yovelTvis vaxdenT adamianebis katego-
aRweriT davasrulebT, romlebsac fsiqologebi rizacias ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebis mi-
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRwerisaTvis iyeneben. xedviT. esenia: kolejis klasi, akademiuri
specializacia, sqesi da rasa. pirovnebis zogi
Teoretikosi adamianebs gansxvavebul, ara-
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis urTierTgadamfarav kategoriebad ajgufebs,
romlebsac pirovnebis tipebi ewodeba. pirov-
Teoriebi
nebis tipebi „sul an araferi~ fenomenebia da
ar gamoixateba ama Tu im xarisxiT: Tu adamiani
ori yvelaze Zveli mcdeloba pirovnebis erT tips miekuTvneba, is SeuZlebelia miekuT-
aRwerisa aris: adamianebis klasificireba cal- vnebodes nebismier sxva tips arsebul sistemaSi.
keuli tipebis SezRudul raodenobad da im bevr adamians moswons pirovnebis tipebis
xarisxis gazomva, ra xarisxiTac isini SeiZleba gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, radgan isini
aRiweros gansxvavebuli niSnebiT. rogorc Cans, gviadvileben sxva adamianebis Secnobis rTul
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

adamianebs aqvT bunebrivi tendencia, sakuTari process.

da sxvebis qceva sxvadasxva kategoriebs miakuT-
vnon. modiT, ganvixiloT Teoriebi, romlebic
pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli paternebi, rom-
lebic gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi
mikuTvnebisaTvis; ara xarisxobrivi, aramed
Tvisebrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis
556 gansasxvaveblad ixmareba.
erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli tipebis Teoria
Cvens welTaRricxvamde mexuTe saukunes ekuTvnis.
misi avtoria hipokrate, berZeni eqimi, romelmac
medicinas hipokrates fici SesZina. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianis sxeuli Seicavs oTx ZiriTad
siTxes anu humors, romelTaganac TiToeuli
asocirebulia garkveul temperamentTan, emo-
ciebisa da qcevis paternTan. individis pirovneba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli humori Warbobs
mis sxeulSi. hipokratem daawyvila sxeulis
humorebi pirovnebis temperamentebTan Semdegi
sqemis mixedviT:
sisxli _ sangvinikuri temperamenti: mxiaru-
li da aqtiuri;
flegma _ flegmaturi temperamenti: apaTiuri
da modunebuli;
Savi naRveli _ melanqoliuri temperamenti:
naRvliani da Sefiqrianebuli;
yviTeli naRveli _ qolerikuli tempera-
menti: gaRizianebadi da agznebadi.
hipokrates Teoriis saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
sjerodaT, Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT, Tumca man
ver gauZlo Tanamedrove mecnierebis moTxovnebs
(miuxedavad amisa, Cven vnaxavT hipokrates tem-
peramentebis Tanamedrove gamoZaxils hans ai-
zenkis niSnis TeoriaSi).
Cvens droSi uiliam Seldonma (William Sheldon,
1942) Seqmna tipis Teoria, romelic sxeulis
agebulebas ukavSirebda temperaments; Teoria,
romelic jer kidev popularulia da popula-
rul sainformacio saSualebebSi aisaxeba. man
adamianebi sam kategoriad dayo maTi sxeulebrivi
agebulebis mixedviT. es kategoriebia: endo-
morfuli (msuqani, rbili, mrgvali), mezomor-
fuli (kunTiani, oTxkuTxedi, Zlieri) da
eqtomorfuli (gamxdari, grZeli, susti). Sel-
donis azriT, endomorfebi arian relaqsirebuli,
socialurni da uyvarT Wama. mezomorfebi arian
sxeulebrivad ganviTarebuli adamianebi, aRsavse
energiiT, gambedaobiT da axasiaTebT asertiuli1
tendenciebi. eqtomorfebi arian gonebrivad
ganviTarebuli, artistuli da introverti
adamianebi; maTTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia
fiqri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, vidre cxovrebiT
sargebloba an masze aqtiuri zemoqmedeba.
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Seldonis
Teoria imdenad gavleniani iyo, rom gadaRebul
iqna SeerTebuli Statebis ieilisa da ueslis
msgavsi kolejebis aTasobiT studentis SiSveli
„pozis~ foto, raTa mkvlevrebs SesaZlebloba
hqonodaT, SeeswavlaT sxeulis tipsa da cxov-
rebiseul faqtorebs Soris kavSiri. Tumca, hipok-
rates bevrad ufro adreuli Teoriis msgavsad,
Seldonis sxeulis tipebis Teoriac Zalian
dabali Rirebulebis aRmoCnda individis qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT (Tyler, 1965).
1
assertive – dadebiTi, Tavdajerebuli.
ufro mogvianebiT, frenk saloueim (Frank
Sulloway, 1996) SemogvTavaza dabadebis rigze
damyarebuli, Tanamedrove tipebis Teoria. Tqven
pirveli (an erTaderTi) Svili xarT Tqvens
ojaxSi Tu mogvianebiT dabadebuli? imdenad,
ramdenadac dabadebis rigis mixedviT adamians
mxolod erTi pozicia SeiZleba hqondes,
saloueis Teoria akmayofilebs tipis Teoriis
kriteriumebs (uCveulo ojaxuri kombinaciebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis – magaliTad, rodesac
or bavSvs Soris Zalian didi asakobrivi
sxvaobaa – salouei mainc gvawvdis individebis
kategorizaciis gzebs). dabadebis rigze damya-
rebul winaswarmetyvelebebSi salouei efuZneba
darvinis ideas, rom organizmebi xdebian gan-
sxvavebulni, raTa ipovon is niSa, romelic
maT gadarCenis saSualebas miscems. saloueis
mixedviT, pirvelad dabadebulebs ukve gamza-
debuli niSa aqvT _ maT Tavidanve aqvT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvaruli da yuradReba; isini cdi-
loben amis SenarCunebas mSoblebTan identi-
fikaciisa da maTdami damorCilebis gziT. amis
sapirispirod, ufro gvian dabadebul bavSvebs
sWirdebaT gansxvavebuli niSis moZebna – iseTis,
sadac isini ase gamokveTilad ar mihyvebian
Tavisi mSoblebis magaliTs. amis Sedegad,
mogvianebiT dabadebulebs salouei axasiaTebs,
rogorc „ajanyebisaTvis dabadebulebs~; „isini
cdiloben, warmatebas miaRwion iseT sferoebSi,
sadac ufros debs Tu Zmebs ara aqvT ukve
mopovebuli upiratesoba. gvian dabadebulebi
tipurad aviTareben Riaobas gamocdilebisadmi
– gamosadeg strategias yvelasaTvis, visac surs
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
cxovrebaSi axali da warmatebuli niSis povna~.
(gv. 353). im winaswarmetyvelebis Sesamowmeblad,
rom gvian dabadebulni siaxleebs miesalmebian
maSin, rodesac pirvelebi status-qvos amjobi-
neben, saloueim Seiswavla mecnieruli, istori-
uli da kulturuli revoluciebi, Semdeg ki
gansazRvra im mravali istoriuli da Tanamed-
rove figuris dabadebis rigi, vinc mxars uWerda
Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda am revoluciebs. 14.1
suraTze naCvenebia, Tu ra xarisxiT uWerdnen
mxars mecnierebaSi arsebul 23 liberalur
Teorias pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebuli
mecnierebi. rogorc xedavT, yvela zomis ojaxis
SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iyo, rom gvian
dabadebulebi ufro dauWerdnen mxars inovaciur
Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni. gyavT 557
 suraTi
14.1

dabadebis rigi da mecnieruli

inovaciebis mxardaWera
frenk saloueim gamoikvlia 23 inovaciuri Teoria
da gansazRvra 1218 mecnieris dabadebis rigi,
romlebmac miiRes an uaryves es Teoriebi. nebis-
mieri zomis ojaxisaTvis, gvian dabadebulni
ufro iRebdnen inovaciur Teorias, vidre pir-
velad dabadebulni.

Tu ara Zmebi da debi? SegiZliaT Tu ara ipovoT niSnebiT aRwera

aseTi magaliTi Tqvens sakuTar ojaxSi?
tipis Teoriebis daSvebis mixedviT, adamianebi
icnobT Tu ara adamianebs, visac miakuTvneb-
Seesatyvisebian arsebul calkeul, wyvetil
diT garkveul „tips~? moicavs Tu ara „tipi~
kategoriebs. aseTi kategoriebia, magaliTad,
yvelafers, rac ki unda vicodeT pirovnebis
pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebulebi. amis
Sesaxeb? xSirad tipis Teoriebi TiTqos ugul-
sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi gvTavazoben
vebelyofen adamianTa pirovnebebis ufro faqiz
uwyvet ganzomilebebs, rogoricaa inteleqti,
aspeqtebs. modiT, gavecnoT Teoriebs, romlebic
an keTilganwyoba. niSnebi aris uwyveti Tvisebebi
ufro meti moqnilobis SesaZleblobas iZlevian,
an atributebi, romlebic winaswar ganawyoben
radgan adamianebs ganasxvaveben niSnebis da ara
individebs, rom isini Tanamimdevrulad moiqcnen
tipebis mixedviT.
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magaliTad, SesaZle-
belia erT dRes Tqven patiosneba gamoamJRavnoT
niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an
dakarguli safulis dabrunebiT da meore dRes
atributebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen qcevaze
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. – imiT, rom ar moityuoT gamocdaze. niSnis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

558

Teoriis zogierTi momxre niSnebs gansazRvravs,
rogorc predispoziciebs, romlebic qcevas
iwveven, Tumca ufro konservatiuli mecnierebi
niSnebs iyeneben mxolod rogorc aRweriT
ganzomilebebs, romlebic ubralod ajameben
dakvirvebis obieqtad arsebuli qcevis paternebs.
modiT, gavecnoT niSnis cnobil Teoriebs.
olportis niSnis Teoria
gordon olporti (Gordon Allport, 1937, 1961,
1966) ganixilavda niSnebs, rogorc pirovnebis
samSeneblo masalas da individualobis Camoya-
libebis wyaros. olportis mixedviT, niSnebi
uzrunvelyofen qcevis SeTanxmebulobas (koheren-
tulobas), radgan isini akavSireben da erT-
gvarovans xdian pirovnebis reaqciebs mraval-
gvarovan stimulebze. niSnebma SeiZleba imoq-
medon, rogorc intervenciulma cvladebma,
romlebic akavSireben erTi SexedviT erTmaneT-
Tan daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis erTobliobas (ix. sur. 14.2).
olportma gamoyo sami saxis niSnebi: kardi-
naluri, centraluri da meoradi. kardinaluria
niSnebi, romelTa garSemoc agebs adamiani Tavis
cxovrebas. deda terezasaTvis kardinaluri
niSani sxvisi keTildReobisaTvis sakuTari Tavis
Sewirva iqneboda. yvela adamians ar uviTardeba
aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluri niSnebi,
samagierod, centraluri niSnebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, patiosneba an optimizmi, pirovnebis
mTavar maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen. meoradi
niSnebi specifiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebia,
romlebic individis qcevis winaswarmetyve-
lebaSi gvexmareba, magram naklebad gamosadegia
individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi
niSnebis magaliTebia is, Tu rogor sakvebsa da
tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas.
olports ainteresebda am sami tipis niSnebis
unikaluri kombinaciebis aRmoCena, rac yovel
suraTi
14.2
morcxvoba rogorc niSani
niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc
intervenciulma cvladebma, romlebic
akavSireben erTi SexedviT erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis erTobliobas.
adamians ganumeorebel mTlianobad aqcevda,
amitom igi mxars uWerda calkeul/erTeul
SemTxvevaTa Seswavlis meTodis gamoyenebas (case
study).
individis qcevis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad
olports pirovnebis struqtura ufro esaxeboda,
vidre garemo pirobebi. „erTi da igive cecxli
adnobs karaqs da xarSavs kvercxs~ – am frazas
igi iyenebda imis saCveneblad, rom erTsa da
imave stimuls gansxvavebuli moqmedeba aqvs
sxvadasxva individze. mravali Tanamedrove
niSnis Teoria olportiseul tradicias mihyveba.
universaluri niSnebis ganzomilebebis
gansazRvra
1936 wels gordon olportma da misma kolegam
h. s. odbertma Caatares leqsikonis kvleva da
inglisur enaSi individualuri gansxvavebebis
aRmweri 18 000-ze meti zedsarTavi saxeli
aRmoaCines. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebi cdiloben,
gansazRvron niSnebis aseTi usazRvro sityvaTa
maragis safuZvlad myofi Zireuli ganzomi-
lebebi. isini cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ramdeni
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
ganzomileba arsebobs da maTgan romlebi
miscemen fsiqologebs yvela individis gamosa-
degi, universaluri daxasiaTebis Seqmnis
saSualebas.
reimond ketelma (Raymond Cattell, 1979) niSanTa
bazisuri ganzomilebebis amomwuravi erToblio-
bis dadgena scada, risTvisac amosaval werti-
lad olportisa da odbertis zedsarTavi
saxelebis sia gamoiyena. kvlevis Sedegad ke-
telma ivarauda, rom pirovnebas gansazRvravs
16 faqtori da maT ganmsazRvreli niSnebi uwoda,
radgan, misi azriT, isini warmoadgenen im
ganmsazRvrel wyaros, romelic dgas zedapirze
arsebuli qcevebis ukan da romelsac Cven pirov-
nebad aRviqvamT. ketelis 16 faqtori moicavda
iseT mniSvnelovan qceviT dapirispirebebs
559

suraTi
14.3
pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi
kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT
eqstraversiisa da neiroticizmis ori ganzomileba
gvaZlevs wriul gamosaxulebas. aizenkma am
gamosaxulebis yoveli kvadrati hipokrates mier
gansazRvruli oTxi pirovnebis tipisagan erTs
daukavSira. miuxedavad amisa, misi Teoria am
kategoriebis farglebSi individualuri varirebis
saSualebas iZleva.
(opoziciebs), rogoricaa, magaliTad, TavSekave-
buli _ komunikabeluri, mimndobi – eWviani,
modunebuli – daZabuli. miuxedavad amisa,
Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtki-
ceben, rom pirovnebebs Soris yvelaze mniSvne-
lovan gansxvavebebs 16-ze kidev ufro naklebi
ganzomileba asaxavs.
hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1973, 1990) pirovnebis
testirebis monacemebidan mxolod sami ZiriTadi,
moculobiTi ganzomileba gamoyo: eqstraversia
(SigniT orientirebuli gareT orientirebulis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
sapirispirod), neiroticizmi (emociurad stabi-
luri emociurad labiluris sapirispirod) da
fsiqoticizmi (gulisxmieri da yuradRebiani
agresiulisa da antisocialuris sapirispirod).
rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 14.3, aizenkma
moaxdina ori ganzomilebis – eqstraversiisa
da neiroticizmis kombinireba, raTa maTi wreze
demonstracia SeZleboda. misi azriT, wris
560 TiToeuli seqtori warmoadgens hipokrates mier
dadgenili pirovnebis tipebisgan erT-erTs,
Tumca, aizenkis niSnis Teoria am kategoriebSi
individualuri varirebis saSualebas iZleva.
individi SeiZleba yvelgan aRmoCndes wreze,
Zalian introvertirebulidan Zalian eqstraver-
tirebulamde da Zalian labiluridan (nevro-
tulidan) Zalian stabiluramde. wreze CamoT-
vlili niSnebi adamianebs swored am ori
ganzomilebis kombinaciebiT aRweren. magaliTad,
Zalian eqstravertirebuli da met-naklebad
labiluri adamiani mosalodnelia, rom impul-
suri iyos.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
kvlevebi TvalnaTliv adastureben aizenkis
Teoriis mraval aspeqts, Tumca, ukanasknel
wlebSi miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom pirovnebis
struqturas yvelaze kargad xuTi faqtori
axasiaTebs, romlebic arasrulad emTxveva
aizenkis sam ganzomilebas (Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis yvela mkvle-
vari ar emxroba am xuT faqtors (Block, 1995;
Eysenck, 1992; Pervin, 1994), dResdReobiT swored
isini warmoadgenen kriteriums niSnis struqtu-
ris Sesaxeb diskusiaTa umravlesobaSi.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis Seqmna asaxavs
mcdelobas, aRmoCenil iqnes raime struqtura
niSanTa im did siaSi, romelic amoiRes leqsiko-
nidan olportma da odbertma (1996). niSnebi
dayvanil iqna sinonimebis daaxloebiT 200
klasteramde, romlebic gamoiyeneboda niSnebis
bipolaruli ganzomilebebis Sesaqmnelad;
ganzomilebebisa, romlebsac aqvT maRali da
dabali polusebi, rogoricaa pasuxismgebliani
da upasuxismgeblo. Semdeg adamianebs sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi da sxva adamianebi
bipolarul ganzomilebebze da es Sefasebebi
statistikuri damuSavebis procedurebs eqvem-
debareboda imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor iyo
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sinonimuri klas-
terebi. am meTodis gamoyenebiT ramdenime
damoukidebeli kvleviTi jgufi erTsa da imave
daskvnamde mivida: im niSnebis safuZvlad,
romlebsac adamianebi gamoiyeneben sakuTari
Tavis da sxvebis aRsawerad, arsebobs mxolod
xuTi bazisuri ganzomileba (Norman, 1963, 1967;
Tupes & Christal, 1961).
 14.1
cxrili
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
faqtori bipolaruli gansazRvreba
eqstraversia laparakis moyvaruli, energiuli
da asertiuli wynaris,
TavSekavebulisa da morcxvis
sapirispirod
TanxmobisaTvis TanamgrZnobi, keTili da
mzaoba mosiyvarule civis, kapasisa da
sastikis sapirispirod
patiosneba organizebuli, pasuxismgebliani
da frTxili uyuradRebos,
frivolurisa da
upasuxismgeblos sapirispirod
neiroticizmi stabiluri, mSvidi da kmayofili
SfoTianis, arastabilurisa da
temperamentianis sapirispirod
gamocdilebisadmi kreatuli, inteleqtualuri da
Riaoba gonebagaxsnili martivis,
zedapirulisa da ugunuris
sapirispirod
xuTi ganzomileba Zalian farToa, radgan
TiToeuli erT did kategoriaSi aTavsebs bevr
niSans, romelTac unikaluri erTmniSvnelovani
konotacia, magram saerTo Tema aqvT. pirovnebis
am xuT ganzomilebas amJamad xuTfaqtoriani
modeli ewodeba, an, araformalurad, didi
xuTeuli (the Big Five) (McCrae & Costa, 1999). xuTi
faqtori Sejamebulia cxrilSi 14.1. Tqven er-
Txel kidev SeniSnavT, rom TiToeuli ganzomi-
leba bipolarulia _ ganzomilebis saxelwode-
bis mniSvnelobis tolfasi terminebi aRweren
maRal poluss, xolo misi sawinaaRmdego termi-
nebi ki _ dabals.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis ganzomilebebi 1960-
ian wlebSi Segrovebuli masalidan warmoiSva,
sadac gamoiyeneboda zedsarTavi saxelebis
ramdenime gansxvavebuli nakrebi, mravali gan-
sxvavebuli SerCeva da SefasebiTi davaleba.
mas Semdeg Zalian msgavsi ganzomilebebi
aRmoaCines pirovnebis kiTxvarebSi, intervius
kiTxvarebsa da sxva monacemebSi (Costa & McCrae,
1992a; Digman, 1990; Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
xuTfaqtoriani modelis universalurobis demon-
xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _
pirovnebis yovlismomcveli aRweriTi sistema,
romelic asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs,
Teoriul cnebebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris;
araformalurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.
strirebisaTvis mkvlevrebi gascdnen Tavis kvle-
vebSi inglisur enas: xuTfaqtoriani struq-
tura gameorda ramdenime enaSi germanulis,
portugaliuris, ivriTis, Cinuris, koreulis
da iaponuris CaTvliT (McCrae & Costa, 1997). xuTi
faqtori ar aris mowodebuli, rom Seanacvlos
mravali specifikuri niSnis termini, romelsac
mniSvnelobis sakuTari niuansi da elferi aqvs.
ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, is gamokveTs taqso-
nomias _ klasifikaciis sistemas, romelic saSua-
lebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT yvela Cveni nacnobi
adamiani ise, rom gamovxatoT is mniSvnelovani
ganzomilebebi, romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebian.
mniSvnelovania, xazi gavusvaT imas, rom
xuTfaqtoriani modeli, didwilad, aRweriTia.
faqtorebi Seiqmna niSnebis terminTa klaste-
rebis statistikuri analizis Sedegad da ara
Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic ambobda: „es aris
faqtorebi, romlebic unda arsebobdes~ (Ozer &
Reise, 1994). xuTfaqtoriani modelis momxreebma
daiwyes am Teoriuli dasabuTebis Zieba. maga-
liTad, maT scades, xuTi ganzomileba interaq-
ciaTa im Tanmimdevrul tipebTan daekavSirebinaT,
romlebic adamianebs hqondaT erTmaneTTan da
gare samyarosTan kacobriobis evoluciis
manZilze (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; McCrae et al., 2000).
evoluciuri safuZveli dagvexmareboda, agvexsna
xuTi faqtoris universaluroba gansxvavebul
kulturebSi. Tu es axsna sworia, SesaZlebelia,
evoluciis mier Camoyalibebuli adamianuri
gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, niSnebi
erTi Taobidan meores gadaeces. ganvixiloT es
debuleba.
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
niSnebi da memkvidreoba
Tqven, albaT, gagigiaT, rom adamianebi aseT
frazebs amboben xolme: „jimi artistulia,
Tavisi dedis msgavsad~, an, „meri misi babuasaviT
jiutia~, an, SesaZloa, frustrirebulad gig-
rZvniaT Tavi, radganac Tqvens da-ZmaSi gamaRi-
zianebeli Tvisebebi swored isinia, romlebis
gamosworebac sakuTar TavSi gsurT. modiT, gan-
vixiloT pirovnuli niSnebis memkvidreobiTobis
damadasturebeli TvalsaCino magaliTebi.
gaixseneT, rom bihevioristuli genetika aris
mecniereba, romelic Seiswvlis, Tu ra xarisxiT
gadaecema pirovnuli niSnebi da qceviTi pater-
nebi memkvidreobiT. pirovnebaze genetikis 561

gavlenis gansasazRvrad mkvlevrebi swavloben
pirovnul niSnebs erTi ojaxis wevrebisa, rom-
lebsac msgavsi genebis gansxvavebuli propor-
ciebi aqvT da erTsa da imave an gansxvavebul
garemoSi gaizardnen. magaliTad, Tu pirovnuli
niSani socialuroba genetikurad gadaecema,
maSin is ufro maRal korelaciaSi unda iyos
identur, monozigotur tyupebSi (romelTa
genebic 100%-iT emTxveva), vidre araidentur,
dizigotur tyupebSi an sxva da-ZmaSi (romelTa
genebic saSualod 50%-iT emTxveva).
memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
TiTqmis yvela pirovnuli niSani ganicdis
genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas (Lehlin et al., 1998).
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva iseTi kvlevebic, sadac
mravali gansxvavebuli gazomvis teqnika gamoiye-
neba, miuxedavad imisa, zomaven isini ufro farTo
niSnebs, rogoricaa eqstraversia da neiroticiz-
mi, Tu specifikur niSnebs, rogoricaa TviTkon-
troli an socialuroba. ganvixiloT erTi
sanimuSo kvleva:
saidan
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
viciT
xuTi faqtoris memkvidreobiToba
Tqven axlaxan pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian
models gaecaniT. mkvlevrebma yuradReba
miaqcies sakiTxs: arsebobs Tu ara am
modeliT gansazRvruli faqtorebis gene-
562 tikuri safuZveli. erT-erT kvlevaSi mec-
nierTa jgufma germanidan da poloneTidan
Seagrova pirovnuli niSnebis monacemebi
660 monozigoturi da 304 dizigoturi
tyupis wyvilebze. monacemebi miRebul iqna
rogorc TviTangariSis (anu tyupebi av-
sebdnen im tipis pirovnebis kiTxvarebs,
romelTac mogvianebiT SevexebiT am TavSi),
ise axlobelTa Sefasebebis (anu megobrebi
da ojaxis wevrebi adgendnen erTi an meore
tyupiscalis Sefasebebs) meSveobiT. zo-
gadad, adrindel kvlevebSi mxolod
TviTangariSis monacemebs iyenebdnen. mem-
kvidreobiTobis kvlevebis kritikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom monozigotur da dizigotur
tyupebs SesaZlebelia hqondeT gadaxrebi,
rodesac isini sakuTar Tavs adareben Tavis
tyupiscals, an sxva individs. axlobelTa
Sefasebebis CarTva amcirebs imis alba-
Tobas, rom memkvidreobiTobis maRali
maCveneblebi tyupebis TviTangariSis
pirdapiri Sedegia. faqtobrivad, yvela
SemTxvevaSi monozigoturi tyupebis
pirovnebebi Sefasebul iqna, rogorc ufro
msgavsi, vidre dizigoturi tyupebisa.
TviTSefasebebma gamoavlina tyupTa Soris
korelaciebis aseTi maCveneblebi: 0.52
(monozigoturi) da 0.23 (dizigoturi).
rogorc TviTangariSis, ise axlobelTa
monacemebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aC-
venes mniSvnelovani memkvidreobiTi maCve-
neblebi xuTfaqtoriani modeliT gansazR-
vruli yoveli faqtoris mxriv (Remann et
al., 1997).
kvlav SexedeT cxrils 14.1. xuTi faqtoris
romeli polusebia TqvenTvis yvelaze Sesabamisi?
SegiZliaT ipovoT msgavseba Tqvensa da Tqvens
mSoblebs Soris?
mkvlevrebi kvlav muSaoben memkvidreobiTobis
kvlevebis gaumjobesebaze. magaliTad, radganac
tyupebi da sxva da-Zma, rogorc wesi, erTad
izrdebian, maT saerTo ojaxuri garemo aqvT,
ramac SesaZloa maTi pirovnebebis korelacia
gamoiwvios. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebi ki
gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gaizomos gansxvaveba
bavSvebis niSnebis korelaciebisa maTi biolo-
giuri mSoblebis niSnebTan da aRmzrdeli
mSoblebis niSnebTan. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvle-
vebis monacemebidan, aseve, naTelia is, Tu raoden
mniSvnelovania pirovnul niSnebSi genetikuri
faqtoris wvlili (Bouchard, 1994).
winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara
niSnebi qcevas
warmoidgineT, rom gTxoves, amoirCioT raime
pirovnuli niSnis aRmniSvneli termini, ro-
melic, Tqveni rwmeniT, gansakuTrebiT kargad
SegesabamebaT. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT
gviTxraT, rom Tqven Zalian keTilganwyobili
xarT. ra viciT Cven axla? Tu pirovnebis Teoriebi
gvaZleven saSualebas, viwinaswarmetyveloT
qceva, ra prognozi SegviZlia gavakeToT im
codniT, rom Tqvens Tavs afasebT, rogorc
Zalian keTilganwyobils? rogor SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT Tqveni mosazrebis validuroba?
modiT, gamovikvlioT es sakiTxi.
erTi idea, romelic SesaZloa gagiCndeT,
Semdegia: codna imisa, rom pirovneba SeiZleba
daxasiaTebul iqnes konkretuli niSniT, saSua-
lebas mogcemT, iwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. amgvarad, Cven Tqvengan
moveliT keTilganwyobil qcevas yvela si-
tuaciaSi, Tumca, 1920-ian wlebSi ramdenime
mkvlevari, romlebmac miznad daisaxes niSnebTan
dakavSirebul qcevaze dakvirveba gansxvavebul
situaciebSi, gancvifrebuli iyo, radgan mcire
TvalsaCinoeba aRmoaCines situaciebis mixedviT
qcevis konsistenturobis mxriv. magaliTad, sko-
lis moswavleebSi mxolod susti korelacia
iqna aRmoCenili patiosnebis niSanTan savarau-
dod dakavSirebul or iseT qcevas Soris,
rogoricaa tyuilis Tqma da TaRliToba
gamocdis Cabarebisas (Hartshorne & May, 1928).
msgavsi Sedegebi miiRes sxva mkvlevrebmac,
romlebic iseTi niSnebis kros-situaciur
Tanmimdevrulobas (konsistenturobas) swavlob-
dnen, rogorebicaa introversia an punqtualoba
(Dudycha, 1936; Newcomb, 1929).
Tu niSnebTan dakavSirebuli qceva ar aris
kros-situaciurad konsistenturi, anu, Tu ada-
mianebis qceva icvleba gansxvavebul situaciebSi,
ratom aRiqvamT Tqvens sakuTar da sxvebis
pirovnebebs, rogorc SedarebiT mdgrads? kidev
ufro damabnevelia, rom pirovnebis Sefaseba im
damkvirveblis mier, romelic individs erTi
situaciidan icnobs, korelaciaSia im damkvir-
veblis SefasebasTan, romelic icnobs mas sxva
situaciidan. movlenas, rodesac pirovnebis
Sefasebebi sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli
damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, xolo
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situa-
ciebSi ar aris konsistenturi, konsistentobis
paradoqss (Consistency paradox) uwodeben (Mischel,
1968).
konsistentobis paradoqsis aRmoCenas kvleva-
Ta didi raodenoba mohyva (mimoxilvisTvis ix.
Cervone & Shoda, 1999). droTa ganmavlobaSi
miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom qceviTi arakonsis-
tentoba gamovlinda didwilad imis gamo, rom
situaciebi arasworad iyo kategorizebuli:
paradoqsi qreba, rodesac mecnierebi marTebulad
daaxarisxeben situaciaTa fsiqologiur maxasia-
Teblebis (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). magaliTad,
dauSviT, rom Tqven gsurT qceviTi konsis-
tentobis Sefaseba imis gansazRvriT, iqceva Tu
ara Tqveni megobari umetesad erTnairad yvela
wveulebaze, romelsac igi eswreba. mosalod-
nelia, aRmoaCinoT, rom misi qceva mniSvnelovnad
cvalebadobs, Tu Tqveni analizis done mxolod
„wveulebebia~. saWiroa, gansazRvroT, Tu romeli
fsiqologiurad relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi
yofen wveulebebs gansxvavebul kategoriebad.
SesaZloa, Tqveni megobari uxerxulad grZnobs
Tavs iseT situaciebSi, sadac misgan ucxoebi-
saTvis piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian.
Sedegad, zogierT wveulebaze (sadac misgan
piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian) is
SeiZleba Zalian arakeTilganwyobilad gamoi-
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
yurebodes, xolo sxva wveulebebze (sadac amas
misgan ar moelian) _ sakmaod keTilganwyobilad.
amave dros, sxva iseTma situaciebma, romlebic
misgan gulaxdilobas moiTxovs, rogoricaa
interviu samsaxurSi miRebisas, SeiZleba, aseve,
gamoiwvion negatiuri qceva. amdenad, konsis-
tentoba gamoixateba imiT, Tu ra gziT gamoiwveven
situaciis maxasiaTeblebi adamianebis gansxva-
vebul reaqciebs.
konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency pradox) _
movlena, romlis drosac pirovnebis Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvir-
veblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin, rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situ-
aciebSi ar aris konsistenturi.
563
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?

ukanaskneli drois kvle-
vebma gviCvena, rom kolejis
studentebis 50%-ze meti
sakuTar Tavs „amJamad morcxv~
individad miiCnevs (Carducci &
Zimbardo, 1995). maTi umetesoba
ambobs, rom morcxvoba aris
arasasurveli mdgomareoba,
romelsac uaryofiTi pirov-
nuli da socialuri Sedegebi
ufro meti aqvs, vidre dadebi-
Ti efeqtebi. studentebis sxva
jgufi ambobs, rom isini
„situaciurad morcxvebi~ ari-
an da ara „dispoziciurad
morcxvebi~, rogorc studente-
bis zemoxsenebuli umetesoba.
isini grZnoben, rom „TiTqos-
da~ morcxvoben garkveul
situaciebSi, romlebic axa-
lia, ucnauria an socialur
zewolas Seicavs. aseTi situa-
ciebia paemani ucnobTan, mar-
toxelebis barebi, aseve, ro-
desac adamians moeTxoveba,
sazogadoebis winaSe momza-
debis gareSe imoqmedos. simor-
cxvis mkvlevrebi gaocdnen,
rodesac zrdasrul adami-
anebSi aRmoaCines, rom „ara-
morcxvi~ adamiani iSviaTi,
araCveulebrivi saxeobaa Seer-
Tebul StatebSi da yvela sxva
gamokvleul qveyanaSi (Zim-
bardo, 1991).
simorcxve SeiZleba ganisa-
zRvros, rogorc diskomforti
da/an Sekaveba iseT interper-
sonalur situaciebSi, rom-
lebic xels uSlis adamianis
interpersonaluri an profe-
siuli miznebis miRwevas. mor-
cxvoba SeiZleba iyos qro-
nikuli da dispoziciuri, anu
warmoadgendes centralur
niSans adamianis TviTgansa-
zRvraSi. is SeiZleba iyos
mcire TavSekavebuloba da so-
cialuri ucnauroba, romelic
bevr CvenTagans ugrZvnia axal
situaciebSi, magram mas SeuZlia
gadaizardos ukiduresobaSi _
adamianebis mimarT sruliad
Semakavebel SiSSi (socialur
fobias me-15 TavSi ganvixilavT).
bevri morcxvi adamiani introve-
rtirebulicaa. isini upira-
tesobas aniWeben ganmarto-
vebul, arasocialur moqmede-
bebsa da garemos. arseboben
„morcxvi eqstravertebi~, rom-
lebic sazogadoebaSi komu-
nikabelurni, magram pirovnu-
lad morcxvebi arian, amjo-
bineben socialur aqtivobebSi
CarTvas, aqvT socialuri una-
rebi amis efeqturad ganxor-
cielebisaTvis, magram eWvi
eparebaT imaSi, rom namdvilad
imsaxureben sxvebis mowonebasa
da pativiscemas (Pilkonis & Zim-
bardo, 1979).
maS ratom aris zogi adami-
ani morcxvi maSin, rodesac
sxvebi ar arian? erTi SesaZ-
lebeli axsnaa buneba. kvle-
vebi mowmobs, rom bavSvebis
daaxloebiT 10% „ibadeba
morcxvi~ (Kagan, 1994). aseTi
bavSvebi dabadebidan uCve-
ulod frTxilni da Cake-
tilni arian ucxo xalxTan
da ucnob situaciebTan Seja-
xebis dros. Semavsebeli (kom-
plementaruli) axsna yurad-
Rebas aRzrdaze amaxvilebs.
bavSvobaSi zog adamians
dascinian, masxrad igdeben,
an raime Secdomis gamo isini
sazogadoebrivi gakicxvis
sagani xdebian; sxvebi izrde-
bian iseT ojaxebSi, sadac
„siyvarulis damsaxureba~ da-
mokidebulia imaze, miaRwevs
Tu ara bavSvi warmatebas
garegnobisa da kargi qcevis
SejibrSi. mesame axsna kul-
turas efuZneba.
Seswavlili cxra qveyni-
dan simorcxve yvelaze maRa-
lia zog aziur qveyanaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT iaponiasa da tai-
vanSi, da yvelaze dabalia
israelSi (Zimbardo, 1991). es
gansxvaveba, garkveulwilad,
miewereba imas, rom am aziur

saidan
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

modiT, ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mra-

valferovani situaciebis fsiqologiur maxasia-
viciT
Teblebs swavlobdnen. kvlevaSi ganixileboda
is aqtivobebi, romlebsac bavSvebi sazafxulo konsistentoba verbalur agresiaSi
banakSi axorcieleben.
es kvleva Catarda 6-dan 12-wlamde
simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti bavSvebis jgufze, romlebic socialuri
da/an Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situa- adaptaciis problemebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis
ciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis interperso- mowyobil sazafxulo banakSi gaagzavnes.
naluri an profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.
mkvlevrebs surdaT enaxaT, Tu ramdenad
564
qveynebSi kultura ganapi-
robebs avtoritetisadmi da-
morCilebas da sircxvilis
gancdas, Tu adamianma socia-
luri Secdoma dauSva; xolo
israelSi, amis sapirispi-
rod, Tu adamiani riskze mi-
dis, es kulturulad waxa-
lisebulia da danaSaulis
gancda eqsternalizire-
bulia (Pines & Zimbardo, 1978).
meoTxe axsna nawilobriv ex-
maureba bolo dros Seer-
Tebul StatebSi simorcxvis
prevalentobis zrdas: axal-
gazrdebi intensiurad arian
CarTulni eleqtronul teq-
nologiebTan muSaobaSi. di-
di drois gatareba, rogorc
wesi, simartoveSi, televiz-
oris yurebaSi, videoTa-
maSebSi, internetis Tvali-
erebasa da eleqtronuli
fostis gzavnaSi socialur
izolacias iwvevs da am-
cirebs yoveldRiur piris-
pir kontaqts. internetis
intensiur gamoyenebas aqvs
potenciali, adamianebs Tavi
agrZnobinos martoxelad,
izolirebulad da ufro
morcxvad (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie
& Erbring, 2000).
rodesac simorcxve sul
ufro Zlierdeba, is adamia-
nis cxovrebis axal da axal
luri diskomforti da izo-
lacia. arsebobs ramdenime
martivi koncefcia da taq-
tika, romelTa Sesaxeb fiq-
rsa da gamoyenebis cdasac
v Ta v a z o b T m o r c x v s t u -
dentebs (ix. Zimbardo, 1991):
gaacnobiereT, rom mar-
to Tqven ar xarT morcxvi;
yvela sxva adamiani Tavisi
morcxvobiT ufro Tqveni
msgavsia, vidre Tqvengan gan-
sxvavebuli;
simorcxve SeiZleba ma-
Sinac ki Seicvalos, rodesac
masSi genetikuri komponentia
CarTuli, magram es moiTxovs
Tavdadebasa da Secvlis
ganzraxvas iseve, rogorc ne-
bismieri xangrZlivad ar-
sebuli Cveva, romlis Sec-
vlac gsurT;
ivarjiSeT gaRimebaSi da
mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis dam-
yarebaSi adamianTa umravle-
sobasTan, visac xvdebiT;
ilaparakeT laRad, xma-
maRali da mkafio xmiT, gan-
sakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
Tqvens saxels eubnebiT vinmes
an informaciis miReba gsurT;
iyaviT pirveli, vinc Se-
kiTxvas dasvams an komentars
gaakeTebs axal socialur
situaciaSi. saTqmelad mom-
zadebuli gqondeT raime
aRaravin ifiqrebs, rom Tqven
morcxvi xarT;
nu daimdablebT Tavs,
aramed ifiqreT imaze, Tu ra
SeiZleba gaakeToT Semdeg,
rom TqvenTvis sasurveli
Sedegi miiRoT;
yuradReba gaamaxvileT
i m a z e , r o m s x v e b s Ta v i
komfortulad agrZnobinoT.
gansakuTrebiT swored is
sxva morcxvi adamianebi mo-
ZebneT. es Seamcirebs Tqvens
TviTcnobirebas, rogorc
morcxvi pirovnebis;
gaivarjiSeT meditaci-
aSi, relaqsaciasa da idea-
luri scenaris gonebriv vi-
zualizaciaSi, sanam aRmoC-
ndebiT situaciaSi, rome-
lic, Cveulebriv, aZlierebs
Tqvens simorcxves.
Tu Tqven morcxvi xarT,
vimedovnebT, rom gaiziarebT
am rCevebs. studentebi, rom-
lebmac gaiTvaliswines es
rCevebi, ganTavisufldnen
morcxvobis tyveobidan da
„axali TavisuflebebiT~
savse cxovrebaSi Seabijes.
es aris martivi fsiqolo-
giis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis
erT-erTi upiratesoba. Tuki
Tqven morcxvi ar xarT,
SegiZliaT waaxalisoT Tqve-
ni morcxvi megobrebi da
ojaxis wevrebi, raTa maT am

pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi

aspeqtebSi iWreba, amcirebs saintereso da TqviT es pir- gziT Secvalon Tavisi cxov-
socialur siamovnebebs da velma; yvela afasebs adamians, reba (Henderson & Zimbardo,
maqsimumamde mihyavs socia- vinc „yinuls gaalRobs~, da 1998).

zustad SeeZloT maT im situaciaTa Txovs frustraciis atanis unars), fizikuri

winaswarmetyveleba, romlebSic calkeuli
bavSvebi agresiul qcevas gamoavlendnen.
am winaswarmetyvelebaTa `gasakeTeblad~
mkvlevrebma Seagroves monacemebi banakis
sxvadasxva situaciebis arsebiTi maxasiaTeb-
lebis Sesaxeb, moTxovnis im tipebis
mixedviT, romlebsac isini bavSvs uyenebdnen:
kognituri (moiTxovs logikuri azrovnebis
unars), socialuri (moiTxovs sxvebis winaSe
saubris unars), TviTregulatoruli (moi-
siZliere (moiTxovs fizikur siZlieres,
amtanobas) da motoruli koordinacia
(moiTxovs xelisa da sxeulis moZraobebis
koordinaciis unars). magaliTad, curva
moiTxovs fizikur siZlieresa da koor-
dinacias, magram SedarebiT mcire TviTregu-
lacias. amis sapirispirod, Tevzaoba moto-
rul koordinaciasTan erTad moiTxovs
maRali donis TviTregulacias.
565
 yuradReba miaqcieT im erTeulebs, sadamdec
mividnen mkvlevrebi, raTa situaciebis rele-
vanturi maxasiaTeblebi gamoeyvanaT. aseTi
taqsonomia maT aZlevs iseTi gansxvavebebis
gamovlenis saSualebas, rogoricaa „sonias uWirs
gamklaveba iseT situaciebTan, romlebsac
maRali kognituri moTxovna aqvT. swored amitom
xdeba is verbalurad agresiuli aseT situa-
ciebSi~. Cven aRmovaCenT konsistentobas, rodesac
pirovnebis („is ver umklavdeba kognitur
moTxovnebs~) da situaciis („es situacia Seicavs
kognitur moTxovnas~) swori aRwera gvaqvs.
debatebma konsistentobis Sesaxeb aiZula
niSnis Teoretikosebi, ufro zustad ganesa-
zRvraT niSnebi _ dazustebiT gamoeyoT, Tu
qcevis romeli jgufebi unda iyos dakavSirebuli
pirovnul niSnebTan da romel situaciebSi.
niSani SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes gansxvavebuli
qcevis meSveobiT gansxvavebul situaciebSi da
gansxvavebul asakSi, magram, ramdenadac niSnis
Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs imas, Tu ra gziT
iwvevs situaciebis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeb-
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
lebi qceviT gamovlinebebs, es paterni logi-
kurad gamarTulia. amgvarad, Tu Tqven aRwerT
sakuTar Tavs, rogorc Zalian keTilganwyobil
pirovnebas, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqvengan
„keTilganwyobil~ qcevas unda velodoT Tqveni
cxovrebis yvela momentSi. Cveni molodiniT,
Tqveni keTilganwyobileba gansxvavebuli iqneba
sxvadasxvagvar situaciebSi maTi fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tqven,
566 SesaZloa, Zalian Tbili iyoT axloblebis
mimarT, magram oficialuri _ Tqveni profeso-
rebis mimarT.
tipisa da niSnis Teoriebis
Sefaseba
Cven vnaxeT, rom tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
mkvlevrebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, mogvcen
gansxvavebuli pirovnebebis lakonuri aRwera,
Tumca, es Teoriebi gakritikebul iqna, radgan
isini zogadad ar xsnian imas, Tu rogor war-
moiqmneba qceva an rogor viTardeba pirovneba.
isini mxolod gansazRvraven da aRweren maxa-
siaTeblebs, romlebic korelaciaSia qcevasTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove niSnis
Teoriis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben, Seexon am
sakiTxebs, niSnis Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, aR-
weren amJamad arsebuli pirovnebis struqturis
statikur, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sta-
bilizebul xats. amis sapirispirod, pirovnebis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi, romlebsac Cven axla
ganvixilavT, xazs usvamen individis SigniT
arsebul konfliqtur Zalebs, romlebic ada-
mianis cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas iwveven.
Sejameba
tipis Teoriebi adamianebs aragadamfarav
kategoriebad (rogoricaa pirvelad dabadebulni
da Semdeg dabadebulni) yofen, raTa gakeTdes
winaswarmetyveleba maTi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb.
amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi axdenen
pirovnebis konceptualizacias uwyveti ganzo-
milebebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove mecnierebis
azriT, arsebobs xuTi universaluri faqtori,
romelic kros-kulturulad asaxavs pirovnebis
ZiriTad ganzomilebebs: eqstraversia, Tanxmo-
bisaTvis mzaoba, patiosneba, neiroticizmi da
gamocdilebisadmi Riaoba. qceviTi genetikis
kvlevis mixedviT, pirovnuli niSnebi maRali
xarisxis memkvidreobiTobiT xasiaTdeba. dRes-
dReobiT mecnierebi aRiareben, rom qcevis
konsistentobis kvleva moiTxovs rogorc pirov-
nebis, aseve situaciis fsiqologiuri maxa-
siaTeblebis zust aRweras.
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
pirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis-
aTvis saerToa daSveba, rom Zlieri Sinagani
Zalebi ayalibeben pirovnebas da qcevis moti-
virebas axdenen. zigmund froids (Sigmund Freud),
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebis fuZemdebels, misi
biografi ernest jonsi „fsiqikis darvins~ uwo-
debs (1953). froidis pirovnebis Teoria gabe-
dulad cdilobs axsnas pirovnebis ganviTarebis
sawyisi wyaroebi da mimarTuleba, fsiqikis bu-
neba, paTologiuri pirovneba da Terapiis meS-
veobiT pirovnebis Secvlis gzebi. aq yuradRebas
mxolod normalur pirovnebaze gavamaxvilebT.
froidis Sexedulebebi fsiqopaTologiasa da
mkurnalobaze me-15 da me-16 TavebSi iqneba
ganxiluli, ris Semdegac am Teoriebis kritikasa
da gadamuSavebis mcdelobebs aRvwerT.
froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirov-
nebis birTvs adamianis fsiqikaSi arsebuli
movlenebi (intrafsiqikuri movlenebi) qmnis,
romlebic qcevis motivs warmoadgenen. xSirad
adamianebi acnobiereben am motivebs, Tumca, zogi
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psycho-
dynamic personality theories) _ pirovnebis Teoriebi,
romlebic iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis
formireba da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba
Zlieri Sinagani Zalebis mier.
motivacia aracnobier donezec moqmedebs. am
midgomis fsiqodinamikuri buneba momdinareobs
misi aqcentidan qcevis am Sida wyaroebze, iseve,
rogorc am Sida Zalebs Soris konfliqtebze.
froidisaTvis yovelgvar qcevas aqvs motivi,
mas ar iwvevs SemTxveviTi movlenebi; yvela
moqmedeba gansazRvrulia motivebiT. nebismier
adamianur moqmedebas aqvs mizezi da mizani,
romelic SeiZleba aRmoCenil iqnes azrebis
asociaciebis, sizmrebis, Secdomebisa da Sinagan
vnebebze metyveli sxva qceviTi miniSnebebis
analizis Sedegad. pirovnebis Sesaxeb froidis
hipoTezebis pirveladi monacemebi miRebul iqna
Terapiis procesSi myof individualur pacien-
tebze warmoebuli klinikuri dakvirvebebidan
da SemTxvevebis siRrmiseuli Seswavlidan.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebis in-
tensiuri Seswavlis Sedegad man ganaviTara
normaluri pirovnebis Teoria. modiT, ganvi-
xiloT froidis Teoriis zogierTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
ltolvebi da fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTareba
nevrologiaSi samedicino praqtikam froidi
miiyvana Teoriul daSvebamde, rom im qcevebs,
romelTac is Tavis pacientebSi akvirdeboda,
saerTo biologiuri safuZveli hqondaT. adamia-
nuri moqmedebebis motivaciis wyarod man yvela
individSi arsebuli fsiqikuri energia miiCnia.
man dauSva, rom yvela adamians unda hqonoda
567
Tandayolili instinqtebi anu ltolvebi (drives),
 romlebic warmoadgenda sxeulSi arsebuli
organoebis mier Seqmnil daZabulobis sistemebs.
aqtivaciis dros energiis es wyaroebi SeiZleba
gamovlindes mravali gansxvavebuli gziT.
froidma Tavdapirvelad ori bazisuri ltol-
vis arseboba dauSva. erTi, misi azriT, dakavSi-
rebuli iyo TviTSenaxvasTan (iseT moTxovni-
lebebTan, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili);
meores man uwoda erosi, Zala, dakavSirebuli
seqsualur impulsebTan da saxeobis Senar-
CunebasTan. am ori ltolvidan froids ufro
metad seqsualuri impulsebi ainteresebda. man
Zalze gaafarTova adamianis seqsualuri survi-
lebis cneba da Sig CarTo ara marto seqsualuri
kavSiris survili, aramed yvela sxva siamovnebis
miRebis an sxvebTan fizikuri kontaqtis dam-
yarebis mcdelobac. igi iyenebda termins li-
bido (libido) seqsualuri impulsebis energiis
wyaros gansasazRvrad. libido aris fsiqikuri
energia, romelic migvmarTavs yvela saxis Seg-
rZnebiTi (sensualuri) siamovnebisaken. seqsua-
luri impulsebi dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebas
moiTxoven, iqneba es pirdapiri moqmedebebis
Tu fantaziebisa da sizmrebis msgavsi arapir-
dapiri saSualebebis gziT.
froidis mixedviT, erosi, rogorc farTod
gansazRvruli seqsualuri ltolva, ar Cndeba
libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, romelic
mimarTavs individs yvela tipis SegrZnebiTi,
gansakuTrebiT ki, seqsualuri siamovnebisaken
moulodnelad pubertatis (sqesobrivi momwife-
bis) dros, aramed moqmedebs dabadebidan. igi
amtkicebda, rom erosi TvalsaCinod vlindeba
im siamovnebaSi, romelsac Cvilebi iReben
genitaliebis da sxva mgrZnobiare areebis, anu
erogenuli zonebis fizikuri stimulaciiT.
froidis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis xuTi
safexuri moyvanilia cxrilSi 14.2. is Tvlida,
rom seqsualuri siamovnebis fizikuri wyaro
icvleba am mowesrigebuli progresiiT. fsiqo-
seqsualuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari
winaaRmdegoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi biWebisaTvis,
aRmocendeba falosur stadiaze, 4-5 wlis asakSi,
rodesac bavSvma unda gadalaxos oidiposis
kompleqsi. froidma am kompleqss miTiuri
personaJis, oidiposis saxelwodeba misca,
romelmac SemTxveviT mokla sakuTari mama da
colad SeirTo sakuTari deda. froidis azriT,
yvela patara biWs aqvs Tandayolili impulsi,
ganixilos mama, rogorc seqsualuri metoqe
dedis yuradRebisaTvis brZolaSi. radgan patara
biWs ar ZaluZs mamis Secvla, oidiposis kom-
pleqsi zogadad gadawydeba, rodesac bavSvi
axdens identifikacias mamis siZlieresTan
(froidi araTanmimdevruli iyo patara gogonebis
gamocdilebis Teoriul axsnaSi).
froidis mixedviT, rogorc zedmeti dajil-
doeba, ise zedmeti frustracia fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis romelime adreul stadiaze, fiq-
sacias _ ganviTarebis momdevno stadiaze nor-
malurad gadasvlis uunarobas iwvevs. rogorc

cxrili
14.2
ffsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis stadiebi froidis mixedviT

stadia asaki erogenuli mTavari ganviTarebadi mizani am stadiaze fiqsirebuli bavSvebis

zonebi (konfliqtis potenciuri wyaro) zogierTi maxasiaTebeli zrdasrulobaSi
oraluri 0-1 piri, tuCebi, ZuZuTi kvebis Sewyveta oraluri qceva, rogoricaa moweva, zedmeti
ena kveba, inertuloba da miamitoba
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

analuri 2-3 anusi tualetis varjiSi/ qoTanze akuratuloba (meToduroba), Zunwoba,

miCveva jiutoba, an sapirispiro

falosuri 4-5 genitaliebi oidiposis kompleqsi pativmoyvareoba, ugunuroba, an sapirispiro

latenturi 6-12 ar arsebobs dacviTi meqanizmebis arc erTi: Cveulebriv, fiqsacia am

specifikuri ganviTareba safexurze ar xdeba
are
genitaluri 13-18 genitaliebi mowifuli seqsualuri zrdasrulebma, vinc normalurad moaxdina
urTierToba adreuli stadiebis integrireba, unda
ganaviTaron sxvebis mimarT gulwrfeli
interesi da mowifuli seqsualoba.
568
naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.2, sxvadasxva stadiebze
fiqsaciam zrdasrulobaSi SeiZleba warmoqmnas
mravalferovani pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi.
fiqsaciis cneba xsnis imas, Tu ratom aniWebda
froidi adreul gamocdilebebs aseT mniSvne-
lobas pirovnebis mTlianobaSi. igi Tvlida,
rom fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul
safexurebze miRebul gamocdilebas udidesi
gavlena hqonda pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze da
zrdasrulis qceviT paternebze.
fsiqikuri determinizmi
fiqsaciis cneba pirvel warmodgenas gviqmnis
froidis mosazrebaze, rom adreuli konfliq-
tebi Semdgomi qcevis gansazRvras uwyobs xels.
fsiqikuri determinizmi warmoadgens daSvebas,
rom yvela fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqcia
(simptomi) gansazRvrulia adreuli gamocdile-
biT. froidis azriT, simptomebi ar aris Sem-
TxveviTi movlenebi, piriqiT, isini mniSvnelov-
nad aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
movlenebTan.
fsiqikuri determinizmis rwmenam miiyvana
froidi iqamde, rom man gansakuTrebiT gamoyo
aracnobieri _ sacavi informaciisa, romelic
xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis. sxva avto-
rebs ganxiluli hqondaT aracnobieris kon-
struqti, magram froidma adamianuri fiqrebis,
grZnobebis da moqmedebebis aracnobieri
determinantis cneba adamianis cxovrebis
centrSi moaTavsa. misi azriT, qceva SeiZleba
motivirebul iqnes ltolvebiT, romelTa
Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. Tqven SeiZleba
moqmedebdeT mizezis codnis gareSe, an Tqveni
moqmedebebis WeSmariti mizezis wvdomis
SesaZleblobis gareSe. arsebobs Tqveni qcevis
manifestirebuli Sinaarsi _ ras ambobT, ras
fiqsacia (Fixation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac
adamiani rCeba mijaWvuli iseT obieqtebsa Tu
moqmedebebze, romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis adreul safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _
daSveba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqciebi
gansazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero,
sadac inaxeba cnobierebidan gandevnili, rep-
resirebuli survilebi da primitiuli impul-
sebi
akeTebT da ras aRiqvamT, romlis Sesaxebac
Tqven sruli codna gaqvT, magram arsebobs, aseve,
faruli, latenturi Sinaarsic. nevrotuli
(SfoTviT gamowveuli) simptomebis, sizmrebis,
werilobiTi da metyvelebiTi mcdari qmedebebis
mniSvneloba azrovnebisa da informaciis
gadamuSavebis aracnobier doneze unda veZioT.
dRes bevri fsiqologi aracnobieris am cnebas
froidis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wvlilad miiC-
nevs fsiqologiis mecnierebaSi. agreTve, Tana-
medrove literaturisa da dramaturgiis bevri
nimuSi ikvlevs aracnobieri procesebis gavlenas
adamianis qcevaze.
froidis mixedviT, CvenSi arsebuli impul-
sebi, romlebic CvenTvis miuRebelia, mainc
cdiloben gamoxatvis gzis povnas. froidiseuli
mcdari qmedeba xdeba, rodesac Cveni saubari an
qceva gascems aracnobier survils. magaliTad,
am wignis erT-erTi avtori valdebuli iyo,
samadlobelo baraTi daewera, Tumca is ar iyo
didad kmayofili megobris saxlSi gatarebuli
SabaT-kviriT; igi apirebda, daewera: „mixaria,
rom aseTi magari dro gavatareT erTad~.
miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod usiamovno satelefono
saubris dros megobarma Seatyobina, rom
sinamdvileSi mas dauweria: „mixaria, rom aseTi
nagavi dro gavatareT erTad~.2 xedavT, Tu rogor
SeuZlia „magari~-s „nagavi~-T Secvlas aracno-
bieri survili gamoxatos? aracnobieri moti-
vaciis cneba axal ganzomilebas matebs pi-
rovnebas, ramdenadac uSvebs fsiqikuri funqci-
onirebis ufro did sirTules.
Cven ganvixileT froidis Teoriis zogierTi
ZiriTadi aspeqti. axla vnaxoT, Tu ra wvlili
SeaqvT maT pirovnebis struqturaSi.
pirovnebis struqtura
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
froidis TeoriaSi pirovnuli gansxvavebebi
im gansxvavebuli gzebidan warmoiqmneba,
romlebiTac adamianebi umklavdebian Tavis
ZiriTad ltolvebs. am gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad
froidma warmogvidgina uwyveti brZola
pirovnebis or antagonistur nawils _ idsa da
superegos _ Soris, romelsac aSualebs me-s
mesame aspeqti _ ego. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
sam aspeqts ise ganvixilavT, TiTqos isini
2
`I ’m glad we got to spend a junk of time together~ nacvlad
`I’m glad we got to spend a chunk of time together~. 569
 gancalkevebuli arsebebi iyvnen, gaxsovdeT, rom
froidisTvis isini mxolod gansxvavebul fsi-
qikur procesebs warmoadgendnen; igi ar gan-
sazRvravda gansakuTrebul mdebareobebs tvinSi
idisaTvis, egosaTvis da superegosaTvis.
idi aris ZiriTadi ltolvebis sacavi. is
iracionalurad operirebs, moqmedebs impul-
surad da ubiZgebs gamoxatvisaken da dauyov-
nebeli siamovnebisaken imis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe, aris Tu ara is, rac mas surs realurad
SesaZlebeli, socialurad sasurveli anda
moralurad misaRebi. ids marTavs siamovnebis
principi, siamovnebis umarTavi Zieba, gansa-
kuTrebiT seqsualuri, fizikuri da emociuri
siamovnebisa, romelic unda iyos gancdili aq
da amJamad, Semdgom Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe.
superego warmoadgens individis mier sazo-
gadoebisagan naswavli Rirebulebebis sacavs,
moraluri damokidebulebebis CaTvliT. super-
ego, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, sindisis zogad cnebas
Seesabameba. is viTardeba, rodesac bavSvi
sakuTar Rirebulebebad iRebs mSoblebis da
sxva ufrosebis akrZalvebs socialurad arasa-
survel qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es aris unda-s
da ar unda-s Sinagani xma. superego, aseve, moicavs
egos ideals, individis warmodgenas iseT
pirovnebaze, rogoradac Camoyalibebas igi unda
cdilobdes. amdenad, superego xSirad kon-
fliqtSia idTan. ids unda imis gakeTeba, rac
idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri
nawili, romelic iracionalurad funqcio-
nirebs da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis
misaRwevad.
superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, rom-
elic warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi Rirebule-
bebis, standartebisa da moralis internali-
zacias.
ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawi-
leobs TviTdacvaSi da mimarTavs instinqtur
ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi
dacvis meqanizmi, romliTac mtkivneuli an
danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi, grZno-
bebi an mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defence mechanisms)
_ fsiqikuri strategiebi (cnobieri an ara-
cnobieri), romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis
normaluri mimdinareobisas gancdili kon-
fliqtebisagan TavdacvisaTvis.
570
siamovnebas mianiWebs maSin, rodesac superego
daJinebiT iTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac sworia.
ego aris me-s realobaze dafuZnebuli aspeqti,
romelic gansjis, agvarebs konfliqtebs idis
impulsebsa da superegos moTxovnebs Soris.
ego warmoadgens individis pirad Sexedulebebs
fizikur da socialur realobaze, mis cnobier
warmodgenebs qcevis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
egos saqmianobis nawilia iseTi moqmedebebis
arCeva, romlebic daakmayofilebs idis impulsebs
arasasurveli samomavlo Sedegebis gamowvevis
gareSe. egos marTavs realobis principi, ro-
melic racionalur arCevans siamovnebis miRebis
moTxovnebze maRla ayenebs. amgvarad, ego
Seakavebs gamocdaze motyuebis impulss, am
tyuilSi gamoWeris SemTxvevaSi samomavlo
Sedegze zrunvis gamo, da is Caanacvlebs am
impulss momavalSi ufro kargad swavlis, an
maswavleblis simpaTiis gamowvevis gadawyve-
tilebiT. rodesac idi da superego konfliqtSi
imyofebian, ego iseT kompromiss poulobs,
romelic nawilobriv daakmayofilebs orives;
Tumca, rodesac idis da superegos zewola
Zlierdeba, egosaTvis ufro Zneli xdeba
optimaluri kompromisebis gamoZebna.
represia (gandevna) da egos dacva
xandaxan idsa da superegos Soris kompromisi
idis gegmebis srul CaSlas gulisxmobs. uki-
duresi, eqstremaluri survilebi ganidevnebian
cnobieridan aracnobierSi. represia, anu gan-
devna fsiqologiuri procesia, romelic icavs
individs gamoxatvisaTvis miuRebeli da/an
saxifaTo impulsebis, ideebisa Tu mogonebebis
gamo gancdilis ukiduresi SfoTvisa an
danaSaulis gancdisagan. egom araferi icis
rogorc gandevnili fsiqikuri Sinaarsis, aseve
im procesis Sesaxeb, romliTac represia inaxavs
informacias cnobieris farglebs gareT. rep-
resia ganixileba erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad
im mravalTa Soris, romlebiTac ego icavs Tavs
muqaris Semcveli impulsebisa da ideebis
mozRvavebisagan.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi aris fsiqikuri
strategiebi, romlebsac ego idis gamoxatvis
maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am
impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Soris arsebuli
yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad
iyenebs (ix. cxrili 14.3). fsiqoanalitikur
TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasi-
cocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individis fsiqolo-
giur gamklavebaSi Zlier Sinagan konfliq-
tebTan. maTi gamoyenebiT pirovnebas SeuZlia
SeinarCunos sakuTari me-s sasiamovno, mosaxer-
xebeli xati da, aseve, misaRebi socialuri xati.
magaliTad, Tu bavSvs Zlieri siZulvilis
grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT, romelic, Tu
gamoxatvis gzas naxavs, saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna
moagvarebs amas, SeiZleba sZlios mas. Semdgom
es mtruli impulsi cnobierad aRar iTxovs
dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki ar aris
aRiarebuli. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom
impulsi ar Cans da misi xmac ar ismis, is ar
gaqra; es grZnobebi kvlavac TamaSoben rols
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi. magaliTad, mamasTan
Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma SeiZleba aimaR-
los TviTRirebulebis gancda da Seamciros
aracnobieri SiSi, rom masSi mtrul ganzraxvas
aRmoaCenen.
froidis TeoriaSi SfoTva aris intensiuri
emociuri pasuxi, aRZruli maSin, rodesac
gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierSi
amosvlas. SfoTva xifaTis niSania: _ gandevna
ar muSaobs! inTeba wiTeli Suqi! saWiroa meti
dacva! droa, amoqmeddes dacvis meore xazi, egos
erTi an meti dacvis meqanizmi, romlebic
Seamcireben SfoTvas da gandevnian arasasiamovno
impulsebs ukan aracnobierSi. magaliTad, dedam,
romelsac ar moswons Tavisi vaJiSvili da ar
surs masze zrunva, SeiZleba gamoiyenos reaqciis
formacia, romelic mis miuRebel impulss
sawinaaRmdegoSi gadaiyvans: „me ar mZuls Cemi
bavSvi~ gaxdeba „me miyvars Cemi bavSvi. xedavT,
rogori siyvaruliT vzrunav masze?~ dacvis
aseTi xerxebi SfoTvis SemsubuqebaSi gadamwyvet,
gamklavebis funqcias asruleben.
Tu dacviTi meqanizmebi gvicaven SfoTvisagan,
ratom aris, rom maT mainc SeiZleba uaryofiTi
Sedegebi mogvitanon? ramdenad gamosadegic ar
unda iyvnen isini, egos dacvis meqanizmebi
imTaviTve Tavis motyuebaa. maTi gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi isini ufro met prob-
lemebs iwveven, vidre wyveten. fsiqologiurad
arajansaRia didi droisa da fsiqikuri energiis
daxarjva miuRebeli impulsebis lavirebaSi,
dafarvasa da sxva arxisken warmarTvaSi SfoTvis
SfoTva (Anxiety) _ intensiuri emociuri reaqcia,
gamowveuli winarecnobieri aRqmiT imisa, rom
represirebuli konfliqti apirebs cnobie-
rebaSi amosvlas.

cxrili
14.3
egos dacvis mTavari meqanizmi
realobis uaryofa me-s dacva arasasiamovno realobisagan mis aRqmaze uaris TqmiT
Canacvleba Sekavebuli grZnobebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, mtruloba) gadatana imaze nakleb saxifaTo
obieqtze, romelmac Tavidan gamoiwvia emocia;
fantazia frustrirebuli survilebis dakmayofileba warmosaxul miRwevebSi (gavrcelebuli
formaa „ocneba~);
identifikacia TviTRirebulebis grZnobis gaZliereba sxva (cnobil) adamianTan an sazogadoebasTan
identifikaciiT;
izolacia saziano situaciidan emociuri muxtis moSoreba an SeuTavsebeli damokidebulebis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi

danawevreba logikurad dakavSirebul nawilebad (SeCereba konfliqturi

damokidebulebebisa, romlebic arasodes warmogvidgeboda, rogorc erTdrouli an
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli). aseve uwodeben danawevrebas;
proeqcia sakuTari sirTuleebisaTvis bralis sxvebze gadatana an sakuTari „akrZaluli~
survilebis sxvebisaTvis mikuTvneba;
racionalizacia imis damtkicebis mcdeloba, rom sakuTari qceva „racionaluria~ da gamarTlebadi da,
amdenad, sakuTarsa da sxvebis mowonebas imsaxurebs;
reaqciis formacia saxifaTo survilebis gamoxatvis SeCereba sawinaaRmdego damokidebulebisa da qcevis
tipebis ganxorcielebiT da maTi rogorc `barierebis~ gamoyenebiT;
regresia ganviTarebis adreul doneze dabruneba, rac gulisxmobs ufro bavSvur pasuxebsa da,
rogorc wesi, aspiraciis ufro dabal dones;
represia mtkivneuli an saxifaTo azrebis gandevna cnobieridan, maTi aracnobierSi Senaxva. es
iTvleba yvelaze Zireul dacvis meqanizmad;
sublimacia frustrirebuli seqsualuri survilebis dakmayofileba an maTgan ganTavisufleba
kulturaSi socialurad miRebuli CanacvlebiTi araseqsualuri moqmedebebiT.
571
 Semcirebis mizniT. aseTi qmedeba cota energias
tovebs produqtuli cxovrebisaTvis da damak-
mayofilebeli adamianuri urTierTobebisTvis.
zogierTi fsiqikuri daavadeba SfoTvis Sem-
cirebisaTvis dacvis meqnizmebis gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis Sedegia, rogorc fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi vnaxavT.
froidis Teoriis Sefaseba
Cven didi adgili davuTmeT fsiqoanali-
tikuri Teoriis aRweras, radgan froidis ideebs
uzarmazari gavlena hqonda imaze, Tu ras
fiqrobs mravali fsiqologi pirovnebis nor-
maluri da paTologiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb,
Tumca, froidis cnebebs ufro meti kritikosi
hyavs fsiqologTa Soris, vidre momxre. ras
efuZneba maTi kritika?
pirvel rigSi, fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebi
bundovania da ar aris operaciulad gansazRvru-
li; rTulia Teoriis didi nawilis mecnieru-
lad Sefaseba, radgan SeuZlebelia zogierTi
misi centraluri hipoTezis uaryofa da, amdenad,
froidis Teoria saeWvo xdeba. rogor unda iyos
pirdapiri gziT Seswavlili cnebebi libido,
pirovnebis struqtura da infantiluri seqsua-
luri impulsebis represia?
meore, amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kritika
isaa, rom froidis Teoria warmoadgens karg
monaTxrobs, magram cud mecnierebas. is sandod
ver winaswarmetyvelebs, ra moxdeba; is retros-
peqtulad gamoiyeneba mas Semdeg, rac movlenebi
moxda. pirovnebis gagebisaTvis fsiqoanaliti-
kuri Teoriis gamoyeneba, rogorc wesi, moicavs
istoriul rekonstruqcias da ara _ SesaZlebeli
moqmedebebis da winaswarmetyvelebadi Sedegebis
mecnierul konstruqcias. garda amisa, mimdinare
qcevis istoriuli warmoSobis gadaWarbebuli
xazgasmiT es Teoria ar uTmobs yuradRebas
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
amJamindel stimulebs, romlebic SeiZleba
iwvevdnen da inarCunebdnen qcevas.
arsebobs froidis Teoriis kidev sami mTavari
kritika: pirveli _ is ganviTarebis Teoriaa,
magram arasodes moicavda bavSvebze dakvirvebebsa
da kvlevebs; meore _ travmatuli gamocdilebis
(rogoricaa bavSvebis Seuracxyofa) Sesaxeb
mogonebebis reinterpretaciiT da maTTvis fanta-
ziebis darqmeviT (rac efuZneba bavSvis mSobel-
572
Tan seqsualuri kontaqtis survils) mas mini-
mumamde dahyavs am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba;
mesame _ am Teorias androcentruli (mamakacze-
centrirebuli) gadaxra aqvs, radganac is normad
kacis models iyenebs da arc ki cdilobs,
gansazRvros, Tu ra gansxvaveba SeiZleba arse-
bobdes qalebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, froidis Teoriis
zogierTi aspeqti axlac aRiarebulia, ramdena-
dac isini modificirda da gaumjobesda empiri-
uli kvlevebis Sedegad. magaliTad, me-6 TavSi
vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebi sistematurad
ikvleven aracnobieris cnebas (Baars & McGovern,
1996; Westen, 1998). es kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis did nawils
Cveni cnobierebis miRma myofi procesebi
ayalibeben. es Sedegebi adasturebs froidis
zogad koncefcias, magram asustebs kavSirs
aracnobier procesebsa da fsiqopaTologias
Soris: _ aracnobieri codna sulac ar gamoiw-
vevs SfoTvas an tanjvas. aseve, mkvlevrebma
daadastures fsiqikis zogierTi Cvevis arseboba,
romlebsac froidma dacvis meqanizmebi uwoda
(Hentschel et al., 1993; Singer, 1990).
saidan
viciT
individualuri gansxvavebebi dacvis
meqanizmebis gamoyenebaSi
zemoT davuSviT, rom mosalodnelia,
individebma gamoiyenon dacvis meqanizmebi
maSin, rodesac isini SfoTvas ganicdian.
mkvlevrebma es hipoTeza mravalferovani
meTodebiT Seamowmes. erT-erTi mkvlevari
swavlobda im xarisxs, romliTac axal-
gazrda mozrdili (23 wlis) adamianebis
jgufma miaRwia zrdasrulobis stabilur
identobas (gaixseneT me-11 Tavidan, rom
erik eriksonis mixedviT, identobis gan-
sazRvra aris „krizisi~, romelic adamia-
nebma mozardobis dasrulebisaTvis unda
gadalaxon). am jgufis zogierT individs
miRweuli hqonda identuroba, zogi ki jer
kidev krizisis mdgomareobaSi iyo. Tu es
krizisi SfoTvas iwvevs, Cveni molodini
unda yofiliyo, rom krizisSi myofi jgufi
ufro xSirad gamoiyenebda dacvis meqaniz-

mebs. am hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, mkvlevari
sTxovda axalgazrdebs, SeeTxzaT moTxro-
bebi Tematuri apercefciis testis bara-
Tebze dayrdnobiT (ix. Tavi 12). cdis pirTa
monaTxrobebi gaaanalizes iseTi dacvis
meqanizmebis aRmosaCenad, rogoricaa uar-
yofa da proeqcia (ix. cxrili 14.3). ana-
lizma daadastura hipoTeza: _ im indi-
videbis SemTxvevaSi, visac jer miRweuli
ar hqonda identoba, TvalsaCino iyo meti
midrekileba dacvis meqanizmebis gamoyene-
bisaken (Cramer, 1997).
me-13 TavSi aRwerili stresis daZlevis zo-
gierTi stili dacvis meqanizmebis zogad
kategoriaSi xvdeba. Tqven SeiZleba gaixsenoT,
rom pirovnul travmebTan, danaSaulis an
sircxvilis gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli
azrebisa da grZnobebis Sekavebam SeiZleba gama-
nadgurebeli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos fsiqikur
da fizikur janmrTelobaze (Pennebaker, 1990; Petrie
et al., 1998). es aRmoCenebi exmaureba froidis
mosazrebebs, rom represirebul fsiqikur
masalas SeuZlia fsiqikuri distresis gamowveva.
froidis Teoria normaluri da paTologiuri
pirovnebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro
rTuli, yovlismomcveli da daumarcxebeli
xedvaa maSinac ki, rodesac misi winaswarmetyve-
lebebi mcdaria. yvela sxva Teoriis msgavsad,
froidis Teorias saukeTesod epyrobian, rogorc
Teorias, romelic unda dadasturdes, an ar
dadasturdes misi Semadgeneli elementebis
mixedviT. froidi inarCunebs gavlenas Tana-
medrove fsiqologiaze, radgan zogi misi idea
farTodaa miRebuli, sxvebi ki uaryofil iqna.
misi Teoriis zogierTi adreuli revizia misi
studentebis wreSi daiwyo. vnaxoT, Tu rogor
cdilobdnen isini froidis mosazrebebis Ses-
worebas.
post-froidistuli Teoriebi
zogierTma maTganma, vinc froidis Semdeg
movida kvleviT asparezze, SeinarCuna pirovnebis
miseuli xedva, rogorc brZolis velisa, ro-
melzec aracnobieri sawyisi impulsebi ebrZvian
socialur Rirebulebebs, Tumca, froidis inte-
leqtualuri STamomavlebidan bevrma Seitana
koreqtivebi pirovnebis fsiqoanalitikur
xedvaSi. zogadad, am post-froidianelebma
Semdegi cvlilebebi Semoitanes:
maT meti aqcenti gaakeTes egos funqciebze,
egos dacvebis, me-s ganviTarebis, cnobieri
azrovnebis procesebisa da pirovnebis Zalauf-
lebis CaTvliT;
maTi azriT, socialuri cvladebi (kul-
tura, ojaxi da Tanatolebi) ufro did rols
TamaSoben pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi;
isini nakleb aqcents akeTeben zogadi seq-
sualuri impulsebis, anu libidos energiis
mniSvnelobaze;
maT pirovnebis ganviTareba bavSvobis miRma
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ganavrces.
Cven mimovixilavT alfred adleris, karen
hornis da karl iungis Teoriebis sakvanZo
debulebebs.
alfred adlerma (Alfred Adler, 1929) uaryo
erosisa da siamovnebis principis mniSvneloba.
adleris azriT, umweo, sxvebze damokidebuli
patara bavSvis msgavsad, yvela adamiani ganicdis
inferiorobis (anu arasrulfasovnebis) grZno-
bas. is amtkicebda, rom yvelas cxovrebaSi domi-
nirebs am grZnobis daZlevis gzebis Zieba. ada-
mianebi axdenen am grZnobis kompensacias adek-
vaturobis grZnobis miRweviT an, ufro xSirad,
gadaWarbebiT kompensacias superiorobis (anu
Warbi TviTSefasebis) miRwevis mcdelobiT.
pirovneba struqturirebulia am miswrafebis
irgvliv; adamianebi cxovrebis stils inferio-
robis bazisuri, yovlismomcveli grZnobis daZ-
levis konkretul gzebze dayrdnobiT aviTareben.
pirovnebis konfliqti Cndeba eqsternaluri
garemoebebis zewolasa da adekvaturobisaken
internalur miswrafebas Soris SeuTavseblobis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
gamo da ara adamianis SigniT SejibrebaSi myofi
impulsebis gamo.
karen horni (Karen Horney) fsiqoanalitikur
skolaSi aRizarda, magram ramdenime mimarTule-
biT ganudga orTodoqsul froidistul Teorias.
igi daupirispirda froidis falocentristul
aqcents penisis mniSvnelobaze da Seqmna Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac mamakacuri Suri orsulobis,
dedobis, mkerdisa da ZuZuTi kvebis mimarT
biWebisa da kacebis aracnobieris dinamikur
Zalas warmoadgens. am „saSvilosnos Surs~ mih-
yavs mamakacebi qalebis gaufasurebisken da
573

kreatul muSaobaze mimarTuli aracnobieri
impulsebiT gadaWarbebuli kompensaciisaken.
hornim, aseve, froidze metad gausva xazi kul-
turul faqtorebs da yuradReba gaamaxvila
amJamindeli xasiaTis struqturaze da ara _
infantilur seqsualobaze (Horney, 1937, 1939).
vinaidan hornim humanisturi Teoriebis ganviTa-
rebazec moaxdina gavlena, mis ideebs Semdeg
qveTavSi davubrundebiT.
karl iungma (Carl Jung, 1959) didad gaafarTova
aracnobieris cneba. misTvis aracnobieri ar
iyo SezRuduli individis unikaluri cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebiT, aramed, aseve, aRsav-
se iyo Zireuli fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebiT,
romelsac mTeli adamianuri rasa iziarebs,
koleqtiuri aracnobieriT. koleqtiuri aracno-
bieri xsnis Tqven mier primitiuli miTebis,
koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious)
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
_ individis aracnobieris nawili, romelic
Tandayolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli
da saerToa saxeobis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdile-
bisa Tu obieqtis universaluri, Tandayolili,
primitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.
analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic pshycology) _
fsiqologiis mimarTuleba, romelic pirovnebas
ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
574 kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
xelovnebis formebisa da simboloebis intuitur
gagebas, romlebic yofis universalur arqetipebs
warmoadgenen. arqetipi aris konkretuli gamoc-
dilebis an obieqtis primitiuli simboluri
warmodgena, reprezentacia. yoveli arqetipi
asocirebulia mis Sesaxeb grZnobisa da fiqris,
an misi gansakuTrebuli gziT gancdis instin-
qtur tendenciasTan. iungma mravali arqetipi
moiyvana istoriidan da miTologiidan: mze Rmer-
Ti, gmiri, dedamiwa. animusi iyo mamrobiTi arqe-
tipi maSin, rodesac anima _ mdedrobiTi da
yvela qali da kaci ganicdida orive arqetips
gansxvavebuli xarisxiT. me-s arqetipia mandala,
anu jadosnuri wre, romelic simbolurad asa-
xavs erTianobisa da mTlianobisken swrafvas
(Jung, 1973).
iungs janmrTeli, integrirebuli pirovneba
warmoedgina, rogorc iseTi urTierTsawinaaR-
mdego Zalebis balansireba, rogoricaa masku-
linuri agresia da femininuri mgrZnobiaroba.
pirovnebis, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelaciis,
xedvas analitikuri fsiqologia ewoda. garda
amisa, iungma uaryo libidos pirveladi mniS-
vneloba, romelic esoden centraluri iyo
froidis TeoriisaTvis. man daamata ori Tanabrad
Zlieri aracnobieri instinqti: qmnis, kreatu-
lobis moTxovnileba da koherentul, mTlian
individad Camoyalibebis moTxovnileba. Semdeg
qveTavSi humanisturi Teoriebis Sesaxeb vnaxavT
am meore moTxovnilebis paralels TviTaqtuali-
zaciis cnebaSi.
Sejameba
froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria yuradRe-
bas amaxvilebs ideaze, rom yvela qceva motivire-
bulia da motivacia xSirad aracnobier doneze
operirebs. libido warmoadgens motivaciis
mniSvnelovan wyaros. pirovnebis ganviTarebasTan
erTad seqsualuri energia gamoixateba eroge-
nuli zonebis TanmimdevrobiT. im pacientebis
SeswavliT, romelTa simptomebi adreuli
cxovrebis movlenebs asaxavdnen, froidma
Camoayaliba fsiqikuri determinizmis Teoria.
misi Teoriis mixedviT, superegos moraluri
winamZRoloba da egos realuri bazisi cdi-
loben, Seamciron idis Seupovari miswrafeba
seqsualuri, emociuri da fizikuri siamovne-
bisaken. egos dacvis meqanizmebi SesaZleblobas
aZleven pirovnebas, daZlios Zlieri Sinagani
konfliqtebiT gamowveuli SfoTva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom froidis Teoriis bevrma aspeqtma
ver gauZlo kritikas, aracnobierisa da dacvis
meqanizmebis msgavsma cnebebma aRiareba pova
mraval fsiqologs Soris. froidis mimdevrebma,
rogorebic arian: adleri, horni da iungi, misi
Teoriis ramdenime Sesworeba da damateba
SemogvTavazes.
humanisturi Teoriebi
pirovnebisadmi humanisturi midgoma xasiaT-
deba individis piradi da cnobieri gamoc-
dilebis integraciisa da zrdis potencialis
mimarT interesiT. yvela humanisturi Teoriis
ZiriTadi niSania yuradRebis gamaxvileba TviT-
aqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze; TviTaqtualizacia
ki mudmivi swrafvaa sakuTari arsebuli poten-
cialis realizaciisaken _ unarebis da niWis
srulad ganviTarebisaken. am qveTavSi naxavT,
Tu rogor Camoayalibes humanisturi Teoriis
mimdevrebma TviTaqtualizaciis es cneba. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra damate-
biTi niSnebi ganasxvaveben humanistur Teoriebs
pirovnebis Teoriebis sxva tipebisagan.
humanisturi Teoriebis niSnebi
pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebis
azriT, rogorebic arian karl rojersi, abraham
maslou da karen horni, qcevis motivacia
momdinareobs pirovnebis unikaluri (rogorc
Tandayolili, ise SeZenili) tendenciebidan,
ganviTardes da Seicvalos TviTaqtualizaciis
miznisaken mimavali dadebiTi mimarTulebebiT.
gaixseneT me-12 Tavidan, rom masloum TviTaq-
tualizacia Tavisi moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis
kenweroSi moaTavsa. TviTganxorcielebisaken
swrafva konstruqtuli warmmarTveli Zalaa,
romelic zogadad yovel adamians dadebiTi
qcevisaken da me-s srulyofisaken mimarTavs.
TviTaqtualizaciisken swrafva xandaxan
konfliqtSi modis sakuTari da sxvebis mowonebis
moTxovnilebasTan, gansakuTrebiT maSin, ro-
desac adamiani grZnobs, rom mowonebis damsa-
xurebisTvis garkveul movaleobebsa Tu pirobebs
unda akmayofilebdes. magaliTad, karl rojersi
(Carl Rogers, 1947, 1951, 1977) xazs usvams upirobo
dadebiTi ganwyobis mniSvnelobas bavSvebis
aRzrdis dros. igi Tvlida, rom bavSvebma unda
igrZnon, rom isini yovelTvis eyvarebaT da
moewonebaT, miuxedavad maTi Secdomebisa da
cudi qcevisa; rom maT ar sWirdebaT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvarulis damsaxureba. misi reko-
mendaciiT, rodesac bavSvi cudad iqceva, mSob-
lebma xazi unda gausvan, rom maT qceva ar
moswonT da ara _ TviTon bavSvi. upirobo
dadebiTi ganwyoba mniSvnelovania zrdasrul
asakSic, radganac nerviuloba imis Sesaxeb,
movwonvarT sxvebs Tu ara, xels uSlis TviTa-
qtualizacias. rogorc mozrdil adamians, Tqven
gWirdebaT gasceT da miiRoT upirobo dadebiTi
ganwyoba im adamianebisagan, visTanac axlos
xarT. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saWiroa
grZnobdeT upirobo dadebiT TviTpativiscemas,
anu sakuTari Tavis mimReblobas, miuxedavad im
sisusteebisa, romelTa Secvlas SeiZleba cdi-
lobT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas xSirad ar miageben
saTanado pativs, karen horni kidev erTi cen-
traluri Teoretikosia, romlis ideebmac gana-
piroba humanisturi fsiqologiis dafuZneba
(Frager & Fadiman, 1998). horni darwmunda, rom
adamianebs aqvT „namdvili me~, romelic aqtuali-
zaciisaTvis xelSemwyob iseT garemo pirobebs
moiTxovs, rogoricaa: siTbos atmosfero, sxvebis
keTilganwyoba da mSoblebis siyvaruli bavSvis,
rogorc „konkretuli individis~ mimarT (Horney,
1945, 1950). rodesac ar arsebobs aRzrdis aseTi
xelSemwyobi pirobebi, bavSvi aviTarebs bazisur
SfoTvas, romelic akavebs realuri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis spontanurobas da xels uSlis
sxvebTan efeqtur urTierTobas. Tavisi bazisuri
humanisturi Teoriebi
TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis
fsiqologiis cneba, romelic exeba adamianis
mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis reali-
zaciisaken da Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis
ganviTarebisaken.
upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba (Unconditional posi-
tive regard) _ individis sruli siyvaruli da
mimRebloba sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad,
bavSvisa mSoblis mier, yvelanairi pirobis
gareSe.
575
 SfoTvis dasaZlevad individebi interper-
sonaluri an intrafsiqikur dacvebs mimarTaven.
interpersonaluri dacvebi warmoqmnian moZra-
obas sxvebisken (rac gamoixateba gadaWarbebuli
TanxmobisaTvis mzaobisa da TviTSekavebiTi
moqmedebebis meSveobiT), sxvebis winaaRmdeg (rac
gamoixateba agresiuli, ampartavani, an narcisis-
tuli gadawyvetilebebiT) an sxvebisagan (rac
gamoixateba gankerZoebulobis meSveobiT). in-
trafsiqikuri dacvebi muSaoben, raTa Camoaya-
libon ararealuri idealizebuli me-s xati,
romelsac Sedegad mosdevs „didebis Zieba~ am
xatis gasamarTleblad da siamayis sistema,
romelic eqvemdebareba qcevis rigidul wesebs,
raTa Seesabamebodes am grandiozul TviTSefa-
sebas. aseTi adamianebi xSirad „unda-s tiraniis~
qveS cxovroben da sakuTari Tavis mimarT
wayenebuli aqvT iseTi movaleobebi, rogoricaa:
„me srulyofili, keTilSobili, mimzidveli,
mamaci unda viyo~ da a.S. hornis azriT, humanis-
turi Terapiis mizani iyo, daxmareboda individs
TviTrealizaciis miRwevaSi da xeli Seewyo
adamianis bunebaSi Tandayolili konstruqciuli
ZalebisaTvis, romlebic exmarebian TviTgan-
xorcielebisaken swrafvas.
TviTaqtualizacia, anu namdvili me-s mimar-
TulebiT progresis aqcentireba warmoadgens
maslous, rojersisa da hornis Teoriebis mniS-
vnelovan aspeqts. garda amisa, humanisturi
Teoriebi aRweril iqna, rogorc holisturi,
dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencia-
luri. vnaxoT, ra aris amis mizezi.
humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, radgan
adamianebis calkeul qmedebebs mTliani pirov-
nebebis terminebiT xsnian. adamianebi ar ganixi-
lebian, rogorc jami calkeuli niSnebisa, rom-
lebic saTiTaod axdenen sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas
qcevaze. maslous azriT, adamianebi arsebiTad
motivirebulni arian moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
ufro maRali doneebisaken (rac ganxilul iqna
me-12 TavSi), Tu ufro dabal doneze aRmoce-
nebulma defeqtebma ar CamoqaCes isini dabla.
humanisturi Teoriebi dispoziciuria, radgan
isini adamianis Tandayolil Tvisebebze fokusir-
deba, romlebic mTavar gavlenas axdenen qcevis
mimarTulebaze. situaciuri faqtorebi ganixi-
leba, rogorc sirTuleebi da barierebi (rogorc
Zafebi, romlebic qvemoT aCereben mibmul buS-
576 tebs). rodesac aqtualizaciis tendencia
gaTavisufldeba uaryofiTi situaciuri pirobe-
bisagan, man aqtiurad unda warmarTos adamianebi
sasargeblo, dadebiTad moqmedi situaciebis
arCevisaken. Tumca, humanisturi Teoriebi ar aris
dispoziciuri im gagebiT, romliTac _ niSnis
anda fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi. am ukanaskneli
Sexedulebebis mixedviT, pirovnuli dispoziciebi
qcevaSi kvlav da kvlav warmoCenili ganmeorebadi
Temebia. humanisturi dispoziciebi specifikurad
mimarTulia kreatulobisa da zrdisaken. yovel
jerze, rodesac humanisturi dispozicia
xorcieldeba, pirovneba odnav icvleba, ase rom,
dispozicia arasodes gamoixateba orjer, erTi
da imave saxiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi humanistur
dispoziciebs mihyavT individi TviTaqtuali-
zaciisaken, am motivebis yvelaze wminda gamo-
humanisturi Teoriebi fenomenologiuria, radgan
isini xazs usvamen individis Tvalsazriss da
realobis subieqtur xedvas da ara damkvirveb-
lisa Tu Terapevtis obieqtur mosazrebas. ase
rom, humanisturi fsiqologi yovelTvis cdilobs
yoveli adamianis unikaluri Sexedulebis danax-
vas. es xedva awmyoze orientirebuli xedvacaa;
warsuli gavlenebi mniSvnelovania mxolod im
TvalsazrisiT, rom maT adamiani dRevandel
situaciamde moiyvanes, xolo momavali warmoad-
gens misaRwev miznebs. amdenad, fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT, humanisturi Teoriebi
ar Tvlian, rom adamianebis awmyo qcevas
aracnobierad warmarTavs warsuli gamocdileba.
dabolos, iseTi mecnieris azriT, rogoricaa
rolo mei (Rollo May, 1975), humanistur Teoriebs
aqvT egzistencialuri aspeqti; isini yuradRebas
amaxvileben maRal fsiqikur procesebze, rom-
lebic xsnian mimdinare gamocdilebas da sa-
Sualebas aZleven individs Seesabamebodes, an
daTrgunul iqnes yofierebis yoveldRiuri
problemebiT. es egzistencialuri perspeqtiva
momdinareobs rogorc literaturuli, ise
filosofiuri tradiciebidan, romlebic mas
farTo mimzidvelobas aniWeben mravali Tanamed-
rove mecnierisa da klinicistisTvis (Schneider
& May, 1995).
pirovnebis optimisturi humanisturi xedva
sasiamovno siaxle iyo mravali fsiqologisaT-
vis, romlebic froidiseuli medicinis „momwaro
dietaze~ aRizardnen. humanisturi midgomebi
fokusirdeba gaumjobesebaze an imaze, rom cxov-
reba ufro advilad mosanelebeli, misaRebi
gaxdes, da ara mtkivneuli mogonebebis gamoqeq-
vaze, romlebic xandaxan umjobesia gandevnili
darCes. humanisturi Tvalsazrisi xazs usvams
yoveli adamianis SesaZleblobas, moaxdinos
Tavisi sruli potencialis realizacia.
humanisturi Teoriebis
Sefaseba
froidis Teorias xSirad akritikebdnen zed-
metad pesimisturi SexedulebisaTvis, rom ada-
mianis buneba viTardeba konfliqtebidan, travme-
bidan da SfoTvebidan. humanisturi Teoriebi
jansaRi pirovnebis gansadideblad gaCnda,
romelic bednierebisaken da TviTaqtuali-
zaciisaken miiltvis. Znelia, gaakritiko Teo-
riebi, romlebic waaxaliseben da afaseben ada-
mianebs, Tundac maTi Secdomebis gamo. da mainc,
kritikosebi Civian, rom humanisturi Teoriebi
bundovani da Znelad misawvdomia kvlevisaTvis.
isini svamen kiTxvas: „dazustebiT ra aris TviT-
aqtualizacia? es Tandayolili tendenciaa Tu
kulturuli konteqstiTaa Seqmnili?~ humanis-
turi Teoriebi ar amaxvileben yuradRebas indi-
videbis konkretul maxasiaTeblebze; isini ufro
metad warmoadgenen Teoriebs adamianis bunebis
da im Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela
adamianisTvis saerToa, vidre Teoriebs individu-
aluri pirovnebis Sesaxeb, an adamianTa Soris
gansxvavebebis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. sxva fsiqo-
logebi aRniSnaven, rom me-s, rogorc gamocdi-
lebisa da qmedebis wyaros, rolis xazgasmiT
humanisturi Teoriebi uaryofen garemos mniSvne-
lovan cvladebs, romlebic aseve axdenen qcevaze
gavlenas.
am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, humanisturi
tradiciidan nawilobriv momdinareobs Tanamed-
rove kvlevis erTi tipi, romelic uSualod
koncentrirdeba individualur moTxrobebze, anu
cxovrebis istoriebze (Baumeister, 1994; McAdams,
1996; Rosenwald & Ochberg, 1992). fsiqobiografiis
Sesadgenad individis cxovrebis detalebis
gagebaSi fsiqologiuri Teoriis gamoyenebis
tradiciis sawyiss SeiZleba froidis mier leo-
nardo da vinCis analizSi mivakvlioT (Freud,
1910/957; ix. Elms, 1988, froidis naSromis kriti-
kisaTvis). fsiqobiografia ganisazRvreba, ro-
gorc „fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT, pirov-
nebis) Teoriis sistematuri gamoyeneba cxovrebis
Tanmimdevrul da gasageb ambad gardaqmnisaTvis~
(McAdams, 1988, gv. 2). ganvixiloT didi mxatvris,
pablo pikasos Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia:
pikasom bavSvobaSi ramdenime travma ganicada,
seriozuli miwisZvrisa da umcrosi dis sikvdi-
lis CaTvliT. fsiqobiografiam SeiZleba pikasos
udidesi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis garkveuli
nawilis axna scados, rogorc am adreul trav-
mebze misi pasuxebis samudamo danaleqi (Gardner,
1993).
rodesac ganTqmuli an istoriuli figura
fsiqobiografiis sagani xdeba, mkvlevarma SeiZ-
leba gamoqveynebul Sromebs, dRiurebs da
werilebs mimarTos, rogorc sando monacemebis
wyaroebs. ufro Cveulebrivi individebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba pirdapir gamo-
kiTxon cxovrebis gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb;
magaliTad, cdis pirs SeiZleba sTxovon, isa-
ubros ukanaskneli Zlieri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb:
„ras fiqrobdiT da grZnobdiT? ra SeuZlia am
epizods mogviTxros imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xarT
Tqven, vin iyaviT, vin SeiZleba iyoT, an rogor
ganviTardiT droTa ganmavlobaSi?~ (McAdams &
de St. Aubin, 1992, gv. 1010). damaxasiaTebeli Temebi,
romlebic TxrobiTi angariSebis seriebSi
vlindeba, mxars uWers adreuli humanistebis
mier wamoyenebul pirovnebis holistur da
fenomenologiur versiebs _ adamianebi Tavis
identobas calkeuli moTxrobebis cxovrebis
ambad gaerTianebis gziT ageben. piradi angariSebi
fanjaraa, romlidanac SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tu
ra warmodgena aqvT adamianebs sakuTari Tavisa
da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
(Harvey et al., 1990; Shotter, 1984).
humanisturi Teoriebis mimdevrebi aqcents
akeTebdnen TiToeuli individis swrafvaze TviT-
aqtualizaciisaken, Tumca, aRiarebdnen, rom
adamianebis warmateba am miznis miRwevaSi, nawi-
humanisturi Teoriebi
lobriv, gansazRvrulia maTi garemos realiebiT.
axla ganvixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic uSualod
exebian individebis qcevas, romelic maTi
garemos gavleniT yalibdeba.
fsiqobiografia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqolo-
giuri (gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis ga-
moyeneba individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTu-
lebis aRwerisa da axsnisaTvis.
577

Sejameba
humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebi, rogorebic
arian maslou, rojersi da horni, Tvlidnen,
rom qceva motivirebulia pozitiuri gziT
ganviTarebisa da cvlilebis bazisuri surviliT,
rac TviTaqtualizaciisaken moZraobas gulis-
xmobs. pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi ho-
listuria, dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da
egzistencialuri. kritikosebis azriT, humanis-
turi Teoriebis zogi centraluri cneba cudad
aris gansazRvruli; es Teoriebi ar iTvalis-
winebs adamianebis cxovrebaze garemos gavlenas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebi agrZeleben humanistur
tradicias im xerxebze fokusirebiT, romlebi-
Tac individebi qmnian Tanmimdevrul mTlian
suraTs Tavisi cxovrebis mravali epizodisagan.
socialuri daswavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela Teorii-
saTvis saerToa aqcenti hipoTetur Sinagan
meqanizmebze _ niSnebze, instinqtebze, impulseb-
ze, TviTaqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze, romlebic
biZgs aZleven qcevas da warmoqmnian funqcionire-
badi pirovnebis baziss. miuxedavad amisa, rac
aklia am Teoriebis umetesobas, esaa myari kavSiri
pirovnebasa da konkretul qcevas Soris. maga-
liTad, fsiqodinamikuri da humanisturi Teo-
riebi gvawvdian monacemebs mTliani pirovnebis
Sesaxeb, magram ar winaswarmetyveleben speci-
fikur qmedebebs. pirovnebis Teoriis kidev erTi
mimarTuleba imis safuZvelze warmoiSva, rom
yuradReba gamaxvilda qcevaSi individualur
gansxvavebebze. gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan, rom ada-
mianis qcevis didi nawili SeiZleba garemos
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
ganvixiloT pirovnebis bihevioristuli kon-
cefcia, romelic ielis universitetis fsiqo-
logebis gundma Seqmna jon dolardisa da nil
mileris meTaurobiT (John Dollard, Neal Miller, 1950).
dolardma da milerma Semoitanes iseTi cnebebi,
rogorebicaa: daswavlili ltolvebi, pasuxebis
Sekaveba da daswavlili qcevis paternebi.
froidis msgavsad, maT xazi gausves daZabulobis
da daZabulobis Semcirebis ganmamtkicebeli
(siamovnebis momgvreli) Sedegebis motivaciuri
Zalebis rols. organizmebi moqmedeben, raTa
Seamciron daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebiT
gamowveuli daZabuloba. is qceva, romelic
warmatebiT amcirebs aseT daZabulobebs, meor-
deba da droTa ganmavlobaSi daswavlil Cvevad
gadaiqceva, romelic ganmtkicebulia ganmeo-
rebiTi daZabulobis SemcirebiT. dolardma da
milerma, aseve, aCvenes, rom adamianma SeiZleba
iswavlos socialuri imitaciis (mibaZvis) gziT,
anu sxvebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT ise, rom sapasuxo
qmedebis faqtobrivad ganxorcielebis auci-
lebloba ar iqmneba. warmoidgineT, rom patara
biWi xedavs, rom mis ufros das kanfets aZleven,
rodesac is mirbis saxlSi dabrunebuli mamis
Sesaxvedrad; umcrosma Zmam SeiZleba imave qcevis
ganxorcieleba daiwyos. imitaciis ideam gaafar-
Tova is gzebi, romlebiTac, fsiqologebis war-
modgeniT, daiswavleba efeqturi an destruqci-
uli qceva. pirovneba warmogvidgeba, rogorc am
daswavlil qcevaTa jami.
Tanamedrove socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebi xSirad iziareben dolar-

pirobebze dayrdnobiT viwinaswarmetyveloT.

daswavlis Teoriis mimdevari fsiqologebi miu-
TiTeben garemos pirobebze, romlebic akontro-
leben qcevas. pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc
Ria da faruli pasuxebis jami, romlebic didi
albaTobiT gamowveulia individis moqmedebaTa
ganmtkicebebis istoriiT. daswavlis Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian, radgan maT
578 gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis istoria aqvT.
disa da mileris mosazrebas, rom qcevaze gav-
lenas axdens garemos pirobebi, Tumca, es
Teoriebi erTi nabijiT win midian da xazs
usvamen kognituri da bihevioraluri procesebis
mniSvnelobas, riTic moqmed sxeuls moazrovne
gonebas, fsiqikas ubruneben. isini, vinc pirov-
nebis kognituri Teoriebi Seqmna, aRniSnaven,
rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani individualuri
gansxvavebebi imaSi, Tu rogor fiqroben da
gansazRvraven adamianebi nebismier eqsternalur
(garegan) situacias. kognituri Teoriebi yurad-
Rebas amaxvileben im fsiqikur procesebze,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi Tavis Seg-
rZnebebs da aRqmebs realobis Sesaxeb organi-
zebul STabeWdilebad gardaqmnian. humanisturi
Teoriebis msgavsad, kognituri Teoriebi xazs
usvamen, rom Tqven monawileobT sakuTari pirov-
nebis SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, Tqven, ZiriTadad,
aqtiurad irCevT Tqvens garemos da ara mxolod
pasiurad reagirebT masze. Tqven afasebT alter-
nativebs da irCevT iseT garemos, romelSic
moqmedebT da Tqvenze moqmedeben; Tqven irCevT
situaciebs, romlebisganac moeliT, rom isini
TqvenTvis ganmamtkicebeli iqneba da cdilobT,
Tavidan aiciloT isini, romlebic ar gakmayo-
fileben da bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven xSirad
arCevT, kidev erTxel mixvideT im restoranSi,
sadac adre gemrieli kerZi miirTviT da yovel-
Tvis ar cdilobT axali adgilis mosinjvas.
modiT, axla davaxasiaToT am midgomis ufro
konkretuli magaliTebi. Cven ganvixilavT
uolter miSelis, albert bandurasa da nensi
kentoris Teoriebs.
miSelis kognitur-afeqturi
pirovnebis Teoria
uolter miSelma (Walter Mischel) ganaviTara
pirovnebis kognituri bazisis gavlenis Teoria.
miSeli aRniSnavs, rom adamianebi aqtiurad
monawileoben garemosTan Tavisi interaqciebis
kognitur organizaciaSi. misi midgoma xazs
usvams imas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania imis
gageba, rogor Cndeba qceva, rogorc adamianebsa
da situaciebs Soris interaqciebis funqcia
(Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). ganvixiloT magaliTi:
jonis pirovnebis unikaloba yvelaze
naTlad SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi, rom
is yovelTvis Zalian keTilganwyobilia,
rodesac vinmes pirvelad xvdeba da, aseve,
imaSic, rom savaraudoa, is sakmaod uxeSi
da arakeTilganwyobili gaxdes, rodesac
am adamianTan meti drois gatareba uwevs.
meore mxriv, jimi unikaluria imiT, rom
is, rogorc wesi, morcxvi da mSvidia im
adamianebTan, visac kargad ar icnobs,
magram Zalian komunikabeluri xdeba,
rogorc ki maT kargad gaicnobs (Shoda et
al., 1993a, gv. 1023).
Cven rom gvecada jonisa da jimis keTilgan-
wyobis gaSualeba, albaT, daaxloebiT msgavs
maCveneblebs miviRebdiT am niSnis mixedviT,
magram am SemTxvevaSi ver daviWerdiT mniSvne-
lovan gansxvavebas maT qcevaSi. miSelis mixedviT
(1973; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is, Tu rogor vpasu-
xobT garemos specifikur movlenaze, damokide-
bulia 14.4 cxrilSi gansazRvrul cvladebze.
xedavT, Tu ra gavlena eqneboda yovel CamoT-
vlil cvlads imaze, Tu ra gziT imoqmedebda
adamiani konkretul situaciaSi? Cven mogawodeT
magaliTebi TiToeul cvladze. scadeT, warmoid-
ginoT situacia, romelSic Tqven cxrilSi
moyvanili personaJebisgan gansxvavebulad moiq-
ceodiT, radgan Tqven maTgan erTi konkretuli
cvladis mixedviT gansxvavdebiT. SeiZleba
gainteresebT, Tu ra gansazRvravs am cvladebis
bunebas konkretuli individisTvis. miSelis
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
azriT, isini warmoadgenen am adamianis dakvirve-
bebis, aseve misi sxva adamianebTan da fizikuri
garemos usulo aspeqtebTan interaqciebis isto-
riis Sedegs (Mischel, 1973).
saidan
viciT
qcevis paternebi
am proeqtis erTi kvleva qcevis konsis-
tentobis ganxilvisas aRvwereT. kidev erTi
kvleva Seiswavlis bavSvebis reaqciebs
gansxvavebul fsiqologiur situaciebze.
es situaciebia: (1) sxva bavSvis mier
dadebiTi socialuri kontaqtis wamowyeba,
an (2) ufrosis mier gafrTxileba raime
moqmedebis Sewyvetis Taobaze. bavSvebis
reaqciebi kodirebul iqna iseT kategori- 579
 cxrili
14.4
pirovnebis cvladebi miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-afeqtur TeoriaSi
cvladi gansazRvreba magaliTi

kodirebebi is gza, romliTac Tqven axdenT Tqveni Tavis,
sxva adamianebis, movlenebis da situaciebis
Sesaxeb informaciis kategorizacias.
molodinebi da Tqveni rwmenebi socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb da
rwmenebi konkretul situaciebSi mocemuli qmedebebis
mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni
Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad gaqvT
raime Sedegebis miRebis unari.
afeqtebi Tqveni grZnobebi da emociebi, fiziologiuri
pasuxebis CaTvliT.
miznebi da Sedegebi da afeqturi mdgomareobebi, romlebic
Rirebulebebi TqvenTvis Rirebulia, an ar aris Rirebuli;
Tqveni miznebi da cxovrebis gegmebi.
rogorc ki bobi vinmes Sexvdeba, is
cdilobs, daadginos, ramdenad
mdidaria es adamiani.
gregi patiJebs megobrebs kinoSi, magram
arasodes elis, rom isini `ki~-s
ityvian.
sindi Zalian advilad wiTldeba.
piters surs, kolejSi Tavisi klasis
prezidenti iyos.

kompetenciebi qcevebi, romelTa Sesruleba Tqven SegiZliaT iani laparakobs inglisurad,

da TviTregula- da gegmebi kognituri da qceviTi Sedegebis frangulad, rusulad da iaponurad da
toruli gegmebi misaRebad. varaudobs, rom gaeroSi imuSavebs.

ebad, rogoricaa: „prosocialurad lapa-

rakobda~, an „daemorCila, an dauTmo~.
garda amisa, zafxulis bolos banakis
konsultantebs sTxoves, bavSvebi daexa-
siTebinaT, rogorc „agresiuli~, „Caketi-
li~, an „keTilganwyobili~. ra infor-
macia gamoiyenes maT am Sefasebebis gasake-
Teblad? magaliTisaTvis, ganvixiloT
damorCilebis an daTmobis qceva. bavSvebi,
romlebic banakidan wamosvlisas daaxa-
siaTes, rogorc keTilganwyobili, morCi-
lebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT
ufrosi aZlevda gafrTxilebas, xolo
bavSvebi, romlebic banakidan wamosvlisas
daaxasiaTes, rogorc Caketili, morCilebi
iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT Tanato-
lebi aRizianebdnen, an dascinodnen (Shoda
Cveni warmodgenebi sxva adamianebis pirovnuli
et al., 1993b).
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb modis ara saSualos
aRebidan, aramed dakvirvebidan, Tu rogor iwvevs
miSelma da misma kolegebma gvaCvenes qcevis gansxvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebul qcevas
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

paternebis mniSvneloba sazafxulo banakSi bav- (Shoda & Mischel, 1993).

Svebis gamocdilebebis savele kvlevebiT. am
Sedegebidan gamomdinare, bavSvebis damorCilebis
saSualo maCveneblebis codna bevrs verafers
gvetyvis maTi pirovnebis Sesaxeb. Tqven unda
icodeT, ra situaciaSi moxda damorCileba imi-
saTvis, rom gaigoT, Tu ratom miiRo erTma
bavSvma keTilganwyobilis Sefaseba da meorem
_ Caketilis. miSeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom
580
banduras kognitur-socialuri
daswavlis Teoria
pirovnebisadmi socialuri daswavlis midgo-
mis wamyvani mkvlevaria albert bandura (Albert
Bandura, 1986, 1999). is cnobilia Teoriuli naSro-
mebiTa da bavSvebisa da zrdasrulebis farTo

suraTi
14.4
reciprokuli determinizmi
reciprokuli determinizmis mixedviT individi,
misi qceva da garemo erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben,
raTa gavlena moaxdinon da Secvalon sxva kompo-
nentebi.
kvlevebiT (gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan bavSvebis
agresiuli qcevis kvlevebi). am midgomaSi
gaerTianebulia daswavlis principebi da soci-
alur garemoSi adamianur interaqciebze aqcenti.
socialuri daswavlis kuTxiT adamianebs ar
marTavs Sinagani Zalebi, magram, amave dros, isini
arc garemos gavlenis qveS myofi ususuri mari-
onetebi arian. socialuri daswavlis midgoma
xazs usvams kognitur procesebs, romlebic
CarTulia qcevis sxvadasxva paternebis Camo-
yalibebaSi da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli Tvise-
bebis SeZenasa da maTi SenarCunebis procesSi.
banduras Teoria miuTiTebs individualuri
faqtorebis, qcevis da garemos stimulebis rTul
urTierTqmedebaze. yovel maTgans SeuZlia sxvebze
zemoqmedeba an maTi Secvla. cvlilebis mimar-
Tuleba iSviaTad aris calmxrivi _ is recipro-
kulia. Tqvens qcevaze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos
Tqvenma damokidebulebebma (atitudebma), rwmenebma,
Sexedulebebma an ganmtkicebebis winamorbedma
istoriam, iseve, rogorc garemoSi arsebulma
stimulebma. iman, rasac Tqven akeTebT, SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos garemoze, xolo garemom da
Tqvens qcevaze mowodebulma ukukavSirma SeiZleba
Tqveni pirovnebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze
imoqmedos. es mniSvnelovani cneba _ reciprokuli
determinizmi _ gulisxmobs, rom Tqven unda
gamoikvlioT yvela komponenti, Tu gsurT mTli-
anad gaigoT adamianis qceva, pirovneba da socia-
luri ekologia (Bandura, 1999; ix. sur. 14.4). am-
gvarad, magaliTad, Tu Tqven Warbi wona gaqvT,
SeiZleba ar airCioT msubuqi aTletikiT dakaveba,
magram, Tu sacurao auzis maxloblad cxovrobT,
SeiZleba curva arCioT; Tu Tqven komunikabeluri
xarT, gaesaubrebiT auzTan myof adamianebs da
amiT ufro socialur atmosferos SeqmniT, rac,
Tavis mxriv, garemos ufro sasiamovnos gaxdis.
es erTi magaliTia adamians, adgilsa da qcevas
Soris reciprokuli determinizmisa.
me-7 Tavidan SeiZleba gagaxsendeT, rom ban-
duras socialuri daswavlis Teoria xazs usvams
dakvirvebiT swavlas, rogorc process, romliTac
adamiani cvlis Tavis qcevas sxva adamianis qcevaze
dakvirvebis safuZvelze. dakvirvebiT swavlis
meSveobiT bavSvebi da mozrdilebi Tavisi
socialuri garemos Sesaxeb informaciis udides
speqtrs iZenen. dakvirvebiT swavlis meSveobiT
Tqven swavlobT, Tu ra aris Sesabamisi, adek-
vaturi, ra jildovdeba da ras mohyveba dasja
an ignorireba. vinaidan Tqven SegiZliaT mex-
sierebis gamoyeneba da garegan movlenebze fiqri,
Tqven SegiZliaT, iwinaswarmetyveloT Tqveni
qmedebebis SesaZlebeli Sedegebi maTi realurad
ganxorcielebis gareSe. Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZi-
noT unarebi, damokidebulebebi da rwmenebi ub-
ralod imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu ras akeTeben sxvebi
da ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas.
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
banduras Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi
(1997) misi erT-erTi centraluri cneba TviT-
efeqturoba gaxda. TviTefeqturoba aris rwmena
imisa, rom adamians SeuZlia konkretul situa-
ciaSi adekvaturad moqceva. Tqveni TviTefeqtu-
robis SegrZneba mravalgzis axdens gavlenas
Tqvens aRqmebze, motivaciasa da qcevaze. Tqven
arc ki cdilobT raimes gakeTebas an SesaZleb-
lobis gamoyenebas, rodesac elodebiT, rom
reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determin-
ism) _ albert banduras socialuri daswavlis
Teoriis cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosaz-
rebas, rom individs, mis qcevas da garemos
stimulebs Soris arsebobs rTuli recip-
rokuli urTierTqmedeba da rom TiToeuli am
komponentebidan moqmedebs sxvebze.
TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosaz-
rebebis) erToblioba, rom adamians SeuZlia
adekvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.
581
 araefeqturi iqnebiT. Tqven eridebiT situaciebs,
rodesac Tavs adekvaturad ar grZnobT. maSinac
ki, rodesac, realobaSi Tqven gaqvT unari da
survilic, SeiZleba ar SeasruloT moTxovnili
qmedeba, an ar gaagrZeloT davalebis warmatebiT
Sesrulebis mcdeloba, Tu fiqrobT, rom gakliaT
is, rac amisaTvis saWiroa.
faqtobrivi Sesrulebebis miRma TviTefeqtu-
robis SefasebisaTvis arsebobs informaciis
kidev sami wyaro:
sxvisi gamocdileba _ Tqveni dakvirveba
sxvebis moqmedebaze;
darwmuneba _ sxvebma SeiZleba dagarwmunon,
rom Tqven SegiZliaT raimes gakeTeba, an Tqven
SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi daarwmunoT amaSi;
Tqveni emociuri agznebis monitoringi,
rodesac fiqrobT davalebis Sesaxeb an rodesac
iwyebT mis Sesrulebas; magaliTad, SfoTva
migvaniSnebs efeqturobis dabal molodinze;
Relva migvaniSnebs warmatebis molodinze.
TviTefeqturobis Sefaseba gavlenas axdens
imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas xarjavT da ramden
xans cdilobT warmatebis miRwevas, Tu cxov-
rebiseuli situaciebis farTo speqtrSi sirTu-
leebi aRmocendeba (Bandura, 1997; Cervone, 2000;
Schwarzer, 1992). magaliTad, is, Tu ramdenad
energiulad da Seupovrad swavlobT am Tavs,
SeiZleba ufro metad damokidebuli iyos Tqveni
TviTefeqturobis gancdaze, vidre realur unar-
ze (Zimmerman et al., 1992). warmatebis an waru-
mateblobis molodinebze SeiZleba imoqmedos
ganxorcielebuli qcevis efeqturobis Sesaxeb
mowodebulma ukukavSirma, magram am molodinebs,
aseve, SeuZliaT Seqmnan winaswargansazRvruli
ukukavSiri da amdenad iqcnen TviTSesrulebad
winaswarmetyvelebad. modiT, es aRmoCena aka-
demiur miRwevas mivusadagoT.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
saidan
viciT
TviTefeqturoba da bavSvebis
akademiuri miRwevebi
banduram da misma kolegebma (1996) ik-
vlies 11-dan 14 wlamde 279 bavSvi romis
maxloblad dasaxlebuli punqtidan. am
582 kvlevis mizani iyo, eCvenebina rogorc
bavSvebis, ise maTi mSoblebis TviTefeq-
turobis donis gavlena bavSvebis akade-
miur miRwevebze. TviTefeqturobis gasa-
zomad bavSvebic da mSoblebic aR-
niSnavdnen Tavis Tanxmobas debulebaTa
seriebze. bavSvebisaTvis debulebebi exe-
boda maT mosazrebebs saskolo muSaobasTan
gamklavebis sakuTari unarebis Sesaxeb;
aseve, maT mosazrebebs, Tu ramdenad aqvT
unari, moaxdinon TavianTi garemos struq-
turireba swavlis gasaadvileblad, magali-
Tad, „ramdenad kargad gamogdiT maswavleb-
lebisTvis daxmarebis Txovna, rodesac
saskolo samuSaos Sesruleba giZnel-
debaT?~ mozrdilebisTvis debulebebi
ukavSirdeboda maT unarebs, moexdinaT
TavianT bavSvebSi saskolo samuSaosadmi
interesisa da misi Sesrulebis motivacia,
magaliTad, „ra SegiZliaT gaakeToT, raTa
daexmaroT Tqvens bavSvebs saskolo
samuSaoze bejiTad muSaobaSi?~ mkvlevrebs
bavSvebis maswavleblebma maTi akademiuri
miRwevebis Sefaseba miawodes. Sedegebma
aCvena rogorc mSoblebis, ise bavSvebis
TviTefeqturobis rwmenebis mniSvnelovani
gavlena miRwevebze. kerZod, mSoblebis
rwmenas, rom maT aqvT unari, SeunarCunon
bavSvebs mimarTuleba, wvlili Sehqonda
bavSvebis rwmenaSi, rom maT didi miRwevebi
eqnebodaT; Tavis mxriv, bavSvebis rwmenebi
zusti aRmoCnda _ TviTefeqturobis Zlieri
rwmenebi korelaciaSi iyo faqtobriv
maRal miRwevebTan.
am kvlevidan Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelo-
vania gvjerodes, rom SegviZlia warmatebis
miRweva. kerZod, Tu Tqven gegmavT, gaxdeT
mSobeli, an Tu ukve gyavT Svilebi, unda ifiqroT
imaze, Tu rogor ganaviTaroT Tqvens SvilebSi
gancda, rom maT efeqturi kontroli aqvT
sakuTar swavlaze.
banduras TviTefeqturobis Teoria, aseve,
aRiarebs garemos mniSvnelobas. warumateblobis
Tu warmatebis molodinebi da Sesatyvisi
gadawyvetilebebi mcdelobis Sewyvetis Tu
Seupovrad gagrZelebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZ-
nebodes imis aRqmas, Tu rogoria garemo _
xelSemwyobi Tu araxelSemwyobi da, aseve,

sakuTari adekvaturobis Tu araadekvaturobis
aRqmas. aseT molodinebs Sedegze dafuZnebul
molodinebs uwodeben. suraTi 14.5 gviCvenebs,
Tu rogor eTanxmeba erTmaneTs banduras Teoriis
nawilebi. qceviTi Sedegebi damokidebulia adami-
anebis mier rogorc sakuTari unarebis, aseve
garemos aRqmaze.
kentoris socialuri
inteleqtis Teoria
winamorbed kognitur da socialur Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT nensi kentorma (Nancy Cantor) da
misma kolegebma pirovnebis socialuri inte-
leqtis Teoria Camoayalibes (Cantor & Kihlstrom,
1987; Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000). socialuri inteleqti
exeba im gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs
SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar
gancdaSi. Teoria gansazRvravs individualuri
gansxvavebebis sam tips:
cxovrebiseuli miznebis arCevani. adamianebi
gasxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu cxovrebis
romeli miznebi Tu amocanebia maTTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, kolejis studentebi
xSirad Relaven „kargi niSnebis miRebis~, an
„megobrebis SeZenis da SenarCunebis~ Sesaxeb.
aris Tu ara am miznebidan erT-erTi TqvenTvis
ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre meore? adamianebis
miznebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Seic-
valos. Tqveni aTi wlis winandeli miznebi,
albaT, gansxvavdeba rogorc dRevandeli, ise
momavali miznebisagan;
socialuri interaqciebis Sesabamisi
codna. adamianebi gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT,
suraTi
14.5
banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli
am modelis mixedviT, efeqturobis molodinebi
moTavsebulia adamiansa da mis qcevas Soris,
Sedegis molodinebi ki _ qcevasa da mis mosa-
lodnel Sedegebs Soris.
Tu ra gamocdileba SemoaqvT socialuri da
pirovnuli problemebis gadawyvetis amocanebSi;
miznebis ganxorcielebis strategiebi.
adamianebs aqvT problemebis gadawyvetis
gansxvavebuli damaxasiaTebeli strategiebi.
xedavT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebs es sami
ganzomileba, raTa warmoiqmnas qcevis gan-
sxvavebuli paternebi, romelTac Tqven aRiqvamT,
rogorc pirovnebas? Tqven SeiZleba icnobT
or adamians, romelTac erTnairi zogadi cxov-
rebis mizani aqvT _ SeiZleba orivesTvis Rire-
bulebas warmoadgens kargi niSnebis miReba,
magram imis mixedviT, Tu ra ician maT da rogor
SeuZliaT am codnis gamoyeneba, maTi myisieri
gadawyvetilebebi qcevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Zalian
gansxvavebuli iyos. erT maTgans, SesaZloa,
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
swavlis naTeli (eqsplicituri) strategiebi
aswavles, meore ki Zlivs axerxebs amas spe-
cialuri daxmarebis gareSe. socialuri in-
teleqtis Teoria axal xedvas gvawvdis imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor winaswargansazRvravs pirov-
neba konsistentobas: drois mocemul periodSi
konsistentoba SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT adamianebis
miznebSi, codnasa da strategiebSi.
modiT, ganvixiloT konkretuli garemoebebi,
romlebSic adamianebis gansxvavebuli miznebi
iwveven gansxvavebul Sedegebs: _ mkvlevrebma
aCvenes, rom siaxlovis miznebs gavlena aqvT
urTierTobebisgan miRebul dakmayofilebaze.
socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirov-
nebis Teoria, romelic exeba im gamocdilebas,
romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli
amocanebis sakuTar gancdaSi.
583
 saidan
viciT
siaxlovis miznebi sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebSi
rodesac zogi adamiani sasiyvarulo
urTierTobas iwyebs, misi umTavresi miza-
nia siaxlovis Seqmna _ maT surT, aRmoC-
ndnen iseT garemoSi, sadac SeZleben
urTierTdamokidebulebis gamovlenas da
TviTgaxsnas; sxva adamianebi ki daintere-
sebulni arian imiT, rom hqondeT urTi-
erTobebi, magram maTTvis es urTierTobebi
sasurveli moqmedebebisken (magaliTad,
wveulebebisken, sqesobrivi urTierTo-
bebisken) mimaval gzas ufro warmoadgens,
vidre siaxlovisken. siaxlovis miznis
siZliereSi am gansxvavebebis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebma sTxoves 60 students, epasuxaT
iseTi debulebebisTvis, rogoricaa:
„sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi vcdilob Cemi
yvelaze siRrmiseuli azrebisa da grZnob-
ebis gaziarebas~ (Sanderson & Cantor, 1997).
studentebma iseTi faqtebic aRniSnes, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, dro, romelsac isini
realurad atarebdnen Tavis partniorebTan
gansxvavebul situaciebSi, iseve, rogorc
sakuTari dakmayofileba urTierTobebiT.
monacemebma naTeli suraTi aCvena: im ada-
mianebis dakmayofileba urTierTobebisgan,
romlebsac ufro Zlieri siaxlovis miz-
nebi hqondaT, naklebad iyo damokidebuli
im drois xangrZlivobaze, romlis gata-
rebac maT realurad SeeZloT Tavis par-
tniorebTan. maTi Sefaseba urTierTo-
bebisgan miRebuli dakmayofilebisa Seda-
rebiT maRali iyo, miuxedavad imisa, bevr
dros atarebdnen isini erTad Tu cotas.
SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
miznebis mqone individebis dakmayofileba
urTierTobebisagan SedarebiT dabali iyo,
rodesac isini cota dros atarebdnen
partniorebTan.
xedavT, rogor gamomdinareobs es paterni
individis miznebisagan? ufro Zlieri siaxlovis
miznebis mqone adamianebi Zlierad motivi-
584
rebulni arian, rom rac SeiZleba meti miiRon
im droisgan, romlis gatarebac SeuZliaT Tavis
partniorebTan. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti
siaxlovis miznebis mqoneT, SesaZloa, ar
SeeZloT sakmarisi koncentracia, raTa uxvi
interaqciebis gareSe SeenarCunebinaT damakmayo-
filebeli urTierToba. am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
SegiZliaT amoicnoT pirovneba im konsisten-
turobiT, romliTac adamianebi axlo urTierTo-
bebSi iqcevian.
socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba
socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teori-
ebis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli kritikis erT-erTi
Tvalsazrisi isaa, rom isini xSirad ugulebel-
yofen emociebs, rogorc pirovnebis mniSvnelovan
komponents. fsiqodinamikur TeoriebSi SfoTvis
msgavsi emociebi centralur rols TamaSoben.
socialuri daswavlisa da kognitur TeoriebSi
emociebi ganixileba mxolod, rogorc azrebisa
da qcevis Tanmdevi produqti, an ubralod gaer-
Tianebulia sxva tipis azrebTan, nacvlad imisa,
rom maT damoukidebeli mniSvneloba mieweros.
maTTvis, visi azriTac emociebi centraluria
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi, es seriozuli nak-
lia. kognitur Teoriebs imis gamoc akritikeben,
rom isini srulad ar aRiareben aracnobieri
motivaciis gavlenas qcevasa da emociebze.
kritikis meore Tvalsazrisi pirovnuli kon-
struqtebisa da kompetenciebis Seqmnis gzis
axsnebis bundovanebazea fokusirebuli. kogni-
turi Teoriis mimdevrebs xSirad bevri araferi
hqondaT saTqmeli zrdasruli pirovnebis ganvi-
TarebiTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; maTi aqcenti
individis mier qcevis awmyo garemoebebis aRqmaze
Crdilavs individis istorias. es kritika kelis
(Kelly) Teoriazea mimarTuli, romelic aRweril
iqna ufro, rogorc konceptualuri sistema,
vidre, rogorc Teoria, radgan is fokusirebulia
struqturaze da procesebze da TiTqmis arafers
ambobs pirovnuli konstruqtebis Sinaarsze.
am kritikis miuxedavad, pirovnebis kognitur
Teoriebs mTavari wvlili ekuTvniT Tanamedrove
azrovnebaSi: kelis Teoriam gavlena moaxdina
didi raodenobiT kognitur Terapevtebze.
miSelis mier situaciis maxasiaTeblebis gac-
nobierebam moitana ori komponentis interaqciis
ukeTesi gageba: imisa, Tu ra Semoaqvs adamians
qceviT garemoSi imasTan, rasac iwvevs adamianSi
qceviTi garemo; banduras ideebma gamoiwvia
maswavleblebis mier moswavleebis ganaTlebis
gaumjobeseba da daexmara maT warmatebisaTvis
mieRwiaT janmrTelobis, biznesis da sportis
sferoSi; dabolos, kentoris Teoriam pirovnebis
konsistentobis Zieba cxovrebiseuli miznebisa
da socialuri strategiebis doneze gadaiyvana.
mogawodaT Tu ara pirovnebis am kogniturma
Teoriebma axali ideebi Tqveni sakuTari pi-
rovnebis da qcevis Sesaxeb? Tqven nel-nela
naxavT, Tu rogor daiwyebT sakuTari Tavis
gansazRvras nawilobriv garemosTan interaq-
ciebze dayrdnobiT. axla SevudgebiT im Teo-
riebis ganxilvas, romlebic kidev ufro Sors
wagiyvanen Tqveni Tavis gansazRvraSi.
Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teori-
ebi iziareben mosazrebas, rom adamianebis
moqmedebebze gavlenas axdenen garemos SemTxve-
viTi maxasiaTeblebi: uolter miSelis azriT,
garemos specifikur movlenebs adamianebi pasu-
xoben sakuTar kodirebebze, molodinebze da
Sexedulebebze, emociebze, miznebsa da Rirebu-
lebebze, unarebsa da TviTmaregulirebel geg-
mebze dayrdnobiT; albert banduram warmoadgina
adamianis, garemos da qcevis reciprokuli ur-
TierTqmedebis Teoria. TviTefeqturoba udides
rols TamaSobs adamianebis mier ganxorciele-
buli qcevebis gansazRvraSi; nensi kentoris
Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian
cxovrebis miznebis arCevis, Tavisi codnisa da
im strategiebis mixedviT, romlebsac TavianTi
miznebis misaRwevad iyeneben.
me-s (SELF) Teoriebi
mivadeqiT pirovnebis Teoriebs, romlebic
yvelaze metad uSualod pirovnulia: isini pir-
dapir exebian imas, Tu rogor marTavs TiToeuli
individi mis me-s. ra aris Tqveni me-s koncefcia?
ras fiqrobT, Tanmimdevrulad reagirebs Tu
ara samyaroze Tqveni me? cdilobT Tu ara Tqveni
megobrebisaTvis da ojaxisaTvis konsistenturi,
myari me-s warmoCenas? ra gavlena aqvs dadebiT
da uaryofiT gamocdilebas imaze, Tu ras
fiqrobT sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb? am kiTxvebis
ganxilvas mokle istoriuli mimoxilviT davi-
wyebT.
me-s analizis Tavgamodebuli adreuli damcve-
lia uiliam jemsi (William James, 1890). jemsma me-
gamocdilebis sami komponenti gamoyo: materia-
luri me (sxeulebrivi me, garSemomyofi fizikuri
sagnebis darad), socialuri me (Tqveni codna
imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor gxedaven sxvebi) da
sulieri me (me, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebs
pirad azrebsa da grZnobebs). jemss sjeroda,
rom yvelaferi, rasac adamiani ukavSirebs Tavis
identobas, garkveuli azriT misi me-s nawili
xdeba. amiT aixsneba, Tu ratom aqvT adamianebs
TavdacviTi reaqcia, rodesac akritikeben maT
megobrebs an ojaxis wevrebs _ maTi me-s nawilebs.
me-s koncefcia, aseve, centraluri iyo fsiqodina-
mikuri TeoriebisaTvis. me-insaiti fsiqoanali-
tikuri mkurnalobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo
froidis TeoriaSi; iungi ki xazs usvamda imas,
rom me-s srulyofili ganviTarebisaTvis adamianma
misi cnobieri da aracnobieri cxovrebis yvela
aspeqtis miReba da integracia unda moaxdinos.
rogor ganixilaven me-s Tanamedrove TeoriaSi?
Cven jer aRvwerT me-s kognitur aspeqtebs: me-s
koncefciebs da SesaZlebel me-ebs; Semdeg
ganvixilavT, Tu ra gzebiT warudgenen ada-
mianebi samyaros Tavis me-s; dabolos, SevexebiT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba
me-ze Sexedulebebi kulturebis mixedviT.
me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri
aspeqtebi
me-s koncefcia warmoadgens dinamikur fsiqi-
kur struqturas, romelic axdens intraperso-
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
naluri da interpersonaluri qcevebisa da
procesebis motivirebas, interpretirebas, orga-
nizebas, mediacias da regulacias. me-s koncefcia
mraval komponents moicavs. maT Sorisaa: _ Tqveni
mogonebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb; mosazrebebi
Tqveni niSan-Tvisebebis, motivebis, Rirebule-
me-s koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis una-
rebis da atributebis Sesaxeb misi fsiqikuri
585
modeli.
 bebis da unarebis Sesaxeb; idealuri me, rogoric
rogoradac gaxdomisa gveSinia~ (Markus & Nurius,
yvelaze metad gsurT, rom gaxdeT; SesaZlebeli
1986, gv. 954). SesaZlebel me-ebs wvlili SeaqvT
me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomas SesaZleblad ga-
qcevis motivirebaSi _ isini biZgs aZleven moq-
nixilavT; Tqveni Tavis dadebiTi, an uaryofiTi
medebas da, amave dros, iZlevian imis ganxilvis
Sefasebebi (TviTSefaseba) da warmodgenebi imis
SesaZleblobas, Tu ra mimarTulebebi SeuZlia
Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqroben Tqvenze sxvebi (Brown,
aiRos Tqvenma me-m _ ukeTesi Tu uaresi.
1009; McGuire & McGuire, 1988). me-8 TavSi ganvixileT
ganvixiloT individebis mosazrebebi mSob-
sqemebi, rogorc „codnis paketebi~, romlebic
lobisaTvis mzaobis Sesaxeb.
garemos struqturis Sesaxeb kompleqsur gan-
zogadebebs ganasaxiereben. Tqveni me-s koncefcia
Seicavs sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb _ me-sqemebs, rom- saidan
lebic saSualebas gaZlevT, sakuTari Tavis viciT
Sesaxeb informaciis organizeba moaxdinoT,
iseve, rogorc sxva sqemebi gaZleven saSualebas, SesaZlebeli me, rogorc mSobeli
marToT Tqveni gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebi
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seqmna Sefasebis
(Markus, 1977), Tumca, me-sqemebi ara mxolod imaze
instrumenti, romelic gamiznuli iyo im
axdenen gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
xarisxis gazomvisaTvis, romliTac axal-
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informacias. kvleva gvi-
gazrda mozrdil adamianebs SeeZloT
Cvenebs, rom es sqemebi, romlebsac xSirad iye-
sakuTari Tavis mSoblad warmodgena (Bloom,
nebT sakuTari qcevis interpretaciisaTvis,
et al., 1999). kvlevaSi monawile 683-ma kole-
imazec axdens gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
jis studentma gasca pasuxi „srulebiT
sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb informacias (Cantor &
ar Semesabameba - Zalian Semesabameba~
Kihlstrom, 1987; Markus & Smith, 1981). amgvarad, sxva
skalis mixedviT iseT debulebebs, rogo-
adamianebis moqmedebebis interpretacias Tqven
ricaa „momavalSi iseT adamianad vxedav
imis safuZvelze axdenT, rac iciT da risic
Tavs, romelic SesaZloa daqorwindes,
gjeraT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.
magram ar moisurvebs Svilebis yolas~.
me-s kognituri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvne-
im mizniT, rom studentebi ver mimxvda-
lovani komponenti SeiZleba iyos sxva SesaZle-
riyvnen kvlevis mizans, mSoblobis Sesa-
beli me-ebi, romlebsac Tqvens amJamindel me-s
bamisi debulebebi gabneuli iyo ufro
koncefcias adarebT. hezel markusma (Hazel Markus)
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

grZel kiTxvarSi. kiTxvaris Sevsebis Sem-

da misma kolegebma SesaZlebeli me-ebi gan-
deg TiToeul students eniWeboda mSoblis
sazRvres, rogorc „idealuri me-ebi, rogorebic
SesaZlebeli me-s qula (parent possible-self
Zalian gvinda gavxdeT. esenia, aseve, me-ebi,
score - PPS). saSualod, qalebi da mamakacebi
rogorebic SegviZlia, rom gavxdeT da me-ebi,
ar gasxvavdebodnen am qulebis mixedviT,
SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri Tumca, mkvlevrebma gamoyves rogorc
me-ebi, rogoric adamians surs gaxdes, me-ebi, qalebis, ise mamakacebis qvejgufebi, rom-
rogorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi, lebmac gansakuTrebiT maRali da gansakuT-
rogoradac gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s rebiT dabali qulebi miiRes. am qvejgu-
586
kognituri aRqmis komponentebi.
 febis adamianebma Sefasebebi misces bav-
Svebis videoCanawerebs, sadac bavSvebis
qceva bednieridan nerviulamde icvleboda.
maRali PPS-is mqone studentebma, Sesaba-
misad, ufro dadebiTad Seafases bavSvebi,
vidre dabali PPS-is mqone studentebma.
SegiZliaT gamoZebnoT mizezebi, ris gamoc
adamianis unars, warmoidginos Tavisi Tavi mSob-
lad, SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes am adamianis
mier bavSvis qcevis interpretaciaze?
TviTSefaseba da TviTprezen-
tacia
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom zogierT adamians
uaryofiTi me-s koncefcia aqvs, romelic
SeiZleba aseve davaxasiaToT, rogorc dabali
TviTSefaseba. adamianis TviTSefaseba warmoad-
gens me-s generalizebul Sefasebas. TviTSef-
asebas SeuZlia Zlieri gavlenis moxdena azreb-
ze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. dabali
TviTSefaseba, nawilobriv, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes,
rogorc me-s Sesaxeb naklebi darwmunebuloba.
rodesac maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone
individebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi
ramdenime niSnis ganzomilebebis mixedviT (maga-
liTad, logikuri, inteleqtualuri da mimzid-
veli), rogorc mosalodneli iyo, dabali TviT-
Sefasebis mqone individebma sakuTar Tavs mTli-
anobaSi ufro dabali Sefasebebi misces (Baum-
gardner, 1990), Tumca, rodesac maT Tavisi Sefa-
sebebis zeda da qveda sazRvrebis Camoyalibebac
sTxoves, dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebma
ufro farTo diapazoni miuTiTes _ maT me-s
naklebad zusti gancda hqondaT, vidre maRali
TviTSefasebis mqone monawileebs. ase rom,
dabali TviTSefasebis fenomenis nawili SesaZ-
lebelia iyos grZnoba, rom Tqven ubralod
bevri ar iciT Tqveni me-s Sesaxeb, rac aZnelebs
imis winaswarmetyvelebas, miaRwevs Tu ara ada-
miani warmatebas cxovrebiseul miswrafebebSi.
TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzoga-
debuli SefasebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic
gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
aseve qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs
individualuri da socialuri qcevebis speqtrze.
TvalsaCinoa, rom adamianebis umetesoba
Zalian cdilobs TviTSefasebis da me-s kon-
cefciis integrirebulobis SenarCunebas (Steele,
1988). adamianebi TviTgaumjobesebis mraval
formas mimarTaven (Banaji & Prentice, 1994). magali-
Tad, rodesac Tqven eWvi geparebaT davalebis
Sesrulebis sakuTar unarSi, SesaZlebelia, TviT-
uunarobis (self-handicapping) qcevas mimarToT.
Tqven Segnebulad uwevT sabotaJs sakuTar
qmedebas! am strategiis mizania, warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi gqondeT gamzadebuli sapatio mi-
zezi, romelic ar gulisxmobs unaris naklebobas
(Higgins et al., 1990; Jones & Berglas, 1978). ase rom, Tu
geSiniaT imis gageba, iciT Tu ara is, rac
saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamocdis CabarebisaTvis,
SeiZleba mecadineobis nacvlad megobrebTan
gaataroT dro. am gziT Tu Tqven warmatebas ar
miaRwevT, SegeZlebaT amis mcire Zalisxmevaze
gadabraleba, imis gamorkvevis gareSe, gqondaT
Tu ara sinamdvileSi warmatebis miRwevis unari.
saidan
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
viciT
TviTuunaroba kolejis studentebSi
orma mkvlevarma sTxova kolejis stu-
dentebs, daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi pozicia
(„veTanxmebi/ar veTanxmebi~) TviTuunarobis
gamzomvel debulebebTan mimarTebaSi: _
„me bevrad mets gavakeTebdi, Tu mets
vecdebodi~; „mgoni, ufro metad xasiaTs 587
 daqvemdebarebuli adamiani var, vidre sxve-
bis umetesoba~; „vcdilob, saqmeebi ukanas-
knel wuTamde gadavdo~. pirveli gamocdis
win studentebs hkiTxes, Tu ra niSani
iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli. gamocdis
Semdeg maT mcdari pasuxebi _ „sasurvelze~
naxevari quliT ufro dabali niSani _
Seatyobines (magaliTad, Tu maT „4" isurves,
uTxres, rom maT „4_~ miiRes). am momentSi
mkvlevrebma Seafases studentebis TviT-
Sefaseba. Tu TviTuunaroba icavs TviTSe-
fasebas, unda gvqonoda molodini, rom
maRali TviTuunarobis mqone adamianebis
TviTSefaseba nakleb zians ganicdida,
rodesac maT aradamakmayofilebeli niS-
nebi miiRes. es zustad is paternia, rome-
lic gamoavlines kvlevis mamrobiTi sqesis
minawileebma: maRali TviTuunaroba dakav-
Sirebuli iyo maRal TviTSefasebasTan,
Tumca, qal studentebSi ar gamovlinda
raime korelacia TviTuunarobasa da TviT-
Sefasebas Soris. mkvlevrebis mosazrebiT,
mamakacebs me-s xifaTisagan dacvis ufro
Zlieri tendencia aqvT (Rhodewalt & Hill, 1995).
ganixileT am kvlevis Sedegebi Tqvens saku-
Tar qcevasTan mimarTebaSi. mimarTavT Tu ara
Tqven TviTuunarobas? im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
es icavs Tqvens TviTSefasebas (gansakuTrebiT
Tu Tqven mamakaci xarT), es mainc aisaxeba Tqvens
niSnebze (sxvaTa Soris, mas Semdeg, rac kvleva
dasrulda, mkvlevrebi dawvrilebiT gaesaubrnen
monawileebs, rac motyuebis miznis axsnasa da
namdvili niSnebis miwodebas moicavda).
TviTuunarobis fenomeni, aseve, migviTiTebs,
rom TviTSefasebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi
TviTprezentaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. TviTuu-
naroba ufro metad aris mosalodneli maSin,
rodesac adamianebma ician, rom Sedegebi sajarod
xelmisawvdomi iqneba (Self, 1990). asea Tu ise,
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
rogor unda ifiqros vinmem cudad Tqven Sesaxeb,
rodesac winaaRmdegoba, romelic Tqven SegxvdaT,
esoden TvalsaCinoa? TviTprezentaciis msgavsi
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblo-
bis molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi qceviTi
reaqciebisa da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis pro-
cesi, romlebic minimumde daiyvans unarebis
deficits, rogorc warumateblobis SesaZlebel
588 mizezs.
cxrili
14.5
varjiSis saSualo xangrZlivoba
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis
TviTSefaseba sajarod damkvirveblis gareSe
maRali 123 448
dabali 257 387
-134 +61
SeniSvna: xangrZlivoba gazomilia wamebSi.
sakiTxebi gvexmareba, avxsnaT maRali da dabali
TviTSefasebis mqone individebs Soris qceviTi
gansxvavebebi (Baumeister et al., 1989). maRali TviT-
Sefasebis adamianebi samyaros sakuTar Tavs
warudgenen, rogorc ambiciur, agresiul, riskze
wamsvlel adamians; dabali TviTSefasebis
adamianebi ki _ rogorc frTxils da windaxe-
duls. mniSvnelovania, rom es pozicia gankuT-
vnilia sajarod wardgenisTvis, anu misi e.w.
„momxmarebeli~ sazogadoeba unda iyos.
saidan
viciT
TviTSefasebis sajaro saxe
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mona-
wileebs TamaSSi gavarjiSebis SesaZleb-
loba imdeni xniT miecaT, ramdenic maT
surdaT. amis Semdeg maT ori wuTis
ganmavlobaSi unda eTamaSaT. monawileebis
nawili eqsperimentatoris dakvirvebis qveS
varjiSobda, meore nawili ki _ damkvirveb-
lis gareSe. orive SemTxvevaSi gaizoma
dro, romelic maT gavarjiSebaSi gaatares
(gazomva moxda Riad eqsperimentatoris
daswrebis SemTxvevaSi da SeumCnevlad _
misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi). Sedegebi naC-
venebia cxrilSi 14.5. sajaroobis Sem-
TxvevaSi, maRali TviTSefasebis individebi
daaxloebiT imis naxevar dros varji-
Sobdnen, rasac dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone monawileebi. damkvirveblis gareSe
varjiSis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi Sebrunebuli
iyo _ isini ufro didxans varjiSobdnen,
vidre dabali TviTSefasebis individebi
(Tice & Baumeister, 1990).
 es Sedegi gasagebia TviTprezentaciis Tval-
sazrisiT. maRali TviTSefasebis adamianebs SeiZ-
leba surdeT ise gamoCndnen, TiTqos warmatebas
Zalian mcire momzadebis Sedegadac ki aRweven
(„Cemnair adamians ar sWirdeba varjiSi!~) da
Tuki isini warmatebas ver miaRweven, SeiZleba
kvlavac mimarTon TviTuunarobas („Tqven xom
naxeT, ra cota vivarjiSe!~).
me-s kulturuli konstruqcia
aqamde Cveni msjeloba me-s relevantur
konstruqtebs exeboda, rogoricaa TviTSefaseba
da SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic sakmaod farTod
gamoiyeneba adamianebSi. me-s mkvlevrebma imis
Seswavlac daiwyes, Tu ra gavlenas axdens me-s
koncefciasa da me-s ganviTarebaze gansxvavebuli
kulturuli zewola. Tu Tqven dasavlur kul-
turaSi gaizardeT, Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli
kvleva ar SegiqmnidaT diskomforts: Teoriebi
da konstruqtebi Seesabameba imas, Tu rogor
moiazreben dasavluri kulturebi me-s, Tumca,
im tipis kultura, saidanac aRmocendeba dasav-
luri me _ individualisturi kultura _ umci-
resobas warmoadgens msoflios mosaxleobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis daaxloebiT 70%
koleqtivistur kulturebs moicavs. individua-
listuri kulturebi xazs usvamen individis
moTxovnilebebs maSin, rodesac koleqtivisturi
kulturebi jgufis moTxovnilebebzea fokusire-
buli (Triandis, 1994, 1995). es yovlismomcveli
aqcenti mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs imaze, Tu
rogor moiazrebs am kulturebis yoveli wevri
Tavis me-s. hezel markusi da Sinobu kitaiama
(1991; Kitayama et al., 1995; Markus et al., 1997) amtki-
cebdnen, rom yoveli kultura me-s gansxvavebul
gagebas (construals) aZlevs safuZvels:
individualisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren
damoukidebeli me-s gagebas _ „damoukideblobis
kulturuli miznis miRweva moiTxovs sakuTari
Tavis ganmartebas, rogorc individisa, romlis
qceva organizebulia da, ZiriTadad, adamianis
sakuTar, da ara sxvebis, azrebTan, grZnobebTan
da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi xdeba mniSvnelovani~
(Markus & Kitayama, 1991, gv. 226).
koleqtivisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebas _ „urTierT-
damokidebulebis gancda iwvevs sakuTari Tavis
danaxvas, rogorc garemomcveli socialuri
urTierTobis nawilisa da imis aRiarebas, rom
adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia
da didwilad organizebulia imiT, Tu ras
aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad, grZno-
bebad da moqmedebebad~ (Markus & Kitayama, 1991,
gv. 227).
mkvlevrebma mravalgzis daadastures am
gansxvavebebis realuroba da Sedegebi.
me-s erT-erT kros-kulturul kvlevaSi
gamoiyenes gazomvis instrumenti saxelwodebiT
oci debulebis testi (Twenty Statements Test - TST)
(Kuhn & McPartland, 1954). am testis Catarebisas
monawileebs sTxoven 20 gansxvavebuli pasuxi
gascen SekiTxvas _ „vin var me?~ rogorc
naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.6, am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi,
rogorc wesi, eqvs gansxvavebul kategoriad
iyofa. cxrilSi, aseve, warmodgenilia kvlevis
damoukidebeli me-s gageba (Independent construals
of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc in-
dividisa, romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa,
organizebulia adamianis sakuTar, da ara sxvebis,
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimar-
TebaSi.
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdepen-
dent construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia,
rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis
nawilisa; imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva
gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia da didwilad
organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi
piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad da moqme-
debebad.
589
 cxrili
14.6
oci debulebis testis (TST) pasuxebis kros-kulturuli Sedareba _ pasuxebis
procenti TiToeul kategoriaSi
indielebi amerikelebi
kategoria magaliTi mamr. mdedr. mamr. mdedr.
socialuri identoba me var studentime var Svili
34 28 26 26
ideologiuri rwmenebi me mjera, rom yvela adamiani kargia
me mwams RmerTis 2 2 2 1
interesebi me miyvars fortepianoze dakvrame siamovnebas
maniWebs axali adgilebis monaxuleba 7 16 6 5
ambiciebi me minda gavxde eqimime minda meti viswavlo
fsiqologiaSi 11 15 2 2
me-Sefasebebi me patiosani da Sromismoyvare var
me maRali adamiani var 35 33 64 65
me vRelav momavlis Taobaze
sxva me xmauriani megobrebi myavs 11 6 1 0
me myavs ZaRli

Sedegebi, sadac TST-s Sesrulebas sTxovdnen es kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom kulturebi,

daaxloebiT 300 students SeerTebuli State-
bidan da indoeTidan (Dhawan et al., 1995). udidesi
gansxvavebaa cxrilSi im raodenobis mixedviT,
romliTac adamianebi me-Sefasebebs akeTebdnen.
amerikelebi ufro xSirad akeTebdnen amas, rac
Seesabameba maTi me-s damoukidebel gancdas;
indoelma studentebma gamoTqves bevrad ufro
naklebi me-Sefasebebi da, Tavisi urTierTdamo-
kidebuli me-s gancdis Sesabamisad, airCies
ramdenadme ufro meti debulebebi socialuri
identobis Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebi jamSi
sakmaod mcirea _ kultura ufro metad mniS-
vnelovania. daufiqrdiT, Tu rogor moqmedebs
koleqtivisturi kulturebis me-s koncefciebze
dasavluri kulturis Semotana. erT kvlevaSi
Sedarebulia kenielebis TST-s pasuxebi, romlebic
praqtikulad ar ganicdian dasavluri kulturis
gavlenas _ samburus da maasais mwyemsebis tomebis
warmomadgenlebis _ im kenielebis pasuxebTan,
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
romlebsac adamianebi miekuTvnebian, did
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor esmiT maT
Tavisi me. Tqven ukve waikiTxeT am gagebis
Sedegebis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil TavebSi.
magaliTad, me-11 Tavidan gaigeT, rom kultura
gavlenas axdens moralur msjelobebze (Miller &
Bersoff, 1992), me-13 Tavidan ki is, rom kultura
zemoqmedebas axdens emociur gamoxatulebebze
(Stephan et al., 1996). Tqven mogvianebiT kvlav
SexvdebiT am gansxvavebas amave saxelmZRva-
neloSi, rodesac SevexebiT sakiTxs, moqmedebs
Tu ara me-s gageba siyvarulis Sesaxeb mosaz-
rebebze (ix. me-17 Tavi). axla ki gaecaniT kvlevas,
romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania me-s
Sesaxeb TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT.
saidan
viciT
kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da

vinc gadasaxlda dasavluri tipis dedaqalaq

nairobiSi. aRmoCnda, rom tomis wevrTa pasuxebis
daaxloebiT 82%, nairobiSi momuSaveTa pasuxebis
mxolod 58% da nairobis universitetis studen-
tTa pasuxebSi mxolod 17% TST-ze socialur
pasuxebs warmoadgenda (Ma & Schoeneman, 1997). am
paternidan gamomdinare, rodesac qveyanas Se-
moaqvs dasavluri produqtebi, man SeiZleba me-
s dasavluri gagebac Semoitanos.
590
TviTkritika
zemoT movitaneT magaliTi, rom ada-
mianebi dasavlur kulturebSi TviTgau-
mjobesebas _ TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi
cvlilebebis Setanas cdiloben, Tumca
es, rogorc wesi, ar Sedis koleqtivisturi
kulturis warmomadgenlis dRis wesrigSi.
amis nacvlad, urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
gagebis arseboba SeiZleba dakavSirebul
iqnes TviTkritikasTan. individi cdilobs
koleqtivis gaumjobesebas sakuTari indivi-
dualuri miRwevebis mimarT kritikuli
damokidebulebiT. am ideebis Sesamowmeblad
mkvlevrebis jgufma sTxova iaponel
studentebs _ koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebs da amerikel studentebs
_ individualisturi kulturis warmomad-
genlebs, aReweraT rac SeiZleba meti si-
tuacia, rodesac maTi TviTSefaseba gaizar-
da an Semcirda. warmatebis situaciebi
aRwerili iyo iseTi debulebebiT, rogo-
ricaa: „rodesac gamocdaSi an diplomis
dacvisas saukeTeso Sefaseba miviRe~; wa-
rumateblobis situaciebs ki iseTi debu-
lebebi aRwerdnen, rogoricaa: „rodesac
beisbolis Cems sayvarel gunds an msaxiobs
sajarod akritikeben~. momdevno fazaSi
studentebis sam axal jgufs _ 63 iaponel
students kiotodan da 88 iaponel stu-
dents, romlebic droebiT swavloben
oregonis universitetSi (iujini) da 102
kavkasiuri TeTri rasis students oregonis
universitetidan _ sTxoves, waekiTxaT
situaciebis aRwerebi da ecadaT sakuTari
Tavis am situaciebSi warmodgena; Semdeg
ki mieTiTebinaT, imoqmedebda Tu ara si-
tuacia maT TviTSefasebaze da Tu ki, ra
mimarTulebiT (anu Semcirdeboda, Tu
gaizrdeboda). Semdeg maT es moqmedebis
xarisxi oTxsafexurian skalaze (romelzec
1 niSnavda „sustad~, xolo 4 _ „Zlierad~)
unda SeefasebinaT.
eqsperimentis Sedegebi warmodgenilia
suraTze 14.6. pirvel rigSi, miaqcieT yurad-
Reba, rom iaponeli studentebi rogorc
iaponiaSi, ise amerikaSi ufro metad aR-
niSnavdnen TviTSefasebis Semcirebas. es
aRmoCena Seesatyviseba im gansxvavebas,
romelic damoukidebeli me-s da urTierT-
damokidebuli me-s gagebebs Soris gavakeTeT.
meore, TviTkritikis efeqti ufro didia
iaponel studentebSi, xolo TviTgaum-
jobesebisa _ amerikel studentebSi maSin,
rodesac situacia warmoiqneba anu, rogorc
mkvlevrebi amboben, situacia „damzade-
bulia~ maT mSobliur qveyanaSi. es niSnavs,
rom proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikeli
studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi
yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels amerikelebis
TviTgaumjobesebas; analogiurad, iaponeli
studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi
yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels iaponelebis
TviTkritikas. dabolos, SeerTebul State-
bSi mcxovrebi iaponeli studentebi ram-
denadme nakleb TviTkritikulni iyvnen,
vidre maTi iaponiaSi mcxovrebi Tanamema-
muleebi. aq SeiZleba aisaxebodes amerikuli
kulturis gavlena iaponelebze maTi ame-
rikaSi yofnis dros an im studentebis
TviTSerCeva, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom
SesabamisobaSi movidodnen amerikis kul-
turasTan aSS-Si yofnis dros (Kitayama et
al., 1997).
damzadebulia iaponiaSi
damzadebulia aSS-Si
0.6
T vi T S ef as eb i s S ed ar eb i T i
0.4
0.2
zrda
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
iaponia (kioto) iaponia (iujini) aSS (iujini)
respondentis kultura
suraTi
14.6
kultura TviTgaumjobeseba da
TviTkritika
proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikelma da iaponelma
studentebma aRweres warmatebis da warumateblobis
situaciebi. TiToeul kulturaSi warmoSobil situa-
ciebs uwodes `amerikaSi damzadebuli~ da `iaponiaSi
damzadebuli~ situaciebi. meore fazaSi studentebma
orive kulturidan, iseve, rogorc studentebma iapo-
niidan, romlebic imyofebian amerikaSi, Seafases, Tu
rogor imoqmedebda maT TviTSefasebaze am situaciebSi
moxvedra. saSualod, iaponeli studentebi ufro ori-
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
entirebulni iyvnen TviTkritikaze, TviTSefasebaSi
uaryofiTi cvlilebebiT, maSin, rodesac amerikeli
studentebi ufro orientirebulni iyvnen TviTgaum-
jobesebaze, TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebiT. Se-
degebi, ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rodesac situaciebi
Sesabamis qveyanaSi warmoiSoboda. svetebSi moyvanili
ricxvebi warmoadgenen im studentebis procents, rom-
lebmac dominanturi tendencia gamoavlines (magaliTad,
iaponeli studentebis 86%-ma gamoavlina TviTkritika,
rodesac pasuxobda `iaponiaSi damzadebul~ situaciebs
maSin, rodesac amerikeli studentebis 87%-ma gamoavlina
TviTgaumjobeseba, rodesac `amerikaSi damzadebul~
situaciebs pasuxobda). 591
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
yvelaze rTuli SekiTxva,
romelsac adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs usvamen internetSi Ses-
vlis win, Semdegia _ vin unda
viyo me dRes? internetSi
cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze
kargad dokumentirebuli as-
peqtia is, rom adaminebi Ta-
visTvis axal identobebs
igoneben ( McKenna & Bargh,
2000; Reid, 1998) . r o d e s a c
adamiani CeTis oTaxSi Sedis,
man SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom
urCevnia kaci iyos da ara
_qali, Savkaniani da ara _
TeTri, 40 wlis da ara _ 18-
is, an warmatebuli aRmasru-
lebeli struqturis muSaki
da ara _ kolejis meorekur-
seli studenti. mravali
adamianis cxovrebaSi inter-
nets Zalian naTlad Semoaqvs
SesaZlebeli me-ebis koncef-
cia. modiT, yuradReba gavama-
xviloT am internetis me-ebis
zogierT dadebiT Sedegze.
mravali adamiani Tvlis,
rom „realur~ cxovrebaSi
sakmaod SezRudulia TviT-
gamoxatvaSi: ganmeorebadi
interaqciebi ojaxTan, megob-
rebTan, ufrosebTan da Tanam-
SromlebTan moiTxovs misgan
konsistenturi iyos, rac SeiZ-
leba ar Seesabamebodes im
pirovnebas, romelic mas surs,
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
rom iyos. adamianebisaTvis
sakmaod Znelia gamocdilebis
axal sferoebSi gadasvla,
maTi yoveldRiuri socia-
luri konteqstis zewolis
gaTvaliswinebiT. interneti
asustebs am socialur kon-
teqsts (McKenna & Bargh, 2000).
adamianebs SeuZliaT inter-
592
me internetSi
netis anonimurobis gamoyeneba,
r a Ta gamoxaton axali
interesebi an gamoikvlion axa-
li ideebi im SiSis gareSe,
romelic realuri samyarosaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli SedegebiT
aris gamowveuli. radikaluri
cvlilebebis gareSe (magali-
Tad, imis gancxadebis gareSe,
rom igi qalia da ara mamakaci)
adamians SeuZlia, gamocados
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic
SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos
mis idealur me-sTan. metic,
internetis anonimuroba SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
ufro meti gamoamJRavnon
sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb, vidre
isini sxva pirobebSi moisur-
vebdnen. gaixseneT me-13 Ta-
vidan, rom adamianebi dadebiT
Sedegebs iReben janmrTelobis
TvalsazrisiT, rodesac isini
emociurad ixsnebian (Penne-
baker, 1990). interneti aseTi
gamomJRavnebebis farTo SesaZ-
leblobebs gvTavazobs. ada-
mianebs SeuZliaT ipovon spe-
cializebuli CeTis oTaxebi
an jgufebi, romlebic Riad
marTaven forumebs, sadac Tavi-
sufladaa SesaZlebeli sa-
kuTari Tavis nebismierad war-
moCena da socialur mxarda-
Weris miRebac.
mkvlevrebma faqtobrivad
daadastures is, rom adamianebis
unars, gamoxaton sakuTari Tavis
faruli aspeqtebi, SeuZlia
gamoiwvios TviTmimReblobis
gazrda. erT kvlevaSi moiZies
informacia adamianebisgan,
romlebic internetis iseT
jgufebSi monawileobdnen,
romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo marginalizebuli seqsua-
luri identobis
pirebisaTvis, rogorebic ari-
an homoseqsualebi. mkvlev-
rebma moaxerxes anonimuri
monacemebis Segroveba am
jgufebis aqtiuri
monawileebisagan (McKenna &
Bargh, 1998). monacemebidan
gamomdinare, am jgufebSi
monawileobam gazarda TviT-
mimRebloba. faqtobrivad,
respondentebis 37%-ma jguf-
Si monawileobis Sedegad
sxvebs marginalizebuli
identobis saidumloeba
gauziares.
Cven yuradRebas vamaxvi-
lebdiT internetis dadebiT
aspeqtebze: adamianebis unar-
ze, gaaRrmavon me-s gaazreba
da CaerTon TviTgaxsnaSi,
rasac janmrTelobasTan da
TviTmimReblobasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Sedegebi mohyveba,
magram, ra Tqma unda, ar-
sebobs garkveuli saSiS-
roebebic. anonimurobam SeiZ-
leba adamianebi sakuTari
cxovrebis iseT fragmen-
taciamde miiyvanos, romelic
disadaptaciis qcevas gamoiw-
vevs (Reid, 1998). Cven adrec
aRvniSneT, rom zogi mkvle-
vari morcxvobis prevalen-
tobis zrdas internetis
xelmisawvdomobas miawers da
mainc, imedia, rom adamianebis
umetesoba sargebels naxavs
im SesaZleblobebisgan, rom-
lebsac, gazviadebis gareSe,
iZleva interneti TviTga-
mokvlevis TvalsazrisiT.
 Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT,
SeiZleba es Sedegebi TqvenTvis Znelad gasagebi
iyos. ratom unda iyos adamianebisaTvis sakuTari
TviTSefasebis gakritikeba ufro bunebrivi,
vidre gaumjobeseba? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, isaa,
rom me am TviTSefasebaSi ar aris imave mniS-
vneblobis matarebeli. koleqtivisturi kultu-
ris warmomadgenlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is,
Tu rogor ukavSirdeba me koleqtivs. momdevno
ramdenime dReSi Tqven SegiZliaT SeecadoT
ganicadoT me-s orive gageba, Tu daakvirdebiT
imas, rogor moqmedebs Tqvens garSemo mimdinare
movlenebi Tqvens me-ze, rogorc individze da
Tqvens me-ze, rogorc ufro farTo socialuri
struqturis wevrze.
me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
me-s Teoriebi warmatebiT afiqsireben adamia-
nebis koncefciebs sakuTari pirovnebis Sesaxeb
da imas, Tu rogor surT maT sxvebis mier iyvnen
aRqmuli. ufro metic, me-s kros-kulturul
gagebaTa kvlevam didi gavlena iqonia imaze,
Tu rogor afaseben fsiqologebi Tavisi Teorie-
bis universalobas. miuxedavad amisa, is, vinc
akritikebs me-s Teoriis pirovnebisadmi midgomas,
gmobs imas, rom am midgomas sazRvrebi ar aqvs.
ramdenadac amdeni ram aris me-s da me-s kon-
cefciis relevanturi, yovelTvis ar aris na-
Teli, romeli faqtorebia yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vani qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis. garda
amisa, me-s xazgasma, rogorc socialuri
konstruqtisa, srulad ar Seesabameba im faqts,
rom pirovnebis zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba
memkvidreobiT gadaeces. iseve, rogorc Cven mier
aRweril sxva TeoriebSi, me-s Teoriebi aRweren
mxolod zogierT rames, magram ara yvelafers
iqidan, rac Tqven pirovnebad gesaxebaT.
Sejameba
me-s koncefciebi warmoadgens mexsierebis
struqturebs, romlebic moicaven sqemebs me-s
Sesaxeb da marTaven imas, Tu rogor gadaamuSaveben
adamianebi informacias sakuTari Tavis da sxvebis
Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, adamianebs TviTSemowmeba
urCevniaT maSinac ki, rodesac Semowmebuli me-s
koncefcia uaryofiTia. adamianebi iyeneben
SesaZlebel me-ebs, raTa Seadaron, rogorebi
arian axla da rogorebi SeiZleba iyvnen
momavalSi. TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s zogad
Sefasebas; mas SeuZlia Zlierad imoqmedos
azrebze, guneba-ganwobilebasa da qcevaze. ada-
mianebi TviTuunarobas TviTSefasebis dasacavad
mimarTaven. kros-kulturul kvlevaSiAyuradReba
gamaxvilda imaze, Tu rogor ubiZgebs individu-
alisturi da koleqtivisturi kulturebi me-s
gansxvavebuli gagebis warmoqmnas. individua-
listuri kulturebis warmomadgenlebs axa-
siaTebT damoukidebeli me-s, xolo koleqti-
visturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs _ ur-
TierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba. es gagebebi
moqmedeben imaze, Tu rogor afaseben Tavis Tavs
adamianebi da rogor aregulireben Tavis TviT-
Sefasebas. me-s Teoriebis kritikosebis azriT,
isini yovelTvis ar iZlevian qcevis winaswar-
metyvelebis SesaZleblobas da sakmarisad ar
aRiareben pirovnebis genetikur aspeqtebs.
pirovnebis Teoriebis
Sedareba
ar arsebobs pirovnebis erTiani, unifici-
rebuli Teoria, romelsac fsiqologebis ume-
tesoba daeTanxmeboda. mravalferovani Teoriebis
ganxilvisas araerTxel gamovlinda maT Soris
ramdenime gansxvaveba, rac ZiriTad daSvebebSi
mdgomareobs. sasargeblo iqneboda Segvejamebina
xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
pirovnebis Sesaxeb daSvebebSi da is midgomebi,
romlebic safuZvlad udevs yovel am daSvebas: pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba
1. memkvidreoba Tu garemo. rogorc naxeT qveTavSi
fsiqologia da cxovreba, am gansxvavebas, aseve,
buneba Tu aRzrda ewodeba. ra ufro mniSvne-
lovania pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis: gene-
tikuri da biologiuri faqtorebi Tu garemos
gavlenebi? pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi
iyofoda am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. froidis
Teoria Zlieradaa damokidebuli memkvidreo-
biTobaze; humanisturi, socialuri daswavlis,
kognituri da me-s Teoriebi xazs usvamen
garemos, rogorc qcevis determinants, an
garemosTan urTierTqmedebas, rogorc pirov-
593
 nebis ganviTarebisa da pirovnebaTa Soris dinamikuri Teoriebi amateben Zlier Zravas da
gansxvavebebis wyaros; sawvavs, raTa es manqana amuSavdes. humanisturi
Teoriebi adamians mZRolis adgilze aTavseben.
2. daswavlis procesebi Tu qcevis Tandayolili
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi uzrunvelyofen
wesebi. romel mosazrebas unda mieniWos
saWes, mimarTulebis signalebsa da sxva sare-
upiratesoba: imas, rom pirovneba icvleba
gulacio mowyobilobas. kognituri Teoriebi
daswavlis gziT, Tu rom pirovnebis ganvi-
amateben Sexsenebebs, rom fsiqikuri ruka, romel-
Tareba mihyveba Sinagan gegmas? pirovnebis
sac mZRoli irCevs mogzaurobisaTvis, gavlenas
niSnis Teoriebi kvlav sxvadasxva azrs
axdens imaze, Tu rogor aris dagegmili, orga-
emxroba am kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT. froidis
nizebuli da damaxsovrebuli mogzauroba. dabo-
Teoria mxars uWers Sinagani determinaciis
los, me-s Teoriebi axseneben mZRols, rom
Tvalsazriss maSin, rodesac humanistebi
gaiTvaliswinos is STabeWdileba, romelsac misi
ayalibeben optimistur azrs, rom gamocdi-
manqanis tarebis unari gavlenas axdens mis
leba cvlis adamianebs. socialuri das-
mgzavrebsa da fexiT mosiaruleebze.
wavlis, kognituri da me-s Teoriebi aSkarad
imisTvis, rom davasruloT pirovnebis Sesaxeb
mxars uWeren im Tvalsazriss, rom qceva da
mimoxilva, axla ganvixiloT is, Tu rogor xdeba
pirovneba icvleba daswavlili gamocdilebis
pirovnebis Sefaseba. Cven aRvwerT zogierT gzas,
Sedegad;
romliTac fsiqologebi iZieben informacias
3. aqcenti warsulze, awmyosa Tu momavalze. pirovnebis im maxasiaTeblebis speqtris Sesaxeb,
pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi xazs usvamen war- romelic yovel individs unikalobas aniWebs.
sul mizezebs, Tandayolilsa Tu daswavlils;
froidis Teoria aqcents akeTebs adreul
bavSvobaSi momxdar warsul movlenebze; Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi fokusire-
pirovnebis Teoriebi gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu
bulia warsul ganmtkicebebze da awmyo Sem-
rogor aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze
TxveviTobebze; humanisturi Teoriebi mniS-
garemosTan SedarebiT; daswavlis procesebze
vnelobas aniWebs awmyo realobas an momavlis
qcevis Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
miznebs, xolo kognituri da me-s Teoriebi
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu momaval miznebze;
fokusirebulia warsulsa da awmyoze (da
cnobierebaze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da
momavalzec, Tu CarTulia miznis dadgena).
dispoziciebze situaciebTan SedarebiT. yoveli
4. cnobieri Tu aracnobieri. froidis Teoria Teoria gansxvavebul midgomas iZleva pirovnebis
mniSvnelobas aniWebs aracnobier procesebs, Secnobis TvalsazrisiT.
humanisturi, socialuri dawavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi ki _ cnobier procesebs.
pirovnebis niSnis Teoria mcire yuradRebas pirovnebis Sefaseba
uTmobs am gansxvavebas, me-s Teoriebs ki am
mxriv gamokveTili pozicia ar gaaCniaT;
dafiqrdiT im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebiTac
5. Sinagani dispozicia Tu garemos situacia.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

Tqveni saukeTeso megobrebisgan gansxvavdebiT.

socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi xazs usvamen
situaciur faqtorebs; niSnis Teoriebi win
wamosweven dispoziciur faqtorebs, xolo
sxvebi uSveben interaqcias pirovnebiseul
da situaciur cvladebs Soris.
pirovnebis Teoriis yovel tips gansxvavebuli
wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis SemecnebaSi. niSnis
Teoriebi gvawvdian nusxas, romelic aRwers
594 pirovnebis nawilebsa da struqturebs. fsiqo-
fsiqologebs ainteresebT gansxvavebuli Tvi-
sebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs erT individs,
asxvavebs erT adamians sxvebisagan an asxvavebs
erT jgufSi myof adamianebs sxva jgufis
wevrebisagan (magaliTad, morcxv adamians
Tamamisagan anda paranoiduls _ normalurisagan).
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRweris am mcdelobebs
safuZvlad ori daSveba udevs: pirveli is, rom
arsebobs individebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebic maT qcevas koherentulobas aniWebs yeneba Cveulebriv, praqtikulad janmrTel mosax-
da, meore, rom es maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba Se- leobasTan muSaobisas.
fasdes an gaizomos. es daSvebebi xorcSesxmulia
pirovnebis testebSi, romlebic SeiZleba MMPI
obieqtur da subieqtur testebad davyoT.
MMPI Seiqmna minesotas universitetSi 1930-
ian wlebSi fsiqolog starke heTeueisa da
obieqturi testebi fsiqiatr j. r. makkinlis mier (Hathaway &
McKinley, 1940, 1943). misi ZiriTadi mizania indi-
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis
videbis diagnostireba fsiqiatriuli kategorie-
micema (qulebis miniWeba) da maTi gamoyeneba
bis mixedviT. pirveli testi 550 debulebisagan
SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul
Sedgeboda, romelTac individebi axarisxebdnen,
wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur testSi
rogorc maTTvis marTebuls an mcdars, an
Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli
pasuxobdnen _ `ar SemiZlia pasuxis gacema~. am
programebiT xorcieldeba. saboloo Sefaseba,
debulebaTa erTobliobidan SemuSavda skalebi,
rogorc wesi, erTniSna ricxvia, romelic
romlebic fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi pacien-
erTaderTi ganzomilebis gaswvriv (rogoricaa
tebis mier gamovlenili problemebis saxeobebs
adaptacia-disadaptacia) Tavsdeba, an sxvadasxva
Seesabameboda.
niSnebis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv (rogo-
MMPI-s skalebi ar hgavda sxva arsebul pirov-
ricaa: impulsuroba, damokidebuleba an eq-
nebis testebs, radganac isini empiriuli stra-
straversia). es monacemebi SedarebaSi mohyavT
tegiis gamoyenebiT SemuSavda da ara intuitiuri,
normatiuli SerCevis monacemebTan.
Teoriuli midgomiT, romelic im dros domi-
TviTangariSis kiTxvari aris obieqturi
nirebda (gaixseneT Cveni adrindeli diskusia
testi, romelSic individebi pasuxoben kiTxvaTa
testis Teoriuli da empiriuli konstruqciis
seriebs maTi azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmede-
Sesaxeb). debulebebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
bebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi pirveli TviTangariSis
rCeboda skalaze, Tu isini aSkarad ganasxva-
kiTxvari, vudvorTsis pirovnuli monacemebis
vebdnen or jgufs, magaliTad, Sizofreniul
furceli _ Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (Seqmnili
pacientebs da normalur sakontrolo jgufs.
1917 wels) Seicavda amis msgavs kiTxvebs: „RamiT
TiToeul debulebas unda eCvenebina misi
xSirad geSiniaT xolme?~ (DuBois, 1970). dResdRe-
validuroba imiT, rom mas TiToeuli jgufis
obiT pirovnebis kiTxvaris Sevsebisas adamiani
wevrebi erTnairad upasuxebdnen, xolo ori
kiTxulobs debulebaTa seriebs da aRniSnavs,
jgufis wevrebi _ gansxvavebulad. amgvarad,
Tu ramdenad Seesabameba, an ramdenad damaxasia-
debulebebi SerCeuli iyo ara Teoriul safuZ-
Tebelia misTvis TiToeuli maTgani.
velze (imis mixedviT, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba minesotas multi-
atarebdnen isini eqspertebisTvis), aramed empi-
fazuri pirovnebis kiTxvari _ Minnesota Multipha-
riul safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, ganasxvavebdnen
sic Personality Inventory, anu MMPI (Dahlstrom et al.,
Tu ara isini or jgufs).
1975). is mraval klinikur dawesebulebaSi gamoi-
MMPI-is aqvs 10 klinikuri skala. TiToeuli
yeneba pacientebis diagnostirebis damxmare
Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom gansakuTrebuli klini-
instrumentad da maTi mkurnalobis mimarTu-
kuri jgufebi (rogoricaa SizofreniiT daava-
pirovnebis Sefaseba

lebis misacemad. am kiTxvaris maxasiaTeblebisa

da misi gamoyenebis ganxilvis Semdeg mokled
SevexebiT NEO pirovnebis kiTxvars (NEO Person-
ality Inventory - NEO-PI), romelic farTod gamoi-
pirovnebis kiTxvari (Personality inventory) – TviT-
angariSis meTodika, romelic gamoiyeneba pirov-
nebis Sesafaseblad da moicavs debulebaTa
CamonaTvals pirovnebis azrebis, grZnobebisa
da qcevebis Sesaxeb.
debuli individebi) ganvasxvavoT normaluri
sakontrolo jgufisagan. testi, aseve, Seicavs
validurobis skalebs, romlebic gamoavlens
iseT saeWvo pasuxebs, rogoricaa: aSkara sicrue,
uyuradReboba, Tavdacva, anda aragulwrfeloba.
MMPI-is interpretaciisas, is, vinc tests ata-
rebs, pirvel rigSi, amowmebs validurobis
skalebs, raTa darwmundes, rom testze miRebuli
pasuxebi validuria da Semdeg uyurebs danarCen
595
 cxrili
14.6
MMPI- 2 klinikuri skalebi
ipoqondria (Hs): paTologiuri SfoTva sxeulebrivi
funqciebis Sesaxeb
depresia (D): pesimizmi, uimedoba, moqmedebisa da
azrovnebis Seneleba
konversiuli isteria (Hy): mentaluri problemebis
aracnobieri gamoyeneba konfliqtebisa Tu
pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
asocialuri fsiqopaTia (Pd): socialuri normebis
ignorireba; zedapiruli emociebi;
gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebis unaris
arqona
maskulinoba-feminuroba (Mf): mamakacebsa da qalebs
Soris gansxvavebebi
paranoiduloba (Pa): iWvneuloba, gandidebis an devnis
mania
fsiqasTenia (Pt): obsesiebi; kompulsiebi; SiSebi;
danaSaulis gancda; gadauwyveteloba
Sizofrenia (Sc): ucnauroba, uCveuli azrebi an qceva;
sakuTar TavSi Caketva; halucinaciebi; iluziebi
hipomania (Ma): emociuri agznebuloba; ideebis
araTanmimdevruloba; moWarbebuli aqtivoba
maCveneblebs. maCveneblebis paterni _ romelia
yvelaze maRali, rogor gansxvavdeba isini
erTmaneTisgan _ qmnis „MMPI-is profils~.
individualuri profilebi dardeba konkretuli
jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT profilebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, kriminalebi da azartuli
moTamaSeebi.
1980-ian wlebSi MMPI Zireulad gadasijes
da axla mas MMPI-2 ewodeba (Butcher et al., 1989;
Butcher & Williams, 1992; Greene, 1991). MMPI-2-s
axasiaTebs ganaxlebuli ena, misi Sinaarsi uke-
Tesad asaxavs Tanamedrove problemebs da
monacemebi normebisaTvis axal populaciebSi
Segrovda. garda amisa, MMPI-2-Si damatebulia
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
15 axali Sinaarsobrivi skala, romelic gamoi-
yvanes, nawilobriv, Teoriuli meTodis gamoye-
nebiT. 15 klinikurad relevanturi Temidan
(rogoricaa SfoTva an ojaxuri problemebi)
TiToeulisaTvis debulebebi SeirCa or safuZ-
velze dayrdnobiT _ iyo Tu ara isini Teori-
ulad dakavSirebuli TemasTan da qmnidnen Tu
ara statistikurad homogenur skalas, rac
niSnavda imas, rom TiToeuli skala zomavs
596 erTaderT, unificirebul cnebas. MMPI-2-is
klinikuri da Sinaarsobrivi skalebi mocemulia
cxrilebSi 14.7 da 14.8. Tqven SeamCnevT, rom
klinikuri skalebis umetesoba zomavs ramdenime
urTierTdakavSirebul cnebas da rom Sinaarso-
brivi skalebis saxelwodebebi martivi da
naTelia.
MMPI-2-is upiratesobebia misi Catarebis
simartive, ekonomiuroba da misi vargisianoba
fsiqopaTologiis diagnostirebisas (Butcher &
Rouse, 1996). garda amisa, debulebaTa erToblioba
mravali mizniT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT SeadginoT krea-
tulobis skala individebis kreatuli da ara-
kreatuli jgufebis moZebniTa da MMPI-dan im
debulebebis gansazRvriT, romlebsac maT
gansxvavebulad upasuxes. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
fsiqologebma am gziT asobiT specialuri
daniSnulebis skala Seadgines da gansazRvres
maTi validuroba. mkvlevrebisaTvis MMPI-is erT-
erTi yvelaze mimzidveli maxasiaTebelia misi
profilebis uzarmazari arqivi, Segrovebuli
50-ze meti wlis manZilze. radganac yvela es
adamiani standartizebulad iqna Semowmebuli
erTsa da imave debulebebze, isini SeiZleba
SevadaroT rogorc tradiciuli klinikuri
skalebis mixedviT, ise specialuri daniSnulebis
skalebis mixedviT (Cveni axali „kreatulobis~
skalis msgavsad). MMPI-is es arqivebi mkvlevrebs
saSualebas aZlevs, Seamowmon hipoTezebi MMPI-
ze, romlebic mravali wliT adre iyo Cata-
cxrili
14.8
MMPI- 2 Sinaarsobrivi skalebi
SfoTva antisocialuri qmedebebi
SiSebi tipi A (adamiani, romelic
uzomod bevrs muSaobs)
obsesiuroba dabali TviTSefaseba/
(akviatebuli azrebi) TviTpativiscema
depresia socialuri diskomforti
janmrTelobasTan ojaxuri problemebi
dakavSirebuli
sazrunavebi
ucnauri azrebi muSaobis dros
winaaRmdegobebi
gabrazeba /risxva mkurnalobis uaryofiTi
indikatorebi (uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba eqimebisa da
mkurnalobis mimarT)
cinizmi antisocialuri qmedebebi
rebuli, SesaZloa, bevrad adre, vidre gaCndeboda
warmodgena gasazomi konstruqtis Sesaxeb.
MMPI-2-sac aqvs Tavisi kritika. magaliTad,
misi klinikuri skalebi heterogenurobis gamo
(isini erTdroulad ramdenime parametrs zomaven)
gaakritikes. aseve, mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom
cvlilebebi, romlebic Sevida Sesworebul
MMPI-2-Si sawyis MMPI-sTan SedarebiT, ar aris
sakmarisi pirovnebis Teoriis winsvlis asax-
visaTvis; testi kvlav axlos dgas Tavis empi-
riul warmoSobasTan (Helmes & Reddon, 1993).
SesaZlebelia, MMPI-2 gaakritikon im SemTxve-
vaSic, rodesac adamianebi sxvadasxva mizniT
cdiloben mis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, MMPI-2-
is depresiis skala aRwevs validurobis misaReb
dones (Boone, 1994); amis sapirispirod, wamalda-
mokidebulebis (substance abuse) winaswarmetyve-
lebisadmi miZRvnili skalebi ar aris iseTi
validuri, rogorc ufro specifikuri Sefasebis
instrumentebi (Svanum et al., 1994). rogorc nebis-
mieri Sefasebis instrumentis SemTxvevaSi,
mkvlevrebma didi sifrTxiliT unda Seafason
MMPI-isa da MMPI-2-is gamoyenebis sandooba da
validuroba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
(Greene et al., 1997).
pirovnebis es kiTxvarebi Seqmnili iyo kli-
nikuri problemebis mqone individebis Sefa-
sebisaTvis. momdevno or qveTavSi Cven aRvwerT
zogadad pirovnebis (ara pacientebis) Sefa-
sebisaTvis ufro Sesabamis instrumentebs.
NEO PI
NEO pirovnebis kiTxvari (NEO Personality Inven-
tory _ NEO PI) aseve Seiqmna pirovnebis maxasia-
Teblebis Sesafaseblad araklinikuri mozrdi-
lebis populaciaSi. is zomavs pirovnebis xuT-
faqtorian models, romelic zemoT ganvixileT.
Tu NEO PI CagitardaT, Tqven miiRebdiT profilis
furcels, romelic giCvenebdaT Tqvens standar-
tizebul maCveneblebs did normatiul SerCe-
vasTan mimarTebaSi xuTi ZiriTadi ganzomile-
bidan TiToeulze: neiroticizmi, eqstraversia,
Riaoba, TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da patiosneba
(Costa & McCrae, 1985). NEO PI-is gadasinjuli
versia afasebs 30 calkeul niSans, romelic
organizebulia xuTi ZiriTadi faqtoris mixed-
viT (Costa & McCrae, 1992b). magaliTad, neiroti-
cizmis ganzomileba dayofilia eqvs calkeul
skalad: SfoTva, mtruloba, depresia, morcxvoba,
impulsuroba da mowyvladoba. bevrma kvlevam
aCvena, rom NEO PI-is ganzomilebebi homogenuria,
axasiaTebT maRali sandooba da kargi konstruq-
tuli da kriteriumis mixedviT validoba (Costa
& McCrae, 1992a; Furnham et al., 1997). NEO PI
gamoiyeneba cxovrebis manZilze pirovnebis
stabilobisa da cvalebadobis Sesaswavlad
iseve, rogorc pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mimar-
Tebis sakvlevad fizikur janmrTelobasTan da
mravalferovan cxovrebiseul movlenebTan,
rogoricaa warmatebuli kariera, anda adreuli
gasvla pensiaze.
xuTfaqtorian modelze dafuZnebuli axali
kiTxvari, didi xuTeulis kiTxvari _ Big Five
Questionnaire (BFQ) Seiqmna im mizniT, rom gansxva-
vebul kulturebs Soris validuroba yofiliyo.
skala italiaSi SeimuSaves, magram mas msgavsi
fsiqometruli maCveneblebi aqvs amerikuli da
espanuri populaciebisaTvis da Sesabamisi
normebi franguli, germanuli, Cexuri, ungruli
da polonuri TargmanebisaTvisac dgindeba
(Barbaranelli et al., 1997; Caprara et al., 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom BFQ maRal korelaciaSia NEO PI-sTan,
is mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavdeba misgan.
faqtori 1 masSi figurirebs, rogorc „energia~
an „aqtivoba~ da ara „eqstraversia~ (damTmobobis
socialur aspeqtebTan gadafarvis Sesamci-
reblad). BFQ Seicavs skalebs imis Sesamowmeb-
lad, xom ar ixreba respondentis pasuxebi
socialurad sasurveli pasuxebisaken. is NEO
PI-ze martivia, radganac mxolod ori calkeuli
skala aqvs TiToeuli faqtorisaTvis. magaliTad,
„energia~ Sedgeba „dinamizmisa~’ da „dominan-
tobis~ skalebisagan; pirveli intrapersona-
luria, meore ki _ interpersonaluri. ramdena-
dac fsiqologia sul ufro globaluri xdeba,
Sefasebis aseTi instrumentebi, romlebic erTna-
irad kargad muSaoben enobrivi da erovnuli
barierebis miuxedavad, arsebiTia mniSvnelovani
pirovnebis Sefaseba
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis
pirovnebisa da socialur fsiqologiaSi.
proeqciuli testebi
rodesme Tu SegixedavT RrublisaTvis da
saxe an cxovelis konturi daginaxavT? Tu Tqvens
megobrebs sTxovdiT, SeexedaT, maT SeiZleba
daenaxaT dayrdnobili SiSveli figura an 597
 drakoni. msgavs fenomens eyrdnobian fsiqolo-
gebi pirovnebis SefasebisaTvis proeqciuli
testebis gamoyenebisas.
rogorc axlaxan vnaxeT, obieqtur testebs
oridan erTi forma aqvT: isini an respondentebs
debulebebis seriebs sTavazoben da sTxoven
maT, martivi pasuxi gascen (rogoricaa „WeS-
maritia~, „mcdaria~, an „ar SemiZlia pasuxis
gacema~), an sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas sTxoven
garkveuli ganzomilebebis mixedviT (rogoricaa
„mSfoTvare-mSvidi~). amgvarad, respondenti iZu-
lebulia, airCios winaswargansazRvruli pasuxe-
bidan erT-erTi. amis sapirispirod, proeqciuli
testebi ar Seicaven pasuxebis winaswargan-
sazRvrul diapazons. proeqciul testSi pirov-
nebas warudgenen stimulebis seriebs, romlebic
ganzrax bundovani/orazrovania. aseTia, maga-
liTad, abstraqtuli nimuSebi, dausrulebeli
suraTebi, an naxatebi, romelTa interpretaciac
mravalnairad aris SesaZlebeli. adamians SeiZ-
leba sTxovon, aRweros abstraqciebi, daas-
rulos suraTebi an moyves naxatebis Sesaxeb
istoriebi. proeqciuli testebi pirvelad fsi-
qoanalitikosebma gamoiyenes, romlebic ime-
dovnebdnen, rom aseTi testebi maTi pacientebis
aracnobier pirovnul dinamikas gamoavlendnen.
vinaidan stimulebi bundovania/orazrovania,
maTze gacemuli pasuxebi, nawilobriv, gansa-
zRvrulia imiT, rac adamians Semoaqvs situa-
ciaSi, saxeldobr, Sinagani grZnobebi, piradi
motivebi da konfliqtebi cxovrebis gamocdi-
lebidan. es pirovnuli, idiosinkratuli
(damaxasiaTebeli, ganmasxvavebeli) aspeqtebi, rom-
lebic proecirebulia stimulebze, pirovnebis
Semfasebels mravalferovani interpretaciis
gakeTebis saSualebas aZlevs.
proeqciuli testebi Sefasebis im instru-
mentTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebsac yvelaze
xSirad iyeneben praqtikosi fsiqologebi (Butcher
& Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984; Piotrowski et al., 1985);
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
aseve, isini ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba SeerTebuli
Statebis farglebs gareT, magaliTad, holan-
proeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis
Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic individs uCveneben
orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis erTob-
liobas da sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis inter-
pretacias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi
avlens mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da
598
konfliqtebs.
diaSi, hong-kongsa da iaponiaSi, vidre MMPI-is
msgavsi obieqturi testebi (Piotrowski et al., 1993).
xSirad ver xerxdeba obieqturi testebis
adekvaturi Targmani da adekvaturi standar-
tizeba araamerikul populaciebze. proeqciuli
testebi naklebad mgrZnobiarea enobrivi
cvlilebebis mimarT, Tumca, radganac isini
ase gavrcelebulia, kritikosebi xSirad eWvoben,
rom maT aravalidurad gamoiyeneben. ori yvelaze
metad gavrcelebuli testis _ rorSaxis testisa
(Rorschach test) da Tematuri apercefciis testis
(Thematic Apperception Test -TAT) ganxilvisas Cven
validurobis am sakiTxebs SevexebiT.
rorSaxis testi
rorSaxis testSi, romelic 1921 wels Seimu-
Sava Sveicarelma fsiqiatrma herman rorSaxma
(Hermann Rorschach) bundovani stimulebi war-
modgenilia simetriuli melnis laqebis saxiT
(Rorschach, 1942). zogi maTgani Sav-TeTria da
zogi _ feradi (ix. sur. 14.7). testis msvlelo-
bisas respondents uCveneben laqas da ekiTxebian:
„ra SeiZleba es iyos~? respondentebs arwmuneben,
rom ar arsebobs swori an mcdari pasuxebi
(Exner, 1974). mkvlevrebi zedmiwevniT afiqsireben,
ras amboben adamianebi, ramdeni dro sWirdebaT
pasuxis gasacemad, mTlianad ra dro exarjeba
respondents TiTo laqaze da rogor uWiravs
mas baraTi. Semdeg, meore fazaSi, romelsac
gamokiTxva ewodeba, respondents axseneben wina
pasuxebs da sTxoven, detalurad daamuSavos
isini.
suraTi
14.7
melnis laqa, msgavsi imisa,
romelsac iyeneben rorSaxis
testSi
ras xedavT? am laqis Tqveneburi interpre-
tacia asaxavs Tu ara raimes Tqveni xasiaTidan?
 pasuxebi sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT
fasdeba: (1) lokacia, anu pasuxSi aRniSnuli
baraTis nawili _ mTlian stimuls exeba res-
pondenti Tu mis nawils da aRniSnuli deta-
lebis zomebi; (2) pasuxis Sinaarsi _ danaxuli
obieqtis da moqmedebebis buneba da (3) deter-
minantebi _ baraTis romelma aspeqtebma (rogo-
ricaa, feri da Crdilebi) misca biZgi pasuxs.
Semfaseblebma, aseve, SeiZleba aRniSnon, rogori
iyo pasuxebi: originaluri da unikaluri, Tu
popularuli da konformuli.
Tqven SesaZlebelia ifiqroT, rom melnis
bundovani laqebi biZgs miscemen iseTi pasuxebis
mravalferovnebas, romlebic interpretacias
ar eqvemdebarebian. sinamdvileSi, mkvlevrebma
Seqmnes rorSaxis pasuxebis yovlismomcveli
Sefasebis sistema, romelic gansxvavebul tes-
tis Camtareblebs Soris mniSvnelovani Sedarebis
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva (Exner, 1991, 1993;
Exner & Weiner, 1994). Sefasebis es sistema azustebs
suraTi
14.8
Sinaarsobrivi pasuxebis iseT zogad kategoriebs,
rogoricaa mTliani adamiani (pasuxi moicavs, Tat testis nimuSi
an gulisxmobs adamianis figuris formas) da
sisxli (pasuxi moicavs adamianis, an cxovelis rilia adamianebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen mova-
sisxls). pasuxebis nimuSebi warmatebiT daukav- leobebis mixedviT da Tu ambebi moyolil iqna
Sires rogorc normaluri pirovnebis maxasia- seriozulad da dalagebulad. gaixseneT me-12
Teblebs, fsiqopaTologias. da mainc, Sefasebis Tavidan, rom TAT xSirad gamoiyeneboda indi-
sistemasTan da rorSaxis testTan dakavSirebiT vidualuri gansxvavebebis gamosavlenad iseT
mainc rCeba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba (Exner, 1996; dominantur moTxovnilebebSi, rogoricaa Zala-
Meyer, 2000; Wood et al., 1996a, 1996b). uflebis, afilaciis da miRwevis moTxovnileba
(McClelland, 1961). kvlevis aTwleulebis ganmav-
lobaSi TAT damkvidrda, rogorc miRwevis
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) – Tematuri
moTxovnilebis validuri sazomi (Sprangler, 1992).
apercefciis testi
Cven SemogTavazebT ramdenime daskvniT
henri mareis (Henry Murrey) mier 1938 wels SeniSvnas pirovnebis Sefasebis sakiTxTan dakav-
Seqmnil Tematuri apercefciis testSi respon- SirebiT. dainaxeT Tu ara kavSiri am pirovnebis
dentebs uCveneben orazrovani scenebis suraTebs Sefasebis instrumentebsa da zemoT ganxilul
da sTxoven, Seqmnan am scenebis Sesaxeb istoriebi, pirovnebis Teoriebs Soris? Cveni daskvna iyo,
romlebic aRwers, Tu ra adamianebi moqmedeben rom Teoriebis TiToeuli tipi saukeTesod
da fiqroben am scenebSi, ram gamoiwvia TiTo-
pirovnebis Sefaseba

aSuqebda adamianuri gamocdilebis gansxvavebul

euli movlena da rogor dasruldeba yoveli
situacia (ix. sur. 14.8). pirovneba, romelic
atarebs TAT-s, afasebs rogorc istoriebis
struqturasa da Sinaarss, ise ambis momyoli
individis qcevas, raTa aRmoaCinos respondentis
zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, motivacia da
pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, eqsperi-
mentatorma SesaZloa Seafasos pirovneba, rogorc
patiosani, Tu mis mier moyolil ambavSi aRwe-
aspeqtebs. pirovnebis testebis Sesaxebac msgavsi
daskvnis gamotana SegviZlia _ yovel maTgans
aqvs potenciali, mogvawodos individis pi-
rovnebaSi unikaluri Cawvdomis SesaZlebloba.
klinicistebi pirovnebis Sefasebisas yvelaze
xSirad testebis kombinacias iyeneben; rorSaxi
da MMPI, magaliTad, SeiZleba komplementarulad
ganvixiloT (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984;
Piotrowski et al., 1985). xSirad pirobebi iseTia, 599
 rom profilebi, romlebic miiReba obieqtur,
kompiuterul analizze dayrdnobiTac ki, saSua-
lebas iZleva, gakeTdes specifikuri Sedegebis
zusti winaswarmetyveleba. sxva pirobebSi kli-
nikurma eqspertizam da daxelovnebulma intu-
iciam unda Seavson obieqturi normebi. praqti-
kaSi saukeTeso winaswarmetyveleba maSin xdeba,
rodesac kombinirebulia sxvadasxva midgomis
Zlieri mxareebi.
Tavis dasawyisSi vTqviT, rom pirovnebas ver
gavzomavT mis Tavze gamoburculobebis Seg-
rZnebiT, Tumca, Cven, aseve, gTxoveT, gefiqraT
garkveul sakiTxebze: Tu fsiqologebi Tqven
Segiswavlidnen, Tqveni pirovnebis rogor por-
trets daxatavdnen isini? romel adreul gamoc-
dilebebs gamoyofdnen, rogorc Tqvens qcevasa
da fiqrebze gavlenis mqones? ra pirobebi ze-
moqmedebs Zlierad Tqvens azrebsa da qcevaze
amJamindel cxovrebaSi? ra gangasxvavebT sxva
individebisgan, romlebic mraval Tqvens msgavs
situaciaSi funqcionireben? axla xvdebiT, rom
pirovnebis Teoriebis yoveli tipi iZleva zogad
CarCos, romlis farglebSic SegiZliaT am ki-
Txvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba. dauSviT, rom
axla marTlac dadga is dro, rodesac Tqveni
fsiqologiuri portreti unda daxatoT. saidan
daiwyebdiT?
Sejameba
pirovnebis obieqturi testebi moicaven
Catarebisa da Sefasebis SedarebiT standartul
da gansazRvrul teqnikas. MMPI-2-s Tanamedrove
ena da Sinaarsi axasiaTebs, rac klinikuri
Teoriisa da Sefasebis winsvlas asaxavs. NEO-PI
da BFQ zomaven normaluri pirovnebis funqci-
onirebis aspeqtebs. proeqciuli testebi indi-
videbs warudgenen bundovan stimulebs, raTa
gamoavlinon Sinagani gancdebi, motivebi da
konfliqtebi. mkvlevrebma gamoimuSaves rorSaxis
melnis laqebze pasuxebis Sefasebis yovlismom-
cveli sistema. TAT warmoadgens miRwevis mo-
Txovnilebis validur sazoms.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
pirovnebis tipis da
pirovnebis niSnis
Teoriebi
zogierTi mecnieri axdens
adamianebis kategoriza-
cias „sul an araferi~
tipebis mixedviT, romle-
bic konkretul damaxasia-
Tebel qcevas ukavSirdeba.
sxva mecnierebi pirovnebis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
Teoriul koncefciebsa da
pirovnebis skalebs Soris.
tyupebisa da naSvilebi
bavSvebis kvlevebi naTel-
yofen, rom pirovnuli niS-
nebi nawilobriv memkvidre-
obiTia.
adamianebi amJRavneben qce-
viT konsistentobas, rode-
sac situaciebi ganisazR-
vreba relevanturi fsiqo-
froidis Teoriis bazisuri
cnebebi moicavs fsiqikur
energias, rogorc qcevis-
Tvis biZgis mimcems da war-
mmarTvels; adreul gamoc-
dilebebs, rogorc pirov-
nebis mTavar msazRvrelebs
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze;
fsiqikur determinizms da
Zlier aracnobier proce-
sebs.

Semadgenel agurebad miiC- logiuri maxasiaTeblebis pirovnebis struqtura Sed-

neven pirovnul niSnebs _
uwyveti ganzomilebebis
gaswvriv arsebul maxasia-
Teblebs.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
warmoadgens pirovnebis
aRweriT sistemas, rome-
lic asaxavs urTierTobas
600
600 zogad pirovnul niSnebs,
mixedviT.
fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebi
froidis fsiqodinamikuri
Teoria adamianuri motiva-
ciis wyarod instinqtur
biologiur energias miiC-
nevs.
geba idisagan, superegosagan
da maTi Semarigebeli ego-
sagan.
miuRebeli impulsebi rep-
resirdeba da viTardeba
egos dacvis meqanizmebi
SfoTvis Sesamcireblad da
TviTSefasebis SesanarCu-
neblad.
 postfroidistebma, rogo-
rebic arian adleri, horni
da iungi, ufro metad gaa-
maxviles yuradReba egos
funqcionirebaze da soci-
alur cvladebze da nak-
lebad _ seqsualur ltol-
vebze. maT pirovnebis gan-
viTareba mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze mimdinare pro-
cesad miaCniaT.
humanisturi Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebi
fokusirebulia TviTaq-
tualizaciaze _ individis
potencialis zrdaze.
es Teoriebi holisturi,
dispozociuri, fenomeno-
logiuri da egzistencia-
luria.
humanisturi tradiciis
Tanamedrove Teoriebi fo-
kusirebulia individis
cxovrebiseul ambebze.
socialuri daswavlis
da kognituri Teoriebi
socialuri daswavlis
Teoriis mimdevrebi qcevaSi
da pirovnebebs Soris in-
dividualur gansxvavebebs
ganixilaven, rogorc gan-
sxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis
gamocdilebis Sedegs.
kognituri Teoriis mim-
devrebi xazs usvamen aRqmasa
da garemos subieqtur inter-
pretaciaSi individualur
gansxvavebebs.
uolter miSelma ikvlia
qcevis safuZvlebi, rogorc
adamianebsa da situaciebs
Soris urTierTobebi.
albert banduram aRwera
reciprokuli determinizmi
adamianebs, garemos da qcevas
Soris.
nensi kentoris Teoriam xa-
zi gausva miznebis, codnis
da strategiebis gavlenas
adamianebis qcevaze.
me-s (self-is) Teoriebi
me-s Teoriebi fokusirebulia
me-s koncefciis mniSvne-
lobaze pirovnebis sruli
SecnobisaTvis.
me-s koncefcia aris dina-
mikuri mentaluri struqtu-
ra, romelic axdens pirovnu-
li da interpersonaluri
qcevisa da procesebis mo-
tivacias, interpretacias,
organizebas, mediacias da
regulacias.
mravali individualuri
gansxvaveba aisaxeba Cveul
xerxebSi, romlebiTac ada-
ZiriTadi cnebebi
mianebi warmoadgenen sakuTar
Tavs socialur situaciebSi.
kros-kulturuli kvlevidan
gamomdinare, individua -
listuri kulturebi xels
uwyoben damoukidebeli me-s
gagebas, xolo koleqtivis-
turi kulturebi _ urTierT-
damokidebuli me-s gagebas.
pirovnebis Teoriebis
Sedareba
pirovnebis Teoriebi SeiZ-
leba erTmaneTs davupiris-
piroT im mxriv, Tu rogor
aqcents akeTeben isini mem-
kvidreobiTobaze garemosTan
SedarebiT; daswavlis pro-
cesebze qcevis Tandayolil
wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu
momaval miznebze; cnobi-
erebze aracnobierTan Seda-
rebiT da dispoziciebze
situaciebTan SedarebiT.
TiToeul Teorias gansxva-
vebuli wvlili Seaqvs pi-
rovnebis SecnobaSi.
pirovnebis Sefaseba
pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebi
fasdeba rogorc obieqturi,
ise _ proeqciuli testebiT.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli
obieqturi testi, MMPI-2,
klinikuri problemebis
diagnostikisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba.
NEO-PI da BFQ pirovnebis
ufro axali obieqturi
testebia, romlebic zomaven
pirovnebis xuT ZiriTad
ganzomilebas.
pirovnebis proeqciul tes-
tebSi adamianebs sTxoven,
upasuxon bundovan stimu-
lebs.
ori mniSvnelovani pro-
eqciuli testia rorSaxis
testi da TAT.
analitikuri fsiqologia
SfoTva
arqetipi
koleqtiuri aracnobieri
konsistentobis paradoqsi
ego
egos dacvis meqanizmebi
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
fiqsacia
idi
damoukidebeli me-s gageba
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
gageba
libido
pirovneba
pirovnebis kiTxvari
pirovnebis tipebi
SesaZlebeli me-ebi
proeqciuli testi
fsiqikuri determinizmi
fsiqobiografia
pirovnebis
fsiqodina-mikuri Teoriebi
reciprokuli determinizmi
represia
TviTaqtualizacia
me-s koncefcia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
TviTefeqturoba
TviTpativiscema
TviTmavnebloba
morcxvoba
socialuri inteleqti
superego
niSnebi
upirobo dadebiTi
pativiscema
aracnobieri
601
601
 fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

15
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
buneba
• ra aris paTologiuri
• obieqturobis problema
• istoriuli perspeqtivebi
• fsiqopaTologiis
etiologia
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
klasifikacia
• klasifikaciis miznebi
• DSM-IV-TR
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
marTla gvicavs Tu ara
Seuracxadoba
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
ZiriTadi tipebi
• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi:
mizezebi
• guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi
• guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi: mizezebi
• depresia: sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebani
• suicidi
• pirovnuli aSlilobebi
• disociaciuri
aSlilobebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
marTla arsebobs Tu ara
internetomania
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
• Sizofreniis ZiriTadi
tipebi
• Sizofreniis mizezebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi
(stigma)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
602
 m
adamianebs.
inda mogiTxroT, Tu rogoria Cvens
droSi funqcionalur Sizofreni-
kad yofna da rasTan uxdebaT Se-
jaxeba Cemnairi fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone
me 30 wlis var, marto vcxovrob da naxevar
ganakveTze vmuSaob, radganac Tan kolejSi
vswavlob. Cemi avadmyofobis gamo, ar maqvs meddad
muSaobis ufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kolejSi
vswavlob da pacientebis movlis gamocdilebac
maqvs. kolejSi momsaxurebis sferoSi vspecia-
lizdebi, raTa sxvebs problemebis mogvarebaSi
davexmaro, radganac, rodesac pirvelad gavxdi
avad, Zalian cudad viyavi da amitomac kargad
vici, ra aris es, rogori tanjvaa es.
sakmaod normalurad vcxovrob da veravin
amCnevs, rom fsiqikurad var avad, sanam me TviTon
ar vityvi xolme amis Sesaxeb... Cemi dac (ara
tyupiscali) ukve 12 weliwadia avad aris da
uars ambobs wamlebis miRebaze, radgan uaryofs,
rom es daavadeba aqvs. me 5 welia avad var.
avadmyofobis pirvel wels, rodesac vkiTxulobdi
wigns „arasodes Segpirebivar vardebis baRnars~,
davrwmundi, rom marTlac avad viyavi. Semdeg
gamovkeTdi antifsiqoturi medikamentebis wya-
lobiT. Cemi azriT, pacientsac da sazogadoebasac
ganaTleba sWirdeba fsiqikur daavadebebSi,
radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad
ra reaqcia gqondaT axalgazrda qalis
sityvebs rom kiTxulobdiT winamdebare saxel-
mZRvanelos avtorebisadmi miwerili werilidan?
Tu Tqveni reaqcia Cvensas hgavs, maSin es misi
mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sevdis, fsiqikuri
daavadebiT gamowveul mraval problemasTan
gamklavebis misi dabejiTebuli surviliT
gveqcevian, zogjer arasworadac esmiT Cveni
gadamwyvet momentebSi. aseve reagireben ojaxi,
meuRle, megobrebi Tu socialuri samsaxurebi
Cvennairi adamianebis maTTvis jer kidev ucnob
Taviseburebebze. zogierT Cvenganze wamlebi
kargad moqmedebs.
SemiZlia mogiyveT im gansxvavebis Sesaxeb,
romelic arsebobs Cemi avadmyofobis gamo xmaursa
da realur xmaurs Soris, radganac me vkiTxu-
lobdi amis Sesaxeb da Seviswavle Cemi Tavi.
viyeneb saRi azris wess. Zalian vcdilob, rom
davimaxsovro, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi da
rogoria samyaro realurad, sinamdvileSi. avad-
myofoba amokrefs xolme Zalze sulelur da
momabezrebel absurdebs. wamlebi Zlierad
moqmedebs Cemze da Cems organizmze, amitom ar
maqvs ise bevri Semawuxebeli avadmyofuri sim-
ptomebi...
wamlebis miRebamde halucinaciebi da absur-
debi nebismier sferos SeiZleboda miswvdomoda
da survilisamebr Seecvala isini. wamlebis
moqmedebis dawyebamde vgrZnobdi, rom es mTel
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba
tvins eufleboda da vyvirodi, vtirodi da
mindoda Cemi gonebisa da cxovrebis dabruneba...
nebismiers, visac cxovrebaSi raimes miRweva
surs, sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba
esaWiroeba. avadmyofi adamianis garda, me pirov-
nebac var.
aRtacebis, risxvis, vinc mas avadmyofis iarliys
awebebs imis gamo, rom xandaxan gansxvavebul
qcevas axorcielebs, da mdgomareobis gasaumjo-
besebeli medikamentebisa da Terapiis arsebobiT
gamowveuli imedis narevi iqneboda. es mxolod
mwiri CamonaTvalia im emociebisa, romelic
euflebaT klinikaSi da kvlevebiT dakavebul 603
 fsiqologebsa da fsiqiatrebs, rodesac isini
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis bunebis Secnobasa da
mkurnalobas cdiloben.
winamdebare Tavi fsiqologiuri aSlilobe-
bis bunebasa da mizezebs Seexeba: ras warmoad-
gens fsiqologiuri aSliloba, ratom viTardeba
da rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi ganviTarebis
mizezebis axsna. Semdegi Tavi am codnazea
agebuli da masSi aRwerilia is strategiebi,
romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqikuri daavadebebis
mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikisTvis. kvleva
aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si axalgazrdebisa da Suaxnis
moqalaqeTa 50%-s mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
erTxel mainc aReniSneba fsiqologiuri
aSliloba (Kessler et al., 1994). amrigad, mravali
Tqvengani, vinc waikiTxavs am wigns, sasargeblo
codnas miiRebs fsiqopaTologiis Sesaxeb, Tumca,
calkeuli faqtebiT SeuZlebelia im seriozuli
zegavlenis aRwera, romelsac fsiqologiuri
aSliloba individebisa da ojaxebis yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaze axdens. mocemul TavSi,
ganvixilavT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
kategoriebs, SevecdebiT im realuri adamianebis
aRweras, romelTac yoveldRe uwevT am aSli-
lobiT cxovreba; gagiziarebT maT sityvebsa da
gamocdilebas, rogorc es Tavis dasawyisSi
gavakeTeT. daviwyoT paTologiis cnebis ganxi-
lviT.
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis buneba
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
rodesme ginerviuliaT zedmetad? yofilxarT
daTrgunuli an SeSfoTebuli yovelgvari rea-
luri mizezis gareSe? SegSinebiaT iseTi ramis,
ris Sesaxebac danamdvilebiT icodiT, rom ar
iyo saSiSi? gifiqriaT TviTmkvlelobaze? migima-
rTavT alkoholisTvis an narkotikebisTvis prob-
lemisgan Tavis dasaRwevad? TiTqmis yvela
Cvengani erT-erT kiTxvaze mainc gascemda dadebiT
pasuxs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom TiTqmis yvela
Cvengans ganucdia fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
simptomebi. winamdebare Tavi Seexeba fsiqolo-
1
Abnormal Psychology – iTargmna, rogorc „paTofsi-
qologia~, romelSic moiazreba fsiqologiuri aSli-
604 lobebi da qcevis darRvevebi (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
giuri funqcionirebis im diapazons, romelic
ganixileba, rogorc arajanmrTeli, an paTolo-
giuri da romelsac xSirad fsiqopaTologias
an fsiqologiur aSlilobas uwodeben. fsiqo-
paTologiuri funqcionireba moicavs emociuri,
qceviTi, an azrovnebiTi procesebis darRvevebs,
rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli distresi, an rac
blokavs, aferxebs mniSvnelovani miznebis miR-
wevis SesaZleblobas. paTofsiqologia1 fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevebis is sferoa, romelic yvelaze
uSualod Seexeba azrovnebis, ganwyobilebisa
da qcevis individualuri paTologiebis bunebis
Secnobas.
am qveTavs „paTologiuri~-s gansazRvrebis
ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT, Semdeg
ki obieqturobis problemas SevexebiT. bolos
ki Tvals gavadevnebT, Tu rogor viTardeboda
es gansazRvreba kacobriobis istoriis aswleu-
lebis manZilze.
ra aris paTologiuri
ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT, rom mocemuli
pirovneba paTologiuria, anu fsiqologiuri
aSlilobisgan itanjeba? rogor wyveten fsi-
qologebi da klinikaSi momuSave sxva praqti-
kosebi, Tu ra aris paTologiuri? aris ki yovel-
Tvis naTeli, Tu rodis, ra momentSi gadainac-
vlebs qceva normaluris kategoriidan paTolo-
giuris kategoriaSi? mocemuli individis fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb daskvna, Cveule-
bisamebr, individis qcevis Sefasebas efuZneba.
am daskvnas garkveuli specialuri avtoritetisa
da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi akeTeben. am
fenomenis aRsawerad gamoyenebuli terminebi,
rogoricaa fsiqikuri aSliloba, fsiqikuri daa-
vadeba Tu paTologia, damokidebulia konkretul
Tvalsazrisze, Semfaseblis codnasa da mis
kulturul gamocdilebaze, situaciasa da im
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopato-
logical functioning) _ darRvevebi emociur, qceviT
an azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs
pirovnuli distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis
miRwevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.
paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic fokusirdeba
gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis in-
dividualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.

pirovnebis statusze, romlis Sesaxebac keTdeba
daskvna.
ganvixiloT Svidi kriteriumi, romelic qce-
visaTvis „paTologiuris~ statusis misaniWeblad
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000; Rosenhan
& Seligman, 1989).
1. distresi an uunaroba. individi ganicdis
pirovnul distress, an axorcielebs usar-
geblo qcevas, rasac Tan sdevs fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri gauaresebis riski, an qcevis
Tavisuflad, nebismierad ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis dakargva. magaliTad, mamakacs,
romelic ver gadis saxlidan oflis mosvlis
gareSe, ar SeeZleba mimdinare cxovrebiseuli
miznebis miRweva;
2. araadekvaturoba. individis qceva abrkolebs
miznis miRwevas, ar emsaxureba pirovnul ke-
TildReobas, an Zalian aferxebs sxvaTa miz-
nebsa da sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs. in-
dividi, romelic imdenad svams, rom ar SeuZ-
lia samuSaos SenarCuneba, an romelic safr-
Txis winaSe ayenebs sxvebs Tavisi problemiT,
araadekvatur qcevas axorcielebs;
3. araracionaluroba/iracionaluroba. individi
moqmedebs an laparakobs sxvebisTvis gaugeb-
rad, an araracionalurad. adamiani, romelic
pasuxobs obieqtur realobaSi ararsebul
xmebs, araracionalurad, anu iracionalurad
iqceva;
4. araprognozirebadoba. individi araprogno-
zirebadad, an araTanmimdevrulad iqceva si-
tuaciidan situaciaSi, TiTqos kontroli
ekargebodes qcevaze. bavSvi, romelic yovel-
gvari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe muSts ur-
tyams fanjaras, araprognozirebad qcevas
axorcielebs;
5. araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba.
individis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva sta-
tistikur iSviaTobas warmoadgens da misaRebi
an sasurveli qcevis socialur standartebs
arRvevs. Tumca, mxolod statistikur uCve-
ulobas ar mivyavarT paTologiuris fsi-
qologiur daskvnamde. magaliTad, geniosebis
inteleqtis done ukiduresad iSviaTia, magram
es sasurveladac aris miCneuli. meore mxriv,
ukiduresad dabali inteleqti, aseve, iSvia-
Tobaa, magram es arasasurvelad iTvleba;
amitom xSirad mas paTologiuris kategorias
miakuTvneben;
6. damkvirveblis diskomforti. individi dis-
komforts uqmnis sxvebs imiT, rom garkveulad
afrTxobs an distress badebs maTSi. Sua
quCaSi mimavali, sakuTar TavTan xmamaRal
kamaTSi CarTuli qali damkvirveblis
diskomforts iwvevs mZRolSi, romelic
misTvis gverdis avlas cdilobs;
7. zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva.
individi arRvevs molodins imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor unda moiqces socialuri normebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am kriteriumis mixedviT,
adamianebs SeiZleba paTologiuri vuwodoT,
Tu maT ar surT muSaoba anda ar swamT
RmerTis. paTologiuris es kriteriumi rele-
vanturia samarTlebriv situaciebSic. am
Temas eZRvneba CanarTi „fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi~.
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, Tu ratom ar aris paTo-
logiuris es kriteriumebi myisierad aSkara yve-
la damkvirveblisTvis? ganvixiloT mxolod
bolo kriteriumi. fsiqikurad avad xarT, Tu ar
gsurT muSaoba maSinac ki, rodesac es paTolo-
giurad iTvleba sazogadoebis normebis mixedviT?
an ganvixiloT ufro seriozuli simptomi. Cvens
kulturaSi „cudia~, Tu halucinaciebi gvaqvs,
radganac isini fsiqikuri darRvevis niSnebad
aRiqmeba, magram es „kargia~ im kulturebSi, sadac
halucinaciebi interpretirdeba, rogorc spiri-
tualuri Zalebdan momdinare mistikuri xilvebi.
sworia es daskvna? winamdebare Tavis bolos
605
 optimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
individualuri, jgufuri da
garemos faqtorebi erTad
efeqturad muSaobs da
uzrunvelyofs:
• subieqtur kargad yofnas;
• optimalur ganviTarebas da
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebas;
• marTlmsajulebasTan
Tavsebadi miznebis miRwevas;
• fundamenturi Tanasworobis
mdgomareobebs.
suraTi
15.1
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis kontiniumi
vinaidan normasa da paTologias Soris gansxvaveba fardobiTi ufroa, vidre absoluturi, sasargebloa
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis, rogorc kontiniumis ganxilva. erT boloSi moTavsebulia qcevebi, romlebic
gansazRvravs optimalur fsiqikur janmrTelobas; meore boloSi ki _ qcevebi, romlebic minimalur
fsiqikur janmrTelobas aRweren. maT Soris moTavsebulia TandaTanobiT mzardi araadapturi
qcevebi.
ganvixilavT zogierT uaryofiT Sedegsa da
safrTxes, romelic aseTi sazogadoebis mier
regulirebad msjelobebsa da maTze dafuZnebul
gadawyvetilebebs ukavSirdeba.
Cven ufro meti darwmunebulobiT mivakuT-
vnebT qcevas paTologiuris kategorias, rodesac
gvaqvs da dasabuTebulia erTze meti indikatori.
rac ufro ukiduresad da mkveTrad aris gamo-
xatuli indikatorebi, miT ufro metad dar-
wmunebulni SeiZleba viyoT, rom isini paTo-
logiur mdgomareobaze miuTiTeben. arc erTi am
kriteriumTagani ar aris aucilebeli piroba,
romelic saerTo iqneboda paTologiuris yvela
SemTxvevisTvis. magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvisas,
romelic stenfordis damamTavrebeli kursis
studentis mier Cadenil mkvlelobas Seexeboda,
aRweraSi ar iyo arc danaSaulis grZnoba da
arc sindisis qenjna; am studentma ki CaquCiT
mokla maTematikis profesori da Semdeg misi
kabinetis karze gaakeTa warwera: „dRes ar aris
606 miRebis saaTebi~. pirovnuli tanjvis ararsebo-
minimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
individualuri, jgufuri da
garemos faqtorebi erTmaneTTan
konfliqtSi modian da iwveven:
• subieqtur distress;
• gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gauaresebas an arasakmaris
ganviTarebas;
• warumateblobas miznis
miRwevaSi;
• destruqciul qcevas;
• usamarTlobis ganmtkicebas.
bisda miuxedavad, ar unda viyoymanoT, rodesac
am ukidures qcevas paTologiuris kategoriaSi
movaTavsebT. isic marTalia, rom arc erTi calke
aRebuli kriteriumi TavisTavad ar aris sakma-
risi piroba imisaTvis, rom paTologiuri qcevis
yvela SemTxveva ganvasxvavoT normis farglebSi
arsebuli qcevis variaciebisgan. normalursa da
paTologiurs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris imdenad
qcevis or damoukidebel tips Soris arsebuli
gansvla (gansxvaveba), ramdenadac is xarisxi, ra
xarisxiTac pirovnebis qmedeba Tanxvdeba
paTologiuris SeTanxmebul kriteriumTa
erTobliobas. umjobesia, fsiqikuri aSliloba
ganvixiloT, rogorc kontiniumi fsiqikur jan-
mrTelobasa da fsiqikur daavadebas Soris, ro-
gorc naCvenebia suraTze 15.1.
ramdenad misaRebia TqvenTvis paTologiuris
Sesaxeb es mosazrebebi? miuxedavad imisa, rom
kriteriumebi sakmarisad mkafiodaa gamokveTili,
fsiqologebs mainc afiqrebT obieqturobis prob-
lema.
obieqturobis problema
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul
individs fsiqologiurad aSlili, an paTolo-
giuri vuwodoT, yovelTvis qcevis Sesaxeb
msjelobas warmoadgens. mravali mkvlevris
mizania am msjelobebisTvis obieqturobis mini-
Weba, yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe. zogierTi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobisaTvis, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, depresia an Sizofrenia, diagnozi
xSirad akmayofilebs obieqturobis standartebs.
sxva SemTxvevebi ufro metad problemuria.
rogorc vnaxeT fsiqologiis Seswavlisas, qcevis
mniSvneloba erTdroulad ganpirobebulia misi
SinaarsiTa da misi konteqstiT. erTi da igive
moqmedeba sxvadasxva garemoSi sruliad

15.2
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis matarebelia. suraTi
vTqvaT, mamakaci kocnis mamakacs. es SeiZleba
iyos homoseqsualistTa urTierTobis maniS-
nebeli aSS-Si, misalmebis rituali safrangeTSi
an mafiis „sasikvdilo kocna~ siciliaze. qcevis
mniSvneloba yovelTvis damokidebulia kon-
teqstze. raTa saTanadod emkurnalaT daavadebisaTvis
vnaxoT, ratom aris obieqturoba aseTi mniS-
(Chorever, 1891).
vnelovani sakiTxi. istoria savsea iseTi situ- SedarebiT axlo warsulSi sabWoTa kavSiris
aciebis magaliTebiT, romelSic paTologiuris liderebs wesad hqondaT politikuri disiden-
Sesaxeb daskvna individTa moraluri, an poli-
tebis, maTi miuRebeli devianturi ideologiis
tikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas emsaxureboda. gamo (sur. 15.2) fsiqikurad aSlilad gamocxadeba
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT 1851 wels samedi- da maTi moSorebul fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
cino JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia „negroi-
foebSi xangrZlivi periodiT gagzavna.
duli rasis daavadebebi da fizikuri Tavise- Tu individs erTxel miawebeben „paTolo-
burebebi~. doqtori samuel qarTraiTi (Dr. Samuel giuris~ iarliys, adamianebs aqvT tendencia,
Cartwright) luizianas samedicino asociaciis mier
rom Semdgom mis mier ganxorcielebul qcevasac

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

iyo daniSnuli afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli
monebis „ucnauri~ praqtikis kvlevis komitetis
Tavmjdomared. kvlevis Sedegad dagrovil iqna
monobis praqtikis gasamarTlebeli „utyuari
mecnieruli mtkicebulebani~. aRmoCenil iqna
zogierTi „daavadeba~, romelic manamde ucnobi
iyo TeTrkanianTa rasisaTvis. erT-erTi aRmoCena
is iyo, rom Savkanianebi TiTqosda daavadebulni
iyvnen sensoruli daavadebiT, rac maT „dasjisas
tkivilisadmi ugrZnobs xdida~ (amitom ar unda
daezogaT isini). komitetma, aseve, aRmoaCina
daavadeba drapetomania (drapetomania), anu Tavi-
suflebis Ziebis mania _ fsiqikuri aSliloba,
romelic batonisgan gaqcevas aiZulebda zo-
gierT monas. saWiro iyo gaqceuli monebis daWera,
am daskvnis Sesabamisi interpretacia miscen.
devid rozenhanma (David Rozenhan) da misma
kolegebma aCvenes, rom SeiZleba SeuZlebeli
iyos „Seracxadad~ yofna „Seuracxad adgilze~.
saidan
viciT
Seracxadad darCena „Seuracxad~
adgilze
rozenhanma da Svidma Seracxadma ada-
mianma sxvadasxva fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
foSi moaxerxes pacientis statusiT mox-
vedra erTi simptomis _ halucinaciebis
607
 _ simulirebiT. rvave fsevdopacients mi-
Rebisas paranoiduli Sizofreniis an mani-
akalur-depresiuli aSlilobis diagnozi
dausves. miRebis Semdeg isini sruliad
normalurad iqceodnen, Tumca, rozenhanis
dakvirvebis mixedviT, rodesac Seracxadi
adamiani Seuracxad adgilze xvdeba, ufro
metad mosalodnelia, rom isic Seuracxa-
dad miiCnion; misi nebismieri qcevis xela-
xali interpretireba konteqstis Sesaba-
misad xdeba. fsevdopacientebi raciona-
lurad rom uxsnidnen saavadmyofos Tanam-
Sromlebs TavianT situacias, maT „inte-
leqtualuri~ dacvis gamoyenebas miawer-
dnen, dakvirvebebis Canawerebis warmoebas
ki „Caweris sindromad~ miiCnevdnen. fsev-
dopacientebma TiTqmis sami kvira gaatares
palatebSi da arc erTi CauTvliaT saavad-
myofos TanamSromlebs Seracxadad. ro-
desac maT sabolood daixsnes Tavi (mxo-
lod meuRleebisa da kolegebis daxma-
rebiT), saavadmyofodan gawerisas maTi
diagnozi isev „Sizofrenia~ iyo, Tumca,
„remisiis periodSi~; amrigad, maTi simpto-
mebi aRar iyo aqtualuri.
rozenhanis kvlevebma aCvena, Tu rogoraa
damokidebuli paTologiebis Sesaxeb mosazreba
Tavad qcevis miRma arsebul faqtorebze.
fsiqiatr tomas szaszis (Thomas Szasz) Tval-
sazrisiT, fsiqikuri daavadeba arc ki arsebobs
_ es „miTia~ (1961, 1977, 1995). igi amtkicebs, rom
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis arsebobis damadastu-
reblad gamoyenebuli simptomebi mxolod da
mxolod samedicino iarliyebia, romelic soci-
alur problemebSi _ devianturi (normidan ga-
daxrili) adamianebis mier socialuri normebis
darRvevaSi _ profesiuli Carevis sanqcias
iZleva. erTxel daasvamen ra daRs, am adamianebs
maTi „gansxvavebulobis~ problemis gamo an
rbilad da Tbilad eqcevian, an uxeSad da
sastikad, arsebuli „status-qvos~ darRvevis
safrTxis gareSe.
klinicistTa mcire jgufi Tu midis ase Sors,
ZiriTadad, imitom, rom kvlevaTa da mkurnalo-
baTa didi nawili pirovnuli distresis gagebasa
da Semsubuqebaze fokusirdeba. winamdebare TavSi
608 aRweril aSlilobaTa umetesobis SemTxvevaSi
individebi TavianT qcevas paTologiurad, an
garemosadmi mcired Seguebulad miiCneven.
amgvarad, am msjelobas mivyavarT mosazrebamde,
rom SeuZlebelia arsebobdes paTologiuris
sruliad obieqturi Sefaseba. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis TiToeuli tipis aRwerisas unda
SeecadoT imis gagebas, Tu ratom sjeraT
klinicistebs, rom simptomTa erToblioba, rom-
liTac warmodgenilia qceviTi paterni, indi-
vidisTvis ufro seriozuli movlenaa, vidre
ubralod socialuri normebis darRveva.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis konteqstze
Seqmnili warmodgenis dasasruleblad axla
paTologiuris cnebisa da paTologiuri qcevis
mkurnalobis zogierT istoriul moments
SevexebiT. amis Semdeg ki im zogad mizezobriv
faqtorebs mivubrundebiT, romelTac mkvlevrebi
paTologiuris gamomwvev Zalebad miiCneven.
istoriuli perspeqtivebi
istoriis manZilze adamianebs eSinodaT
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis, radgan eSmaks
ukavSirebdnen maT. am SiSis gamo isini agresi-
ulad epyrobodnen avadmyofebs da gadamwyvet
zomebs iRebdnen yvela im qcevis aRmosafxvre-
lad, romelsac ucnaurad, an paTologiurad
miiCnevdnen. adamianebi, romlebic aseT qcevebs
axorcielebdnen, sapyrobileebSi xvdebodnen da
ganwirulni iyvnen radikaluri samedicino mkur-
nalobisTvis. fsiqikur avadmyofobasa da eSmaks
Soris kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb crurwmenebi
iseTive Zvelia, rogorc kacobriobis istoria.
arqeologebs aRmoCenili aqvT preistoriuli
gaxvretili Tavis qalebi. es aRmoCenebi,
SesaZloa, miuTiTebdes Cvens winaprebSi arse-
bul rwmenaze, rom aseTi naxvretebi individSi
Casaxlebul demonebs gaqcevis saSualebas
aZlevda.
Semdgom, Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli Selocvebi
mowodebuli iyo isteriis Sesamsubuqeblad, rom-
lis simptomebi iyo paralizeba an tkivilebi,
Tavbrusxvevebi, koWloba da sibrmave. Tavdapir-
velad fiqrobdnen, rom isteriiT mxolod qalebi
avaddebodnen, daavadebis mizezs ki eSmakis kon-
trolis, zegavlenis qveS moqceuli moxetiale
saSvilosno warmoadgenda (Veith, 1965). miaqcieT
yuradReba, rogor Cans qvemoT warmodgenil Se-
locvaSi rwmena fsiqologiur aSlilobebSi
demonuri Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb.
o, saSov, saSov, saSov, cilindrulo
saSov, wiTelo saSov, TeTro saSov, msuqano
saSov, sisxlmdeno saSov, farTo saSov,
gaberilo saSov, o, demonuro... mogiwodeb
Sen, o, saSov, wminda samebis saxeliT
dabrunde im adgilze, saidanac arc unda
daiZra da arc waxvide... da dabrunde
risxvis gareSe im adgilze, sadac Tavda-
pirvelad dagafuZna maRalma RmerTma
(Zilboorg and Henry, 1941, citirebulia Nietzel
et al.-Si, 1991, gv.19).
1692 wels salemis kolonia masaCusetSi mra-
val axalgazrda qals aReniSneboda konvulsiebi,
pirRebineba da sisuste. isini aRwerdnen Sebo-
Wilobis, Cxvletisa da dakbenilobis SegrZne-
bebs. mravali maTgani droebiT dabrmavda an
dayruvda; zogierTebi haerSi frenis xilvebsa
da SegrZnebebs aRwerdnen. aseTma ucnaurma
simptomebma axsnis farTomasStabian Ziebas STa-
beres suli. mravali adamiani Tvlida, rom
simptomebi eSmakis moqmedebis Sedegs warmoad-
genda, rasac is miwieri grZneulebis Zalisxme-
viT axalgazrda qalebis gonebasa da sxeulze
zemoqmedebiT aRwevda. am Teoriebs jadoqrobis
panika da grZneulebad wodebuli 20-ze meti
qalis egzekucia mohyva.
XVIII saukunemde dasavlur sazogadoebebSi
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs ugono qmnile-
bebad miiCnevdnen, romelTa gakontroleba mxo-
lod jaWvebiTa da fizikuri discipliniT iyo
SesaZlebeli. saavadmyofoebSi zrunvis nacvlad
maT damnaSaveebTan erTad amyofebdnen sapyrobi-
leebSi. axla vnaxoT, rogor daiwyo am mdgomare-
obis Secvla.
samedicino modelis warmoqmna
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi paTologiuri
qcevis mimarT axali damokidebuleba gaCnda _
adamianebma fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone
individTa avadmyofebad, daavadebiT datanju-
lebad ufro daiwyes aRqma, vidre Sepyrobilebad
an uzneoebad. amis Sedegad TandaTanobiT
SeuracxadebisTvis keTilganwyobili pirobebis
Sesaqmnelad mTeli rigi reformebi ganxorci-
elda. filip pineli (Philippe Pinel, 1745-1826) erT-
erTi pirveli klinicisti iyo, romelmac am
ideebis gamoyenebiT fsiqologiuri sirTuleebis
klasifikaciis sistemis ganviTarebis mcdeloba
ganaxorciela da sayrdenad aiRo mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa
da qcevis aSlilobebi bevrad hgavs fizikur,
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba
organul daavadebebs. aseTi sistemis mixedviT,
TiToeul daavadebas gaaCnia damaxasiaTebel
simptomTa erToblioba, romelic ganasxvavebs
mas sxva aSlilobisgan da janmrTeli funqci-
onirebisgan. aSlilobebi klasificirebulia
dakvirvebadi simptomebis paternebis, darRvevis
dasawyisisTvis arsebuli pirobebis, aSlilobis
bunebrivi mimdinareobisa da mkurnalobisadmi
daqvemdebarebulobis mixedviT. aseTma saklasifi-
kacio sistemebma, bunebismetyvelTa mier gamoyene-
buli biologiuri saklasifikacio sistemebis
Seqmnis Semdeg, modelireba ganicada da mo-
wodebuli iyo klinicistebisTvis gavrcelebu-
li aSlilobebis gacilebiT iolad amocnobaSi
daxmarebis gasawevad.
609
 1896 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma emil kre-
pelinma (Emil Kraepelin, 1855-1926) Seqmna fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis pirveli realurad amomwu-
ravi klasifikacia. vinaidan swamda, rom fsi-
qologiur problemebs fizikuri safuZveli
hqonda, man samedicino diagnozis suliskveTebiT
aRwera fsiqologiuri diagnostirebisa da
klasifikaciis procesi; im suliskveTebiT, rome-
lic dResdReobiTac arsebobs (Rosenhan &
Seligman, 1989). misi Sexedulebebi yvelaze iolad
da swrafad damkvidrda fsiqiatrebis terminolo-
giaSi _ saubaria fsiqikur daavadebaze da
fsiqikurad daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnalo-
baze maTi daavadebuli tvinebis gankurnebis
imediT.
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
fsiqologiuri modelebis warmoqmna
samedicino midgomis alternatiuli mimdina-
reoba paTologiuri qcevis fsiqologiur
mizezebsa da mkurnalobaze fokusirdeba. es
mosazreba kargad gamoikveTa XVIII saukunis
dasasrulisaTvis, rasac xeli Seuwyo franc
mesmeris (Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815) STambeWdavma
Sromebma. mesmers miaCnda, rom mraval aSlilo-
bas, maT Soris isteriasac, mis mier cxovelur
magnetizmad wodebuli idumalebiT moculi
Zalis nakadSi gaCenili darRvevebi iwvevda.
man aRmoaCina cxoveluri magnetizmis Seswavlis
ramdenime axali teqnika, maT Soris erT-erTi
TandaTanobiT cnobili gaxda, rogorc hipnotiz-
610 mi, rac, Tavdapirvelad, mesmerizmad moixsenie-
boda misi aRmomCenis sapativcemulod (Darnton,
1968; Pattie, 1994).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mesmeris zogadi Teoria
cxoveluri magnetizmis Sesaxeb diskrediti-
rebul iqna, hipnozis miseuli teqnika mravalma
mkvlevarma gadaiRo da aiTvisa. maT Soris iyo
cnobili frangi nevrologi Jan Sarko (Jean
Charcot, 1825-1893). Sarkom aRmoaCina, rom isteriis
zogierTi simptomis likvidireba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, kidurebis paralizeba, SesaZlebelia,
rodesac pacienti hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS
imyofeba. hipnozs janmrTel individebSi
isteriis simptomebis gamowvevac ki SeuZlia,
riTac kargad aCvenebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebis
rols im problemebis warmoqmnaSi, romelTac
mxolod fizikuri safuZvlis mqoned miiCnevdnen.
Sarkos erT-erTma studentma, zigmund
froidma ganagrZo hipnoziT eqsperimentireba.
igi am eqsperimentebs pirovnebisa da paTologiis
Sesaxeb Tavisi fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis Semu-
SavebisTvis iyenebda, romelic, aseve, axdens
zegavlenas fsiqopaTologiis bunebisa da mize-
zebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Teoriebze (man Semdgom
Sewyvita praqtikaSi hipnoTerapiis gamoyeneba
da xeli mihyo fsiqoanalizs, rogorc fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis meTods).
paTologiuris Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mosazre-
bebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, fsiqikuri daava-
debebis samedicino da fsiqologiuri mode-
lebis aspeqtTa kombinirebul variants warmoad-
gens. qvemoT swored paTologiuris mizezebis
axsnis am ZiriTad saxeebze visaubrebT.

fsiqopaTologiis etiologia
etiologia exeba fsiqologiuri da samedici-
no problemebis ganviTarebis mizezebsa da
xelSemwyob faqtorebs. Tu viciT, ratom Cndeba
aSliloba, saidan momdinareobs is da ra zegav-
lenas axdens azrovnebaze, emociebsa da qceviT
procesebze, SesaZlebeli xdeba mkurnalobis
da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, misi prevenciis axali
gzebis povna. TiToeuli aSlilobis ganxilvisas
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iqneba mizezebis analizi.
qvemoT mizezobrivi faqtorebis or did
kategoriaze _ biologiursa da fsiqologiurze
_ visaubrebT.
biologiuri midgomebi
samedicino modelis tradiciebze Camoyali-
bebuli Tanamedrove biologiuri midgomis
daSvebis Tanaxmad, fsiqologiuri darRvevebi
gamowveulia bazisuri biologiuri faqtorebiT.
biologi mkvlevrebi da klinicistebi xSirad
ikvleven Tavis tvinis struqturul anomaliebs,
biologiur procesebsa da genetikur zegavle-
nebs.
Tavis tvini rTuli organoa, romlis ur-
TierTdakavSirebuli elementebi myife balansSi
imyofebian erTmaneTTan. mis qimiur gadamtanebSi
_ neirogadamtanebSi, an mis qsovilSi momxdar
mcireoden cvlilebasac ki SeiZleba mniSvne-
lovani Sedegi mohyves. am cvlilebebis mizezi
mravali ram SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris genetikuri
faqtorebi, Tavis tvinis dazianeba da infeqcia.
wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove teqno-
logia fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesiona-
lebs, qirurgiuli Carevis gareSe, cocxali
individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da spe-
cifikuri bioqimiuri procesebis dakvirvebis
saSualebas aZlevs. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT
biologiurad orientirebuli mkvlevrebi axal
kavSirebs ikvleven fsiqologiur aSlilobebsa
da Tavis tvinis specifikur anomaliebs Soris.
amasTanave, qceviTi genetikis sferoSi mimdinare
miRwevebma gaaumjobesa specifikur genebsa da
fsiqologiur aSlilobebs Soris kavSirebis
dadgenis SesaZlebloba. SevecdebiT ra paTolo-
giuris sxvadasxva formebis bunebis Secnobas,
winamdebare TavSi biologiuri axsnis sxvadasxva
tips mimovixilavT.
fsiqologiuri midgomebi
fsiqologiuri midgomebi fsiqopaTologiis
ganviTarebaSi fsiqologiuri da socialuri
faqtorebis rolze fokusirdeba. am midgomebSi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis safuZvlad pirov-
nul gamocdilebas, travmebs, konfliqtebsa da
garemos faqtorebs miiCneven. Cven ganvixilavT
paTologiis sam ZiriTad fsiqologiur mod-
els: fsiqodinamikurs, bihevioralursa da kog-
niturs.
fsiqodinamikuri modeli. biologiuri midgo-
mis msgavsad, fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT,
fsiqopaTologiis mizezebi pirovnebis SigniTaa
lokalizebuli, Tumca, zigmund froidis (am
modelis avtoris) mixedviT, Sinagani faqtorebi
fsiqologiuri ufroa, vidre biologiuri.
rogorc wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, froids miaCnda,
rom mravali fsiqologiuri aSliloba yvela
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri kon-
fliqtebisa da egos dacviTi reaqciebis „nor-
maluri~ procesebis gamZafrebis Sedegia. fsiqo-
dinamikuri modelis mixedviT, adreuli bavSvobis
gamocdileba orives ayalibebs _ normalur
da paTologiur qcevasac.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis Tanaxmad, qceva
xSir SemTxvevebSi gaucnobierebeli ltolvebiTa
da survilebiTaa motivirebuli. fsiqopaTo-
logiis simptomebi gaucnobierebeli konfliqte-
bidan da azrebidan iRebs saTaves. Tu aracnobieri
konfliqtur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da savsea
daZabulobiT, pirovnebas SfoTva da sxva
aSlilobebi Seawuxebs. am fsiqikur konfliqtTa
umravlesoba idis araracionaluri, siamovnebis
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba
maZiebeli impulsebisa da superegodan momdinare
internalizebuli socialuri iZulebebis ur-
TierTdapirispirebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.
Cveulebisamebr, am dapirispirebaSi momrigeblis
rols ego asrulebs, Tumca, bavSvobaSi paTo-
logiis ganviTarebam SeiZleba Seasustos mis
mier am funqciis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba.
erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi myofi motivebisTvis
da SfoTvisTvis Tavis aridebas individebi
dacvis iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSavebiT cdiloben,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, gandevna, an uaryofa.
dacvis meqanizmebis moWarbebulad gamoyenebas
Tan sdevs realobis damaxinjeba, an TviTdaman-
etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis
mizezebi, an masTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.
611
 greveli qcevebi. individma SeiZleba imdenad
didi raodenobis fsiqikuri energia daxarjos
SfoTvisa da konfliqtisgan Tavis dasacavad,
rom mcireodeni energiaRa darCes nayofieri da
komfortuli cxovrebisTvis.
bihevioraluri modeli. xazs usvamen ra
dakvirvebad reaqciebs, bihevioristebi naklebad
saubroben hipoTetur fsiqodinamikur proce-
sebze. maT miaCniaT, rom paTologiuri qcevis
SeZena janmrTeli qcevis msgavsad _ daswavlisa
da ganmtkicebis meSveobiT _ xdeba. isini
yuradRebis miRma toveben Sinagan fsiqologiur
fenomenebsa da adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas,
Tumca, xazs usvamen mimdinare qcevasa da mimdi-
nare mdgomareobebs da im ganmamtkiceblebs,
romlebic inarCuneben qcevas. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis simptomebi individebis mier TviT-
damangreveli an araefeqturi qcevebis daswavlis
Sedegad warmoiqmneba. nebismieri arasasurveli,
paTologiuri qcevis garemoSi arsebuli Sem-
TxveviTi ganmamtkiceblebis moZiebiT mkvlev-
rebs, an klinicistebs SeuZliaT maT Secvlaze
mimarTuli mkurnalobis gzebis dasaxva da
arasasurveli qcevis Caqroba. araadapturi qceviT
gamowveuli procesebis kvlevisas bihevioristebi
klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebis mode-
lebs eyrdnobian (ix. Tavi 7).
kognituri modeli. fsiqopaTologiisadmi kog-
nitur midgomas xSirad bihevioralur Tvalsaz-
risTan erTad iyeneben. kognituri midgomis mixed-
viT, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saTaveebs
yovelTvis ver aRmovaCenT obieqturad arsebuli
garemos stimulebSi, ganmamtkiceblebsa da
TvalsaCino reaqciebSi. mniSvneloba aqvs imas,
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da
garemos da ras fiqroben maT Sesaxeb. kognitur
cvladebs Soris, romelTac SeiZleba sworad an
arasworad warmarTon adapturi qceva, aris
pirovnebis mier mniSvnelovani ganmamtkiceblebis
gakontrolebis xarisxis subieqturi aRqma, sa-
frTxis momtan movlenebTan gamklavebis SesaZ-
leblobis pirovnuli rwmena da movlenebis
interpretacia situaciuri Tu pirovnuli faqto-
rebis terminebiT. kognituri midgomis mixedviT,
fsiqologiuri problemebi realuri situaciis
aRqmis damaxinjebis, mcdari msjelobebis, an
problemis gadawyvetis uSedego mcdelobebis
Sedegia.
sociokulturuli midgoma. fsiqopaTologiis
612 Sesaxeb sociokulturuli mosazreba xazs usvams
kulturis rols paTologiuri qcevis gansazR-
vrasa da etiologiaSi. Cven ukve SevexeT diagnos-
tirebaze kulturis zegavlenas, rodesac obieq-
turobis problemaze vsaubrobdiT. Cven vTqviT,
rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi erTsa da imave qcevas
sxvadasxva interpretacia SeiZleba hqondes:
zRurbli, romelzec garkveuli qcevis tipi
individisTvis adaptaciaSi problemebis Semqmne-
li gaxdeba, nawilobriv, mis kulturul konteq-
stzea damokidebuli. rac Seexeba etiologias,
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli garemo pirobebi,
sadac cxovroben adamianebi, SeiZleba gansazR-
vravdes im pirobebs, romlebic xels uwyoben
fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipebis an qveti-
pebis gamoyofas. Cven mogvianebiT, klasifikaciis
Sesaxeb qveTavSi, visaubrebT aseT, kulturasTan
SeWidul sindromebze.
axla ukve SegiqmeniT zogadi warmodgena im
ZiriTad midgomebze, romlebsac mkvlevrebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb gvTava-
zoben. unda aRiniSnos, rom, miaCniaT ra fsiqopa-
Tologia mTeli rigi biologiuri da fsiqolo-
giuri faqtorebis rTuli urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro da ufro
metad ikaveben interaqcionistul pozicias. ase
magaliTad, genetikurma predispoziciam neiro-
gadamtanebis, an hormonebis doneze zemoqmedebiT
SeiZleba mowyvladi gaxados pirovneba fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobisadmi, magram aSlilobis sru-
lad ganviTarebisTvis fsiqologiuri an socia-
luri stresi, an daswavlili qceva iyos saWiro.
Semdeg nawilSi im mcdelobebze gveqneba
saubari, romelic ganxorcielda aSlilobebis
sxvadasxva kategoriebis klasificirebisa da
aRwerisaTvis.
Sejameba
paTologia ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi krite-
riumebis gaTvaliswinebiT: distresi, an uuna-
roba, araadapturoba, araracionaluroba, ara-
prognozirebadoba, araSablonuroba da statis-
tikuri iSviaToba, damkvirveblis doskomforti
da zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva.
arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar aris aucile-
beli da sakmarisi piroba fsiqikuri daavadebis
gansazRvrisaTvis. mkvlevrebis upirvelesi
mizania fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi
obieqturi mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba; es mizani
rTulia, radganac paTologiuris Sesaxeb das-
kvnebi xSirad aris damokidebuli konteqstze.
kacobriobis TiTqmis mTeli istoriis manZilze
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs arasworad
epyrobodnen, anda sapyrobileebSi amwyvdevdnen.
mas Semdeg ganviTarda maTdami midgomis Seda-
rebiT adamianuri meTodebi, rac iseTma adamia-
nebma, rogorebic iyvnen pineli, mesmeri da
krepelini, am aSlilobebis daavadebebad gan-
xilva daiwyes. es daavadebebi kategorizaciasa
da mkurnalobas eqvemdebarebodnen. fsiqikuri
daavadebis etiologiis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi, Cveulebisamebr, biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis interaqciul mod-
els mimarTaven xolme.
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis klasifikacia
ratom aris sasargeblo fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis klasifikaciis sistemis arseboba? ra
upiratesobebs iZleva paTologiuris amomwuravi
Sefasebis gziT misi sxvadasxva tipebis erTmane-
Tisgan gamijvna? fsiqologiuri diagnozi aris
paTologiurisTvis dakvirvebadi qcevis paternis
klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad
micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri
sistemis farglebSi. aseTi diagnozis miReba
gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre samedicino
diagnozis. samedicino konteqstSi diagnosti-
rebisas eqims iseT fizikur monacemebze SeuZlia
dayrdnoba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rentgenis
suraTi, sisxlis analizi da biofsia. fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi diagnozisTvis
saWiro monacemebs individis moqmedebis inter-
pretaciidan viRebT. klinikosTa maqsimaluri
SeTanxmebulobisa (konsistenturobis) da maT
diagnostikur Sefasebebs Soris Tanmimdevru-
lobis misaRwevad, fsiqologebma diagnosti-
rebisa da klasifikaciis sistema ganaviTares,
romelic uzrunvelyofs simptomebis detalur,
fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis)
_ fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis dakvirvebuli
qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da katego-
rizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli
diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
zedmiwevniT aRweras imdenad, ramdenadac sxva
kriteriumebi exmareba praqtikosebs imis gada-
wyvetaSi, aris Tu ara pirovnebis qceva gar-
kveuli aSlilobis maniSnebeli.
klasifikaciis miznebi
imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad sasargeblo
iyos, diagnostikuri sistema Semdeg sam sarge-
bels unda iZleodes:
 saerTo stenografiuli ena. klinikosTa
da fsiqopaTologiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevar-
Ta Soris swrafi da gasagebi urTierTobisTvis
praqtikosebi sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli mniS-
vnelobebis mqone terminebs eZeben. diagnos-
tikuri kategoria, rogoricaa depresia, didi
raodenobis kompleqsur informacias aerTianebs,
romelSic Sedis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi
da aSlilobis tipuri mimdinareoba. klinikur
garemoSi, rogoricaa, klinikebi da saavadmyo-
foebi, diagnostikuri sistema fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis profesionalebs ufro efeqturi ko-
munikaciis saSualebas aZlevs im adamianebis
Sesaxeb, visac exmarebian. fsiqopaTologiis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis kvlevisas an mkurnalobis
programebis Sefasebisas mkvlevrebi unda SeTan-
xmdnen dasakvirvebeli aSlilobis Taobaze.
 etiologiis gageba. idealur SemTxvevaSi,
konkretuli aSlilobis diagnozma naTeli unda
mohfinos simptomebis gamomwvev mizezebs.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia
samwuxarod, mravali fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
etiologiis Sesaxeb arsebiTi uTanxmoebis an
sakmarisi informaciis uqonlobis gamo Znelia
am miznis miRweva.
 mkurnalobis dagegmva. diagnozma, aseve,
unda gvikarnaxos, Tu mkurnalobis ra tipebi
unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli aSlilobisaTvis.
mkvlevrebma da klinikosebma aRmoaCines, rom
garkveuli mkurnaloba an Terapia ufro efeqtu-
rad moqmedebs garkveuli tipis fsiqologiur
aSlilobebze. magaliTad, Sizofreniis dros
sakmaod efeqturi medikamentebi sruliad
usargebloa da zogjer ufro amZimebs kidec
mdgomareobas depresiis SemTxvevaSi. mkurnalo-
bebis efeqturobisa da specifikurobis Sesaxeb
codnis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba daaCqarebs da ufro
sandos gaxdis diagnostirebis process, rac
metad mniSvnelovania. 613
 DSM-IV-TR DSM-is pirveli versia, romelic 1952 wels
gamoCnda (DSM-I), ramdenime aTeul fsiqikur daa-
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze far-
vadebas moicavda. 1968 wels gamosuli, gada-
Tod miRebuli saklasifikacio sqema amerikis
sinjuli DSM-II ufro metad Seesatyviseboda
fsiqiatriul asociacias ekuTvnis. mas fsiqikuri
meore popularul sistemas _ msoflio janmrTe-
aSlilobebis diagnostikuri da statistikuri
lobis organizaciis daavadebaTa internaciona-
saxelmZRvanelo ewodeba. meoTxe gamocemis (DSM-
lur klasifikacias (ICD _ International Classifica-
IV, 1994) „teqsturi gadasinjva~ 2000 wels gamoq-
tion of Diseases). DSM-is meoTxe gamocema (DSM-IV,
veynda da mas klinikosebi da mkvlevrebi DSM-
1994) komitetebisa da mecnierebis ramdenime-
IV-TR-is saxeliT icnoben. masSi klasifici-
wliani intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg gamovida.
rebulia, gansazRvrulia da aRwerilia 200-ze
cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad (1987 wels
meti fsiqikuri aSliloba.
gamosul DSM-III-R-Si) am komitetebma dawvrile-
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi midgomebis
biT ganixiles fsiqopaTologiaSi dagrovili
mravalferovnebiT gamowveuli diagnostikuri
gamokvlevebis uzarmazari raodenoba da, aseve,
sirTuleebis Sesamcireblad DSM-IV-TR-Si yurad-
Seamowmes, Tu ramdenad muSaobda SemoTavazebuli
Reba simptomTa paternebis aRwerasa da aSli-
cvlilebebi realur klinikur pirobebSi. DSM-
lobebis mimdinareobebze ufro metad aris
IV, aseve, srulad Seesabameba ACD-is meaTe
gamaxvilebuli, vidre etiologiur Teoriebsa
gamocemas. DSM-IV-TR-Si (2000), DSM-IV-is teqstur
da mkurnalobis strategiebze. wmindad aRweriTi
gadasinjvaSi, axali kvlevebis Sedegebic aris
xasiaTis terminebi klinikosebsa da mkvlevrebs
mocemuli, Tumca, saerTod ar aris Secvlili
problemebis aRsawerad sayovelTao, saerTo enis
DSM-IV-is klasifikaciis struqtura.
gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs nacvlad imisa,
fsiqologiur aSlilobasTan SesaZlo kavSir-
rom SeTanxmebis miuRwevlad datovon Sexvedrebi
Si myofi fsiqologiuri, socialuri da fizikuri
da ikvlion, Tu romeli Teoriuli modeli
faqtorebis ganxilvisas klinikosebis dasax-
ukeT xsnis arsebul problemebs.
mareblad DSM-IV-TR ganzomilebebs, anu RerZebs
DSM-IV-TR _ amerikis fsiqiatriuli asociaciis iyenebs, romlebzec mocemulia informacia yvela
amJamad momqmedi diagnostikuri da statistikuri am faqtoris Sesaxeb (ix. cxrili 15.1).
saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic klasificirebulia, ZiriTad klinikur aSlilobaTa umravlesoba
ganmartebulia da aRwerilia fsiqikuri aSli-
I RerZzea moTavsebuli. aq Sedis yvela aSli-
lobebi.
loba, gonebrivi CamorCenilobis garda, romelic

cxrili
15.1
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

DSM-IV-TR-is xuTi RerZi

RerZebi informaciis klasi aRwera
RerZi I klinikuri aSlilobebi es fsiqikuri aSlilobebi warmoadgens qceviTi an
fsiqologiuri problemebis simptomebs, an paternebs, romelic,
rogorc wesi, mtkivneulia da auaresebs funqcionirebas
romelime sferoSi. aq Setanilia aSlilobebi, romlebic Tavs
iCens Cvilobis, bavSvobis an Wabukobis periodSi.
RerZi II (a) pirovnuli aSlilobebi samyaros aRqmisa da masze reagirebis disfunqcionaluri
(b) gonebrivi CamorCeniloba paternebi.
RerZi III zogadi samedicino am RerZze warmodgenilia fizikuri problemebi, romelic
mdgomareobebi ukavSirdeba I da II RerZebze aRwerili fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis gagebas, an mkurnalobas.
RerZi IV fsiqosocialuri da garemos am RerZze warmodgenilia is fsiqosocialuri da garemos
problemebi stresorebi, romelmac SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos
aSlilobis diagnostirebasa da mkurnalobaze da
gamojanmrTelebis albaTobaze.
RerZi V funqcionirebis mTlianobiTi am RerZze warmodgenilia fsiqologiur, socialur da
Sefaseba profesionalur sferoebSi individis mimdinare funqcionirebis
erTiani done.
614
bavSvobaSi iCens Tavs. II RerZze mocemulia
rogorc gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, aseve, pirov-
nuli aSlilobebi. es problemebi SeiZleba Tan
sdevdes I RerZis aSlilobebs. III RerZi moicavs
informacias zogadi samedicino mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa, magaliTad, diabeti, rac
SeiZleba relevanturi iyos I an II RerZze gan-
Tavsebuli aSlilobis gagebisas, an mkurna-
lobisas. IV da V RerZebi uzrunvelyofs dama-
tebiT informacias, romelic SeiZleba sasargeb-
lo iyos konkretuli individisTvis mkurnalo-
bis kursis dagegmvisas, an prognozis Sefasebisas
(momavali cvlilebebis winaswar ganWvretisas).
IV RerZi afasebs fsiqosocialur da garemodan
momdinare problemebs, romlebmac SeiZleba
axsnas pacientis stresuli reaqciebi, an stres-
Tan misi gamklavebis resursebi. V RerZze kli-
nikosebi afaseben individis funqcionirebis
saerTo, zogad dones. DSM-IV-TR-is sistemis
sruli diagnozi TiToeuli RerZis ganxilvas
unda moicavdes.
diagnostikuri kategoriebis
ganviTareba
diagnostikuri kategoriebi da maTi organize-
bisa da warmodgenisTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebi
DSM-is yovel gadanisjvaSi icvleboda. es
cvlilebebi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis eqsperte-
bis umravlesobis mosazrebaTa cvlilebebs
asaxavs imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad risgan
Sedgeba fsiqologiuri aSliloba da sad unda
gaiaros zRvarma aSlilobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs
Soris. aseve, maTSi asaxulia sazogadoebaSi
paTologiuris Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebis
cvlilebebi.
TiToeuli DSM-is gadasinjvis procesSi
gamoiricxa zogierTi diagnostikuri kategoria,
zogierTi ki, piriqiT, daemata kidec. magaliTad,
DSM-III-is (1980w.) SesavalSi amoRebulia nevro-
tul da fsiqotur aSlilobebs Soris gansxva-
vebis tradiciuli ganmarteba. nevrotuli aSli-
lobebi, anu nevrozebi Tavdapirvelad gaigeboda,
rogorc SedarebiT zogadi fsiqologiuri
problemebi, romlis drosac pirovnebas ar aRe-
niSneboda tvinis paTologiis niSnebi, Warbad
araracionaluri azrovneba da ar arRvevda
ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdida subieqtur
distress, an xasiaTdeboda TviTdamangreveli
an daZlevis araadekvaturi strategiebiT. fsi-
qoturi aSlilobebi, anu fsiqozebi nevrotuli
problemebisgan gansxvavebulad moiazreboda
rogorc xarisxis, ise _ simwvavis mixedviT.
miaCndaT, rom fsiqoturi qceva mniSvnelovan-
wilad gadis socialuri normebis farglebidan
da mas Tan axlavs racionaluri azrovnebisa
da zogadad emociur da azrovnebis procesebSi
arsebiTi, Rrma darRvevebi. DSM-III-is sakonsul-
tacio komitetebi xvdebodnen, rom terminebi
nevrotuli aSlilobebi da fsiqoturi aSlilo-
bebi Zalze ganzogadda Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT
da usargeblo gaxda, rogorc diagnostikuri
kategoria (Tumca, am terminebs mravali fsiqiat-
ri da fsiqologi isev iyenebs pirovnebis darRve-
vebis zogadi donis aRsawerad).
DSM-is gamocemebis manZilze calkeuli
diagnozebic erTveboda da akldeboda CamonaT-
vals. amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia homo-
seqsualoba. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT XII Tavidan,
rom 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam
xma misca fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis nusxidan
homoseqsualurobis amoRebas. im dromde homo-
seqsualoba DSM-Si Setanili iyo, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadeba.
fsiqiatri eqspertebis mosazrebebis Secvla
kvlevebis Sedegebma gamoiwvia, romelmac aCvena
homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli
qalebis, zogadad, fsiqikuri janmrTeloba.
dResdReobiT homoseqsualobas ubralod
seqsualuri TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT variantad
miiCneven. is mxolod maSin Tanxvdeba DSM-IV-
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia
TR-is diagnozs, rodesac individs aReniSneba
„mdgradi da SesamCnevi distresi seqsualur
orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT~ (DSM-IV-TR, 2000,
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsi-
qikuri aSliloba, romlis drosac pirovnebas
ar aReniSneba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar
avlens moWarbebul, mkveTrad gamoxatul
iracionalur azrovnebas, an ar arRvevs qcevis
ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur
distress. es kategoria gadmotanilia DSM-III-
dan.
fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac uaresdeba indi-
vidis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba azrov-
nebis, emociebisa da aRqmis sferoSi warmoqmnil
sirTuleebSi; aRar gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg. 615
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

marTla gvicavs Tu ara Seuracxadoba

1981 wlis 30 marts msof-
lio SeZra aSS-is prezidentis
_ ronald reiganis mkvle-
lobis TiTqmis warmatebulma
mcdelobam, romelic jon
hiklim ganaxorciela. 1982
wlis ivnisSi, Sokma yvela
zRvars gadaaWarba, rodesac
naficma msajulebma hinkli
„udanaSaulod cnes Seura-
cxadobis gamo~. ramdenad misa-
Rebi iyo es? ras niSnavs, rom
viRac Seuracxadia?
Seuracxadoba ar aris gan-
martebuli DSM-IV-TR-Si; ar
arsebobs misi sayovelTao
klinikuri gansazRvreba. me-
tic, Seuracxadoba popula-
ruli kulturisa da samar-
Tlebrivi sistemis cnebaa.
samarTalSi Seuracxadobis
gaTvaliswinebis praqtika 1843
wlidan iRebs saTaves, rode-
sac inglisSi deniel mak-
naTeni (Daniel M`Naghten) mkvle-
lobaSi udanaSaulod cnes
Seuracxadobis mizeziT. misi
savaraudo msxverpli brita-
neTis premier ministri iyo.
maknaTens swamda, rom mas Rmer-
Tma Caagona mkvleloba (man
SemTxveviT premier ministris
nacvlad misi mdivani mokla).
bodvebis gamo igi cixis nacv-
lad fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
foSi moaTavses. am verdiqtis
Tanmdevma risxvam biZgi misca
lordTa palatas, rom gamoe-
kveTa mimarTuleba, e.w. makna-
Tenis wesi, romelic gansazR-
vravda Seuracxadobis far-
glebs. am wesis mixedviT, dam-
naSave ver unda „xvdebodes mis
mier ganxorcielebuli qmede-
bebis xasiaTsa da kategorias;
anda Tu xvdeba, ar unda ico-
des, rom rasac akeTebs, ar aris
swori.~
aris ki maknaTenis wesi
damnaSaveobis an udanaSaulo-
bis samarTliani sazomi? fsi-
qikuri daavadebebis gagebaSi
winsvlasTan erTad, mkvlev-
rebma ufro meti ician im
garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romel-
Sic damnaSave SesaZloa ansxva-
vebdes swors mcdarisgan _
damnaSavem SesaZloa icodes,
rom mis mier ganxorciele-
buli qmedeba arasamarTleb-
rivi an arazneobrivi iyo,
magram mainc ver SeZlos moqme-
debis daTrgunva da misgan
Tavis Sekaveba (disociaciis am
tipis Sesaxeb SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebis ganxilvisas visaub-
rebT). xSirad, magaliTad,
fobiebis mqone adamianebma
ician, rom oboba maT arafers
dauSavebs, magram ar xelewi-
febaT misi danaxvisas panikuri
qcevisagan Tavis Sekaveba.

gv.582). diagnostikuri kriteriumi, cxadia, gamo- is garkveul diagnostikur kategorias~ (DSM-

iyeneba im homoseqsualebis mimarT, visac awuxebs IV-TR, 2000, gv.898). qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime
es problema. magaliTi:
dabolos, DSM-is adreuli gamocemebis kri-  Boufee delirante. „aJitirebuli da agresi-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

tikosebs afiqrebdaT is faqti, rom fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevebSi yuradRebis
miRma rCeboda kulturuli variaciebi. DSM-IV-
TR-Si aSlilobaTa umravlesobis aRwera moicavs
informacias „specifikuri kulturuli maxasia-
Teblebis~ Sesaxeb. metic, danarTSi aRwerilia
daaxloebiT 25-mde kulturasTan SeWiduli
sindromi: „ganmeorebiTi, normidan gadaxrili
qcevis adgilobrivad specifikuri paternebi
da Semawuxebeli gamocdileba, romelic SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes, an ar ukavSirdebodes DSM-IV-
Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara
klinikuri) aRniSvna im mdgomareobisa, romlis
drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuri-
diulad Seuracxadi, an araqmediTi, arakom-
616 petenturi.
uli qcevis moulodneli amofrqveva, SesamCnevi
dabneuloba da fsiqologiuri agzneba~ (gv.899);
aRniSnulia dasavleT afrikaSi, taitze;
 Koro. „moulodneli da intensiuri SfoTva
imis Taobaze, rom penisi (an, qalebis SemTxvevaSi,
sasqeso bageebi da sarZeve jirkvlebi) mowydeba
sxeuls, ramac SesaZloa sikvdili gamoiwvios~
(gv. 900); aRniSnulia samxreT da aRmosavleT
aziaSi;
 Taijin Kyofusho. „individis intensiuri
SiSi imis Taobaze, rom individis sxeuli, sxeu-
lis nawilebi an funqciebi arasasiamovno, samar-
cxvino, an Seuracxmyofelia sxva adamianebi-
saTvis Tavisi garegnobiT, suniT, saxis gamo-
 fsiqikuri daavadebis Se-
saxeb aseTi mosazreba samar-
Tlebriv standartebSic iqna
CarTuli, ramac imoqmeda
hinklis SemTxvevaSi. mis
nafic msajulebs miaCndaT,
rom hinkli ar akontrolebda
Tavis qcevas, romelic msaxiob
judi fosteris akviatebidan
momdinareobda.
gaanTavisufles Tu ara
hinkli? _ araviTar SemTxv-
evaSi. igi vaSingtonis olqis
wm. elizabetis fsiqiatriul
klinikaSi moaTavses da 2001
wlamde iq imyofeboda.
faqtobrivad, Seuracxadobis,
rogorc dacvis, sazoga-
doebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi
ZiriTadi araswori gageba
m k v l e l e b s Ta v i s u f l a d
darCenis saSualebas aZlevs
(Caplan, 1992; Silver et al., 1994).
Seuracxadobis sarCeliT
udanaSaulod miCneul in-
dividTa daaxloebiT 90%
fsiqiatriul klinikebSi
xvdeba. hinklis SemTxvevis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi indi-
videbs sazogadoebaSi mxo-
lod mas Semdeg uSveben, rac
eqspertebi daadgenen, rom
isini aRar arian saSiSni. dapa-
timrebisgan gansxvavebiT, xSi-
rad winaswar ar aris gansa-
zRvruli, Tu ra vadiT aTav-
seben individs fsiqiatriul
dawesebulebaSi. rogor fiq-
robT, hinklis SemTxvevaSi
ramdenad darwmunebulni unda
yofiliyvnen fsiqiatrebi da
fsiqologebi, rom hinklis
gamoSvebaze Tanxmoba gane-
cxadebinaT?
hinklis SemTxvevis Sede-
gad mravalma sasamarTlom
Secvala Seuracxadobis dac-
vis arsebuli standartebi:
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba „Seura-
cxadobis gamo udanaSaulod
cnobis~ verdiqtis miRebis
garTuleba iyo (Appelbaum,
1994). iyo Tu ara es cvli-
lebebi aucilebeli? praqti-
kuli motivebidan gamomdinare,
pasuxi TiTqmis ueWvelad aris
„ara~. miuxedavad im didi
yuradRebisa, romelsac sain-
formacio saSualebebSi uT-
moben Seuracxadobis mo-
Txovnebs da, Sesabamisad,
sazogadoebis kargad infor-
mirebulobisa mis Sesaxeb,
aseTi sarCelebi sakmaod
iSviaTia (Blau et al., 1993; Lym-
burner & Roesch, 1999). magaliTad,
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom baltimorSi,
merilendSi 60 432 sabral-
debo aqtidan mxolod 190-ma
damcvelma (0.31%) Seitana Seu-
racxadobis sarCeli da mxo-
lod 8 maTgani (4.2%) iqna
dakmayofilebuli (Janofski et al.,
1996). amgvarad, mcirea alba-
Toba imisa, rom Tqven odesme
mogmarTaven TxovniT, rom
dajdeT nafic msajulTa
skamze da gansajoT, meore
adamiani Seuracxadia Tu ara,
magram warmoidgineT, rom es
moxda. vTqvaT, Tqven jefri
dameris saqmis ganxilvisas
iyaviT msajuli, romelic
kanibaluri ritualebiT iyo
dakavebuli da romelic
Seracxadad cnes (msajulebma
uaryves Seuracxadobis dacva).
rogor imoqmeda am TavSi mi-
Rebulma informaciam Tqvens
mosazrebebze?

metyvelebiT an moZraobiT~ (gv. 903); aRniSnulia

fsiqologiuri

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

iaponiaSi.
aRvwerT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Ti-
Toeul ZiriTad formas, mniSvnelovania gvax-
sovdes, rom erTsa da imave qcevas yvela kultura
ar miiCnevs erTnairad normalurad an paTo-
logiurad.
Sejameba
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasificirebis
mizania rogorc sxvadasxva aSlilobebis aRwe-
risa da ganxilvis sayovelTaod miRebuli ste-
nografiuli enis uzrunvelyofa, ise _ etio-
logiisa da mkurnalobis gegmis dadgena. DSM-
IV-TR warmoadgens yvelaze farTod gamoyenebad
saklasifikacio sistemas; mTeli informacia xuT
RerZzea mocemuli. diagnostikuri kategoriebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda, raTa sistema
ufro Tanmimdevruli da gamosadegi gamxdariyo.
aSlilobebis ZiriTadi
tipebi
mas Semdeg, rac aRvwereT paTologiuris
Sesaxeb msjelobis ZiriTadi farglebi, miva-
deqiT ZiriTad informacias _ iseTi ZiriTadi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mizezebsa da
Sedegebs, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresia da Sizof-
renia. TiToeuli kategoriis SemTxvevaSi jer
aRvwerT, ras ganicdian Tavad daavadebuli
individebi da rogor aRiqvamen maT damkvir-
veblebi. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xsnian
etiologiisadmi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
midgomebi am aSlilobebis ganviTarebas.
arsebobs fsiqopaTologiis mTeli rigi sxva
kategoriebi, romelTa ganxilvasac ver davuT-
mobT dros, Tumca, qvemoT mocemulia maT Soris 617
 yvelaze mniSvnelovanTa Sesaxeb mokle, Semaja-
mebeli informacia.
 nivTierebebis gamoyenebis aSlilobebi
moicavs alkoholsa da qimiur nivTierebebze
damokidebulebasa da maT borotad gamoyenebas.
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
mravali sakiTxi cnobierebis mdgomareobebis
uaxloes konteqstSi ganvixileT (ix. Tavi 6).
 somatoformul aSlilobebSi Sedis
fizikuri (somaturi) simptomebi, rogoricaa:
kidurebis paralizeba, an tkivilebi, fizikuri
mizezis gareSe. es kategoria moicavs isteriad
wodebul simptomebs.
 seqsualuri aSlilobebi seqsualuri
Sekavebisa da disfunqciis problemebsa da
deviantur seqsualur praqtikas moiazrebs.
 aSlilobebi, romlis diagnostireba,
Cveulebisamebr, CvilobaSi, bavSvobaSi, an
WabukobaSi xdeba, moicavs gonebriv Camor-
Cenilobas, komunikaciur aSlilobebs, rogori-
caa: enabluoba da autizmi.
 kvebis aSlilobebi, rogoricaa: anoreqsia
da bulimia, me-12 TavSia ganxiluli.
winamdebare TavSi SevafasebT im sixSires,
ra sixSiriTac aReniSnebaT individebs calkeuli
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi. monacemebi miRebu-
lia kvlevebidan, romelSic 20 000-ze meti
adamiani monawileobda da, Sesabamisad, fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis Sesaxeb istoriebi populaciis
didi SerCevebidan aris miRebuli. diagramebSi
asaxulia sxvadasxva aSlilobebis gavrceleba
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
erTi Tvis, erTi wlis da mTeli cxovrebis
periodSi (Kessler et al., 1994; Regier et al., 1993a, 1993b).
citirebuli diagramebi da cxrilebi aRebulia
National Comorbidity Study-dan (NCS), romelSic 15-
dan 54 wlamde 8 098 amerikeli monawileobda
(Kessler et al., 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom am SerCevas
„mozrdilebad~ movixseniebT, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom masSi monawileobdnen mozardebi da ar
monawileobdnen ufrosi asakis mozrdilebi.
aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi erTsa
da imave individebs cxovrebis garkveul etapze
erTdroulad erTze meti aSliloba aReniS-
nebodaT. es fenomeni komorbidulobis saxeliT
komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad erTze
meti aSliloba.
618
aris cnobili (morbidulobas daavadebis arse-
bobas uwodeben, komorbidulobas ki _ daavade-
baTa Tanaarsebobas). NCS-Si dadginda, rom
individTa 56%-s, romelic Tvlida, rom aqvT
erTi aSliloba, realurad erTdroeulad ori
an meti aSliloba aReniSneboda. mkvlevrebma
sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis komorbi-
dulobis paternebis intensiuri Seswavla dai-
wyes.
gaecnobiT ra sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri
darRvevebisaTvis tipur simptomebsa da gamocdi-
lebebs, gagiCndebaT grZnoba, rom zogierTi
maxasiaTebeli Tqvenc, yovel SemTxvevaSi
xandaxan mainc, an Tqvens irgvliv arsebul
romelime Tqvens nacnobsac axasiaTebs. Cven mier
aRwerili zogierTi aSliloba arc ise iSviaTad
gvxvdeba, amitom gasakviri iqneba, Tu isini
sruliad ucxod mogeCvenebaT. bevrs axasiaTebs
adamianuri sisusteebi, romelTac konkretuli
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis kriteriumTa nusxaSi
SexvdebiT. am msgavsebebis gacnobiereba xels
Seuwyobs paTofsiqologiis gagebas, magram unda
gaxsovdeT, nebismieri aSlilobis diagnozi
mTel rig kriteriumebzea damokidebuli da
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamocdil profesi-
onalebs saWiroebs. gTxovT, winaaRmdegoba
gauwioT cdunebas da ar gamoiyenoT axlad
SeZenili codna megobrebisTvis da ojaxis wevre-
bisTvis paTologiuris diagnozis dasasmelad.
Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT SfoTvasa da
depresias da SedarebiT mokled visaubrebT
pirovnul aSlilobebsa da disociaciur aSli-
lobebze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciebSi TiTo-
eul Cvengans ganucdia SfoTva an SiSi. Tumca,
zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTva imdenad prob-
lemuri xdeba, rom efeqturad funqcionirebasa
da yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT tkbobaSi uSlis
xels. dadgenilia, rom mozrdili mosaxleobis
TiTqmis 25%-s drodadro aReniSneba sxvadasxva
SfoTviTi aSlilobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
simptomebi (Kessler et al., 1994). TiToeul am
aSlilobaSi SfoTva gadamwyvet rols asrulebs,
Tumca, isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
SfoTvis gancdis xarisxiT, SfoTvis simwvaviT/

siRrmiTa da misi gamomwvevi situaciebiT. Cven
mimovixilavT ZiriTad kategoriebs, esenia: gene-
ralizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri aS-
liloba, fobiuri aSliloba, obsesiur-kompul-
suri aSliloba da posttravmatuli stresis
aSliloba.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba
rodesac pirovneba drois umetes nawils,
sul mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze, SfoTvaSi, an
nerviulobaSi atarebs, klinikosebi mas genera-
lizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobis diagnozs
usvamen. xSirad SfoTva specifikur cxovrebi-
seul situaciazea fokusirebuli, rogoricaa:
ararealuri SfoTva finansebis, an sayvareli
adamianis kargad yofnis Taobaze. SfoTvis
gamoxatvis gzebi _ specifikuri simptomebi _
varirebs pirovnebidan pirovnebamde, magram
generalizebuli SfoTvis diagnozis dasmisaTvis
pacients, sul mcire, sami sxva simptomic unda
aReniSnebodes, rogoricaa: kunTebis daZabuloba,
gadaRliloba, mousvenroba, susti koncentracia,
gaRizianebadoba, an Zilis problemebi.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba fun-
qcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs, radganac SeuZ-
lebelia pirovnebis nerviulobis gakontro-
leba, an gverdze gadadeba. SfoTvis wyaroebze
koncentrirebis gamo individi veRar uTmobs
sakmaris yuradRebas socialur Tu samsaxu-
reobriv valdebulebebs. am sirTuleebs aSli-
lobasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri simptomebic
erTvis Tan.
panikuri aSliloba
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli SfoTvis qronikulad arsebobi-
sgan gansxvavebiT, panikuri aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi ganicdian moulodneli, mwvave panikis
Setevebs, romelic mxolod ramdenime wuTi
SeiZleba grZeldebodes. es Setevebi intensiuri
daZabulobis, SiSis, an saSinelebis grZnobebiT
iwyeba. am grZnobebs Tan axlavs SfoTvis
fizikuri simptomebi, maT Soris TviTregu-
lirebadi hiperaqtiuroba (rogoricaa aCqarebuli
guliscema), Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da
xuTvis, an daxrCobis SegrZnebebi. Setevebi mou-
lodnelia im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT ar iwvevs
raime konkretuli situacia.
qvemoT mocemuli panikis Setevis dros gake-
Tebuli komentari dagexmarebaT imis SefasebaSi,
Tu ra sixSiriT ganicdis am aSlilobis mqone
es pirovneba panikis Setevebs:
o, me ver gavakeTeb amas. veravin da-
mexmareba, veravin SeZlebs am grZnobis
gagebas. es hgavs grZnobas, romelic Txe-
midan fexis TiTebamde gagirbens sxeulSi
da me mZuls es grZnoba. Zalze SeSinebuli
var... TiTqos vkvdebi, an raRac msgavsi
(Muskin & Fyer, 1981, gv.81).
panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba maSin
xdeba, rodesac individs aReniSneba panikis
ganmeorebiTi moulodneli Setevebi da, amas-
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
Tanave, intensiurad nerviulobs Semdgomi
Setevebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqi-
kuri aSlilobebi, romelic xasiaTdeba fsiqo-
logiuri agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da
TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili inten-
siuri daZabulobiT.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Gener-
alized anxiety disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba,
rodesac individi ganicdis SfoTvas an ner-
viulobs specifikuri safrTxis an safrTxis
momatni obieqtis ar- arsebobis pirobebSi, sul
mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze.
panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi
aSliloba, rodesac individi ganicdis mou-
lodnel mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac inten-
siuri daZabulobis, SiSisa, an saSinelebis
grZnobiT iwyeba.
619
 DSM-IV-TR-is mixedviT, panikuri aSlilobis
diagnostireba unda moxdes agorafobiis Tan-
mxlebi arsebobis, an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
agorafobia iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi, an
Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSia, saidanac
gaqceva rTuli, an samarcxvino SeiZleba iyos.
agorafobiis mqone individebs, rogorc wesi,
aSinebT iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa: _ xalx-
mravali oTaxebi, saseirno adgilebi, avtobusebi
da avtomagistralebi. maT xSirad eSiniaT, rom,
Tu saxlis gareT SeeqmnebaT garkveuli
sirTuleebi, rogoricaa Sardis Seukavebloba
Sardis buStze kontrolis dakargvis gamo, an
panikis Setevis simptomebi, SeuZlebeli iqneba
daxmarebis miReba samarcxvino situaciaSi
aRmoCndebian. es SiSebi zRudavs maT Tavisuf-
lebas, ukidures SemTxvevebSi ki sakuTari
saxlebis patimrebad gadaiqcevian xolme.
SeniSneT, Tu ratom aris dakavSirebuli
agorafobia panikur aSlilobasTan? panikis
Setevebis mqone zogierTi (magram ara yvela)
adamianisTvis momavali Setevis saSiSroeba _
umweobis grZnoba misi dawyebisas _ SeiZleba
sakmarisi gaxdes CaketilobisTvis. agorafobiis
mqone pirovnebam SeiZleba datovos saxlis
usafrTxo garemo, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis
ukiduresi SfoTvis TanxlebiT.
fobiebi
SiSi aris racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze (rogoricaa
xanZari, an yaCaRoba quCaSi), ramac SeiZleba
aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces, an gadavides
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
620
Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT. amis sapirispirod,
fobiis mqone adamians aReniSneba specifikuri
obieqtis, moqmedebis, an situaciis mdgradi da
araracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulo-
biTa da umizezobiT xasiaTdeba da realobas
safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
mraval adamians aSfoTebs obobebi, an gvelebi
(an mravalarCevniani testebic ki). es msubuqi
SiSebi ar aferxebs individTa yoveldRiur
saqmianobas. Tumca, fobiebi zegavlenas axdens
adaptaciaze, mniSvnelovan distress iwvevs da
miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebel moqmedebebs
aferxebs. Zalze speficikurma, aSkarad SezRu-
dulma fobiamac ki SeiZleba udidesi gavlena
moaxdinos konkretuli individis cxovrebaze.
DSM-IV-TR-Si fobiebis ori kategoriaa aRwerili:
socialuri fobiebi da specifikuri fobiebi
(ix. cxrili 15.2).
socialuri fobia aris mdgradi da iraciona-
luri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba iseTi
sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodge-
nisas, romelSic individi SeiZleba sxvaTa
dakvirvebis obieqti gaxdes. socialuri fobiis
mqone adamians samarcxvino qcevis ganxorcie-
lebis eSinia. pirovneba acnobierebs, rom SiSi
moWarbebuli da safuZvels moklebulia, magram
SiSi mainc aiZulebs mas, rom Tavi aaridos
iseT situaciebs, sadac arsebobs sxvaTa dakvir-
vebis obieqtad gaxdomis SesaZlebloba.
socialuri fobia xSirad TviT-damakmayo-
filebel winaswar ganWvretas gulisxmobs. in-
agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval
adgilebSi, an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi
SiSi, saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli, an
samarcxvino iyos.
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze, ramac
SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces, an
gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis,
an situaciis mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi,
romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT
xasiaTdeba; romelic realobas safrTxis
momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da
iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba
iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar
warmodgenisas, romelSic individi sxvaTa dak-
virvebis obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
 cxrili
15.2
gavrcelebuli fobiebi
ZiriTadi tipebi sqesobrivi gansxvaveba gamovlenis tipuri asaki
socialuri fobiebi (raime damamcireblis
keTebis dros dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnis umravlesoba qalia mozardobis periodi
SiSi)

specifikuri fobiebi
cxovelebis tipi TiTqmis yvela qalia bavSvoba
katebi (ailurofobia)
ZaRlebi (kinofobia)
mwerebi (inseqtofobia)
obobebi (araknofobia)
gvelebi (ofidiofobia)
mRrRnelebi (rodentofobia)

bunebrivi garemos tipi

umravlesoba an TiTqmis bavSvoba
Stormebi (brontofobia) yvela qalia
simaRleebi (akrofobia)

sisxlis-infeqciis-dazianebis tipi
sisxli (hematofobia)
umravlesoba qalia nebismieri asaki
nemsebi (belonofobia)

situaciuri tipidaxuruli
sivrceebi (klaustrofobia) bavSvoba an 20-iani wlebis
TiTqmis yvela qalia
rkinigza (saidrodromofobia) Sua periodi

divids SeiZleba imdenad eSinodes sxvaTa
dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnisa da uaryofis, rom
warmoqmnili SfoTva sakmarisi iyos aqtivobis
realurad gasauareseblad. maSinac ki, rodesac
Ta 11.3%-s aReniSneba specifikuri fobia (Magee
et al., 1996).
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebi

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

socialuri fobiis mqone adamianebi warmate-
bulni arian socialur garemoSi, isini ar uSveben,
rom warmateba dadebiTad aisaxos maTze (Wallace &
Alden, 1997). amerikel mozrdilTa 13.3%-s aReniSneba
socialuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).
specifikuri fobiebi Tavs iCenen zogierT
sxvadasxva tipis obieqtebze, an situaciebze
reaqciis saxiT. rogorc naCvenebia 15.2 cxrilSi,
specifikuri fobiebi dayofilia ramdenime
qvetipad. magaliTad, cxoveluri tipis specifi-
kuri fobiis mqone individs SeiZleba obobebze
hqondes fobiuri reaqciebi. TiToeul SemTxve-
vaSi fobiuri reaqcia SemaSinebeli obieqtis
realurad arsebobisas, an warmodgenisas war-
moiqmneba. kvlevis mixedviT, amerikel mozrdil-
specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi,
romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri tipis obi-
eqtebze, an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone zogierTi
adamiani iketeba azrebisa da qcevebis specifikur
paternebSi.
mxolod raRac erTi wlis win 17 wlis
jimi mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebuli
da farTo interesebis mqone normaluri
Wabuki iyo. Semdeg, TiTqmis erTbaSad,
fsiqologiuri uunarobis gamo, martosul
gariyulad, socialuri cxovrebidan ga-
moTiSulad iqca. kerZod, mas banaobis
akviateba (obsesia) ganuviTarda. aikviata
ra azri, rom WuWyiani iyo, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ras SeigrZnobda, man drois udi-
desi nawilis gatareba warmosaxviTi WuW-
yis CamobanaSi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad da-
banvis rituali mxolod dasvenebis dReeb-
sa da saRamoebs ikavebda, magram male am
621
 qcevam imdenad daikava mTeli misi dro,
rom skolis mitovebasac ki aiZulebda.
jimi itanjeboda mdgomareobisgan, romelic
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis saxeliT aris
cnobili (obsessive-compulsive disorder _ OCD), ro-
melic, monacemebis mixedviT, amerikel
mozrdilTa 2.5%-s aReniSneba cxovrebis rome-
lime etapze (DSM-IV-TR). obsesiebi (akviatebebi)
aris azrebi, xatebi an impulsebi (rogoric
iyo jimis rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom WuWyiani
iyo), romelic maTi gandevnis mcdelobisda
miuxedavad, mainc meordeba an narCundeba. ob-
sesiebi ganicdeba, rogorc arasasurveli SeWra
cnobierebaSi; isini suleluri, an autanelia
da miuRebelia im pirovnebisTvis, vinc ganicdis
maT. Tqven SeiZleba gqondeT garkveuli tipis
msubuqi obsesiebis gamocdileba, rogoricaa
wvrilmani safiqralebis akviatebebi, vTqvaT,
„namdvilad Cavkete kari?~ an „gamovrTe Tu ara
gazqura?~ obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqo-
ne adamianTa obsesiuri azrebi gacilebiT metad
iZulebiTia, met distress iwvevs da SeiZleba
imoqmedos socialur da profesiul saqmiano-
baze.
kompulsiebi (iZulebebi) ganmeorebiTi, mizan-
mimarTuli moqmedebebia (rogoric iyo jimis
banaoba), romelic obsesiebze sapasuxod xor-
cieldeba garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, an ri-
tualebis saxiT. kompulsuri qceva SiSis
momgvrel raime situaciasTan dakavSirebuli
diskomfortis Sesamcireblad, an aRsakveTad
xorcieldeba, magram is an mizanSeuwonelia, an
_ aSkarad moWarbebuli. tipuri kompulsiebi
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-com-
pulsive disorder – OCD) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT, anu akviate-
buli, ganmeorebadi azrebiT, warmodgenebiT
an impulsebiT, romelic meordeba da ewinaaR-
mdegeba gandevnis mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT,
anu ganmeorebadi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebiT,
romelic garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, an ri-
tualebis saxiT xorcieldeba.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (Posttrau-
matic stress disorder – PTSD) SfoTviTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis gan-
meorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi di-
stresis gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, ha-
lucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT/
fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks).
622
moicavs dabanvis dauZlevel swrafvas, sinaTlis,
an sxva xelsawyoebis gamorTulobis gadamowmebas
da sagnebisa da sakuTrebis gadaTvlas.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone in-
dividebi, sawyis periodSi mainc, ewinaaRmde-
gebian kompulsiebs. simSvidis mdgomareobaSi
ar vlindeba kompulsiebis arseboba, Tumca,
SfoTvis gaCenisTanave, dauZleveli xdeba
daZabulobis Semcirebaze mimarTuli ritualuri
kompulsuri qcevis Zala. tkivilis nawili, ro-
melsac am fsiqikuri problemis mqone adamia-
nebi ganicdian, obsesiebis iracionalurobis,
an moWarbebulobis da maTi Semcirebis unaris
arqonis gacnobierebiT gamowveuli frustra-
ciidan momdinareobs.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba
XIII TavSi warmogidgineT diskusia or qal-
batons Soris, romlebic jer kidev ebrZodnen
gaupatiurebis Sedegebs. saubari asaxavda ori
qalbatonis mimdinare SfoTvas. erTi ambobda,
rom „SiSisa da risxvis xangrZlivi periodi~
gaiara da esizmreboda, Tu rogor esxmodnen
Tavs saerTo saZineblis win, megobrebi ki idgnen,
uyurebdnen da ar fiqrobdnen dasaxmareblad
misvlas. meores, romelic sirbilis (varjiSis)
dros gaaupatiures, isev eSinoda sirbilis
ganaxlebis: „yovelTvis, roca sarbenad mivdivar,
mudmivad meSinia. majiscema miormagdeba. cxadia,
marto aRar davdivar sarbenad, magram SiSi jer
isev rCeba~. am qalbatonebs posttravmatuli
stresis aSliloba (posttraumatic stress disorder _
PTSD) aqvT. es aris SfoTviTi aSliloba, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis ganmeo-
rebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis
gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, halucinaci-
ebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT, anu e.w. fleS-
beqebiT (flashbacks). individebs PTSD SeiZleba
ganuviTardeT gaupatiurebaze, sicocxlisaTvis
safrTxis momtan cxovrebiseul movlenebze, an
Zlier dazianebaze, travmaze, anda stiqiur
ubedurebaze reaqciis saxiT (Davidson et al., 1991;
Kairbank et al., 1993; Foa & Riggs, 1995; Green, 1994).
adamianebs PTSD SeiZleba ganuviTardeT, rodesac
Tavad arian travmis msxverplni, an rodesac
xdebian msxverplis mowmeni. arsebobs albaToba
imisa, rom PTSD-is mqone adamianebs amavdroulad
sxva fsiqopaTologiebic aReniSnebodeT, rogo-
ricaa klinikuri depresia, nivTierebebis boro-
tad gamoyenebis problemebi da seqsualuri dis-
funqciebi.
kvleva aCvenebs, rom amerikel mozrdilTa
daaxloebiT 8% cxovrebis manZilze erTxel
mainc avaddeba PTSD-iT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). mTlia-
nobaSi mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT sami
meoTxedi ganicdis movlenas, romelic SeiZleba
travmatulad miviCnioT, rogoricaa: seriozuli
ubeduri SemTxveva, stiqiuri ubedureba an
fizikuri Zaladoba (Green, 1994). kolejis studen-
tTa SerCevis 84%-ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi
hqondaT, sul mcire, erTi travmatuli movlena;
daaxloebiT erTma mesamedma ki _ oTxi da meti
aseTi calkeuli movlena daasaxela (Vrana &
Lauterbach, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebi
da qalebi Tanabari sixSiriT ganicdian travma-
tul movlenebs, qalebSi orjer metia PTSD-is
ganviTarebis albaToba, vidre mamakacebSi (Breslau
et al., 1997). mamakacebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalebTan
gansakuTrebiT didia albaToba imisa, rom
bavSvobaSi miRebuli travmis Sedegad ganvi-
Tardes PTSD. mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben
am sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gagebas.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba Zalian
arRvevs individis cxovrebas. rogor umklavde-
bian mkvlevrebi PTSD-isa da sxva SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis wyaroebis aRmoCenis rTul amoca-
nas? wyaroebis, mizezebis gagena fsiqologiuri
distresis Semsubuqebis imeds iZleva.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi:
mizezebi
rogor xsnian fsiqologebi SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebis ganviTarebas? qvemoT ganxilul TiTo-
eul etiologiur midgomaSi (biologiuri, fsi-
qodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da kognituri)
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul faqtorebze keTdeba
aqcenti. vnaxoT, Tu rogor Seaqvs TiToeul
maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli wvlili SfoT-
viTi aSlilobebis bunebis garkvevaSi.
biologiuri
sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom SfoTvas
biologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. erT-erTi Teoria
cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris garkveuli
fobiebi, vTqvaT, obobebis an simaRleebis SiSi,
ufro metad gavrcelebuli, vidre sxva safrTxe-
ebis, magaliTad, eleqtroobis, SiSebi. vinaidan
mravali SiSi saerToa sxvadasxva kulturisTvis,
SemoTavazebul iqna mosazreba, rom evoluciuri
warsulis garkveul etapze garkveuli SiSebi
zrdida Cveni winaprebis gadarCenis Sansebs.
SesaZloa, evoluciur warsulSi adamianebs Tan-
dayolili hqondaT seriozuli safrTxis ga-
momwvevi nebismieri ramis SiSi. am mzaobis hipo-
Tezis Tanaxmad, CvenSi mocemulia erTxel Sema-
Sineblad aRqmul stimulze swrafad da „daufiq-
reblad~ reagirebis evoluciuri tendencia
(Ohman, 1986; Seligman, 1971); Tumca, es hipoTeza ar
xsnis im obieqtebze, an situaciebze reaqciis
saxiT ganviTarebul fobiebs, romelTac evolu-
ciuri istoriis manZilze ar hqoniaT gadarCe-
nisTvis mniSvneloba, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
nemsebis, manqanis tarebis an liftebis SiSi.
SfoTvis simptomebis garkveuli medikamen-
tebiT aRkveTis an, piriqiT, gamowvevis SesaZ-
lebloba SfoTviT aSlilobebSi biologiuri
faqtoris rolis damadasturebel monacemebs
iZleva (Holland et al., 1999; Klerman et al., 1994). maga-
liTad, gavixsenoT me-3 Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinSi
GABA neirogadamtanis Semcvelobis Semcirebisas
adamianebi xSirad ganicdian SfoTvas. rogorc
me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, GABA-is Semcvelobaze moqmedi
nivTierebebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis mkurnalobisas. mkvlevrebi isev
agrZeleben am aSlilobebis Tavis tvinSi ar-
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
sebuli safuZvlebis sakvlevi teqnikebis Seqmnas
(Malizia, 1999). magaliTad, PET- skanirebam gamoavlina
gansxvaveba panikuri aSlilobis mqone da sa-
kontrolo jgufis individTa GABA receptorebis
funqcionirebas Soris (Malizia et al., 1998). es
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba panikuri aSlilobis
warmoqmnis axsnaSi dagvexmaros. MRI teqnikis
saSualebiT OCD-s mqone pacientTa Tavis tvinSi
gamovlenil iqna Zalze farTod gavrcelebuli
paTologiebi, kerZod, mielinizirebuli nervuli
boWkoebis gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba, vidre
normalur Tavis tvinSi (Jenike et al., 1996). mkvlev-
rebi dResdReobiTac cdiloben OCD-s simpto-
mebsa da Tavis tvinis paTologiebs Soris damo-
kidebulebis gagebas.
dabolos, identuri da araidenturi tyupebis
Seswavla SfoTviTi aSlilobis xuTi katego-
riidan oTxisadmi midrekilebis genetikur safuZ-
vels iZleva (Skre et al., 1993). magaliTad, identuri 623
 tyupebis wyvilSi panikuri aSlilobis ganviTa-
rebis albaToba orjer metia, igive aSlilobis
araidentur tyupebTan ganviTarebis albaTo-
basTan SedarebiT. SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
erTaderT tips, romelsac ar gaaCnia genetikuri
faqtoris wvlilis damadasturebeli monacemebi,
fobiebi warmoadgens, sadac garemos faqtorebi
ufro metad aris CarTuli.
fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri modeli amodis daSvebidan,
rom SfoTviTi aSlilobebis simptomebi war-
sulis fsiqikuri konfliqtebidan, an SiSebidan
momdinareobs. simptomebi fsiqologiuri tki-
vilisgan individis dacvis mcdelobebs warmoad-
gens. amgvarad, panikuri Setevebi aracnobieri
konfliqtebis cnobierSi SeWris Sedegia. maga-
liTad, davuSvaT, bavSvi cnobieridan gandevnis
saxlis rTuli garemodan gaqcevis survils.
Semdgom cxovrebaSi obieqtma, an situaciam,
romelic simbolizebuli saxiT gamoxatavs
konfliqts, SeiZleba fobiis gaaqtiureba moax-
dinos. xidi, magaliTad, SeiZleba im gzis sim-
bolizacia iyos, romelic man unda gaiaros
saxlis samyarodan gare samyaroSi gasasvlelad.
amitom xidis danaxvam aracnobieri konfliqti
SeiZleba cnobierSi amoitanos, rasac fobiebis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSi da SfoTva mohyveba
Tan. xidebisTvis Tavis arideba iqneba bavSvobaSi
saxlSi miRebul gamocdilebasTan dakavSire-
buli SfoTvisgan Tavisuflad darCenis sim-
boluri mcdeloba.
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxveva-
Si, obsesiuri qceva ganixileba, rogorc masTan
dakavSirebuli, SemaSinebeli survilebis, an
konfliqtebis mier warmoqmnili SfoTvis gada-
nacvlebis mcdeloba. obsesiis, romelic sim-
bolurad akrZalul impulss gamoxatavs, Canac-
vlebiT pirovneba garkveul Semsubuqebas aRwevs.
magaliTad, zemoT aRwerili jimis mier gancdili
WuWyis akviatebuli (obsesiuri) SiSi SeiZleba
seqsualurad aqtiurad yofnis survilsa da
sakuTari reputaciis „gaWuWyianebis~ SiSs Soris
warmoqmnili konfliqtidan momdinareobdes.
kompulsuri saqmianoba, romelic mcire ritua-
luri moqmedebebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs,
individisTvis, aseve, aracnobieri konfliqtidan
624
momdinare, sawyisi TemisTvis Tavis aridebis
saSualebas warmoadgens.
bihevioraluri
SfoTvis bihevioraluri axsnebi fokusirdeba
imaze, Tu rogor xdeba SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
simptomebis gamomuSaveba da ganmtkiceba.
mkvlevrebi ar eZeben safuZvelSi myof aracnobier
konfliqtebs, an adreuli bavSvobis gamocdi-
lebebs, radganac SeuZlebelia am fenomenebis
pirdapir dakvirveba. rogorc me-7 TavSi vnaxeT,
bihevioristuli Teoriebi xSirad xsnian fobi-
ebis ganviTarebas, romelTac klasikurad gan-
pirobebul SiSebad miiCneven. gavixsenoT patara
alberti, romelsac jon vatsonma da rozali
reinerma TeTri virTxis SiSi ganuviTares.
bihevioraluri axsnis Tanaxmad, manamde neit-
raluri obieqti, an situacia SemaSinebel gamoc-
dilebasTan Sewyvilebis saSualebiT fobiis
stimulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu deda bavSvis
gvelTan miaxloebisas yviris gafrTxilebis
niSnad, bavSvs SeiZleba gvelebis fobia Camou-
yalibdes. am gamocdilebis Semdeg gvelebze
fiqrmac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios SiSis talRa.
fobias inarCunebs SfoTvis Semcireba/reduqcia,
rasac adgili aqvs SemaSinebeli situaciisTvis
Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis biheviora-
luri analizi aCvenebs, rom kompulsur qcevas
SeuZlia akviatebul (obsesiur) azrebTan dakav-
Sirebuli SfoTvis Semcireba, riTic xdeba
kompulsuri qcevis ganmtkiceba. magaliTad, Tu
qals nagavze xelis mokidebiT mowamvlis
(kontaminaciis) eSinia, xelebis dabana Seamci-
rebs SfoTvas, rac, Sesabamisad, ganmamtki-
cebelic iqneba. fobiebis msgavsad, obsesiur-
kompulsuri aSlilobebis SenarCuneba SfoTvis
Semcirebis, anu reduqciis saSualebiT xdeba,
rac Tan sdevs kompulsur qcevebs.
kognituri
SfoTvis Taobaze kognituri mosazrebebi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs im perceptul procesebsa
da ganwyobebze, romelmac SeiZleba daamaxinjos
pirovnebis winaSe arsebuli safrTxis miseuli
Sefaseba. man SeiZleba an gadaafasos safrTxis
xasiaTi an realuroba, an saTanadod ver
Seafasos safrTxisadmi efeqturad gamklavebis
sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad, socia-
luri fobiis mqone adamianma farTo auditoriis
winaSe sityviT gamosvlis win SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos SfoTvas:
ra moxdeba, Tu damaviwydeba, ra unda
vTqva? sulelad gamovCndebi mTeli am
xalxis winaSe. Semdeg ufro metad avner-
viuldebi da gaoflianebas daviwyeb, xma
amikankaldeba da kidev ufro sulelurad
gamovCndebi. roca ar unda mnaxon am
adamianebma am wuTidan, maT vemaxsovrebi,
rogorc suleli adamiani, romelic si-
tyviT gamosvlas cdilobda.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs
TavianTi distresi xSirad gardauvali ubedu-
rebis maniSneblad miaCniaT. maTma reaqciam
SeiZleba Caketili wre Sekras: pirovnebas eSinia
ubedurebis, romelic SfoTvis momatebas iwvevs;
es ki, Tavis mxriv, amZafrebs SfoTvis SegrZnebas
da ganamtkicebs pirovnebis SiSebs (Beck & Emery,
1985).
es kognituri axsna fsiqologebma SfoTvi-
sadmi mgrZnobelobis gazomviT Seamowmes: indi-
videbs sjeraT, rom iseT sxeulebriv simptomebs,
rogoricaa zedapiruli da xSiri sunTqva, an
gaxSirebuli guliscema, SeiZleba damRupveli
Sedegebi mohyves. SfoTvisadmi maRali mgrZno-
belobis mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT daTanxmebis
tendencia iseT debulebebze, rogoricaa _
„rodesac vamCnev, rom guliscema mixSirdeba,
vnerviulob, rom SeiZleba gulis Seteva damemar-
Tos.~ erT-erT kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi afasebdnen
im studentTa jgufis mgrZnobelobas SfoT-
visadmi, romelic aSS-is sahaero akademiis kadet-
Ta ZiriTadi wvrTnis stresul kurss gadioda.
am studentTa daaxloebiT 20%-s, romelsac
SfoTvisadmi mgrZnobelobis 90 procentilze
maRali maCvenebeli daudginda, xuTkviriani
kursis ganmavlobaSi aReniSneboda panikis Seteva,
mTliani jgufis darCenili nawilis 6%-isgan
gansxvavebiT (Schmidt et al., 1997). es monacemebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierT individs imis gamo
SeiZleba daemarTos panikis Seteva, rom igi
sakuTar sxeulebriv agznebas SiSis mniSvnelo-
bis mqoned miiCnevs.
saidan
viciT
SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis
gadamuSaveba da panikuri aSliloba
kognituri Teoriebis mixedviT, SfoT-
viTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebi moma-
tebul mgrZnobelobas unda avlendnen
safrTxesTan dakavSirebul cnebebze. pani-
kuri aSlilobis mqone individebisTvis
am cnebebSi panikis Setevis fiziologiuri,
sxeulTan dakavSirebuli simptomebi Sedis,
magaliTad, Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva
da Sekavebuli sunTqva. panikuri aSli-
lobis mqone individebs mkvlevarTa jgufi
warudgenda sityvebis rogorc am katego-
rias, ise _ sakontrolo CamonaTvals (maga-
liTad, delikaturi, neli da megobruli)
Zalze xanmokle drois, daaxloebiT wamis
1/100-is ganmavlobaSi. cdis pirebs evale-
bodaT TiToeul cdaSi wardgenili si-
tyvebis aRdgena. panikuri aSlilobis mqone
cdis pirTa Sedegebi dardeboda sakon-
trolo jgufSi miRebul Sedegebs. kogni-
turi Teoriis hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod
panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis pirebi
SeZlebdnen sxeulTan dakavSirebuli si-
tyvebis CamonaTvalidan ufro metis
cnobas, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi. es
hipoTeza dadasturda: panikuri aSlilobis
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
mqone pacientebma sxeulTan dakavSirebuli
kategoriidan 2.6-ze meti sityva icnes
maSin, roca janmrTelma sakontrolo
jgufma _ mxolod 0.7 sityva (Pauli et al.,
1997).
kvlevis Sedegad, aseve, dadginda, rom SfoTvis
mqone pacientebi xels uwyoben SfoTvis Senar-
Cunebas kognituri tendenciurobiT, rac wina
planze swevs da metad gamokveTils xdis
SemaSinebel stimuls. es Sedegebi gvafiqre-
binebs, rom SfoTvis mqone pacientebs, SesaZloa,
yuradRebisa da informaciis gaSifvris ten-
dencia axasiaTebT, rac gansakuTrebiT zrdis
SemaSinebeli stimulis SemCnevis albaTobas
maSinac ki, rodesac es stimuli mxolod wamis
1/100-s grZeldeba.
625
 TiToeuli ZiriTadi midgoma SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebisadmi etiologiuri mozaikis mxolod
nawils xsnis. TiToeuli mimarTulebiT mimdi-
nare gamokvlevebi naTels gaxdis mizezebs da,
Sesabamisad, mkurnalobisken mimaval gzas. axla,
rodesac ukve gvaqvs bazisuri codna SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis Sesaxeb, gadavideT paTologiuris
sami didi kategoriidan Semdegis ganxilvaze,
romelsac, aseve, detalurad ganvixilavT. es
aris guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi.
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi
aucileblad geqnebodaT cxovrebaSi perio-
debi, rodesac Tavs saSinlad daTrgunulad, an
warmoudgenlad bednierad grZnobdiT. Tumca,
zogierTi adamianis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobilebis
ukiduresi gamovlinebebi arRvevs maTi cxovrebis
normalur ritms. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSli-
loba warmoadgens emociur darRvevas, rogori-
caa Rrma depresia an depresia, romelic maniasTan
monacvleobiT iCens Tavs. mkvlevrebma daadgines,
rom mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 19%-s aReniSneba
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi (Kessler et al.,
1994). Cven aRvwerT or ZiriTad kategorias: kli-
nikur depresiul aSlilobasa da bipolarul
aSlilobas.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba
depresias fsiqopaTologiaSi surdos analo-
gad miiCneven, radganac Zalze xSirad emarTebaT
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
adamianebs da cxovrebis garkveul periodSi
TiTqmis yvela Cvengans ganucdia sruli aSli-
lobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ama Tu im
periodSi nebismier Cvengans udardia da uglovia
sayvareli adamianis dakargva, an sevdiani da
ganawyenebuli yofila sasurveli miznis miR-
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder)
_ guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa
Rrma depresia, an maniasTan adgilmonacvle
depresia.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depres-
sive disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daT-
rgunulobis intensiuri grZnobiT bipolaruli
626 depresiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
cxrili
15.3
klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis
maxasiaTeblebi
maxasiaTebeli magaliTi
disforiuli sevda, daTrgunuloba, uimedoba;
ganwyobileba TiTqmis yvela Cveuli
saqmianobisadmi interesis an maTgan
siamovnebis miRebis unaris dakargva.
mada umadoba; mniSvnelovani kleba wonaSi.
Zili insomnia an hipersomnia (uZiloba an
moWarbebuli Zilianoba)
motoruli SesamCnevi Senelebuloba (motoruli
aqtivoba CamorCena) an agznebuloba.
danaSaulis usargeblobis gancda; TviT-gankicxva/
gancda TviTgvema
koncentracia azrovnebisa da koncentrirebis
Semcirebuli unari; gulmaviwyoba.
suicidi akviatebuli fiqri sikvdilis
Sesaxeb; suiciduri ideebi an
mcdelobebi.
wevaSi warumateblobis gamo. es sevdiani grZnobebi
mxolod erTi simptomia im simptomTa Soris,
romelsac ganicdian klinikuri depresiuli
aSlilobis mqone individebi (ix. cxrili 15.3).
depresiis diagnozis mqone individebi erTma-
neTisgan arsebuli simptomebis siRrmiTa da
xangrZlivobiT gansxvavdebian. Tu mravali maT-
gani cxovrebis garkveuli etapis mxolod ram-
denime kviris manZilze ebrZvis klinikur dep-
resias, arseboben iseTebic, visTvisac es epizo-
dur, an qronikul xasiaTs atarebs wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
gavrcelebis statistikis mixedviT, qalTa 21%-
sa da mamakacTa 13%-s cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc aReniSneba klinikuri depresia
(Kessler et al., 1994).
depresia uzarmazar fasad ujdeba Tavad daava-
debuls, mis ojaxsa da sazogadoebas. evropaSi
Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi gamovlinda,
rom rekurentuli depresiis mqone adamianebi
mTeli TavianTi mozrdili cxovrebis mexuTeds
klinikebSi atareben, xolo maTi 20% simptomebis
gamo sruliad araqmediTunariania da veRar
axerxebs samuSaoze dabrunebas (Holden, 1986). aSS-
is fsiqiatriul klinikebSi yvela diagnosti-
rebul daavadebaTa umravlesobas depresia
warmoadgens, magram jer isev miaCniaT, rom es
ar aris diagnostirebisa da mkurnalobis sruli

suraTi. klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqo-
ne individTa naxevarze naklebi Tu iRebs raime
saxis profesiul daxmarebas (Regier et al., 1993b).
bipolaruli aSliloba
bipolaruli aSliloba xasiaTdeba Rrma dep-
resiuli periodebis maniakalur epizodebTan
monacvleobiT. maniakalur epizodSi pirovneba,
rogorc wesi, uCveulod mxned da eqspansiurad
iqceva da aseve grZnobs Tavs, Tumca, xandaxan
individis wamyvani ganwyobileba gaRizianeba-
doba ufroa, vidre aweuli guneba-ganwyobileba
da enTuziazmi, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca
igi ramenairad winaaRmdegobas grZnobs. mania-
kalur periodSi individi xSirad ganicdis
moWarbebul TviTpativiscemas, an ararealur
rwmenas imisa, rom igi gansakuTrebul SesaZleb-
lobebsa da Zalas flobs. individs SeiZleba
aReniSnebodes Zilis moTxovnilebis mkveTri
Semcireba da SeiZleba Warbad iyos dakavebuli
samsaxureobrivi Tu sxva socialuri, an siamov-
nebis momtani saqmianobiT. Sepyrobilia ra ma-
niakaluri ganwyobilebiT, individi avlens usa-
fuZvlo optimizms, midis usargeblo riskze,
iZleva nebismier dapirebas da SeuZlia yvela-
fris darigeba-gaCuqeba.
semi kolejis 20 wlis studentia, romelsac
maniakaluri epizodis simptomebi aReniSneba:
bolo periodSi semi Tavs fantastiurad
grZnobda. mas imdeni energia hqonda, rom
TiTqmis arasodes sWirdeboda Zili da
igi sruliad darwmunebuli iyo, rom
skolaSi saukeTeso moswavlea. mas aner-
viulebda, rodesac vinme Zalze nela iq-
ceoda; maT ar SeeZloT misi monologebis
brwyinvalebis gageba da aravis xele-
wifeboda misi tempiT cxovreba. sems hqonda
finansebTan dakavSirebuli aRmafrTova-
nebeli ideebi da ver xvdeboda, ratom ar
cdilobdnen misi megobrebi mis gegmebSi
CarTvas.
rodesac mania Semcirebas iwyebs, semis msgavsi
adamianebi maT mier dauokeblobis periodSi
Seqmnili usiamovnebebisa da zianis gamosworebas
cdiloben. amgvarad, maniakaluri epizodi
TiTqmis yovelTvis Rrma depresiuli periodiT
icvleba.
bipolaruli aSlilobebisas guneba-ganwyo-
bilebis darRvevebis xangrZlivoba da sixSire
pirovnebidan pirovnebamde varirebs. zogierT
maTgans normaluri funqcionirebis xangrZlivi
periodebi aqvT, romelTac drodadro xanmokle
maniakaluri, an depresiuli epizodebi wyvets,
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
Tumca arsebobs adamianTa mcire raodenoba,
romelTac gansakuTrebiT ar gaumarTlaT da
romelTa cxovrebaSi maniakalur epizodebs
pirdapir klinikuri depresia cvlis, Semdeg
isev maniakaluri faza brundeba da ase uwyvetad
viTardeba dausrulebeli cikli, romelic an-
grevs da anadgurebs Tavad am aSlilobis mqone
adamianebs, maT ojaxebs, megobrebsa da Tanam-
Sromlebs. maniakalur periodSi maT SeiZleba
bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba
depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipo-
laruli aSlilobis komponenti, romelic
xasiaTdeba ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usa-
zRvro eiforiis periodebiT, grandiozulobis
grZnobebiTa da azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da
realuri pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ar-
arsebobis pirobebSi
627
 waagon mTeli danazogi, an ucnobebs guluxvi
saCuqrebi daurigon, rac gaamZafrebs danaSaulis
grZnobas Semdgom depresiul fazaze. bipola-
ruli aSliloba gacilebiT iSviaTia, vidre
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba. is mozrdil-
Ta 1.6%-Tan aRiniSneba da Tanabrad nawildeba
mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (Kessler et al., 1994).
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi: mizezebi
ra faqtorebi moqmedebs guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobis ganviTarebaze? am kiTxvas biolo-
giuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da
kognituri midgomebis poziciebidan davsvamT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom klinikuri depresiuli
aSliloba, misi gavrcelebulobis gamo, bi-
polarul aSlilobaze metad aris Seswavlili
da es garemoeba Cvens mimoxilvaSi aisaxeba.
biologiuri
garkveuli tipis kvlevebis Sedegebi guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi biologiur faq-
torze migvaniSnebs. magaliTad, is faqti, rom
sxvadasxva nivTierebebiT SesaZlebelia mania-
kaluri da depresiuli simptomebis Semsubuqeba,
imaze miuTiTebs, rom bipolaruli aSlilobis
or ukidures gamovlinebas Tavis tvinis gan-
sxvavebuli mdgomareoba udevs safuZvlad. ori
qimiuri agentis, serotoninisa da norepinef-
rinis, Semcvelobis Semcireba depresias ukav-
Sirdeba, momateba ki _ manias, Tumca, jerjerobiT
ar aris aRmoCenili guneba-ganwyobilebis aS-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
lilobebis zusti bioqimiuri meqanizmi (Duman
et al., 1997). mkvlevrebi PET skanirebas iyeneben
maniakalur da depresiul fazebze Tavis tvinSi
cerebraluri glukozis (saqaridis saxeoba,
romelic energiis gamosanTavisufleblad gamoi-
yeneba) metabolizmSi sxvaobis dasadgenad (ix.
sur. 15.3), magram aseTi gansxvavebebi ganwyobi-
lebis ori mdgomareobis Sedegi ufro SeiZleba
iyos, vidre mizezi.
matulobs monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobaze genetikuri
faqtorebi axdens gavlenas (McGue & Christensen,
1997). tyupebis Seswavlam aCvena, rom, Tu iden-
turi tyupebidan erT-erTi guneba-ganwyobilebis
628
15.3
suraTi
bipolaruli depresiis PET skanireba
PET skanireba maniakaluri frazis dros, depre-
siulobasTan SedarebiT, cerebraluri glukozis
metabolozmis ufro maRal dones aCvenebs. zeda
da qveda rigze depresiul fazaSi myofi pacientis
monacemebia, Sua rigze ki _ maniakalur fazaSi
myofis.
aSlilobiT avaddeba, arsebobs 67%-iani Sansi,
rom meore tyupiscalsac aRmoaCndes igive
aSliloba. es monacemi mxolod 20%-s udris
araidentur tyupebSi, romelTac ar aqvT iden-
turi genetikuri masala (Ciaranello & Ciaranello,
1991; Gershon et al., 1987). iReben ra mosazrebas gu-
neba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis Tandayoli-
lobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevrebi Taobidan Taobamde
am daavadebis gadacemaze pasuxismgebeli gene-
tikuri masalis konkretuli lokalizaciis
adgilis dadgenas cdiloben.
kvlevaTa erT-erT seria pensilvaniaSi emiSebis
Temis warmomadgenelTa bipolaruli aSlilobis
paternze iyo mimarTuli (Egeland et al., 1987). emiSebi
aseTi kvlevebisTvis idealuri monawileebi
arian maTi didi ojaxebis, detaluri genea-
logiuri Canawerebis warmoebis, genetikurad
izolirebulobisa da maT Soris iseTi qceviTi
faqtorebis iSviaTobis gamo, rogoricaa, alko-
holizmi da Zaladoba, (romelic zegavlenas
moaxdenda monacemebze). am religiuri seqtis
yvela 15 000 wevri XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi
evropidan migrirebuli 30 wyvilis STamoma-
valia. aris tendencia, rom bipolaruli depresia
 fsiqologiuri aSlilobis erT-erTi tipis
gagebisadmi biologiuri midgomis TvalSisacemi
magaliTi depresiis uCveulo formis kvlevidan
modis. zogierT adamians regularulad eufleba
depresia zamTris TveebSi, gansakuTrebiT grZeli
skandinaviuri zamTris dros, rodesac dRe
xanmoklea (ix. sur. 15.4). guneba-ganwyobilebis
am darRvevas samarTlianad uwodes sezonuri
afeqturi aSliloba _ saa (anu SAD _ seasonal
affective disorder). mkvlevrebma Seqmnes Terapiuli
teqnika, romelic sruliad efeqturad amsubuqebs
SAD-s _ pacientebs sistematurad waredgine-
bodaT mkveTri TeTri manaTobeli sinaTle (Blehar
& Rosental, 1989). mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom
sinaTliT Terapias SeuZlia zegavlena moax-
dinos neirogadamtan serotoninze, romelic,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, depresiis gamomwvev
faqtorad aris miCneuli.

Taobebis manZilze gamovlindes zogierT, magram
ara yvela ojaxSi. es kanonzomiereba mkvlevrebs
aSlilobis mqone da misgan Tavisufali indi-
videbis genetikuri masalis uSualod Sedarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom naad-
revi aRmoCnda „bipolaruli genis~ identifi-
cirebaSi warmatebis Sesaxeb pirveli moxsene-
bebi (Kelsoe et al., 1989), mkvlevrebi ar kargaven
optimizms da Tvlian, rom es Sedarebebi moitans
im codnas, romelsac eZieben (Berrettini et al., 1997;
Ginns et al., 1992; Kelsoe et al., 1993).
saidan
viciT
serotonini da sezonuri afeqturi
aSliloba (saa)
saa-is mqone pacientebi yovel saRamos,
sakuTar saxlSi sinaTlis Terapiis _
mkveTri manaTobeli sinaTlis orsaaTian
kurss gadiodnen. mxolod is pacientebi
(14-dan 12 pacienti) monawileobdnen kvle-

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

suraTi
15.4
sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba
sezonuri afeqturi aSlilobis mqone individebs depresiis simptomebi xanmokledRian sezonebze aReniSnebaT.
diagramaze mocemulia maRali ukuproporciuli mimarTeba depresiis SemTxvevebsa (nawili A) da dRis
sinaTlis xangrZlivobias (nawili B) Soris 629

vis meore etapSi, romelTac sinaTlis
Terapiam SedarebiT Seumsubuqa mdgomare-
oba. am etapze mowmdeboda hipoTeza imis
Sesaxeb, rom sinaTlis Terapia zegavlenas
axdens Tavis tvinSi serotoninis Semcve-
lobaze. eqsperimentuli jgufis pacien-
tebi Tavis tvinSi serotoninis Semcve-
lobis Semcirebaze mimarTul dietaze
dasves; sakontrolo jgufis pacientebs
ki serotoninis Semcvelobis SesanarCune-
beli dieta daeniSnaT. eqsperimentuli
jgufis pacientebs saa-is simptomebis re-
cidivi aReniSnaT, sakontrolo jgufis
pacientebs ki _ ara. es faqti gvafiqre-
binebs, rom sinaTlis Terapia Tavdapir-
velad pasuxismgebeli iyo serotoninis
Semcvelobis aRdgenaze, ramac pacientebs
aradepresiuli afeqtis gancdis saSualeba
misca, anu Tavidan aacila depresiuli
simptomatika (Neumesiter et. al., 1997).
Tqven, SesaZloa, moeliT, rom adamianebma
wamlebi unda miiRon Tavis tvinSi neiro-
gadamtanebis moqmedebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad
(zogierT maTganze me-16 TavSi visaubrebT), Tumca,
es kvleva aCvenebs, rom sinaTlis Terapias
iseTive efeqti SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc
zogierT fsiqoaqtiur wamals. mkurnalobis
orive saxeoba _ medikamenturi, an sinaTlis
Terapia _ ganamtkicebs mosazrebas aSlilobis
etiologiaSi biologiuri wonasworobis dar-
Rvevis rolis Sesaxeb. amave dros, Tu SAD-is
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
aRwerilobaSi sakuTar Tavs icnobT, gaerkvieT
sakuTar Tavsa da am problemaSi.
axla vnaxoT, damatebiT ras gacnobebT guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
sami ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri midgoma.
fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri midgomis mixedviT, depre-
siis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols aracno-
bieri konfliqtebi da bavSvobidan momdinare
mtruli grZnobebi asrulebs. froids depresiul
adamianebTan TviTkritikasa da danaSaulis
grZnobasTan uxdeboda Sejaxeba. mas miaCnda,
rom Tavdapirvelad sxvaze, Semdeg ki sakuTar
630 Tavze mimarTuli risxva warmoadgenda am TviT-
gankicxvis wyaros. es risxva bavSvobis gansakuT-
rebulad Zlier da damokidebul urTierTobas
ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mSoblisa
da Svilis urTierToba, sadac ar xdeba
pirovnebis moTxovnilebebisa da molodinebis
dakmayofileba. mozrdilobaSi gancdili dana-
kargi, realuri iqneba es Tu simboluri, aaqti-
urebs mtrul grZnobebs, romelic axla ukve
pirovnebis egoze miemarTeba da Sedegad depre-
siisTvis damaxasiaTebel TviTgankicxvas iwvevs.
bihevioraluri
depresiis fesvebis aracnobierSi Ziebis
nacvlad, bihevioraluri midgoma pirovnebis mier
miRebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis
raodenobis efeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas
(Lewinsohn, 1975; Lewinsohn et al., 1985). am Tval-
sazrisis mixedviT, depresiuli grZnobebi maSin
viTardeba, rodesac individi garemodan arasak-
maris dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da bevr sasjels
iRebs danakargis, an raime sxva mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. sakmarisi
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gareSe pirovneba sevdiani
da gulCaTxrobili xdeba. sevdianobis mdgomare-
obas dasawyisSi sxvaTa mxridan momatebuli
yuradReba da TanagrZnoba ganamtkicebs (Biglan,
1991), Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tavidan TanagrZno-
biT ganmsWvalul megobrebs Rlis depresiuli
pirovnebis uaryofiTi guneba-ganwyobileba da
damokidebulebebi da mas Tavs arideben. es
reaqcia spobs dadebiTi ganmtkicebis erT-erT
wyaros da pirovneba ufro metad iZireba
depresiaSi. kvleva, aseve, aCvenebs, rom depresiul
adamianebs dadebiTi ukukavSiris verSefasebisa
da uaryofiTi ukukavSiris gadafasebis tendencia
axasiaTebT (Kennedy & Craighead, 1988; Nelson &
Craighead, 1977).
kognituri
kognituri midgomis farglebSi depresiis
Sesaxeb ori Teoria arsebobs. erTi Teoriis
mixedviT, aRqmis sqemebis Camoyalibebas uar-
yofiTi (negatiuri) kognituri sqema (ix. Tavi 5)
ganapirobebs _ adamianebs uaryofiTi mosazre-
bebi SeeqmnaT maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare im
movlenebze, romelzec pasuxismgeblobas grZno-
ben. meore, axsnis stilis Teoria miiCnevs, rom

depresias iwvevs individis rwmena imisa, rom
igi sakmaod, an saerTod ver akontrolebs
sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebs.
TiToeuli am modelTagani xsnis depresiuli
gamocdilebis zogierT aspeqts. ganvixiloT
TiToeuli maTgani.
aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1983, 1985, 1988), dep-
resiis wamyvanma mkvlevarma, ganaviTara kognituri
sqemebis Teoria. bekis mixedviT, depresiuli
adamianebi sami tipis uaryofiTi kogniciiT
gamoirCevian, rasac igi depresiul kognitur
triadas uwodebs. esaa uaryofiTi Sexeduleba
sakuTar Tavze, mimdinare movlenebsa da moma-
valze. depresiul adamianebs axasiaTebT ten-
dencia imisa, rom sakuTari Tavi garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturad, an naklovanad
aRiqvan, mimdinare movlenebs mouZebnon uar-
yofiTi axsna da sjerodeT mtanjveli da sir-
TuleebiT aRsavse momavlis. uaryofiTi az-
rovnebis paterni Crdilavs yvela gancdas da
depresiis kidev erT maxasiaTebels qmnis. indi-
vidi, romelic yovelTvis uaryofiT Sedegs moe-
lis, ver iqneba motivirebuli raime miznis
miRwevaze, rasac Tan sdevs depresiis gamokveTili
maxasiaTebeli _ nebisyofis paralizeba.
axsnis stilis Teoriis mixedviT, romelic
martin seligmens (Martin Seligman) (ix. Tavi 12)
ekuTvnis, individebs sjeraT, sworad an mcdarad,
rom ar SeuZliaT maTTvis mniSvnelovani
momavlis gakontroleba. seligmenis Teoria
ganviTarda kvlevidan, romelSic naCvenebi iyo
depresiismagvari simptomebi ZaRlebSi (mogvia-
nebiT ki, sxva saxeobebSic). seligmeni da maieri
(1967) ZaRlebze mtkivneuli da gardauvali
eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen: rac ar unda
eqnaT ZaRlebs, Sokisgan gaqcevis gza ar
arsebobda. ZaRlebs ganuviTardaT, rogorc
seligmenma da maierma uwodes, daswavlili
umweoba. daswavlili umweoba sami tipis defi-
citiT xasiaTdeba: motivaciuri deficitiT _
ZaRlebi ar Cqarobdnen cnobili moqmedebebis
dawyebas; emociuri deficitiT _ isini rigi-
dulni, gulgrilni, SeSinebulni da ubedurni
Candnen; kognituri deficitiT _ isini cudad
iTvisebdnen axal situaciebs. iseT situaciaSic
ki, sadac eZleodaT SokisTvis Tavis aridebis
SesaZlebloba, isini ar daiswavlidnen aseT
qcevas (Maier & Seligman, 1976).
seligmens miaCnda, rom depresiuli adamiane-
bic daswavlili umweobis mdgomareobaSi imyo-
febian: isini elian, rom, rac ar unda gaakeTon,
yvelaferi uSedego iqneba (Abramson et al., 1978;
Peterson & Seligman, 1984, Seligman, 1975); Tumca, am
mdgomareobis warmoqmna didad aris damoki-
debuli imaze, Tu rogor xsnis individi mis
cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs. rogorc me-12
TavSi iTqva, arsebobs axsnis stilis sami
ganzomileba: Sinagani-garegani (internaluri-
eqsternaluri), zogadi-konkretuli (globa-
luri-specifikuri) da ucvleli-cvalebadi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
(stabiluri-arastabiluri). vTqvaT, fsiqologiis
gamocdaze dabali Sefaseba miiReT. Tqven
gamocdis uaryofiT Sedegs Sinagan faqtors
miawerT („me suleli var~), rac ufro dagasev-
dianebT, vidre garegani faqtori („gamocda
namdvilad Zneli iyo~), ramac SeiZleba ganga-
risxoT. Sedegis asaxsnelad Tqven SegeZloT
inteleqtze metad cvalebadi Sinagani mdgo-
mareoba agerCiaT. nacvlad imisa, rom is Sinagani,
ucvleli faqtorisTvis (sisulele) migeweraT,
romelic zogad, anu Sors mimaval gavlenas
axdens, Tqven SemoifargleT fsiqologiis
gamocdasTan an kursTan dakavSirebuli axsniT
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _
zianis momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi
reaqciis ar, qonis zogadi paterni, romelic
xSirad Tan erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac
individi ganicdis araSemTxveviTi, gardauvali
uaryofiTi stimulis zemoqmedebas.
631
 („me ar vvargivar fsiqologiis kursisaTvis~).
Sefasebis wakiTxviT; dabali TviTpati-
axsnis stilis Teoriis Tanaxmad, individebi,
viscemis mqone individebTanac gamovlinda
romlebic warumateblobas Sinagan, ucvlel da
uryofiTi ukukavSiris miRebisken midre-
zogad mizezebs miaweren, mowyvladni arian
kileba maSin, roca maRali TviTSefasebis
depresiisadmi. es prognozi mravalgzis dadas-
mqone individebi aSkarad dadebiT uku-
turda (Peterson & Seligman, 1984; Seligman, 1991).
kavSirs aniWebdnen upiratesobas. cxrili
depresiis orive kognituri TeoriisTvis
15.4 imasac aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zustad
misaRebia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom is stili,
miaCndaT TiToeul jgufs daxasiaTebebis
romliTac depresiuli adamianebi ganixilaven
dadebiToba da uaryofiToba.
sakuTar Tavsa da maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom mxolod depre-
movlenebs, maT depresiul mdgomareobaSi am-
siul cdis pirebs sjerodaT, rom uaryo-
yofebs. magaliTad, adamianebs, zogadad, axa-
fiTi daxasiaTeba ufro zusti iyo (Giesler
siaTebT TviTdadasturebis, anu maTi me-
et al., 1996).
koncefciis Sesatyvisi informaciis moZiebis
tendencia (Swann, 1990, 1997). am tendencias uar-
yofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs depresiuli ada- Tqven SeiZleba moelodiT, rom depresiuli
mianebisaTvis. adamianebi „sakuTari Tavis amowevas~ Seecde-
bodnen dadebiTi ukukavSiris moZiebiT. es
eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom, piriqiT, isini
saidan TavianTi depresiis Sesabamis informacias eZeben,
viciT romelic TiTqmis ueWvelad xels uwyobs
depresiis SenarCunebas.
TviTdadastureba da depresia me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, rom depresiis kognituri
mkvlevrebma erTmaneTisgan ganarCies Teoriebidan miRebulma codnam biZgi misca
individTa sami jgufi: erTi jgufi dep- Terapiis warmatebuli formebis Seqmnas. amJamad
resiuli iyo, meore jgufi _ aradepre- depresiis Seswavlis ori sxva mniSvnelovani
siuli, magram xasiaTdeboda dabali TviT- aspeqti arsebobs: didi gansxvaveba mamakacebsa
pativiscemiT da mesame jgufi, romelic, da qalebSi depresiis gavrcelebaSi da kavSiri
aseve, aradepresiuli iyo da xasiaTdeboda depresiasa da suicids (TviTmkvlelobas) Soris.
maRali TviTpativiscemiT. TiToeuli jgu-
fis cdis pirebma interviusTvis mosamza-
debel etapze mTel rig kiTxvarebze gasces
cxrili
15.4
pasuxi. interviuze cdis pirebs uTxres, TviTangariSi da depresia
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

rom am kiTxvarebs orma studentma gasca

pasuxi da TiToeulze daiwera „pirovnebis depre- dabali TviT- dabali TviT-
siuli pativiscema pativiscema
daxasiaTeba~, rasac win uZRvoda sruli
pirovnuli Sefaseba. realurad, cdis pirebs negatiuri
Sefasebis
miawodes erTi da igive daxasiaTeba _ erTi 82 64 25
amorCevis
dadebiTi („es pirovneba kargad damkvid-
procenti
rebuli, TviTdarwmunebuli da bednieria~ arCeuli
da a.S.) da erTi uaryofiTi („es pirovneba daxasiaTebis
ubeduria, daurwmunebelia, arakomfor- sizuste *
tulad grZnobs Tavs sxvebTan~ da a.S.). •dadebiTi 5.67 6.60 9.70
daxasiaTeba
cdis pirebs moeTxovebodaT, amoerCiaT, Tu
•uaryofiTi
romel srul Sefasebas waikiTxavdnen. 7.89 6.48 2.45
daxasiaTeba
Sedegebi 15.4 cxrilSia mocemuli. rogorc •Sereuli -2.22 0.12 7.25
xedavT, depresiuli cdis pirebi araTa-
*sizustis reitingi 11-qulian skalaze gakeTda misi
nabrad iyvnen dainteresebulni uaryofiTi saerTod ararsebobidan (1) maqsimalur (11) sizustemde.
632

depresia: sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebani
depresiis kvlevis erT-erTi centraluri
sakiTxia is, Tu ratom emarTebaT qalebs
depresia mamakacebze orjer xSirad. suzan nolen-
hoeqsemas (Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema
et al., 1999) gonebamaxviluri SemoTavazeba Seexeba
reaqciis stils, romliTac mamakacebi da qalebi
uaryofiT guneba-ganwyobilebaze dgebian. am
mosazrebis mixedviT, rodesac qalebi ganicdian
sevdas, maT TavianTi grZnobebis SesaZlo
mizezebze fiqrisken midrekileba axasiaTebT;
mamakacebi ki, piriqiT, aqtiurad cdiloben
depresiuli grZnobebis Tavidan moSorebas sxva
rameze yuradRebis gadataniT, an fizikuri
saqmianobebis wamowyebiT, romlis drosac aRar
fiqroben mimdinare emociur mdgomareobaze. am
modelis Tanaxmad, qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
metad Cafiqrebuli, gansjiTi (ruminative) reaqciis
stili, TavianT problemebze akviatebulad
fiqris tendencia zrdis maT mowyvladobas
depresiisadmi (Butler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994). kog-
nituri midgomis Tanaxmad, uaryofiT ganwyo-
bilebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba aZlierebs
fiqrs uaryofiTi movlenebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis
mxriv, zrdis uaryofiTi grZnobebis raodenobasa
da/an intensiurobas. kvleviT dasturdeba, rom
individebSi, romlebic zogadad msjeloben,
fiqroben depresiaze, ufro mosalodnelia mwvave
gamokvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom depresiis mizezi
SeiZleba faqtorTa rTuli kombinacia iyos da
rom „normaluri~ qcevidan depresiisken mravali
gza midis.
suicidi
„gadarCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis survili
damsxvreuli da ganadgurebulia... dgeba dro,
rodesac yvelaferi kargavs brwyinvalebas,
rodesac ikargeba imedis sxivi~ (Shneidman, 1987,
gv.57). suicidaluri axalgazrda mamakacis am
sevdian gamonaTqvamSi nebismieri fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis ukiduresi Sedegi _ suicidia (TviT-
mkvleloba) asaxuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
depresiul adamianTa umravlesoba ar iklavs
Tavs, analizi aCvenebs, rom mTlianad ganxor-
cielebul TviTmkvlelobaTa 50-80% depresiul
adamianTa mier ganxorcielebul mcdelobebze
modis (Shneidman, 1985). mTlianad aSS-is mosax-
leobaSi oficialurad TviTmkvlelobad miCneul
sikvdilTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 30 000-s
Seadgens. miaweren ra mraval TviTmkvlelobas
ubedur SemTxvevebs, an sxva mizezebs, realuri
raodenoba, albaT, ufro metia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom TviTmkvleloba aSS-is yvela asakis mosaxle-
obaSi sikvdilianobis merve wamyvani mizezia,
SemTxvevaTa mesamedi 15-dan 24 wlis asakamde
adamianebze modis (Murphy, 2000). TiToeul ganxor-
cielebul TviTmkvlelobaze 8-20 suicidaluri

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

depresiuli epizodebis ganviTareba (Just & Al-
loy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1993). qalTa da
mamakacTa Soris reaqciis stilis mixedviT
arsebuli gansxvaveba qalebs bavSvobaSi
depresiis ganviTarebis didi risks uqmnis (Nolen-
Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994).
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis iniciativiT
depresiisas sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis kvlevis
gadasinjvam aCvena, rom depresiis maRali riski
qalebSi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod,
rogorc mTeli rigi fsiqologiuri, socialuri,
ekonomikuri da biologiuri faqtorebis ur-
TierTqmedebis Sedegi (McGrath et al., 1990). mraval
kulturaSi zogierTi am faqtorTagani qalad
yofnis gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba, raSic moiaz-
reba qalebze fizikuri da seqsualuri Zala-
dobis, an siRaribeSi cxovrebisa da bavSvebisa
da asakovani mSoblebis momvlelis funqciebis
Semsruleblis ufro meti albaToba. aseTi 633
 mcdeloba modis. kolejis 594 pirvelkurselTa
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom 26%-s nafiqri hqonda
TviTmkvlelobaze ukanaskneli 12 Tvis manZilze,
2%-ma realurad scada Tavis mokvla amave pe-
riodSi, 10%-s ki cxovrebis garkveul periodSi
ganxorcielebuli hqonda Tavis mokvlis mcde-
loba (Meehan et al., 1992). vinaidan depresias qaleb-
Si ufro xSirad vxvdebiT, ar aris gasakviri,
rom qalebi Tavis mokvlas samjer ufro xSirad
cdiloben, vidre mamakacebi; Tumca, mamakacebis
mier ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba ufro xSirad
aris warmatebuli. am gansxvavebas iwvevs is
faqti, rom mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben
cecxlsasrol iaraRs, qalebi ki mimarTaven
naklebad mtkivneul saSualebebs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, saZile abebi (Berman & Jobes, 1991).
bolo aTwleulebis erT-erT sagangaSo socia-
lur problemas mozardTa suicidi warmoadgens.
yovel cxra wuTSi erTi mozardi cdilobs
Tavis mokvlas da yovel 90 wuTSi mcdeloba
warmatebulia. yovel kviraSi 1 000 mozardis
mier Tavis mokvlis mcdelobidan 125 aRwevs
mizans. 1960 wlidan amerikel mozardebSi
TviTmkvlelobis sixSire 200-dan 300%-mde gaizar-
da (Garland & Zigler, 1993). Tavgamodebuli mcdelobe-
bisda miuxedavad, mozard vaJebSi oTxjer metia
warmatebuli suicidis SemTxvevebi, vidre mozard
gogonebSi (Bingham et al., 1994). sainteresoa, rom
afrikuli warmoSobis amerikelebis orive sqesis
mozardebSi gacilebiT naklebia TviTmkvle-
lobis sixSire, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am monacemebis
zusti axsna (Bingham et al., 1994; Murphy, 2000). es
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
rasobrivi gansxvaveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
grZeldeba. monacemebis rasobrivma, sqesisa da
asakis niSnis mixedviT Sedarebam aCvena, rom
TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali riskis winaSe
TeTrkaniani mowifuli mamakacebi dganan, yvelaze
mcire riskis winaSe ki _ afrikuli warmoSobis
amerikeli qalebi.
cxovrebis rogori stili ubiZgebs mozardebs
TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisken? orive sqesis-
Tvis winmswreb travmatul movlenas axlo
urTierTobis rRveva warmoadgens (Gould et al.,
1996). sxva mniSvnelovanma movlenebma, romelic
sircxvilisa da danaSaulis grZnobas iwvevs,
SeiZleba daTrgunos moumwifebeli ego da
mozardma TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba gana-
634 xorcielos. aseT movlenaTa ricxvSi Sedis,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavdasxma, cema, gaupatiureba
an dapatimreba. metic, homoseqsuali da lesbo-
seli mozardebi ufro meti riskis winaSe dganan,
vidre danarCenebi (Radkowsky & Siegel, 1997; Remafedi,
1999). suicidis aseTi maRali sixSire ueWvelad
asaxavs homoseqsualuri orientaciisadmi Seda-
rebiT nakleb socialur mxardaWeras. TviTmkvle-
loba ukiduresi reaqciaa, romelsac gansakuT-
rebiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mozards ar
SeuZlia sxvebisaTvis daxmarebis Txovna.
mozardTa suicidi aris ara imwuTieri ze-
gavlenis Sedegad, impulsurad ganxorcielebuli
aqti, aramed, Cveulebisamebr, Sinagani areu-
lobisa da garegani usiamovnebebis periodis
finaluri stadia. suicidis axalgazrda msxver-
plTa umravlesoba acnobebs sxvebs, an wers
Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. amrigad, TviTmkvle-
lobis Sesaxeb saubari yovelTvis seriozulad
unda iqnes miRebuli (Marttunen et al., 1998).
suiciduri azrovnebisa da gancdebis amocnoba,
ramac SeiZleba warmoqmnas, an gaaZlieros aseTi
destruqciuli azrebi, pirveli nabijia preven-
ciis mimarTulebiT. fsiqologi edvin Sneidmeni
(Edwin Shneidmen, 1999), romelmac 40 weliwadi
miuZRvna suiciduri tendenciebis mqone
adamianebis Seswavlasa da mkurnalobas, askvnis,
rom „suicidi aRelvebuli da Seviwroebuli
gonebis mier autaneli da dausrulebeli tki-
vilis pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli Tavganwir-
vis aqtia... faqtia, rom Cven SegviZlia tkivilis
daameba, uaryofili moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-
fileba da suicidur azrovnebamde Seviwroebu-
lobis Semcireba~ (1987, gv.58). suiciduri
ganzraxvebis niSnebisadmi mgrZnobiaroba da
sakmarisi Carevis uzrunvelyofa arsebiTia
rogorc mozardi, ise mowifuli adamianebis
sicocxlis gadasarCenad, romelTac sruli
TviTganadgurebis garda ver ipoves sirTulee-
bisgan Tavis daRwevis sxva saSualeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc zemoT aR-
vniSneT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire, zogadad,
araTeTrkanianebSi ufro dabalia TeTrkania-
nebTan SedarebiT, arsebobs erTi gansacvif-
rebeli gamonaklisi: adgilobriv amerikel
mozardebSi TviTmkvlelobis sixSire xuTjer
aRemateba mTeli mosaxleobis mozardebis
Sesabamis maCvenebels. suicidi TviTganadgure-
baze mimarTuli qcevis erT-erTi formaa da
aSS-is adgilobriv amerikul TemebSi miRebuli
destruqciuli qcevis nawils warmoadgens
(Strickland, 1997). adgilobrivi amerikeli fsi-
qologi tereza lafroboizi (Teresa LaFromboise),
romelic am problemas ikvlevda da profilaq-
tikisa da mkurnalobis strategiebi ganaviTara,
Tavis tomSi mozardTa suicidis socialur
mizezebze saubrobs. farTod gavrcelebul
siRatakesa da umuSevrobasTan erTad, suicidis
sixSires ganapirobebs „ojaxebis ngreva, sayovel-
Tao gaWirveba, didi raodenobis danakargebi
(es SeiZleba iyos sikvdili, ojaxidan wasvla
an ganqorwineba), nivTierebebis borotad gamoye-
neba, ojaxebis momatebuli aramdgradoba da
mniSvnelovani mzrunvelis dapatimreba~ (LaFrom-
boise, 1988, gv.9). garda amisa, adgilobriv ameri-
kelebs sjeraT, rom sulier samyaroSi myof
TavianT winaprebTan uwyveti kavSiriT cxovreba
gulisxmobs, rom sikvdili arc ise saSiSia.
Cven ukve mimovixileT fsiqopaTologiis ori
ZiriTadi klasi: SfoTviTi aSlilobebi da gu-
neba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi. sanam Sizofre-
niaze visaubrebdeT, mokled ganvixiloT pirov-
nuli aSlilobebi da disociaciuri aSli-
lobebi.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
pirovnuli aSliloba warmoadgens aRqmis,
azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv (qronikul),
xist, araadaptur paterns, romelic seriozulad
auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleb-
lobas socialur da sxva garemoSi da SeuZlia
mniSvnelovani distresis gamowveva. misi amoc-
noba, Cveulebriv, siWabukis an adreuli mowifu-
lobis asakSi xdeba SesaZlebeli. pirovnuli
aSlilobis mravali saxeoba arsebobs (DSM-IV-
TR-Si mocemulia 10 sxvadasxva tipis pirovnuli
aSliloba). Cven ganvixilavT oTx maTgans: para-
noidul, Teatralur, narcisul da antisocia-
lur pirovnul aSlilobas.
paranoiduli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone
adamianebs maTTan kontaqtSi myofi pirovnebebis
motivebisadmi undoblobis da eWvianobis
mdgradi paterni axasiaTebT. isini eWvoben, rom
sxva adamianebi maTTvis zianis miyenebasa da
motyuebas cdiloben. maT SeuZliaT sruliad
uwyinar situaciebs faruli usiamovno mniSvne-
loba mouZebnon; moelian, rom maTi megobrebi,
meuRle an mSoblebi uRalateben maT.
Teatraluri pirovnuli aSliloba moWarbe-
buli emociurobiTa da yuradRebis ZiebiT xa-
siaTdeba. am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs yo-
velTvis yuradRebis centrSi surT yofna da
Tu ver aRweven amas, yuradRebis misapyrobad
raime araadekvaturis gakeTeba SeuZliaT. isini
didi TeatralurobiT ayeneben TavianT mo-
Txovnebs, Tumca, naklebad interesdebian uku-
kavSiriT; amasTanave, umniSvnelo movlenebzec
moWarbebuli emociurobiT reagireben.
narcisuli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi sakuTari mniSvnelobis moWarbebuli
grZnobiT, warmatebisa da Zalis fantaziebis
siWarbiTa da mudmivi aRtacebis obieqtad yofnis
moTxovnilebiT gamoirCevian. am adamianebs
xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebSi; maT aqvT tendencia, rom
sxvebTan ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobis gareSe
gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobis, uflebebis
mqoned igrZnon Tavi da sxva adamianebi sakuTari
miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon. garda amisa, uWirT
sxvaTa grZnobebis SemCneva da Tanagancda.
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba gamoir-
Ceva upasuxismgeblo, an ukanono qcevebis
xangrZlivi paterniT, romelic arRvevs socia-
lur normebs. Cveul qcevaTa rigSi Sedis
sicrue, qurdoba da Cxubi. antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone adamianebs xSirad
ar scxveniaT da ar awuxebT sindisis qenjna
maT mier Cadenili zianismomtani qcevebis gamo.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
socialuri normebis darRveva cxovrebis ad-
reuli periodidan iwyeba, es SeiZleba iyos
klasSi areulobebis gamowveva, CxubebSi CarTva
da saxlidan gaqceva. es moqmedebebi sxvaTa
uflebebisadmi gulgrilobiT gamoirCeva. anti-
socialur pirovnul aSlilobas xSirad sxva
paTologiebic axlavs Tan. magaliTad, erT-erT
kvlevaSi individTa daaxloebiT 25%-s, romelic
akmayofilebda opiumis borotad gamoyenebis
kriteriums, antisocialuri pirovnuli aSli-
lobac daudginda (Brooner et al., 1997).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnuli aSlilobebi
ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili, vidre sxva
pirovnuli aSliloba (Personality disorder) _ aR-
qmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis qronikuli, xisti,
araadapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad
auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleb-
lobas socialur da sxva garemoSi.
635

tipis aSlilobebi, aris monacemebi, romelic
am aSlilobebSi genetikuri komponentis arse-
bobaze miuTiTebs (Livesley et al., 1993; Nigg & Gold-
smith, 1994). Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb msjelobas gavixsenebT
me-14 Tavidan, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom am
maxasiaTeblebis mqone aSlilobebic Tanda-
yolilia. arsebobs pirovnuli aSlilobebis
gamomwvev garemo pirobebze mimarTuli kvlevebic
(Norden et al., 1995; Paris, 1997). ganvixiloT genetikisa
da garemos urTierTqmedebebi, romlebic antiso-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
cialur pirovnul aSlilobas iwveven.
saidan
viciT
genetika, garemo da antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSliloba
mkvlevarTa jgufma Seadgina SerCeva,
sadac Sedioda 95 mamakaci da 102 qali,
romlebic Svilad aiyvanes dabadebidan
ramdenime dReSi. Sesabamis uwyebebSi dacu-
li monacemebi sakmaris informacias iZle-
oda maTi biologiuri mSoblebis Sesaxeb,
amitom mkvlevrebs SeeZloT daedginaT, ro-
636
mel cdis pirTa mSoblebs aReniSnebodaT
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba. es
monacemebi aSlilobaSi genetikuri faqto-
ris wvlilis Sefasebis saSualebas iZle-
oda. mkvlevrebma mimRebi ojaxebis cxov-
rebis pirobebis, garemoebebis Sesaxebac
moipoves informacia: interviuirebis saSua-
lebiT sazRvravdnen, Tu romeli cdis
pirebi gaizardnen mimReb mSoblebTan
araxelsayrel garemoSi; magaliTad, vis
hqonda qorwinebis, iuridiuli, nivTiere-
bebze, an alkoholze damokidebulebis
problemebi. es monacemebi antisocialur
pirovnul aSlilobaSi garemos wvlilis
Sefasebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Sede-
gebma aCvena, rom mniSvnelovani iyo orive
tipis zegavlena: aSlilobis mqone biolo-
giuri mSoblebis SvilebTan, an araxel-
sayrel garemoSi gazrdil cdispirebTan,
saSualod, ufro meti iyo antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis albaToba (Cadoret
et al., 1995).
am Sedegebidan vxedavT, rom antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis riskis wi-
naSe pirovneba SeiZleba bunebam an aRzrdam,
genetikurma an garemos faqtorebma daayenos.
amave dros, es aSliloba ar uviTardeboda im
adamians, romlis mSoblebsac aReniSnebodaT
pirovnuli aSlilobebi, an romelic rTul
garemo pirobebSi izrdeboda. mkvlevrebs kvlav
surT imis garkveva, Tu ra ganapirobebs zogierTi
adamianis mowyvladobasa da zogierTis moqni-
lobas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
disociaciuri aSliloba aris identurobis,
mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis dar-
Rveva. adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
akontrolebdnen TavianT qcevas, anu emociebs,
azrebsa da moqmedebebs. TviTkontrolis aR-
qmisTvis arsebiTia individualurobis SegrZneba
_ me-s (self) sxvadasxva aspeqtebis SeTanxmebuloba
(konsistenturoba) da identurobis uwyvetoba
drosa da sivrceSi. fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom
disociaciur mdgomareobaSi individebi gaurbian
sakuTar konfliqtebs SeTanxmebulobisa da

uwyvetobis daTmobis gziT da uaryofen sakuTari
Tavis nawilebs. yovelgvari organuli disfun-
qciis ararsebobis pirobebSi fsiqologiuri
faqtorebiT gamowveul process, romelic
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis davi-
wyebaSi mdgomareobs, disociaciur amnezias
uwodeben da is disociaciis erT-erTi magali-
Tia. fsiqologebma daiwyes monacemebis Segroveba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxiT SeiZleba axldes
Tan mexsierebis aseTi danawevreba (disociacia)
bavSvobaSi seqsualuri da fizikuri Zaladobis
SemTxvevebs (Spiegel & Cardena, 1991). mwvave/Rrma
travmis sxva tipebi, rogoricaa 1991 wels
oklendsa da berkliSi (kaliforniis Stati)
momxdari xanZari, romelmac 25 sicocxle Se-
iwira da milion dolarze meti zarali moitana,
aseve iwvevs disociaciis simptomebs (Koopmen
et al., 1996).
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia)
(Dissociative Identity Disorder _ DID), warsulSi cnobi-
li Sedgenili pirovnuli aSliloba (multiple
personality disorder), disociaciuri fsiqikuri aS-
lilobaa, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori
an meti calkeuli pirovneba. yovel mocemul
momentSi erT-erTi maTgani dominanturia da
individis qcevas warmarTavs. disociaciuri
identobis aSliloba popularul enaze gaxle-
Cili pirovnebis saxeliT aris cnobili da
xandaxan mas SecdomiT Sizofreniasac (aSli-
loba, romelsac Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT
da vnaxavT, rom am dros pirovneba xSirad
uaresdeba, magram ar ixliCeba orad) uwodeben
xolme. dia-is SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli warmoqm-
nili pirovneba raime mniSvnelovani niSniT
originaluri me-s (self) sapirispiroa _ maT Soris
gansvlas eqneba adgili, Tu sawyisi pirovneba
sustia da seqsualurad mimzidveli, maSin erTi
pirovneba morcxvi, SeboWili iqneba, meore ki _
mfrTxali da seqsualurad gulubryvilo.
TiToeul pirovnebas Taviseburad ganumeorebeli
identoba, saxeli da qceviTi repertuari aqvs.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba mTeli rigi
sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebisa, romelic pirovnebas
rTul cxovrebiseul situaciasTan gamklavebaSi
exmareba. qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti dia-is mqone
qalis „wamyvani~ pirovnebis angariSidan (Ma-
son, 1997, gv.44):
rogorc talRebi atrialebs okeanes
Signidan gareT da gadaalagebs wyals,
sxvadasxva CvenTagani trialebs wreze, mo-
dis da midis miqcevasaviT da miedineba
zogjer mSvidad, zogjer _ mSfoTvared.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
bavSvi aferadebs flomasterebiT. igi
gverdze iweva da adgils administrators
uTmobs, romelic bankis angariSs aTan-
disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _
pirovnuli aSliloba, romelsac axasiaTebs
identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis in-
tegraciis darRveva.
disociaciuri amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis gax-
senebis unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqo-
logiuri faqtorebi, yovelgvari organuli
disfunqciis arsebobis gareSe.
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dis-
sociative identity disorder – DID) _ disociaciuri
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi
arsebobs ori an meti calkeuli pirovneba;
warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc Sedgenili
(multiple) pirovnuli aSliloba.
637
 xmebs. mcire xnis Semdeg mkvdari Cvili
iwevs win da umoZraod wevs iatakze. igi
cxrili
15.5
droebiT ase rCeba, magram aravis swydeba
Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvis
guli _ es misi droa. cocxali Cvili
Sedegebi: disociaciuri identobis
xoxavs da Cerdeba mtverSi amogangluli.
aSlilobisa (DID) da depresiis
mzareuli sami dRis saWmels amzadebs da Sedareba
TiToeuls calke paketSi alagebs _ Cven kiTxvaris debuleba DID (%) depresia (%)
yvelas sxvadasxva midrekilebebi, mis-
wrafebebi da antipaTiebi gvaqvs. SeSine- Seuracxyofis
SemTxveva 98 54
buli „me~ xmamaRla yviris, daWrili _
tipebi
kvnesis, mgloviare _ moTqvams. fizikuri 82 24
seqsualuri 86 25
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi daayanoT am qalis
fsiqologiuri 86 42
adgilze da warmoidginoT, rogori iqneba amdeni uaryofa 54 21
„pirovnebebis~ _ bavSvis, mkvdari Cvilis, co- yvela zemoT
cxali Cvilis, mzareulisa da a.S. _ erT TavSi CamoTvlili erTad 47 6
moTavseba? fizikuri da
seqsualuri 74 14
zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom disocia- (N=355) (N=235)
ciuri aSlilobis mqone pirovnebis Semadgenili
pirovnebebis ganviTareba gadarCenis arsebiT
funqcias emsaxureba. dia-is msxverpli SeiZleba iyo dia-is mqone individTa gamocdilebasTan
ecemaT, daemwyvdiaT, an mietovebinaT im SedarebiT (Schultz et al., 1989). miuxedavad imisa,
adamianebs, visac, savaraudod, uyvarda igi; maT, rom es monacemebi da zemoT moyvanili pirov-
viszec imdenad iyvnen damokidebulni, rom ar nuli angariSebi eWvgareSea, mravali fsiqologi
SeeZloT maTTan SebrZoleba, maTgan wasvla da mainc skeptikurad uyurebs dia-is diagnozs
maTi SeZulebac ki. fsiqodinamikuri Tvalsaz- (Lilienfeld et al., 1999; Spanos, 1994). ar arsebobs sando
risis mixedviT, es msxverplebi danawevrebis monacemebi am aSlilobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb
(disociaciis) saSualebiT simbolurad gaeqcnen (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). skeptikosebi xSirad gamoTqvamen
gadatanil saSinelebas. ufro Zlieri Sinagani masazrebas, rom Terapevtebs, visac „swamT~ dia-
xasiaTebis SeqmniT maT daicves TavianTi ego is arsebobis, SeuZliaT misi Seqmna _ es Tera-
arsebuli travmatuli situaciisagan. rogorc pevtebi TavianT pacientebTan, xSirad hipnoturi
wesi, dia-is msxverpls warmoadgenen qalebi, zemoqmedebisas, saTanado kiTxvebis dasmiT biZgs
romlebic bavSvobaSi, xangrZlivi periodis aZleven Semadgenili pirovnebebis „warmoqmnas~.
ganmavlobaSi fizikurad, an seqsualurad iqnen sxva fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom sakmarisi
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

Zalze Seuracxyofilni mSoblebis, naTesavebis, monacemebi arsebobs dia-is diagnozis sasargeb-

an axlo megobrebis mier. erT kvlevaSi kiTxvaris
saSualebiT mopovebul iqna 448 klinikosis
monacemi, romelTac gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
disociaciuri identobis aSlilobisa da kli-
nikuri depresiis (gamoiyeneboda Sesadareblad)
SemTxvevebze muSaoba. rogorc 15.5 cxrilSia
naCvenebi, dia-is 355 SemTxvevaSi wamyvani ma-
xasiaTebelia Seuracxyofa, romelic TiTqmis
yvelasaTvis saerToa da romelsac adgili aqvs
3 wlis asakidan da aT welze metxans grZel-
deba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 235 depresiul
pacientTanac aRiniSneboda Seuracxyofis xSiri
SemTxvevebi, es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad mcire
638
lod, romelic aCvenebs, rom is ar aris mxolod
gulmodgine Terapevtebis mier Seqmnili pro-
duqti (Gleaves, 1996). yvelaze uwyinari daskvna
Semdegi SeiZleba iyos: dia-is diagnozis mqone
adamianTa jgufSi zogi SemTxveva namdvilia,
WerSmaritia maSin, rodesac zogierTi SemTxveva
Terapevtisgan aris gaCenili.
Sejameba
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi xuT kategoriad iyofa:
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri
aSliloba, fobiebi, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSli-
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
marTla arsebobs Tu ara `internetomania~?
SegimCneviaT, rom imaze met
dros atarebT internetSi,
vidre „unda~ atarebdeT? me-
gobrebTan internetis saSua-
lebiT saubari girCevniaT
maTTan piradad urTierTobas?
internetze xarjavT dros,
romelsac sxva mniSvnelovan
saqmianobas unda uTmobdeT,
rogoricaa gamocdebisTvis
mzadeba an Zili? SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom Tqven damoki-
debuli (addicted) xarT inter-
netze?
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis
manZilze „internetomaniis~
sakiTxs didi adgili eTmoba
popularul presaSi: es axali
istoriebi qmnian (xSir Sem-
TxvevebSi) mozardi vaJis xats,
romelic realuri samyaros
adamianebTan kontaqtze uars
ambobs da chat-oTaxebisa da
MUD-is kiber-samyaroSi uCi-
nardeba. zogierT mkvlevars
aRmoCenili aqvs realuri
SemTxvevebi, romelic Tan-
xvdeba sainformacio saSua-
lebebSi Seqmnil aseT xats.
maT „internetomaniis~ diag-
nozi miusadages (magaliTad,
Young, 1998). sxva mkvlevrebi
ufro skeptikurni rCebian am
diagnozis, rogorc fsiqopa-
Tologiis calkeuli tipis,
mimarT. vnaxoT, ratom.
rogorc aRvwereT, fsiqo-
paTologiis TiToeuli ti-
pisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
individi aSkarad specifikuri
tipis araadaptur qcevebs
axorcielebdes, rogorc aR-
niSnulia DSM-IV-TR-Si. Tumca,
internetze damokidebulobis,
„internetomaniis~, Semo-
Tavazebuli diagnozis Sem-
TxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu
konkretulad romeli qcevaa
araadapturi im qcevaTa Soris,
romelsac individi qselSi
yofnis dros axorcielebs.
erT-erTi mkvlevris sityvebiT:
„Tu zogierTi adamiani mija-
Wvulia internetze, mainc ra-
zea igi mijaWvuli?~ (Griffiths,
1998, gv.72).
gadavxedoT im miznebs, ro-
melsac emsaxureba individebis
mier internetis gamoyeneba da
mTeli rigi aqtivobebisa, rom-
liTac isini dakavebulni arian
xazze yofnisas. magaliTad,
adamianebi qselSi Sedian in-
formaciis mosaZieblad, saTa-
maSod da romantikuli an seq-
sualuri partniorebis sapov-
nelad. SeuZliaT ki adamianebs,
damokidebulni gaxdnen miz-
nebisa da aqtivobebis er-
Tobliobaze, romelTac „in-
terntomaniis~ diagnozs usa-
dageben? Tu arsebobs inter-
netis gamoyenebis ufro spe-
cifikuri aspeqtebi, romelic
fsiqologiuri Seguebis prob-
lemebs iwvevs? Tu es ukanas-
kneli mosazreba sworia, maSin
arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom
mocemul individs aRmoaCndeba
f s i q i k u r i j a n m r Te l o b i s
profesionalebis mier ukve
dadgenili ufro specifikuri
diagnozi. magaliTad, rogorc
vnaxeT, DSM-IV-TR-Si gansazR-
vrulia socialuri fobiis
kategoria. ufro miwanSewo-
nili iqneboda, rom indi-
vidisTvis, romelic zRudavs
sxva adamianebTan urTierTobas
internet-urTierTobis sasar-
geblod, socialuri fobiis
diagnozi dagvesva da ara _
„internetomaniis~. adamianebis
mier internetis moWarbebulad
gamoyenebis gzebi SeiZleba
warmoadgendes cnobili aSli-
lobebis simptomebs, Tumca,
TavisTavad internetis Warbad
moxmareba ver kvalificirdeba,
rogorc aSliloba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven
ar uarvyofT im faqtis arse-
bobas, rom adamianTa mcire
procenti internets pirov-
nuli, socialuri da profe-
siuli cxovrebisTvis saziano
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
gzebiT iyenebs. magaliTad,
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adami-
anebi, romlebic intensiurad
iyeneben internets, izoli-
rebulad da martosulad
grZnoben Tavs (Kraut et al., 1998;
Nie & Erbring, 2000). Tumca, risi
frTxilad SemoTavazeba da
gaazrebac gvsurs, aris mosaz-
reba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs
internetis zogadi maxasia-
Teblebi, romelic fsiqopaTo-
logiis specifikur formas
iwvevs da am fsiqopaTologias
samarTlianad uwodeben inter-
netze damokidebulebas _
„internetomanias~.
639
 loba da posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba qroni-
kuli SfoTviT xasiaTdeba maSin, roca panikuri
aSliloba mwvave SfoTvas ukavSirdeba. fobiebs
axasiaTebs imdenad Zlieri iracionaluri SiSi,
rom isini gansjis unarze zemoqmedeben. obse-
siebi arakontrolirebadi, damangreveli azrebia,
kompulsiebi ki, aseve, arakontrolirebadi
qcevebi. travmatulma movlenebma, rogoricaa
gaupatiureba, an Rrma dazianeba, SeiZleba post-
travmatuli stresis aSlilobis ganviTareba
gamoiwvios. mkvlevrebma aCvenes SfoTvis aS-
lilobebs, genetikur faqtorebsa da Tavis tvinis
paTologiebs Soris kavSiris arseboba. am aSli-
lobaTa fsiqologiur axsnebSi klasikuri ganpi-
robebuloba da kognituri tendenciuroba
moiazreba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi Sedis
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba _ fsiqopa-
Tologiis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma da
bipolaruli aSliloba. depresia iwvevs guneba-
ganwyobilebis, Semecnebisa da motivaciis cvli-
lebebs. bipolaruli depresiis mqone adamianebi
ganicdian depresiisa da maniis periodebis
monacvleobas. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobis genetikuri kompo-
nenti iseve ukavSirdeba depresiasa da manias,
rogorc cvlilebebi Tavis tvinis funqci-
onirebaSi. depresiis Teoriebi xSirad amax-
vileben yuradRebas kognitur interpretaciaze,
romelsac adamianebi aZleven TavianT cxov-
rebiseul gamocdilebas. seriozuli depresiis
maRali sixSire qalebSi, SesaZloa, dakavSi-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
rebuli iyos qalebisa da mamakacebis mier
depresiaze reagirebis gansxvavebul gzebTan.
depresiuli individebi sakmaod xSirad fiqroben
TviTmkvlelobaze.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi azrovnebisa da
qcevis araadapturi formebia; isini SeiZleba
imdenad Rrma iyos, rom ziani miayenos normalur
funqcionirebas socialur da profesiul
garemoSi. disociaciuri aSlilobebi identobis
mTlianobis darRvevebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mkvlevrebi disociaciuri identobis aSlilobis
mizezad bavSvobaSi gadatanil seqsualur
Seuracxyofas miiCneven, aSlilobis gavrce-
lebuloba sakamaTo rCeba.
640
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rogoria depresi-
uloba an SfoTvis gancda maSinac ki, rodesac
umravlesobas ar gangvicdia es grZnobebi
aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simwvaviT. Si-
zofrenia ki aris aSliloba, romelic nor-
maluri funqcionirebisgan Tvisobrivad gan-
sxvavebul mdgomareobas gulisxmobs. Sizof-
reniuli aSliloba fsiqopaTologiis mwvave
formaa, romlis drosac dezintegrirebulia
pirovneba, darRveulia azrovneba da aRqma,
gasadavebulia emociebi. Sizofreniuli aS-
lilobis mqone pirovnebebi swored iseTebi arian,
rogorsac yvelaze xSirad warmovidgenT xolme
sigiJisa da Seuracxadobis Sesaxeb fiqris dros.
SizofreniiT daavadebuli mravali adamia-
nisTvis avadmyofoba cxovrebiseuli ganaCenia
ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis gareSe, ro-
melsac isini ganmartoebulni da izolirebulni
zidaven da iZulebulni arian yvelasgan moSo-
rebiT icxovron. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sizof-
renia SedarebiT iSviaTia _ aSS-is mozrdili
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.7%-s aReniSneba
cxovrebis romelime etapze (Kessler et al., 1994) _
es monacemi gulisxmobs, rom daaxloebiT ori
milioni adamiani itanjeba am yvelaze saidum-
loebiT moculi da tragikuli fsiqikuri aSli-
lobiT. fsiqiatriuli klinikebis adgilTa naxe-
vari Sizofreniis mqone pacientebs ukaviaT, rad-
ganac mravali maTgani Tavisi cxovrebis umetes
nawils saavadmyofoSi atarebs, „normalur~
cxovrebaSi odesme dabrunebis mcire imediT.
mark voneguti (Mark Vonnegut), mweral kurt
vonegutis vaJiSvili, 25 wlisac ar iyo, rodesac
Sizofreniis simptomebma iCina Tavi. „samoTxis
eqspresSi~ (Eden Express, 1975) igi sakuTari
gamocdilebidan mogviTxrobs realobidan
gasvlisa da saboloo gamojanmrTelebis Sesaxeb.
erTxel, xexilis gasxvlisas misma realobam
damaxinjeba daiwyo:
damainteresa, tkivils xom ar vayenebdi
xeebs da mobodiSeba daviwye. TiToeulma
maTganma pirovnebis saxe miiRo. damain-
teresa, romelimes movwondi Tu ara.
mTlianad mSTanTqa TiToeuli xis Tvali-
 erebam da daviwye SemCneva, rom isini yo-
velTvis imdenad msubuqad anaTebdnen, rom
rbili, Signidan momdinare sinaTlis na-
Teba totebis irgvliv ifrqveoda; da saida-
nRac warmoudgenlad danaoWebuli, gar-
damavalferebiani saxe movida. Tavidan
mxolod ganusazRvrel manZilze myof
patara wertilad moCanda, igi win moiwevda
da bolos uzarmazari gaxda. mis garda
veRarafers vxedavdi. guli gamiCerda. dro
usasrulod gaiWima. saxis Tavidan moSo-
reba vcade, magram man damcina... misTvis
TvalebSi Sexedva vcade da gavacnobiere,
rom fexqveS miwa gamomecala (1975, gv. 96).
vonegutis aRwera garkveul warmodgenas Segiq-
mniT Sizofreniis simptomebze.
Sizofreniis samyaroSi azrovneba aralogi-
kuri xdeba; ideaTa Soris asociaciebi Soreuli
da yovelgvar sqemas moklebulia. xSirad
aRiniSneba halucinaciebi, romelic warmosaxviT
sensorul aRqmebs _ xatebs, sunebs an, yvelze
xSirad, bgerebs (Cveulebriv, xmebs) moicavs da
romelTac pacientebi realurad miiCneven.
pirovnebas SeiZleba esmodes xma, romelic uwyvet
komentars ukeTebs mis qcevas, an ramdenime xmis
saubari; damaxasiaTebelia bodvebic _ cru, an
iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs
sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis pirobebSi.
metyveleba SeiZleba araTanmimdevruli gaxdes
_ erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli, an gamogonili
sityvebis „sityvier salaTas~ daemsgavsos, an
individi sulac damunjdes. emociebs gasadaveba
axasiaTebs, qreba maTi garegani gamoxatuleba,
an SeiZleba situaciis Seusabamo iyos. fsiqomo-
toruli qceva SeiZleba dezorganizebuli (gri-
masebi, ucnauri manerebi), poza ki _ rigiduli
gaxdes. mxolod zogierTi simptomis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSic ki mosalodnelia profesiuli
funqcionirebisa da pirovnebaTSorisi urTier-
Tobebis gauareseba, radganac pacienti socia-
lurad gariyuli, an emociurad gulgrili xdeba.
fsiqologebi simptomebs dadebiT da uaryofiT
kategoriebSi aTavseben. Sizofreniis mwvave anu
aqtiuri fazis dros gamokveTilia dadebiTi
simptomebi _ halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmim-
devruloba da dezorganizebuli qceva, sxva
dros ki uaryofiTi simptomebi _ socialuri
gariyuloba da gasadavebuli emociebi. zogierT
cxrili
15.6
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ti pebi
Sizofreniis tipebi ZiriTadi simptomebi
dezorganizebuli araadekvaturi/araSesatyvisi
qceva da emociebi;
araTanmimdevruli metyveleba.
katatoniuri gayinuli, rigiduli an
iolad agznebadi qceva.
paranoiduli grandiozulobis an devnis
mania.
aradiferencirebuli simptomebTa Sereuli nakrebi
azrovnebis aSlilobebiTa
da sxva tipis
maxasiaTeblebiT.
rezidualuri ar aris warmodgenili
ZiriTadi simptomebi, Tumca,
aRiniSneba aSlilobis
ganaxlebis Tanmxlebi,
meorexarisxovani simptomebi.
individs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mark voneguti,
Sizofreniis mxolod erTi, an ori mwvave faza
aReniSneba da Semdeg normalur, Cveul cxovrebas
ubrundeba. sxvebs, romelTac xSirad qronikul
avadmyofebad miiCneven, axasiaTebT ganmeorebadi
mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xanmokle
periodebiT an calkeuli mwvave fazebi uaryo-
fiTi simptomebis xangrZlivi periodebiT. yve-
laze metad `darRveuli~ individebic ki ar
imyofebian mudmivad mwvave bodviT mdgomareobaSi.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi
SizofreniisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptome-
bis mravalferovnebis gamo, mkvlevrebi mas
calkeuli tipebis erTobliobad miiCneven da
ara _ erTeul aSlilobad. 15.6 cxrilSi moce-
mulia Sizofreniis xuTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
qvetipi.
Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder)
_ fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma, romelic
xasiaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcio-
nirebis rRveviT, realobidan gasvliT, emociuri
gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ cru, aRqma, ro-
melsac adgili aqvs obieqturi gamRizianeblis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena,
romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad
arsebobis pirobebSi. 641
 dezorganizebuli tipi periodis manZilze da ar/an sustad reagireben
garemoSi mimdinare movlenebze. sxva dros es
Sizofreniis am qvetipis SemTxvevaSi individs
pacientebi moWarbebuli motoruli aqtivobiT
araTanmimdevruli azrovneba da moWarbebulad
xasiaTdebian, romelic aSkarad umiznod da
ucnauri da dezorganizebuli qceva axasiaTebs.
garegani gamRizianeblebis zemoqmedebis gareSe
emociebi gasadavebuli, an situaciis Seusabamoa.
xorcieldeba. katatoniur tips ukiduresi nega-
xSirad pirovneba sulelurad an bavSvurad
tivizmic axasiaTebs, romelic aSkarad aramo-
iqceva, magaliTad, xiTxiTebs yovelvgari Tval-
tivirebulad ewinaaRmdegeba yvela instruqcias.
saCino mizezis gareSe. metyveleba SeiZleba im-
denad araTanmimdevruli da uCveulo sityve-
biTa da daumTavrebeli winadadebebiT aRsavse paranoiduli tipi
gaxdes, rom dairRves sxva adamianebTan komuni-
Sizofreniis am tipis mqone adamianebs rTuli
kacia. Tu adgili aqvs bodvebs an halucinaciebs,
da sistematuri bodvebi axasiaTebT, romlebic
isini ar Seexeba gasageb Temas.
garkveul Temebzea mimarTuli:
mister f.b. 30 wels mitanebuli hospita-  devnis bodva. individebi grZnoben, rom
lizebuli fsiqikuri pacienti iyo. ro- maT mudmivad uTvalTvaleben, SeTqmulebas
desac mas saxeli hkiTxes, man upasuxa, uwyoben da rom maT sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba.
rom cdilobda mis daviwyebas, radganac
 grandiozulobis bodva. individebs sje-
yovelTvis atirebda Tavisi saxelis
raT, rom isini mniSvnelovani da amaRlebuli
gagoneba. Semdeg igi ramdenime wuTis
arsebani arian _ milionerebi, didi gamomgo-
ganmavlobaSi gulamoskvniT tiroda. ro-
neblebi an religiuri figurebi, rogoricaa,
desac raime seriozulisa da sevdianis
magaliTad, ieso qriste. devnis bodvas SeiZleba
Sesaxeb hkiTxes, mister f.b.-ma xiTxiTi
grandiozulobis bodva axldes Tan _ individi
da sicili daiwyo. rodesac hkiTxes mniS-
didi pirovnebaa, magram mas mudmivad ewinaaR-
vneloba andazisa “When the cat’s away, the
mdegebian eSmakeuli Zalebi.
mice will play~2, man upasuxa: „nakleb adgils
ikavebs. katam ar icis, ras akeTebs Tagvi  eWvianobis bodva. individi yovelgvari
da Tagvma ar icis, ras akeTebs kata. kata mizezis gareSe darwmunebulia, rom megobrebi
ufro saeWvo mxares warmoadgens, vidre Ralatoben mas. isini igoneben TavianTi Teoriis
Tagvi. dumbo kargi biWi iyo. man dainaxa, Sesatyvis monacemebs da „adastureben~ bodvis
rac katam gaakeTa, Tavisi Tavi katasTan simarTles.
daayena, amrigad, xalxi aRar Sexedavda
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individeb-
maT, rogorc komediantebs~ (Zimbardo, Per-
Tan simptomebis gamovlena, Sizofreniuli aS-
sonal Communication, 1957).
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

lilobis sxva tipebis simptomebTan SedarebiT,

mister f.b-is maneruloba, depersonalize-
buli, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba da bodvebi
am tipis Sizofreniis ZiriTadi niSnebia.
katatoniuri tipi
Sizofreniis katatoniuri tipis wamyvani
maxasiaTebelia motoruli aqtivobis darRveva.
xandaxan am aSlilobis mqone adamianebi stu-
porSi arian gayinulni. individebi umoZraod,
xSirad ucnaur pozebSi, rCebian xangrZlivi
2
sityva-sityviTi qarTuli Targmani ase JRers:
„rodesac kata midis, Tagvebi TamaSoben~; Sinaarsobrivad
_ „uZaRlo qveyanaSi katebs ayefeben.~ (mTargmnelis
642 SeniSvna)
cxovrebis ufro gviandel periodSi iwyeba.
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebi
iSviaTad axorcieleben aSkarad dezorganizebul
qcevas, Tumca, maTi qceva daZabuli da sruliad
formaluria.
aradiferencirebuli tipi
Sizofreniis es krebiTi kategoria aRwers
pirovnebas, romelsac aReniSneba gamokveTili
bodvebi, halucinaciebi, araTanmimdevruli
metyveleba, an Zalze dezorganizebuli qceva,
rac erTze meti tipis kriteriumebs, an gaur-
kvevel, bundovan tips Seesabameba. individis
mier gancdil simptomTa am nazavSi ar xdeba
sxvadasxva Sizofreniuli reaqciebis erTmaneTi-
sgan gamodiferencireba.
rezidualuri tipi
rezidualuri tipis diagnozis mqone indivi-
debs, Cveulebisamebr, Sizofreniis ZiriTadi
ganvlili epizodi awuxebT, Tumca, amasTanave,
Tavisufalni arian iseTi ZiriTadi simptome-
bisgan, rogoricaa halucinaciebi an bodvebi.
aSlilobis arseboba Tanmxlebi, meorexaris-
xovani, dadebiTi an gasadavebuli afeqtis msgavsi
uaryofiTi simptomebiT vlindeba. rezidualuri
tipis diagnozi SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze,
rom pirovnebis avadmyofoba remisiis fazaSi
Sedis, anu faruli xdeba.
Sizofreniis mizezebi
sxvadasxva etiologiuri midgoma Sizofreniis
Zalze gansxvavebul sawyis mizezebze, misi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gzebsa da mkurnalobis
sxvadasxva mimarTulebebze miuTiTebs. gadavxe-
doT Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis
gzebis SecnobaSi sxvadasxva midgomebis mier
Setanil wvlils.
genetikuri midgomebi
didi xania cnobilia, rom Sifozrenias oja-
xebSi gavrcelebis tendencia axasiaTebs (Bleuler,
1978; Kallmann, 1946). kvlevis sami damoukidebeli
mimarTuleba _ ojaxebis kvleva, tyupebis kvleva
da gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavla _ erTsa
da imave daskvnamde midis: Sizofreniis gamov-
lenis albaToba im individebTan ufro metia,
visac genetikuri kavSiri aqvs am aSlilobis
mqone adamianTan, vidre maTTan, visac ar aqvs
aseTi naTesauri kavSiri (Kendler & Diehl, 1993; Tsuang,
2000). 15.5 suraTze mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis
naTesavebisgan Sizofreniis miRebis riskis
xarisxis maCveneblebi. es monacemebi Sizofreniis
mkvlevarma irving gotesmanma (Irving Gottesman, 1991)
dasavleT evropaSi 1920-1987 wlebSi Caratebuli
TiTqmis 40 sando kvlevis Sedegebis gaerTianebiT
miiRo da maqsimalurad viwro kategoriebSi
moaTavsa. rogorc xedavT, monacemebi genetikuri
naTesaobis xarisxis mixedviT aris dalagebuli,
rac maRal korelaciaSi imyofeba riskis xaris-
suraTi
15.5
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
Sizofreniis
ganviTarebis
genetikuri riski
grafikze naCvenebia Sizofre-
niis ganviTarebis riskis saSua-
lo maCveneblebi. monacemebi
mogrovda ojaxebisa da tyu-
pebis kvlevebiT, romelic ev-
ropis mosaxleobaSi ganxor-
cielda 1920-1987 wlebSi; gamov-
linda maRali korelacia ris-
kis xarisxsa da genetikuri na-
Tesaobis xarisxs Soris.
643
 xTan. magaliTad, rodesac orive mSobeli daava-
reniuli aSlilobis mqone naSvilebi cdis
debulia SizofreniiT, maT SvilebSi am aSli-
pirebis biologiurma naTesavebma azrov-
lobis gamovlenis riski 46%-s udris, mTeli
nebis aSlilobis ufro maRali maCvene-
populaciis 1%-Tan SedarebiT. rodesac mxolod
beli miiRes, vidre sakontrolo SerCevis
erTi mSobelia avad, Svilebis daavadebis riski
naSvilebi cdis pirebis biologiurma
mkveTrad mcirdeba 13%-mde. aRsaniSnavia, rom
naTesavebma. Tumca, orive SerCevis naSvi-
albaToba imisa, rom identur tyupebs orives
lebTa naTesavebi ar gansxavdebodnen er-
aRmoaCndeba Sizofrenia, daaxloebiT samjer
TmaneTisgan azrovnebis aSlilobis mi-
aRemateba araidentur tyupebSi am aSlilobis
xedviT. monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom ge-
gamovlenis albaTobas.
netikuri faqtori garemos faqtorze metad
mkvlevrebi gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswav-
miuTiTebs imaze, Tu vis aRmoaCndeba az-
lasac mimarTaven imis saCveneblad, rom geneti-
rovnebis aSlilobebi (Kinney et al., 1997).
kuri faqtorebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens
Sizofreniis etiologiaze (Kety et al., 1994). gan-
vixiloT kvleva, romelSic fasdeboda Sizof- TiTqmis yvela naSvilebi individi dabade-
reniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb bidan mcire xnis Semdeg daaSores TavianT bio-
naTesavebSi azrovnebis aSlilobebis SemTxve- logiur ojaxs. Sesabamisad, rasac ar unda ga-
vebis sixSire. moewvia Sizofreniis mqone gaSvilebul indi-
videbSi azrovnebis aSlilobis Zalian maRali
xarisxi da SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli maT
saidan
biologiur naTesavebSi, ver mivakuTvnebT mas
viciT garemos faqtorTa rigs.
sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi erTiandeba da
azrovnebis aSlilobebi Sizofreniis
yalibdeba Semdegi daskvnis saxiT: zogierTi
mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb
individi Tandayolili, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
naTesavebSi
genetikuri masalis matarebelia, romelic mas
Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs. mkvlevrebi,
am kvlevaSi Sizofreniis mqone iseTi
romelTac surT am paTologiuri genetikuri
pacientebi aarCies, romelTac aSliloba
gaSvilebis Semdeg ganuviTardaT. sakontro-
lo SerCeva Sizofreniis mqoneTa SerCevas
cxrili
15.7
Seesabameboda sqesisa da asakis mixedviT;
azrovnebis darRvevis maCveneblebi
sakontrolo SerCevaSi Semaval cdis pirebs
Sizofreniis mqone naSvileb individebSi,
ar hqondaT fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

sakontrolo SerCevis naSvileb

gamocdileba. Caweres eqsperimentuli da individebsa da maT naTesavebSi
sakontrolo SerCevebis cdis pirTa da
maTi biologiuri naTesavebis metyveleba, azrovnebis darRvevis indeqsi

genetikis mniSvnelovnebis Sesafaseblad Sizofreniis sakontrolo

da maTi mimRebi naTesavebis metyveleba, mqone naSvilebi SerCevis gansxva-
individebi naSvilebi veba
garemos mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad. individebi
am verbalur masalaze dayrdnobiT, Ti- Tavad naSvilebi
individebi 4.82 1.15 3.67
Toeul individs (aseve, mSoblebsa da
maTi biolo-
naTesavebs) mieniWa azrovnebis aSlilobis 1.37 0.38
giuri naTesavebi 0.99
maCvenebeli, risTvisac gamoyenebul iqna maTi biolo-
azrovnebis aSlilobis indeqsi (Thought giuri dedmami-
Dosirder Index _ TDI). Sedegebi mocemulia 15.7 Svilebi da
naxevrad ded-
cxrilSi _ TDI-is yvelaze maRali maCvene- mamiSvilebi 1.44 0.82 0.62
beli metad darRveul azrovnebaze miu- maTi mimRebi
naTesavebi 1.11 1.31 -0.20
TiTebs. Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom Sizof-
644
 SizofrenikTa
sawyisi etapi Svilebi
N=100

maRali riski
riski
N=10-50 aranairi riski
N=90-50

fsiqikuri Sizofreniki araSizofreniki araSizofreniki

janmrTeloba 30 N=5 N=5-45 N=90-50
wlis asakSi

fsiqikuri Sizofreniki, Sizofreniki, ara ara

janmrTeloba
adreuli gviani Sizofreniki, Sizofreniki,
riskis
dasawyisi dasawyisi
periodis
bolos N=5 N=5 N=0-40 N=90-50

suraTi
15.6
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis genetikuri riski
Sizofreniis mqone mSobelTa 100 bavSvisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 50-dan 10%-s aqvs Sizofreniis
ganmapirobebeli genetikuri struqtura. amasTan, daaxloebiT 5%-s cxovrebis sawyis etapze, 5%-s
ki Semdgom cxovrebaSi ganuviTarda aSliloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom maRali riskis mqone cdis pirTa
40% ar daavadda SizofreniiT.

hypothesis) saxeliT aris cnobili. am hipoTezis

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

masalis gamocalkeveba, emiSebis populaciaSi
bipolaruli daavadebis genetikuri wyaroebis
kvlevis ganxilvisas aRwerili midgomis msgavs
pozicias ikaveben. kvlevis mizania genebis im
wilis dadgena, romelic aSlilobis mqone in-
dividebs misgan Tavisufali individebisgan ga-
nasxvavebs. mkvlevrebi progress aRweven genTa
im kombinaciebis aRmoCenaSi, romelic adamianebs
Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs (Brzustowicz
et al., 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom genetikur msgavsebasa
da Sizofreniis risks Soris ueWvelad maRali
korelaciaa, yvelaze didi genetikuri msgavsebis
jgufebSic ki, risk-faqtori 50%-ze naklebia
(ix. sur. 15.6). es imaze metyvelebs, rom genebis
rolis garda, garemos pirobebic aucilebelia
aSlilobis ganviTarebisaTvis. Sizofreniis
mizezis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTeza
midrekileba-stresis hipoTezis (diathesis-stress
Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi riskis winaSe
ayenebs individs, magram maT garemos stresis
faqtorebic unda daerTos, raTa potenciurma
riskma gamovlenili (manifestirebuli) Sizof-
reniuli aSlilobis saxe miiRos. ganvixileT
ra Sizofreniis biologiuri aspeqtebi, axla
am aSlilobis warmoqmnis damaCqarebeli garemos
stresorebis tipebze visaubrebT.
Tavs tvinis funqcionireba da
biologiuri maniSneblebi
arsebobs Sizofreniisadmi meore biologiuri
midgoma, romelic am aSlilobis mqone individTa
Tavis tvinSi arsebuli darRvevebis ZiebiT aris
dakavebuli. am mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvle-
vaTa umravlesoba Tavis tvinis gamosaxvis teq-
nikebs eyrdnoba (ix. Tavi 3), romelic Sizof-
645
 reniis mqone da sakontrolo SerCevis norma-
luri individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa
da funqcionirebis uSulod Sedarebis saSua-
lebas iZleva (Gur & Pearlson, 1993; Marsh et al., 1997;
Vita et al., 2000). magaliTad, magnituri rezonansis
procedura imis saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, rom
Sizofreniis mqone individTa 50%-ze mets ga-
didebuli aqvs parkuWebi _ Tavis tvinis struq-
turebi, romelSic miedineba cerebrospinaluri
siTxe (Degreef et al., 1992). bavSvobaSi gamovlenili
Sizofreniis mqone individebTan mozardobis
periodSi aRiniSneba parkuWebis zomis progre-
suli zrda (Rapoport et al., 1997). garda amisa, gamo-
saxvis teqnikebiT dadgenilia, rom Sizofreniis
mqone individebs sakontrolo jgufisgan gansxva-
vebuli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi SeiZle-
ba axasiaTebdeT. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi
Seswavlil iqna identuri tyupebis SemTxvevebi,
rodesac erT-erTi an orive tyupiscali Sizofre-
niiT iyo daavadebuli (Berman et al., 1992). mxolod
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
im individebs aReniSnebodaT Tavis tvinis Sub-
lis wilebis dabali aqtivoba normasTan Seda-
rebiT, romelTac realurad hqondaT Sizofrenia.
kvlevis aseTi sqemiT „genetika~ konstantad
iqceva, rac am aSlilobis kidev erTi biolo-
giuri aspeqtis gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben Sizofreniis biolo-
giuri maniSneblebis CamonaTvalis Sevsebas.
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress
hypothesis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi aSlilobis
mizezis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis
mixedviTac, individSi genetikuri faqtorebi
qmnian garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas,
magram garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma
faqtorebma biZgi unda misces am potencias,
raTa gamovlindes.
646
biologiuri maniSnebeli „daavadebis gazomvadi
indikatoria, romelic SeiZleba iyos, an arc
iyos, mizezobrivi~ (Szymaski et al., gv. 99). sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, biologiuri maniSnebeli
SeiZleba korelirebdes daavadebasTan, Tumca,
ar iwvevdes mis ganviTarebas. dResdReobiT ar
aris cnobili arc erTi maniSnebeli, romelic
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelebda Sizofrenias, mag-
ram maniSneblebs didi potenciuri Rirebuleba
aqvT diagnostirebisa da kvlevisaTvis. magali-
Tad, Sizofreniis mqone pirovnebebTan ufro
metad mosalodnelia vizualuri velis Tva-
lierebisas Tvalebis moZraobis disfunqciis
gamovlena, vidre Cveulebriv adamianebTan.
SesaZlebelia am biologiuri maniSneblis
raodenobrivi Sefaseba da es Sefaseba ojaxebSi
Sizofreniis arsebobas ukavSirdeba (Clementz &
Sweeney, 1990; Lencer et al., 2000). mkvlevrebi agrZe-
leben kvlevas Tvalebis moZraobis im specifi-
kuri elementebis aRmoCenis mimarTulebiT,
romelic maqsimalurad zustad ganasxvavebs
Sizofreniis mqone individebs sxva fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis mqone individebisgan (Katsanis et
al., 1997; Sweeney et al., 1994). biologiuri maniS-
neblebis zusti codna mkvlevrebs am aSlilobis
ganviTarebis risk-jgufebis gamovlenaSi daex-
mareba.
Sizofreniis simptomTa farTo speqtrTan
gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, aRar gikvirT biolo-
giuri darRvevebis Sesabamisi diapazonis arse-
boba, romelic SeiZleba Sizofreniis mizezs
an Sedegs warmoadgendes. rogor uwyobs xels
garemos maxasiaTeblebi risk-jgufSi Semaval
adamianebs daavadebis ganviTarebaSi?
ojaxuri urTierToba, rogorc stresori
rogorc Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom Zalze
specifikuri biologiuri faqtori Sizofreniis
sakmarisi mizezia, aseve, ver vityviT gadaWriT,
rom fsiqologiuri faqtori aucilebeli pirobaa
amisaTvis. sociologebi, ojaxis Terapevtebi da
fsiqologebi ikvleven ojaxSi roluri urTi-
erTobebisa da komunikaciis stilis gavlenas
Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze. gamokvlevis mizania
garemos im pirobebis dadgena, romelic zrdis
Sizofreniis albaTobas da risk-jgufSi Semavali
individebis dacva am pirobebisgan.
mkvlevrebs gaaCniaT im TeoriaTa empiriuli
dasabuTeba, romlebic xazs usvams mSoblebis
urTierTobaSi gadaxrebis (deviaciebis) zegav-
lenas Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze (Milkowitz, 1994;
Wearden et al., 2000). am gadaxrebSi Sedis ojaxSi
saerTo yuradRebis ganawilebis SeuZlebloba;
mSoblebis mier ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebis an gasagebi da
zusti komunikaciis sirTuleebi. kvlevebi aCve-
nebs, rom, im ojaxis metyvelebis paternebi, sadac
Sizofreniis mqone wevri cxovrobs, naklebi
gulisxmierebiTa da naklebi interpersonaluri
mgrZnobelobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre Cveulebrivi
ojaxebis.
gadauWreli rCeba sakiTxi: devianturi ojaxis
struqtura Sizofreniis mizezia, Sizofreniis
simptomebis mqone individze reaqciaa, Tu erTic
aris da meorec (Rosenfarb et al., 1995)? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi prospeqtul (moma-
valze orientirebul) kvlevebs axorcieleben:
isini zomaven ojaxis funqcionirebas, raTa naxon,
Tu romeli paterni uZRvis win Sizofreniis
ganviTarebas, an mis ganmeorebas momavalSi. ma-
galiTad, erT-erTi kvleva Seexeboda pacientTa
naTesavebis empaTiis unars, rac maT mier pa-
cientebis guneba-ganwyobilebis mdgomareobis
wvdomisa da gagebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixa-
teboda (Giron & Gomez-Beneyto, 1998). ori wlis
Semdeg im pacientebTan ufro meti iyo Sizof-
reniis simptomTa gameorebis albaToba, romelTa
naTesavebsac empaTiis dabali done aReniSnebodaT.
am kvlevis Sedegebi Tanxvdeba sxva kvlevebiT
miRebul monacemebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis
faqtori mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis
funqcionirebaSi simptomebis pirvelad gamoCenis
Semdeg.
saidan
viciT
emociis gamoxatva da simptomis
gameoreba
Sizofreniis dros ojaxuri komuni-
kaciis rolis Sesaswavlad, mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres cneba emociis gamoxatva. emo-
ciis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis mqoned
miiCnevdnen ojaxebs, Tu pacientis mimarT
mravlad gamoiTqmeboda kritikuli komen-
tarebi, Tu ojaxis wevrebi Warbad iyvnen
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
CarTulni pacientis cxovrebaSi (vTqvaT,
iyvnen zedmetad mzrunvelni da momabez-
rebelni) da Tu maT zogadad arakeTilgan-
wyobili damokidebuleba hqondaT pa-
cientisadmi. erT kvlevaSi Segrovda
monacemebi Sizofreniis mqone 65 pacientis
ojaxis Sesaxeb, romlebic SedarebiT
stabilur periodebSi saxlSi cxovrobdnen.
TiToeuli ojaxi fasdeboda emociis gamo-
xatvis moculobis mixedviT: rodesac cxra
Tvis Semdeg Seafases pacientTa mdgoma-
reoba, emociis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis
mqone ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa 50%-s
aReniSneboda ganmeorebiTi simptomatika
maSin, roca analogiuri mdgomareoba emo-
ciis gamoxatvis dabali xarisxis mqone
ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa mxolod 17%-
Tan dafiqsirda. Tumca, emociis gamoxatvis
647
 zogierTi aspeqti sasargeblo aRmoCnda
pacientebisaTvis. is pacientebi, romelTa
ojaxebic metad iyvnen CarTulni mis
cxovrebaSi, cxra Tvis Semdeg socialurad
ukeT Seguebulni aRmoCndnen. albaT,
rigiduli ojaxuri garemo arTulebs saa-
vadmyofodan gare samyaroSi gasvlas (King
& Dixon, 1996).
es kvleva imeorebs zogad models: Svilebis
mimarT mSoblebis kritikis, mtruli damoki-
debulebisa da momabezreblobis SemcirebasTan
erTad, Sesabamisad, mcirdeba mwvave Sizofre-
niuli simptomebis gameorebis sixSire da ganmeo-
rebiTi hospitalizaciis saWiroeba (Wearden et
al., 2000). qveteqsti isaa, rom mkurnaloba mimar-
Tul unda iqnes mTel ojaxze, rogorc sistemaze,
raTa Seicvalos daavadebuli Svilisadmi damo-
kidebulebis stili.
Sizofreniis Cven mier ganxiluli mTeli
rigi interpretaciebis da mniSvnelovani kvle-
vebis miuxedavad Riad darCenili kiTxvebi gviC-
venebs, Tu ramdenad bevria kidev Sesaswavli am
mZlavri fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb.
garTulebul gagebas iwvevs is faqti, rom
Sizofreniad wodebuli fenomeni, albaT, uke-
Tesia ganvixiloT, rogorc aSlilobaTa jgufi,
TiToeuli SesaZlo calkeuli mizezebiT. gene-
tikuri midrekileba, Tavis tvinSi mimdinare
problemebi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi _ TiTo-
euli maTgani ganisazRreba, rogorc monawile,
sul mcire, zogierT SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevrebs
jer kidev gansasazRvri aqvT im elementTa
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
kombinirebis konkretuli gzebi, romelTac
Sifozreniis ganviTarebamde mivyavarT.
Sejameba
Sizofreniis simptomebSi Sedis aralogikuri
azrovneba, halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmim-
devruli metyveleba, gasadavebuli emociebi da
dezorganizebuli fsiqomotoruli qceva. arse-
bobs Sizofreniis xuTi tipi: dezorganizebuli,
daRi (Stigma) _ individze, an jgufze adamianebis
uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli savaraudo ara-
srulfasovnebis, an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac
damamcireblad moqmedebs maTze.
648
katatoniuri, paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli
da rezidualuri. arsebobs Sizofreniis geneti-
kurad gadacemis utyuari dasabuTeba. garda amisa,
mkvlevrebma am aSlilobasTan SeWiduli Tavis
tvinis anomaliebi da sxva biologiuri maniS-
neblebic aRmoaCines. ojaxuri urTierTobebis
garkveulma paternebma, maT Soris emociis ga-
moxatvam, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Sizofreniuli
aSlilobis warmoqmnas, mimdinareobas an
gameorebas.
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi
(stigma)
winamdebare Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
amocanas fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gasaidum-
loebulisa da mistikuris, Sesaxeb warmodgenis
gabaTileba warmoadgenda. es dagexmarebaT,
gaigoT, rom paTologiuri qceva sinamdvileSi
sruliad Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli mov-
lenaa. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone ada-
mianebs xSirad devianturis (normidan gadax-
rilis) iarliys awebeben; sazogadoeba Zvir sa-
zRaurs moiTxovs maTgan, vinc scildeba misi
normis farglebs. Tumca, devianturis iarliyi
ar Seesatyviseba arsebul realobas: rodesac
aSS-is axalgazrda da Sua asakis mozrdilebis
50%-s cxovrebis manZilze erTxel mainc aReniS-
neba romelime fsiqiatriuli aSliloba (Kessler
et al., 1994). fsiqopaTologia, statistikurad mainc,
SedarebiT normis farglebSi Tavsdeba.
„normalur cxovrebaSi~ fsiqopaTologiis
SeWris sixSiris dadgenisda miuxedavad, fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs xSirad
iseT daRs asvamen, romelsac ar vxvdebiT fi-
zikurad daavadebulTa SemTxvevaSi. daRi (stigma)
samarcxvino niSania; fsiqologiur konteqstSi
es aris pirovnebisadmi uaryofiTi damoki-
debulebebis erToblioba, romelic mijnavs mas,
rogorc miuRebels (clausen, 1981). gavixsenoT Tavis
dasawyisSi citirebuli sityvebi: „pacientsa
da sazogadoebas ganaTleba sWirdebaT fsiqikuri
daavadebis Sesaxeb, radganac adamianebi dagvci-
nian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer araswora-
dac esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi~. sxva
gamojanmrTelebuli pacienti wers: _ „CemTvis
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi iseTive damangreveli
iyo, rogorc Tavad saavadmyofoSi yofna~. igi
cxadad aRwers Tavis pirad gamocdilebas:
fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT saavadmyo-
foSi moxvedramde SesaSuri cxovrebiT
vcxovrobdi. Cemi albomi savse iyo jil-
doebiT, premiebiTa da mosawvevebiT... fsi-
qikuri daavadebis krizisi birTvul afeT-
qebasaviT iyo Cems cxovrebaSi. yvelaferi,
rac manamde vicodi da siamovnebas mani-
Webda, moulodnelad Seicvala, ucnauri
bunebrivi ukuprocesis msgavsad _ mSve-
nieri peplidan Wuprisken. es iyo nawi-
lobriv arCeulis, nawilobriv _ Tavsmox-
veuli Cemi cxovrebis xarisxis Sekaveba,
SezRudva, Caketva. mravaljeradma uar-
yofam, Cems irgvliv arsebuli sxvebis
mouqnelobam da Cemma sakuTarma diskom-
fortma da TviTcnobierebam ganmartoebuli
Caketilobisken mibiZga.
fsiqikuri daavadebisgan gamojanmrTe-
leba da misi Sedegebi brZolas moicavda
_ brZolas winaaRmdeg Cemi sakuTari sxe-
ulisa, romelic energiisgan daclilad
da amtanobas moklebulad gamoiyureboda,
da sazogadoebisa, romelic uxalisod
miRebda (Houghtin 1980, gv. 7-8).
fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone adamiane-
bisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas mravali
wyaro aqvs: masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
fsiqiatriul pacientebs Zaladobis Semcveli
danaSaulisken midrekilebas miaweren; miRebulia
xumroba fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebze;
ojaxebi uaryofen erT-erTi wevris fsiqikur
sirTuleebs; samarTlebrivi terminologia xazs
usvams fsiqikur uunarobas. garda amisa, ada-
mianebi Tavad asvamen sakuTar Tavs daRs imiT,
rom malaven arsebul fsiqologiur sirTuleebs,
an fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdilebas.
mkvlevrebma daadgines mTeli rigi gzebisa,
romliTac fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi uaryo-
fiTad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cxovrebaze (Farina
et al., 1996; Wright et al., 2000). fsiqikuri daavadebis
mizeziT klinikaSi moxvedrili 84 mamakacisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi 6%-ma aRniSna, rom saavad-
myofoSi moxvedris gamo dakarga samuSao; 10%-s
uari uTxres binis an oTaxis daqiravebaze; 37%-s
sxvebi Tavs aridebdnen; 45% aRniSnavda, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamocdilebas sxvebi
maTTvis tkivilis misayeneblad iyenebdnen.
mxolod 6%-s ar hqonia uaryofis SemTxvevebi
(Link et al., 1997). mamakacTa am jgufma mkurnalobis
erTwliani kursi gaiara, rasac maTi fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba
mohyva, Tumca, wlis bolos ar aRiniSneboda
cvlilebebi maT mier daRis aRqmaSi: miuxedavad
maTi funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisa, pacientebs
ukve aRar hqondaT garemosgan keTilad mopyrobis
molodini. am tipis kvlevam aCvena, rom mraval
adamians ambivalenturi, gaorebuli damokide-
buleba aqvs fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi: dax-
marebisken swrafva da aSlilobis mqone adami-
anTa problemebisTvis iarliyis miwebebis daS-
veba. aseT damokidebulebas Semsubuqebac moaqvs
da daRic; mkurnaloba aumjobesebs cxovrebis
xarisxs, daRi ki, amave dros, auaresebs mas
(Rosenfield, 1997).
damatebiT sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamianebi xSirad
axdenen uaryofis molodinebis internalizacias
(gaSinagnebas),3 ramac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba uar-
yofiTi urTierTqmedeba gamoiwvios (Link et al.,
1997). ganvixiloT qvemoT aRwerili klasikuri
eqsperimenti.
saidan
viciT
uaryofis molodini
29 mamakacma, romlebic manamde fsiqikuri
daavadebis mizeziT iyvnen klinikaSi mo-
fsiqikuri daavadebis damRa (stigma)
Tavsebulni, sakuTari surviliT miiRes
monawileoba winamdebare kvlevaSi. maT
icodnen, rom kvleva yofil fsiqiatriul
pacientebTan samuSaos povnasTan dakav-
Sirebul sirTuleebs exeboda. cdis pirebs
acnobes, rom maT saqmiani dawesebulebidan
mowveul kadrebis momzadebis specia-
listTan, trenerTan mouwevdaT urTier-
Toba. cdis pirTa erT naxevars uTxres,
3
internalizacia _ gaSinagneba da ara _ gaTaviseba,
radgan gaTaviseba niSnavs cnobierebis komponentis
arsebobas _ adamiani cnobierad iTavisebs informacias,
xolo gaSinagneba gulisxmobs iracionaluri kompo-
nentis arsebobas, romelic cnobierebis miRma, avtoma-
turad Semodis. 649
 waikiTxes Sizofreniisgan gankurnebuli jimis
rom trenerma icoda maTi statusis (yo-
Sesaxeb, ufro optimisturad uyurebdnen mis
fili fsiqiatriuli pacientebi) Sesaxeb;
momavals im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT ukve
meore naxevars ki uTxres, rom treners
hqondaT fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone individTan
isini saavadmyofoSi myof samedicino, an
urTierTobis gamocdileba (Penn et al., 1999). aseve,
qirurgiul pacientebad miaCnda. realurad,
studentebis mier Sizofreniis mqone pacien-
„treneri~ eqsperimentatoris mokavSire
tebisgan momdinare safrTxis Sefaseba SedarebiT
iyo, romelmac araferi icoda imaze, Tu
naklebi iyo, Tu maT gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
ra icodnen cdis pirebma misi codnis
maTTan urTierToba (Penn et al., 1999). vimedovnebT,
Sesaxeb. amgvarad, man ar icoda, Tu romeli
rom winamdebare da Semdeg TavTan gacnoba
cdis piri fiqrobda, rom mas hqonda infor-
dagexmarebaT Tqveni mosazrebebis (Tu ras
macia maTi eqspacientobis Sesaxeb. Sesa-
niSnavs, iyo fsiqikurad avad da ras niSnavs
bamisad, nebismieri gansxvaveba urTier-
iyo „gankurnebuli~) modifikaciasa da fsiqi-
TobaSi im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic
kurad daavadebuli individebis mimarT toleran-
erTad unda gaetarebinaT cdis pirebsa da
tulobisa da TanagrZnobis momatebaSi.
eqsperimentatoris asistents, SeiZleboda
fsiqopaTologiasTan gacnobisas Tqven
cdis pirTa molodinebisTvis migvewera.
SegeZloT SegeTvisebinaT normis, realobisa
aRmoCnda, rom pacientebi, romelTac
da socialuri Rirebulebebis cnebebi. fsiqolo-
sjerodaT, rom eqsfsiqiatriuli pacien-
giuri aSlilobebis Secnobis, mkurnalobisa
tebis iarliys atarebdnen, naklebs lapa-
da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, profilaqtikis gzebis
rakobdnen sesiis ganmavlobaSi da efeq-
Ziebisas mkvlevrebi ara marto exmarebian maT,
turad warmoadgines Tavi erToblivi amo-
vinc itanjeba am aSlilobebisgan da cxovre-
canis Sesrulebisas. metic, am jgufis cdis
biseuli sixarulis miRma rCeba, aramed afar-
pirebs asistentma ufro „daZabuli da
Toeben adamianis bunebis fundamentur gagebas.
mSfoTvare~ uwoda imis codnis gareSe,
rogor axdenen fsiqologebi da fsiqiatrebi
Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnebodnen isini
araswori fsiqikuri procesebis sworad warmar-
(Farina et al., 1971).
Tvas da usargeblo qcevebis Secvlas? amas
Terapevtebisadmi miZRvnil Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT.
aq mniSvnelovania daskvna, rom adamianebma,
romelTac sjeraT, rom sxvebma maT „fsiqikuri
daavadebis~ iarliyi miawebes, SeiZleba imgvarad Sejameba
Secvalon urTierTqmedeba, rom WeSmariti fsiqikurad daavadebulad wodebuli mravali
diskomforti SeeqmnaT _ uaryofis molodinma adamiani itanjeba stigmisgan. stigmam pirovneba-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

SeiZleba warmoSvas uaryofa; fsiqikuri daavadeba TSorisi da sazogadoebrivi gaucxoebis sxvada-

kidev erT samwuxaro TviTqmnad winaswarmatyve-
lebad SeiZleba iqces.
bolo SeniSnva daRis Sesaxeb: kvlevam aCvena,
rom im adamianTa damokidebulebebi, visac
warsulSi kontaqti hqonia fsiqikuri daavadebis
mqone adamianTan, naklebad ganicdis daRis
moqmedebas. magaliTad, studentebi, romlebmac
sxva forma SeiZleba warmoqmnas. pacientebi mkur-
nalobis Sedegad fsiqikuri daavadebis Semsu-
buqebis SemTxvevaSic ki ganicdian stigmis ze-
moqmedebas. metic, Tavad pacientebis molo-
dinebma maTze sxvebis SesaZlo reaqciebis Tao-
baze, SeiZleba gamoiwvios is uaryofiTi reaq-
ciebi, risic ase eSiniaT maT.

650
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis buneba
paTologiebis Sesaxeb das-
kvna keTdeba im xarisxis
mixedviT, ra xarisxiTac
pirovnebis moqmedeba Tan-
xvdeba indikatorTa er-
To b l i o b a s , r o m e l S i c
Sedis distresi, araadek-
veturoba, araracionalu-
roba, araprognozireba-
doba, araSablonuroba,
damkvirveblis diskomfor-
ti da socialuri normebis
standartebis darRveva.
adreul periodSi fsi-
qikurad daavadebul ada-
mianebs xSirad epyrobod-
nen, rogorc demonebiT
Sepyrobilebs, an arasrul-
fasovan, adamianze dabla
mdgom arsebebs.
fsiqikuri daavadebisadmi
Tanamedrove midgomebis
warmoqmna daiwyo imis gac-
nobierebiT, rom fsiqikuri
aSlilobebi avadmyofobaa,
romelic mkurnalobas sa-
Wiroebs.
arsebobs mTeli rigi mid-
gomebisa, romelic fsiqo-
paTologiis etiologias
ikvlevs.
biologiuri midgoma Tavis
tvinis paTologiebze, bio-
qimiur procesebsa da gene-
tikur zegavlenaze foku-
sirdeba.
fsiqologiur midgomebSi
moiazreba fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri
da sociokulturuli mo-
delebi.
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis klasifikacia
fsiqologiuri aSlilo-
bebis saklasifikacio
sistema fsiqopaTologiisa da
specifikuri SemTxvevebis zo-
gadi tipebis Sesaxeb komunika-
ciis saerTo, sayovelTaod mi-
Rebul parametrebs (common
shorthand) unda uzrunvelyof-
des.
yvelaze farTod miRebul sa-
diagnostiko da saklasifika-
cio sistemas DSM-IV-TR war-
moadgens.
DSM-IV-TR xuTRerZian mraval-
ganzomilebian sistemas iyenebs,
rac exmareba fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis profesionalebs im
fsiqologiuri, fizikuri da
socialuri faqtorebis gan-
xilvisas, romelic SesaZloa
romelime konkretul aSli-
lobas Seesabamebodes.
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis ZiriTadi
tipebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis xuTi
ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs, esenia:
generalizebuli, panikuri,
fobiuri, obsesiur-kompulsuri
da posttravmaturi stresis
aSliloba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aS -
lilobebSi moiazreba emociis
darRvevebi. yvelaze gavr-
celebul afeqtur aSlilobas
klinikuri depresiuli aS-
liloba warmoadgens maSin,
roca bipolaruli aSliloba
gacilebiT iSviaTia.
s u ici di y v elaz e xSir ia
depresiis mqone adamianebSi.
biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
axsna SfoTviTi da guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
etiologiis sxvadasxva aspeqts
ganixilavs.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi war-
moadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa
da qcevis xangrZliv da xist
paternebs, romelic auaresebs
individis funqcionirebas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
gulisxmobs pirovnuli iden-
tobis, mexsierebisa da cno-
bierebis integralurad
funqcionirebis darRvevas.
Sizofreniuli aSli-
lobebi
Sizofrenia fsiqopaTo-
logiis mwvave formaa, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba aRqmis,
emociebis, qcevisa da metyve-
lebis ukiduresi darRveviT.
arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi
qvetipi, esenia: dezorga-
nizebuli, katatoniuri, pa-
ranoiduli, aradife ren -
cirebuli da rezidualuri.
Sizofreniis savaraudo
mizezebi, damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi aRmoCenilia sxva-
dasxva faqtorebSi, maT Soris
aris genetikuri, Tavis tvinis
paTologiebi da ojaxuri
procesebi.
fsiqikuri daavadebis
daRi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
mqone adamianebs xSirad iseT
iarliyebs awebeben, ro -
melsac ar vxvdebiT fizi-
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
kurad daavadebuli ada-
mianebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobas dadebiT cvli-
lebebamde mivyavarT, fsi-
qikur daavadebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli daRi cxovrebis
xarisxze uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens.
651
 DSM-IV-TR posttravmatuli stresis
ZiriTadi cnebebi etiologia aSliloba
agorafobia klinikuri depresiuli stigma (daRi)
bipolaruli aSliloba aSliloba fsiqoturi aSliloba
bodva komorbidi fsiqologiuri diagnozi
generalizebuli SfoTviTi maniakaluri epizodi fsiqopaTologiuri
aSliloba midrekileba-stresis funqcionireba
guneba-ganwyobilebis hipoTeza fobia
aSliloba nevrotuli aSliloba Seuracxadoba
daswavlili umweoba obsesiur-kompulsuri Sizofreniuli aSliloba
disociaciuri amnezia aSliloba SiSi
disociaciuri aSliloba paTofsiqologia SfoTviTi aSliloba
disociaciuri identobis panikuri aSliloba socialuri fobia
aSliloba pirovnuli aSliloba specifikuri fobiebi
halucinaciebi
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

652
652
pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

16
Terapiuli konteqsti
• miznebi da ZiriTadi Tera-
piebi • Terapevtebi da Te-
rapiuli garemo • istoriuli
da kulturuli konteqsti
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
• froidis fsiqoanalizi
• neofroidianuli Terapiebi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi
adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
bihevioraluri Terapia
• kontrganpirobeba • pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
• socialuri daswavlis Tera-
pia • generalizaciis teq-
nikebi
kognituri Terapiebi
• kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia • mcdari warmod-
genebis Secvla
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: Terapia
kompiuteris saukuneSi
egzistencialur-humanisturi
Terapiebi
• klientze centrirebuli
Terapia • geStalt-Terapia
jgufuri Terapiebi
• ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapia • sazogado-
ebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi
biosamedicino Terapiebi
• fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Terapia
• farmakoTerapia
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia
• Terapiis Sedegianobis Se-
faseba • mkurnalobis Sefa-
seba • prevenciis strategiebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 653
 a vtobiografiaSi „mxeci~ treisi
tomsoni (1995) aRwers 25 wlian
brZolas depresiasTan. am nawyvet-
Si tomsoni aRwers Tavis adreul urTierTobas
qalTan, romelsac sxvisi rCeviT mimarTa daxma-
intensiuri muSaoba dagvWirdeboda. ori-
xuTi weli CemTvis patimrobis tolfasi
iyo.
dasawyisSi, 1977 wlis zamTarSi, masTan
yovelkvireuli seansebi Cemi stabilurobis
rebisTvis. saSualeba iyo, radgan vicodi, rom Cems
qaotur azrebs mousmendnen da seriozulad
is fsiqoTerapevti iyo. me mas amanda
aRiqvamdnen. gasul gazafxuls dawyebulma
meihiud movixsenieb. Cven erTad unda
depresiam nel-nela iklo. gazafxulisTvis
gagvetarebina Semdgomi aTi weliwadis
Tavs vgrZnobdi ukeTesad – ara bednierad,
umetesi nawili.
magram TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli
amanda iyo saSualo asakis, masiuri,
fiqrebi aRar mawuxebda. axla vfiqrob, rom
gemovnebiT Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qa-
Terapia realurad amuSavda.
li. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil
Tumca, rodesac Zlierma krizisma gada-
smenas ar gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi
iara, seansebi deda-Svilis xangrZliv brZo-
aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul
las daemsgavsa. amandasTan SemeZlo xmis
daxvewilobaze mianiSnebda. misi ofisi at-
amaRleba, rasac ver vaxerxebdi dedasTan.
lantis feSenebelur nawilSi, baqhedSi
saxlSi arasodes vyofilvar Cem nebaze;
mdebareobda.
dedaCems imdenad esaWiroeboda simSvide
pirvel Sexvedraze SevTanxmdiT, rom
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

da usafrTxoeba, rom mozardisTvis Cveuli

Semxvdeboda kviraSi erTxel, oTxSabaTobiT,
gasarTobebi _ lawiraki biWebi, Cum-Cumad
saaTSi ormocdaTxuTmeti dolaris safa-
kanafis moweva, uxeSi, uxamsi musika _ anad-
surad.
gurebda mas, dedaCemi amandam Caanacvla...
amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali
amandas imisTvis uxdida dedaCemi fuls,
Canda, romelsac SeeZlo CemTvis daxmarebis
rom CemTvis gaeZlo. es Taviseburad Sesa-
gaweva. magram, rogorc Tavad miTxra, Terapia
niSnavi sistema iyo _ erTgvari pasiur-
ar iqneboda advili da oridan xuT wlamde
agresiuli janyi (gv. 62-65).

am nawyvetSi mocemulia pirovnuli cvli- Tobebi pirovnuli urTierTobebia. amandas,

lebebis Terapiis mravali TvalsaCino maxasia-
Tebeli. umniSvnelovanesia, rom, tomsonis TqmiT,
man fsiqoTerapiuli kursis Sedegad Tavi ukeT
igrZno, Tumca, es ar iyo myisieri Sedegi. tom-
sonis depresia imdenad damangreveli iyo, rom
mas uwyveti mkurnaloba esaWiroeboda. aseve,
654 monaTxrobidan Cans, rom Terapiuli urTier-
fsiqoTerapevts, hqonda garkveuli Tvisebebi,
romlebic dasawyisSi dadebiTad moqmedebda
tomsonis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze, magram Tera-
piis msvlelobisas, amave Tvisebebma igi tom-
sonis dedis `Semcvlelad~ aqcia.
winamdebare TavSi SevexebiT TiToeul dasaxe-
lebul Temas. ganvixilavT Terapiis tipebs, rom-
lebic pirovnuli kontrolis aRdgenaSi exma-
reba mTeli rigi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs.
davsvamT mravlismomcvel kiTxvebs: ra gavlenas
axdens istoriuli, kulturuli da socialuri
Zalebi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurna-
lobaze? rogor urTierTmoqmedebs erTmaneTTan
Teoria, kvleva da praqtika, rodesac mkvlevrebi
qmnian da amowmeben mkurnalobis meTodebs?
rogor vimoqmedoT racionalurobas moklebul
gonebaze, rogor SevcvaloT arakontrolirebadi
qceva da emociebi, rogor gamovasworoT tvinis
anomaliebi?
winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia Terapiis
ZiriTadi tipebi, romelsac iyeneben janmrTe-
lobis dacvis sferoSi dakavebuli Tanamedrove
profesionalebi. esenia fsiqoanalizi, qcevis
modifikacia, kognituri cvlilebebi, humanis-
turi Terapia da farmakoTerapia. Cven ganvixi-
lavT am meTodebis moqmedebis principebs. garda
amisa, SevafasebT, Tu ramdenad sandoa TiToeuli
saxis Terapiis warmatebulobis Sesaxeb mtkice-
bulebebi.
Terapiuli konteqsti
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod mraval-
gvari Terapia arsebobs. mravali mizezis gamo
iTxovs zogierTi adamiani (da zogic, saWiroebis
miuxedavad, ar iTxovs) daxmarebas. aseve, sxvada-
sxvagvaria Terapiis miznebi, is garemo, sadac
Terapia xorcieldeba da Tavad Terapevtebic,
Tumca, pirovnebis cxovrebaSi nebismieri aseTi
Careva mowodebulia misi funqcionirebis gar-
kveuli mimarTulebiT Sesacvlelad.
miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi
Terapiuli procesi SeiZleba moicavdes oTx
ZiriTad Temas an mizans:
1. problemuri momentebis diagnostireba, ar-
sebuli problemisTvis, savaraudod, saTanado
fsiqiatriuli (DSM-IV-TR) kategoriis gansa-
zRvra da aSlilobis klasificireba.
2. savaraudo etiologiis dasaxeleba – aSli-
lobis SesaZlo mizezebis da simptomTa fun-
qciebis identificireba.
3. problemis Semdgomi ganviTarebis prognozi-
reba, anu Sefaseba mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi
da mkurnalobis gareSe.
4. mkurnalobis garkveuli formebis SerCeva
da ganxorcieleba, romliTac SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba Semawuxebeli simptomebis Semcireba
an gaqroba da, Tu moxerxda, maTi mizezebis
mospobac.
Tu tvins kompiuters SevadarebT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom fsiqikuri problemebi Tavs iCens
an hardware-Si, an _ software-Si, romelic aprog-
ramebs mis funqcionirebas. fsiqikuri aSlilo-
bebis mkurnalobis ori ZiriTadi tipi mimar-
Tulia an erTze, an _ meoreze.
biosamedicino Terapiebi fokusirdeba hard-
ware-is, anu im meqanizmebis Secvlaze, romelic
safuZvlad udevs centraluri nervuli sistemis
moqmedebas. mas farTod iyeneben fsiqiatrebi
da eqimebi, rodesac tvinis funqcionirebis
Secvlas cdiloben qimiuri an fizikuri in-
tervenciebiT; aq Sedis qirurgia, eleqtroSoki
da medikamentebi, romlebic uSualod zemoqme-
debs tvini-sxeulis kavSirze.
fsiqologiuri Terapiebi, romelTac erTad
fsiqoTerapias uwodeben, software-is Secvlazea
orientirebuli; misi samiznea adamianebis mier
mcdarad daswavlili sityvebi, azrebi, inter-
pretaciebi da ukukavSiri, romelic ganapirobebs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis strategiebs. am Tera-
piebs axorcieleben rogorc klinikuri fsi-
qologebi, ise _ fsiqiatrebi. arsebobs fsiqo-
Terapiis oTxi ZiriTadi saxe: fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri da egzistencialur-
humanisturi.
fsiqodinamikuri midgoma nevrotul tanjvas
Sinagani, dauZleveli travmis an konfliqtis
biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _
Terapiuli konteqsti
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, ro-
melic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri,
an fizikuri Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medi-
kamentebiT mkurnaloba, qirurgia, an eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Terapia.
fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgu-
fidan nebismieri, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod da foku-
sirebulia konkretul aSlilobasTan dakav-
Sirebuli araswori qcevis, azrebis, aRqmebisa
da emociebis Secvlaze.
655
 garegan simptomad miiCnevs. fsiqodinamikosi
Terapevtebi fsiqikur aSlilobebs „ganmakur-
nebeli saubriT~ mkurnaloben, romlis drosac
Terapevti exmareba pirovnebas, rom man dainaxos
kavSiri TvalsaCino simptomebsa da maT SesaZlo
gamomwvev gadauWrel dafarul konfliqtebs
Soris.
bihevioraluri Terapia Tavad qcevas mkurna-
lobs, rogorc darRvevas, romelic unda Seic-
valos. aSlilobebi ganixileba, rogorc das-
wavlili qceviTi paternebi da ara, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadebis simptomebi. qceva SeiZleba
Seicvalos sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris, sasur-
veli da arasasurveli reaqciebis ganmamtkiceb-
lebis SecvliT, gamomuSavebuli reaqciebis
CaqrobiT da problemis efeqturad gadaWris
modelebis uzrunvelyofiT.
kognituri Terapia cdilobs adamianis azrov-
nebis nakadis restruqturizacias, rasac prob-
lemis mizezis Sesaxeb pirovnebis mier Seqmnili,
xSirad damangreveli TviTdamarwmunebeli
debulebebis SecvliT aRwevs. restruqturi-
rebuli kogniciebi, Tavis mxriv, cvlis pirov-
nebis midgomas siZneleebis gansazRvrisa da
axsnisadmi, rac xSirad problemebis daZlevis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
egzistencialur-humanistur tradiciebze
aRmocenebuli Terapiebi pacientis faseulo-
bebze koncentrirdebian da mimarTulni arian
TviTaqtualizaciisaken, fsiqologiuri zrdi-
saken, ufro Sinaarsiani pirovnebaTSorisi
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
urTierTobebis ganviTarebisaken. isini arsebiTad
janmrTeli adamianebis funqcionirebis gaumjo-
besebaze ufro fokusirdebian, vidre seriozuli
darRvevebis mqone individTa simptomebis ko-
regirebaze.
Terapevtebi da Terapiuli
garemo
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba,
adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi eZebs
araformalur konsultantebs. es SeiZleba iyos
ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi megobari, piradi eqimi,
advokati, sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRva-
neloba an sabWo. religiuri orientaciis ada-
mianisTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasuliero piri.
sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian
656
barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsa da
nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli araformaluri Terapevtebis mxrebze
mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.
rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia,
araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT adamianebi
ufro xSirad mimarTaven Terapias, vidre adre,
isini, Cveulebriv, mxolod maSin akiTxaven
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistebs,
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi mwvavdeba,
an droSi xangrZlivdeba. am dros maT sxvadasxva
saxis TerapevtTan SeuZliaT misvla.
fsiqolog-konsultants, Cveulebriv, iseT
sferoebSi uwevs adamianebis megzuroba, ro-
goricaa profesiis arCeva, skolis problemebi,
narkotikebix moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti.
xSirad es konsultantebi konkretul proble-
mebTan dakavSirebul garemoSi _ biznesis sfe-
roSi, skolebSi, cixeebSi, samxedroTa momsaxu-
rebis centrebSi, an raionul klinikebSi muSa-
oben. isini iyeneben intervius, testebs da
iZlevian rCevebs, raTa daexmaron adamianebs
konkretuli problemebis gadaWrasa da arsebuli
sirTuleebis daZlevaSi.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis specialistia, romelsac socialuri
muSaobis skola amzadebs da mowodebulia
fsiqiatrebTan da klinikur fsiqologebTan
TanamSromlobisTvis. mravali fsiqiatrisa da
fsiqologisgan gansxvavebiT, am konsultantebs
naswavli aqvT adamianTa problemebis socialuri
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba da amitom SeuZliaT
Terapiis procesSi ojaxis wevrebis CarTva an,
sul mcire, klientis ojaxur Tu samuSao ga-
remosTan gacnoba.
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti religiuri jgu-
fis wevria, romelic fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis mkurnalobaSi specializirdeba. xSirad
fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist)
_ fsiqologi, romelic specializirdeba iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, sas-
kolo problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da
ojaxuri konfliqti.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker)
– specialuri programiT momzadebuli fsi-
qikuri janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic
adamianTa problemebs socialur konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
es konsultantebi sulierebaze zrunvas prob-
lemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianeben.
klinikuri fsiqologi aris specialisti, ro-
melic universitetSi specializirdeba fsiqo-
logiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkur-
nalobaSi; klinikis pirobebSi, superviziis CaT-
vliT, gavlili unda hqondes internatura da
unda hqondes filosofiur an fsiqologiur
mecnierebaTa doqtoris1 akademiuri xarisxi. am
fsiqologebs gacilebiT farTo codna aqvT
fsiqologiaSi, testirebasa da kvlevaSi, vidre
fsiqiatrebs.
fsiqiatri aris specialisti, romelsac miRe-
buli unda hqondes medicinis doqtoris aka-
demiuri xarisxisTvis saWiro sruli samedicino
ganaTleba da, aseve, doqtoranturis dasrulebis
Semdeg gavlili unda hqondes specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi.
fsiqoanalitikosi aris medicinis an filo-
sofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xa-
risxis mqone Terapevti, romelic doqtorantu-
raSi fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkur-
nalobisadmi froidiseul midgomaSi speci-
alizirdeboda.
CamoTvlili specialistebi sxvadasxva ga-
remoSi muSaoben. es SeiZleba iyos saavadmyofoebi,
klinikebi, skolebi da kerZo ofisebi. huma-
nisturi orientaciis zogierTi Terapevti, ufro
bunebriv garemoSi muSaobis mizniT, sakuTar
saxlSi amjobinebs jgufuri seansebis Catarebas.
TerapiebisTvis, romelic klientis garemocvis
CarTvasac gulisxmobs mkurnalobis procesSi,
SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa
calke Sesasvlelis mqone oTaxebi, an samloc-
velo saxlebi. dabolos, Terapevtebi, romlebic
klientebTan in vivo TerapiiT muSaoben, arsebul
problemebTan asocirebul garemoSi amjobineben
muSaobas. magaliTad, klientebTan, romelTac
frenis eSiniaT, TviTmfrinavSi muSaoben, socio-
fobiis mqone klientebTan ki _ xalxmraval
savaWro centrebSi.
1 udgebian.
arsebobs doqtoris ori saxis xarisxi: (1) Ph.D _
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori; eniWeba nebismieri
profesiis adamians, romelic akmayofilebs saTanado
kriteriumebs; (2) magaliTad, M.D. _ xarisxi, romelic
eniWeba romelime konkretuli specialobis mqone adamians,
romelic aris Tavisi saqmis profesionali da akmayo-
filebs saTanado kriteriumebs; am SemTxvevaSi medicinis
mecnierebaTa doqtori (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
Terapiaze mosul adamians, rogorc wesi,
klients, an pacients uwodeben. termins pacienti
is specialistebi iyeneben, romlebic fsiqo-
logiuri problemebis mkuralobas biosa-
medicino kuTxiT udgebian, termins klienti ki
_ isini, vinc fsiqologiur aSlilobebs „cxovre-
biseul problemebad~ miiCneven da ara fsiqikur
daavadebad. Cven TiToeuli midgomis ganxilvisas
misTvis damaxasiaTebel termins gamoviyenebT:
pacients biosamedicino da fsiqoanalituri
TerapiebisTvis da klients _ sxva danarCenis-
Tvis.
vidre Tanamedrove Terapiebsa da Terapevtebze
ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebodeT, jer gan-
vixiloT fsiqikurad daavadebulTa mkurnalobis
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti (Pastoral counselor) –
religiuri fenis warmomadgeneli, romelic
specializirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas
problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aer-
Tianebs.
klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) – pi-
rovneba, romelsac miRebuli aqvs doqtoris
xarisxi fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba
fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da
mkurnalobaSi.
fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) – pirovneba, romelsac
aqvs medicinis doqtoris xarisxi da doqto-
ranturis dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs
specializacia fsiqikur da emociur aSli-
lobebSi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkur-
nalod fsiqiatrs SeuZlia medikamentebis da-
niSvna.
fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba,
romelsac aqvs medicinis an filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doq-
toranturaSi specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aS-
lilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.
pacienti (Patient) – termini gamoiyeneba im pi-
Terapiuli konteqsti
rovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xor-
cieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri
problemebis mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT
klienti (Client) – termini gamoiyeneba im pi-
rovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xor-
cieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiur aS-
lilobebs `cxovrebiseul problemebad~ miiC-
neven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad.
657
 ganviTarebis istoriuli pirobebi, Semdeg gava-
farTovoT dasavluri kulturisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli xedvis kuTxe da sxva kulturebSi
miRebul mkurnalobis praqtikasac gavecnoT.

istoriuli da kulturuli
konteqsti
rogor gimkurnalebdnen gasul saukuneebSi,
Tu fsiqologiuri problemebi SegeqmnebodaT?
Tu evropasa, an aSS-Si icxovrebdiT, metad
mosalodneli iqneboda, rom mkurnaloba uSedego
yofiliyo, Tumca, arc gavnebdaT rames. sxva
kulturebSi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnaloba, Cveulebisamebr, religiur da
socialur faseulobaTa ufro farTo konteqstSi
ganixileboda da ufro adamianur mopyrobasac
imsaxurebda.

dasavluri mkurnalobis istoria

XIV saukunis dasavleT evropaSi mosaxleobis
zrdam da migraciam umuSevroba da socialuri
gaucxoeba gamoiwvia, rasac, Tavis mxriv, siRaribe,
danaSauli da fsiqologiuri problemebi mohyva.
maleve gaixsna specialuri dawesebulebebi,
sadac sazogadoebis sami axali „usargeblo~
kategoriis _ RaribTa, damnaSaveTa da fsiqikurad ar imsaxureben sasjels, avadmyofebi arian,
daavadebulTa _ warmomadgenlebs aTavsebdnen. romelTa samwuxaro mdgomareoba yvelanair
1403 wels londonis beTlemis wminda mari- zrunvasa da yuradRebas imsaxurebs, romelic
amis hospitalma fsiqologiuri problemebis nebismier tanjul adamianur arsebas ekuTvnis.
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

mqone pirveli pacienti miiRo. momdevno 300
wlis manZilze sulierad daavadebul pacientebs
jaWvebiT abamdnen, awamebdnen da garkveuli
sazRauris fasad xalxs gasarTobadac uCveneb-
dnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi beTlemis transfor-
mirebuli dasaxeleba „bedlemi~2 qaosis sino-
nimad iqca, hospitalSi gamefebuli saSineli
uwesrigobisa da pacientebisadmi araadamianuri
mopyrobis gamo (Foucault, 1975).
fsiqologiuri problemebisadmi, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadebebisadmi, damokidebuleba
evropaSi mxolod XVIII saukunis bolosTvis
gaCnda. 1801 wels frangi eqimi filip pineli
(Philippe Pinel) werda: „fsiqikurad daavadebuli
adamianebi, romlebic ar arian damnaSaveni da
2
badlam – inglisurad ,,bad~ _ `cudi~.
658
unda vecadoT, rom maT umartivesi saSualebebiT
davubrunoT saRi goneba~ (Zilboorg & Henry, 1941,
gv. 233-324).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi fsiqologiuri
darRvevebis mqone adamianebs, maTive da sazoga-
doebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, izolaciaSi amyo-
febdnen, Tumca, ar mkurnalobdnen. XIX saukunis
Sua wlebSi, rodesac fsiqologiam, rogorc
mecnierebis dargma, garkveuli ndoba da pativis-
cema moipova, qveyanaSi „mkurnalobis kulti~
gaCnda. im periodSi Seuracxadobas garemodan
momdinare stresis Sedegad miiCnevdnen, rasac
axlad ganviTarebadi qalaqebis aurzaursa da
areulobas ukavSirebdnen. Sesabamisad, sigiJes
socialur problemad aRiqvamdnen, romelsac
iseve esaWiroeboda „fsiqikuri higieniT~ (Men-
tal Hygiene) mkurnaloba, rogorc gadamdeb fizi-
kur daavadebas _ fizikuri higieniT.
 1900-ian wlebSi kliford birsma (Clifford Beers)
dasabami misca fsiqikuri higienis moZraobas.
droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul
pacientTa SezRudvas axali sareabilitacio
mizani gamouCnda. suliT avadmyofTa TavSesaf-
rebi am socialur-politikuri moZraobis Zi-
riTad elementad iqca. maT aTavsebdnen soflad,
qalaquri cxovrebis stresisgan moSorebiT
mowyobil aseT TavSesafrebSi ara marto dacvis,
aramed mkurnalobis mizniTac (Rothman, 1971).
samwuxarod, mravali aseTi TavSesafari maleve
gadaiWeda. reabilitaciis humanuri mizani uc-
nauri adamianebis daSorebul adgilebSi mo-
TavsebiT Seicvala. es uzarmazari fsiqiatriuli
dawesebulebebi, arasakmarisi odenobis momsaxure
personaliT, mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeboda dar-
Rvevebis mqone individebisTvis gankuTvnili
konteinerisgan (Scull, 1993). 1960-iani wlebidan
reformatorebma aseTi TavSesafrebis winaaRmdeg
daiwyes gamosvla, sul mcire, im fsiqiatriuli
pacientebis deinstitucionalizaciis sasargeb-
lod, visac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da
saTanado sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris pirobebSi
normalurad SeeZloT funqcionireba. samwuxa-
rod, mravali deinstitucionalizebuli anu
fsiqiatriuli klinikidan gawerili pacienti
ver iRebs saTanado daxmarebas Tavis sacxov-
rebel adgilze. magaliTad, gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom seriozuli fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone 438
individidan 24% usaxlkaro iyo (Kuno et al., 2000).
kulturuli simboloebi da gankurnebis
rituali
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis
istoriuli tendenciebis mimoxilva dasavluri
mosazrebebiTa da praqtikebiT Semoifargleboda,
romelic xazs usvams individis unikalurobas,
damoukideblobas da warmatebasa Tu warumateb-
lobaze pirovnul pasuxismgeblobas. demono-
logia da daavadebis modeli igive aqcents
akeTebs da fsiqikur aSlilobas ganixilavs,
rogorc pirovnebis SigniT mimdinare process
da individis marcxs.
mravali sxva kultura ar iziarebs am mo-
sazrebas (Triandis, 1995). anTropologebma gaaa-
nalizes fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis axsnebi
da mkurnalobisadmi midgomebi sxvadasxva
kulturaSi (Bourguignon, 1979; Evans-Pritchard, 1937;
Kluckhohn, 1944; Marsella, 1979). magaliTad, afrikul
msoflmxedvelobaSi aqcenti keTdeba TanamSrom-
lobaze, urTierTdamokidebulebaze, tomis
gadarCenaze, bunebasTan erTianobasa da jgufur
pasuxismgeblobaze (Nobles, 1976). fsiqikurad daa-
vadebuli adamianebis sazogadoebidan CamoSo-
rebiT mkurnaloba ewinaaRmdegeba mravali ara-
evropuli kulturis azrovnebas. mraval af-
rikul kulturaSi gankurneba socialur konteq-
stSi xorcieldeba; procesSi CarTulia daava-
debulis rwmena, ojaxi, samuSao da Cveuli
garemo. Terapiis procesSi jgufuri mxardaWeris
gamoyenebis afrikuli praqtika daixvewa da
„qselur Terapiad~ wodebul procedurad Camo-
yalibda, sadac mkurnalobaSi CarTulia pacien-
tis mTliani garemocva _ naTesavebis, Tanam-
Sromlebisa da megobrebis CaTvliT (Lambo, 1978).
bevr kulturaSi fsiqikuri da fizikuri daa-
vadebebis mkurnaloba religiasa da jadoqrobas
ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, ro-
melTac Samanebs uwodeben, gansakuTrebul mis-
tikur Zalas floben TavianTi daavadebuli Tana-
moZmeebisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad. Samanizmi
uZvelesi da mZlavri spiritualuri tradiciaa,
romelic TiTqmis 30 aTasi wlis manZilze
gamoiyeneba. Samanistur tradiciaSi tanjvasa
da avadmyofobas uZlurebis Sedegad miiCneven.
kulturuli rwmenis es sistema bedisweris, an
iRblis im uxilavi Zalebis personalizacias
axdens, romelic zemoqmedebs individis cxov-
rebaze da problemebs uqmnis mas. aseTi perso-
nalizacia borot Zalebze uSualo zemoqmedebis
da savaraudo saswaulmoqmedi mkurnalis mxridan
daxmarebis saSualebas iZleva (Middleton, 1967).
xSirad paTologiuri mdgomareoba, romelsac
daavadebuli adamianis Sepyrobilobis Sedegad
miiCneven, mkurnali Samanis Terapiuli CareviT
icvleba. Zrwolvis gamosawvevad da cnobierebis
mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad dolebze dakvra,
Terapiuli konteqsti
Selocvebi da sxva ritualebi gamoiyeneba, rac
axali codnisa da Zalis Ziebisken mimarTavs
individs (Wash, 1990).
xalxuri gankurnebis ceremoniebSi mniSvne-
lovani funqcia ekisreba simboloebs, miTebsa
Samanizmi (Shamanizm) – spiritualuri tradicia,
romelic moiazrebs mkurnalobas da sulier
samyarosTan kontaqts.
659
 da ritualebs (Levi-Strauss, 1963). ritualuri gan-
kurnebis ceremonia gankurnebis process gansa-
kuTrebul emociur intensiobasa da mniSvne-
lobas sZens. is aZlierebs pacientis STago-
nebadobas da mniSvnelovnebis gancdas, SeSli-
lobis dasamarcxeblad zebunebriv ZalebTan
akavSirebs daavadebul adamians, Samansa da Tems
(Devereux, 1961). erT-erT Terapiul teqnikas, ro-
melsac gankurnebis mraval ceremoniaSi iyeneben,
cnobierebis disociacia ewodeba. am dros daava-
debuli adamiani, an morwmune mkurnali cno-
bierebis Secvlil mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
dasavluri TvalsazrisiT, disociacia Tavis-
Tavad aris fsiqikuri aSlilobis simptomi,
romelic prevencias, an gamosworebas saWiroebs.
sxva kulturebSi ki cnobierebis Secvlil
mdgomareobaSi keTili sulebi esaubreba adamians
da boroti ganidevneba. cnobierebis ritualuri
Secvla niu iorkis puertorikeli „espiritistas~
(Espiritistas) kultis RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiye-
neba. maT gankurnebis ceremoniaSi Sedis adamia-
nis miRma arsebul keTil sulebTan urTierToba
(Garrison, 1977).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva mkur-
nalebi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben gan-
kurnebis ritualebSi, makurnebeli Zala xSirad
scildeba erT konkretul mkurnals da gaci-
lebiT did spiritualur Zalebs uerTdeba (Katz,
1982, 1993). fijize gavrcelebuli gankurnebis
meTodebis aRwerisas fsiqologi riCard kaci
(Richard Katz) wers: „sulebTan kavSiri im Zale-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
bisadmi damyolobas moiTxovs, romelic scil-
deba erT konkretul mkurnals da gankurnebaSi
mkurnalis wvlilis Tavmdablur Sefasebas mo-
iazrebs. fijeli mkurnali ar amtkicebs, rom
Tavad flobs manas (Temis winaprebisgan miRebul
sulier Zalas) da mis makurnebel moqmedebas
ar aRiqvams sakuTar damsaxurebad~ (gv. 327-328).
kaci naTlad gvaCvenebs TvalsaCino sxvaobas
aRwerilsa da dasavlur praqtikas Soris:
„dasavlel eqims ki, piriqiT, pretenzia aqvs
mkurnalobisa da gankurnebis kontrolze. kom-
ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) – ce-
remonia, romelic mkurnalobis process gan-
sakuTrebul emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas
sZens.
660
petenturobas, anu imis codnas, Tu ra aris
gasakeTebeli, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari
ucodinarobis ardanaxvas, ufro meti mniSvne-
loba eniWeba, vidre adamianis bunebriv mo-
wyvladobas daavadebisadmi~ (gv. 28).
zogierTi es aradasavluri midgoma gzas
ikvlevs dasavluri mkurnalobis praqtikaSi
(Katz, 1982, 1983). amis naTeli magaliTebia im
uaxles Terapiul midgomebSi socialur gare-
mosTan urTierTqmedebis koncefciis gavlena
da ojaxur garemosa da mxardamWer garemocvaze
mimarTuloba, romlebic xazs usvamen sazo-
gadoebrivi mxardaWeris sistemisa da ojaxuri
Terapiis mniSvnelovnebas. sxva dasavleli praq-
tikosebi SamanebTan erTad muSaoben, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes dasavluri fsiqoTerapiisa
(romelSic TviTanalizi moiazreba) da koleq-
tivisturi sazogadoebebis Terapiebis (romelic
individs arsebul sazogadoebriv konteqstSi
moazrebs) integrireba. es mcdeloba Terapias,
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, klientTa ufro
farTo speqtrisTvis xdis misaRebs (Kraut, 1990).
istoriuli tendenciebisa da zogierTi
kulturuli variaciis mokle mimoxilvis Semdeg,
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT Tanamedrove
praqtikaSi gamoyebuli Terapiebi.
Sejameba
Terapiuli garemos mTavari mizania fsiqikuri
daavadebis mizezebis gansazRvra da mkurnalobis
dagegmva. arsebobs biologiuri da fsiqolo-
giuri mimarTulebis Terapiebi. Terapevtebi bev-
rgan muSaoben da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiul
meTodebs iyeneben. dasavlur kulturaSi fsi-
qikurad daavadebul adamianebs, Tavdapirvelad,
sazogadoebisgan izolirebulad amyofebdnen.
fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gankurnebadi
avadmyofobis, modelis ganviTarebas ufro
adamianuri mkurnalobis meTodebis Seqmna mohyva.
mravali aradasavluri kultura xazs usvams
farTo sazogadoebriv da spiritualur kon-
teqsts, sadac viTardeba da ikurneba fsiqikuri
daavadeba. dasavleli praqtikosebi am sxva
kulturebidan TandaTanobiT iTviseben sazo-
gadoebrivi mkurnalobis zogierT models.

fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebis SemTxvevaSi uS-
veben, rom pacientis problemebs aracnobier
impulsebsa da cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan
momdinare SezRudvebs Soris warmoqmnili
daZabuloba warmoSobs, aSlilobis birTvsa da
saTaveebs ki Tavad daavadebul pirovnebaSi
eZieben.
froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoric Seqmna zig-
mund froidma (Sigmund Freud), warmoadgens
intensiur da droSi gaxangrZlivebul Terapiul
teqnikas, romelic ikvlevs nevrotuli da mSfoT-
vare pirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da kon-
fliqtebs. rogorc wina TavebSi vnaxeT, froidis
Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi aSlilobebi im
Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis
unaris arqonas warmoadgens, romelic war-
moiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur im-
pulsebsa da superegos internalizirebul (anu
gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris.
fsiqoanalizis mizania intrafsiqikuri harmo-
niis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis metad gacno-
bierebas, superegos moTxovnebisadmi zedmetad
damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZ-
lierebas gulisxmobs.
TerapevtisTvis umniSvnelovanesia, gaarkvios,
rogor iyenebs pacienti represiis, anu gandevnis
process konfliqtebTan gamklavebisas. simptomi
ganixileba, rogorc aracnobieridan wamosuli
Setyobineba imis Sesaxeb, rom raRac ar aris
wesrigSi. fsiqoanalitikosis amocanaa, daex-
maros pacients gandevnili azrebis cnobierebaSi
amotanaSi da aRmoaCeninos3 arsebul simptomebsa
da gandevnil konfliqtebs Soris arsebuli
kavSiri. fsiqodinamikuri TvalsazrisiT, Terapia
warmatebulia, pacienti ki _ gamojanmTelebuli
mxolod maSin, rodesac igi adreul bavSvobaSi
3
aq originalur teqstSi gamoyenebulia sityva in-
sight, romelic „wvdomas~ da „intuicias~ niSnavs. es
termini Targmanis gareSec xSirad gamoiyeneba amave
konteqstSi (magaliTad, „emociuri insaiti~ an „in-
teleqtualuri insaiti~) Tumca, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi
umjobesad CaiTvala misi Targmna (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
ganxorcielebuli „gandevnisgan gaTavisufl-
deba~. vinaidan Terapevtis ZiriTadi mizani
pacientisTvis im kavSiris danaxvisken, anu in-
saitisken wayvanaa, romelic awmyoSi arsebul
simptomebsa da warsul gamocdilebas Soris
arsebobs, fsiqodinamikur Terapias xSirad
insaitur Terapiasac uwodeben.
tradiciuli fsiqoanalizi didi xnis win
gandevnili (anu daviwyebuli) mogonebebis aR-
dgenisa da mtkivneuli grZnobebis gavliT efeq-
tur gadawyvetamde misvlis mcdelobaa. Sesa-
bamisad, es aris droSi gaxangrZlivebuli, anu
grZelvadiani Terapia (romelic SeiZleba, sul
mcire, ramdenime weliwadi _ kviraSi xuT sean-
samde _ grZeldebodes). garda amisa, is saWiroebs
kargi metyvelebis mqone introspeqciul pacien-
tebs, romlebic sakmarisad Zlierad arian moti-
virebulni TerapiisTvis da SeuZliaT soliduri
Tanxis gadaxda (fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis Seda-
rebiT gviandel formebSi gacilebiT Semok-
lebulia Terapiuli procesis xangrZlivoba.)
gandevnili konfliqtebis gacnobierebasa da
maT mogvarebaSi pacientisTvis daxmarebis ga-
sawevad fsiqodinamikuri tradiciebiT momuSave
Terapevtebi sxvadasxva teqnikebs iyeneben; esenia:
Tavisufali asociaciebi, winaaRmdegobis ana-
lizi, sizmrebis analizi, gadatanisa da kon-
trgadatanis analizi.
Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi da
kaTarzisi
ZiriTad meTods, romelic fsiqoanalizSi
gamoiyeneba aracnobieris gamokvlevisa da gan-
devnili masalis gamonTavisuflebisTvis, Ta-
visufali asociaciebis meTodi ewodeba. paci-
enti, romelic moxerxebulad zis skamze, an
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) – fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia, romelic Seqmna froidma; es aris in-
tesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika,
romelic mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoT-
vare individebis aracnobieri motivebisa da
konfliqtebis gamosakvlevad.
insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) – teqnika,
romliTac Terapevts pacienti mihyavs im kav-
Siris danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken,
romelic awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da
warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs.
661

wevs taxtze, SeZlebisdagvarad aTavisuflebs
gonebas da uwyvetad aRwers sakuTar azrebs,
survilebs, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodge-
nebs. pacients sTxoven, rom aRweros TavSi mo-
suli nebismieri azri Tu grZnoba, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovnad eCveneba is
mas.
froids miaCnda, rom asociaciebi ganpiro-
bebulia da ar aris SemTxveviTi. analitikosis
amocanaa, Tvali gaadevnos maT da ubralo
sityvebis miRma nagulisxmevi realuri mniSvne-
lobebi dainaxos. pacients Zlieri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis saSualeba eZleva, romelic, rogorc
wesi, avtoritetul figurebzea mimarTuli da
romelic gandevnil iqna dasjis, an samagieros
mizRvis SiSiT. nebismier emociur ganmuxtvas,
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
romelic xdeba Terapiul garemoSi aman sxva
procesis Sedegad, kaTarzisi ewodeba.
winaaRmdegoba
fsiqoanalitikosi gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobas aniWebs sakiTxebs, romelTa ganxilvac
ar surs pacients. Tavisufali asociaciebis
dros garkveul momentSi pacienti avlens
winaaRmdegobas, anu mas ar surs, an ar SeuZlia
garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamoc-
dilebaze saubari. aseT winaaRmdegobas aracno-
biersa da cnobiers Soris barierad miiCneven.
es masala (anu masala, romelsac barieri akavebs
da ar amodis Tavisuflad asociacirebis dros)
xSirad individis seqsualur cxovrebas (aq Sedis
yvelaferi, rac mas siamovnebas aniWebs) an
662 mSoblebisadmi mtrul, ganawyenebul damoki-
debulebas ukavSirdeba. saboloo jamSi, rodesac
gandevnili masala zedapirze amodis, pacienti,
rogorc wesi, amtkicebs, rom is umniSvnelo,
absurduli, araSesatyvisi, an Zalze arasasia-
movnoa imisaTvis, rom ilaparakos masze. Tera-
pevti ki sruliad sapirispiros fiqrobs. fsiqo-
analizis mizania, daZlios winaaRmdegoba da
pacients misces SesaZlebloba, Tvali gaus-
woros am mtkivneul azrebs, survilebsa Tu
gamocdilebas.
sizmris analizi
fsiqoanalitikosebs miaCniaT, rom sizmari
pacientis aracnobieri motivebis Sesaxeb infor-
maciis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. ro-
desac adamians sZinavs, superego SedarebiT nak-
lebad akontrolebs ididan momdinare miuRebel
impulsebs, amitom motivebi, romelTa gamoxatvac
ver xerxdeba cxadSi, SeiZleba sizmris saxiT
gamovlindes. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, sizmars
ori saxis Sinaarsi aqvs: manifesturi, anu xi-
luli Sinaarsi, romelic gaRviZebis Semdeg
axsovs adamians da latenturi, anu faruli
Sinaarsi _ realuri motivebi, romlebic gamov-
lenas cdiloben, Tumca, imdenad mtkivneuli
da miuRebelia, rom damaxinjebulad, simbo-
loebis saxiT gamoixateba. Terapevti am da-
faruli motivebis gamovlenas sizmris analiziT
cdilobs; es aris Terapiuli meTodi, romelic
gulisxmobs pirovnebis sizmris Sinaarsis gar-
Cevas da miznad isaxavs safuZvlad mdebare an
damaxinjebuli motivebis, mniSvnelovani cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebisa da survilebis simbo-
luri mniSvnelobebis gamovlenas.
Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) – Tera-
piuli meTodi, rodesac pacienti uwyvetad,
gaazrebis gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze,
survilebze, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da war-
modgenebze.
kaTarzisi (Catharsis) – Zlieri, magram, rogorc
wesi, gandevnili emociebis gamoxatvis procesi.
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) – fsiqoanalizis
msvlelobisas pacients ar surs, an ar SeuZlia
garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamoc-
dilebaze saubari.
sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) – sizmrebis
fsiqoanalituri interpretacia, riTac xdeba
pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da kon-
fliqtebis wvdoma.
gadatana da kontrgadatana
fsiqoanalituri Terapiis intensiuri kursis
dros pacients, rogorc wesi, Terapevtis mimarT
emociuri reaqcia uyalibdeba. xSirad xdeba
Terapevtis identificireba warsulSi gadata-
nili emociuri konfliqtis centralur figu-
rasTan _ umeteswilad, mSobelTan, an seqsualur
partniorTan. am emociur reaqcias gadatana, anu
transferi ewodeba. gavixsenoT nawyveti treisi
tomsonisa da misi Terapevtis, amandas urTier-
Tobis Sesaxeb _ is naTlad axdenda mis iden-
tificirebas dedasTan („dedaCemi amandam Caa-
nacvla...~). gadatanas ewodeba dadebiTi, rodesac
Terapevti siyvarulis, an aRtacebis obieqti
xdeba; gadatana aris uaryofiTi, rodesac igi
mtruli damokidebulebis, an Suris obieqtad
iqceva. xSirad xdeba, rom pacientis damoki-
debuleba ambivalenturia da dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis nazavs warmoadgens. gada-
tanasTan gamklaveba rTuli amocanaa analiti-
kosisTvis, Tundac, pacientis emociuri mowyvla-
dobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, es aris mkur-
nalobis arsebiTi da mniSvnelovani nawili.
warsulis gamocdilebasa da damokidebulebebSi
realuri wyaros moZiebiTa da gacnobierebiT,
Terapevti pacients masze gadatanili grZnobebis
interpretirebaSi exmareba (Henry et al., 1994).
pacientze Terapevtis reaqciaSic CarTulia
piradi grZnobebi. kontrgadatana, anu kontr-
transferi Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac
Terapevts moswons, an ar moswons pacienti,
radgan pacienti mis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani
figuris msgavsad aRiqmeba. kontrgadatanis
damuSavebisas Terapevti SeiZleba sakuTari
aracnobieri mamoZravebeli Zalebis gacnob-
ierebamde mivides. igi pacientis „cocxal sar-
ked~ iqceva, pacienti ki, Tavis mxriv, misTvis
iZens amave funqcias. Tu Terapevti ver axerxebs
kontrgadatanis efeqtis gacnobierebas, Terapia
SeiZleba warumatebeli gamodges (Winarick, 1997).
am saxis Terapiuli urTierTobis emociurad
datvirTulobisa da pacientis mowyvladobis
gamo, Terapevtma mkacrad unda daicvas zRvari,
romelic pacientze profesiul zrunvasa da
mis problemebSi pirad CarTulobas Soris
gadis. cxadia, rom Terapiulma situaciam iolad
SeiZleba daarRvios balansi, rac unda gaac-
nobieros da gaiTvaliswinos Terapevtma.
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
froidis mimdevrebma SeinarCunes misi mravali
ZiriTadi idea, Tumca, zogierTma principma da
praqtikulma meTodma modificieba ganicada.
zogadad, neofroidistebi, froidTan SedarebiT,
ufro met aqcents akeTeben: (1) pacientis awmyo
socialur garemoze (da naklebad fokusirdebian
warsulze); (2) cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
mimdinare gavlenaze (da ara mxolod bavSvobis
konfliqtebze); (3) socialuri motivaciis
rolsa da pirovnebaTSoris sasiyvarulo ur-
TierTobebze (da naklebad fokusirdebian bio-
logiur instinqtebsa da egoistur moTxov-
nilebebze); (4) egos funqcionirebis mniS-
vnelovnebaze da me-koncefciis ganviTarebaze
(da nakleb yuradRebas aqceven idsa da super-
egos Soris konfliqts).
me-14 TavSi vaxseneT ori cnobili neofro-
idisti _ karl gustav iungi da alfred adleri.
SedarebiT Tanamedrove fsiqodinamikur neo-
froidianul mosazrebebzec rom Segveqmnas war-
modgena, gavecnoT hari stek salivanis, melani
kleinisa da hainc kohutis Sromebs (froidis
wris sxva wevrebis Sesaxeb ix. Ruitenbeek, 1973).
hari stek salivans (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953)
miaCnia, rom froidis Teoriasa da TerapiaSi ar
aris gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri urTier-
Tobebis roli da miRebis, pativiscemisa da
siyvarulis moTxovnilebebi. misi azriT, fsi-
qikuri aSlilobebi moicavs ara marto trav-
matul intrafsiqikur procesebs, aramed _ prob-
lemur interpersonalur urTierTobebsa da
Zlier socialur zewolasac ki. patara bavSvs
usafrTxoebis grZnoba da sxvebis mxridan zrunva
da siTbo esaWiroeba. SfoTva da sxva fsiqikuri
daavadebebi mSoblebTan da mniSvnelovan
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
sxvebTan urTierTobebSi usafrTxoebis ararse-
bobidan momdinareobs. salivanis azriT, sakuTar
gadatana (Transference) – procesi, rodesac fsi-
qoanalizis msvlelobisas pacienti Terapevtze
mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur,
mniSvnelovan figuraze miemarTeboda.
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) – situacia,
rodesac fsiqoanalitikoss pirovnuli grZno-
bebi uCndeba pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients
sakuTar cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani
adamianis msgavsad aRiqvams.
663
 fsiqologia Cvens saukuneSi
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi adamians
1969 wlis 22 seqtembers, Crdi-
loeT kaliforniaSi, rva wlis
suzan neisoni gauCinarda. amave
wlis dekemberSi ipoves misi
gvami. oci wlis manZilze aravin
icoda, vin mokla igi. 1989 wels
mxaris gamomZieblebs suzanis
megobari eilin franklin-lips-
keri daukavSirda. eilinma
uTxra maT, rom fsiqoTerapiis
daxmarebiT, man aRidgina didi
xnis win gandevnili, daviwyebu-
li saSineli mogonebebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeemTxva suzans.
1990 wlis Semodgomaze eilinma
daadastura, rom oci wlis win
man sakuTari TvaliT naxa, rogor
gaaupatiura suzani misma mamam,
jorj franklinma da Semdeg
sikvdilamde rogor urtya qvis
keti (Marcus, 1980, Workman, 1990).
eilinma isic Tqva, rom mama mok-
vliT daemuqra, Tu vinmes uam-
bobda nanaxis Sesaxeb. es Cveneba
sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom jorj franklini damnaSa-
ved ecnoT damamZimebel viTare-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
baSi Cadenil mkvlelobaSi.
Teoriulad Tu vimsjelebT,
rogor daifara mogonebebi 20
wlis manZilze? am kiTxvaze
pasuxi gandevnili mogonebebis
froidiseul koncefciaSi iRebs
saTaves. rogorc aRvniSneT,
froidi (1923) fiqrobda, rom
adamianis cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dilebis zogierTi mogoneba sak-
maris safrTxes uqmnis mis
keTildReobas, amitom es mogo-
nebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
klinikur fsiqologebs xSirad
SeuZliaT, rom daexmaron kli-
ents sakuTari cxovrebis ga-
kontrolebaSi. amisaTvis cxov-
rebis damangreveli paternebi
interpretirdeba, rogorc gan-
664
devnili mogonebebis Sedegi. Te-
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
rapiis mniSvnelovan mizans am
gandevnil mogonebebiTan mimar-
TebaSi kaTarzisis miRweva war-
moadgens.
magram gandevnili mogonebebi
yovelTvis ar rCeba Terapevtis
kabinetSi. ukanaskneli wlebis
manZilze masmediaSi intensiurad
saubroben gandevnili mogonebebis
STambeWdavi gacnobierebis Sem-
Txvevebze. drois xangrZlivi
periodis gasvlis Semdeg indivi-
debi moulodnelad detalurad
ixseneben SemaZrwunebel movle-
nebs, rogoricaa mkvlelobebi, an
bavSobaSi gadatanili seqsua-
luri Zaladoba. SesaZlebelia,
rom es yvelaferi marTali iyos?
me-8 TavSi ganxiluli mowmeTa
mexsierebis kvleva skepticizmis
safuZvels iZleva (Loftus, 1993;
Loftus & Ketcham, 1994, Lynn & Payne,
1997). xsenebuli kvlevidan SegviZ-
lia gavixsenoT, rom adamianebi
WeSmarit mogonebebad miiCnevdnen
xelovnuri wyarodan miRebul
informacias. es maSinac xdeboda,
rodesac maT, rogorc mowmeebs,
afrTxilebdnen, rom isini Secdo-
maSi Seiyvanes. Sesabamisad, mogo-
nebis arseboba TavisTavad ar iZ-
leva misi wyaros ueWveli san-
doobis mtkicebis safuZvels.
faqtobrivad, ukanasknel wleb-
Si, popularul mediaSi gandev-
nili mogonebebis Sesaxeb xSiri
saubari SeiZleba Tavad iqces
„xelovnul wyarod~. televiziiT
nanaxi individis pirovnul mogo-
nebad SeiZleba iqces, Tu mas aRar
axsovs, rom es televizorSi naxa.
amrigad, gandevnili mogonebis
mediaSi mosmenilma daxasiaTebam
zogierTi individi igive mogone-
bebis „gaxsenebamde~ SeiZleba
miiyvanos. individma, praqtiku-
lad, dakarga mogonebis wyaro,
magram SeinarCuna Sinaarsi (John-
son et al., 1993). fsiqoTerapevtebma,
romelTac sjeraT gandevnili
mogonebebis, fsiqoTerapiis me-
qanizmebis saSualebiT, SeiZleba
isini Caunergon kidec pacients
( de Rivera, 2000; Sarbin, 1997) .
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma Seiswav-
les qalebi, romlebmac, saboloo
jamSi, uari Tqves sakuTar bral-
debebze da aRiares, rom aravis
gauupatiurebia bavSvobaSi. es
qalebi mixvdnen, rom maTi „mo-
gonebebi~ gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb
ararealuri iyo. es gamokvlevebi
adasturebs, rom Terapevtebi
xSirad ubiZgeben pacientebs aseTi
mogonebebis aRmoCenisken da
sityvier waxalisebas ar iSu-
reben, rodesac „mogoneba~ gamom-
zeurdeba (de Rivera, 1997). aseTi
SemTxvevebi afiqrebinebs klini-
cistebs, rom Seswavlil unda
iqnes Terapiis procesSi CarTuli
socialuri Zalebi, raTa gaar-
kvion, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
Terapevtis Teoria pacientis
realobaSi (Lynn et al., 1997).
gandevnili mogonebebis aR-
dgenis rwmenam SeiZleba mniS-
vnelovnad Seamsubuqos fsiqo-
analitikosTa pacientebis mdgo-
mareoba. faqtobrivad, aRdgenili
mogonebebis garkveuli nawili
adreuli travmatuli gamocdi-
lebis sando asaxvas warmoadgens
(Schooler & Eich, 2000; Williams, 1995).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu davinte-
resdebiT, SeuZlia Tu ara warsu-
lis gandevnil mogonebebs awmyo
diskomfortis axsna, darwmune-
bulni unda viyoT, rom pasiurad
ar viRebT Cveni cxovrebis viRa-
ciseul versias. jorj fran-
klinis sabednierod, eWvi Sei-
tanes misi qaliSvilis gandevnil
mogonebebSi, rac sakmarisi gaxda
verdiqtis uarsayofad.
me-ze warmodgenaTa sistema mowodebulia SfoT-
vis optimaluri donis SesanarCuneblad. es
sistema bavSvis pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTo-
bebis gamocdilebidan momdinareobs da orga-
nizebulia me-s cnebis irgvliv; masSi Sedis:
kargi-me (asocirebulia dedis siTbosTan), cudi-
me (asocirebulia dedis daZabulobidan, romel-
sac is bavSvTan urTierTobisas avlena), ara-me
(disociaciuri me, romelic miuRebelia da-
narCeni me-sTvis).
aseT interpersonalur Tvalsazrisze dafuZ-
nebuli Terapia moicavs Terapevtis ganwyo-
bebisadmi pacientis grZnobebze dakvirvebas.
Terapiuli interviu ganixileba, rogorc socia-
luri garemo, sadac orive mxaris grZnobebi da
ganwyobebi zemoqmedebs erTmaneTze. pacienti
frTxilad mihyavT iqamde, rom gamoTqvas sakuTari
varaudebi Terapevtis ganwyobebis Sesaxeb. garda
amisa, salivanisTvis Terapiuli situacia,
upirvelesad, iseTi situaciaa, sadac Terapevti
siyvaruliT swavlobs da aswavlis (Wallach &
Wallach, 1983).
melani kleini (1975) gaemijna froidis mosaz-
rebas oidiposis konfliqtis fsiqopaTologiis
ZiriTad wyarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. vinaidan
froidi oidipuri periodidan (4-5 wlis asaki)
momdinare nevrotul simptomebze fokusirdeboda,
Terapiuli Carevis amocana am aracnobieri seq-
sualuri konfliqtebis interpretireba da saaS-
karaoze gamotana iyo. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti
sirTuleebs awydeboda im pacientebTan muSao-
bisas, romelTa konfliqtebi verbaluri mexsie-
rebis ganviTarebamde gacilebiT adreuli pe-
riodidan iRebda saTaves, rac xSirad, Tavis
mxriv, gacilebiT mkveTrad gamoxatuli paTo-
logiis mizezi xdeboda. es pacientebi xSirad
itanjebodnen ararealurobis, sicarielis da
cxovrebis sazrisis dakargvis grZnobebiT. kleins
miaCnda, rom superegos primitiuli formebi
cxovrebis pirvelive TveebSi Cndeba. igi am-
tkicebda, rom oidiposis seqsualuri konfliqtis,
rogorc fsiqikis umniSvnelovanesi maorgani-
zebeli faqtoris, nacvlad sqesobrivi mikuT-
vnebulobis gacnobierebas win uswrebs sikvdilis
instinqti, rac Sinagani agresiuli impulsis
gaCenas iwvevs da romelic, aseve, mniSvnelovania
fsiqikis organizebisTvis. kleini, aseve, amtki-
cebda, rom fsiqikis ori fundamenturi maorgani-
zebeli Zalaa agresia da siyvaruli, agresia
anawevrebs da siyvaruli aerTianebs fsiqikas.
samyaros agresiuli danawevrebisas xdeba
arasasurvelis uaryofa da sasurvelis SenarCu-
neba; siyvaruli badebs erTianobasa da mTliano-
bas. kleinisTvis siyvaruli mxolod erotikuli
ltolvebis ganxorcieleba ki ar iyo, aramed _
WeSmariti sikeTe da namvdili zrunva sxvebze.
Tumca, es cnobieri siyvaruli dakavSirebulia
sinanulTan sayvarel adamianebze mimarTuli
savaraudo destruqciuli siZulvilisa da
potenciuri Zaladobis gamo. amrigad, kleinma
axsna „erT-erTi udidesi saidumlo, romelsac
awydeba yvela adamiani _ siyvaruli da siZul-
vili _ Cveni pirovnuli samoTxe da jojoxeTi
_ ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan~ (Frager & Fadiman,
1998, gv. 135). kleinis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
samyaros Cveneuli gancdis „samSeneblo agurebs~
siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamianebTan _ urTier-
Toba qmnis _ fsiqoanalituri Teoriisa da praq-
tikis centralur mosazrebad iqca da obieqti-
urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory) ewoda.
kleinma, aseve, pirvelma gamoiyena agresiuli
obieqti-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation
theory) – fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria, romelic
momdinareobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis
Sesaxeb, rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis „sam-
Seneblo agurebs~ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis
obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis.
665
 da seqsualuri ltolvebis damarwmunebeli
interpretacia fsiqoanalizis pacientebTan.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi, aniWeben ra sxva-
dasxva xarisxis mniSvnelobas froidis koncef-
ciebs, isev viTardeba. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
axali mimarTulebaa me-s (self) mimarT Tanamedrove
interesi; kerZod, interesis sagans Seadgens is,
Tu rogor xdeba individis me-koncefciis, anu
sakuTar Tavze warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, rogor
aRiqvams, rogor ganicdis mas mocemuli pirov-
neba da rogor xdeba, rom xandaxan is sxvaTa
mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqtad iqceva, romelsac
dacva sWirdeba. am mimarTulebis wamyvani
damcveli da fsiqoanalizSi obieqti-urTier-
Tobis skolis damaarsebelia hainc kohuti (1977;
Siegel, 1996). misi saavtoro Terapia fokusirdeba
imis garkvevaze, Tu rogor saWiroebs me-s
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi me-obieqtebs _ gulisxmier
adamianebs da mniSvnelovan sagnebs, rac nebismier
adamians sWirdeba optimaluri pirovnuli
funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad. me-fsiqolo-
giis am formisTvis mniSvnelovania me-s gamoc-
dileba da, gansakuTrebiT, is gamocdileba, ro-
melic me-s fragmentacias iwvevs. Sesabamisad,
Terapevtis amocanaa, SeZlebisdagvarad Rrmad
Cawvdes sxvadasxva fsiqologiur mdgomareobas,
romelsac ganicdis klienti da, amasTan,
gaiTvaliswinos klientis gancdebis miseuli
(klientiseuli) xedva (Chicago Institute for Psycho-
analysis, 1992).
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom fsiqoanalitur Te-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
rapias miznis misaRwevad xSirad drois xan-
grZlivi periodi sWirdeba. Tumca, xSirad ada-
mianebi iseTi aSlilobebiT itanjebian, rome-
lic gacilebiT swraf gankurnebas saWiroebs.
bihevioraluri Terapia, romelsac axla ganvi-
xilavT, simptomebisgan swafad gaTavisuflebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Sejameba
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi zigmund froidis
aracnobieri konfliqtisa da gandevnis Teo-
riidan iReben saTaves. Terapevtebi pacientTan
kaTarzisis misaRwevad da fsiqikuri energiis
gamosaTavisufleblad sxvadasxva teqnikebs
iyeneben, maT Soris Tavisufal asociaciebs,
666 sizmrebis analizs da gadatanis interpretacias.
neofroidianeli Terapevtebi SedarebiT met
mniSnelobas aniWeben pacientis awmyo socialur
garemos, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimdinare
gavlenas, socialuri motivaciis rols, pirov-
nebaTSoris urTierTobebs da me-koncefciis
ganviTarebas.
bihevioraluri Terapia
Tu fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi hipoTetur
Sinagan mizezebze fokusirdebian, bihevioralur
TerapiaTa yuradRebis sagans dakvirvebadi
garegani qceva warmoadgens. bihevioraluri ori-
entaciis Terapevtebi amtkiceben, rom paTo-
logiuri qcevebis SeZena iseve xdeba, rogorc
normaluris _ daswavlis procesiT, romelic
ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis ZiriTadi ka-
nonebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. bihevioraluri
Terapevtebi iyeneben ganpirobebisa da ganmtki-
cebis principebs, fsiqikur aSlilobebTan aso-
cirebuli arasasruveli qcevis paternebis
modificirebis mizniT.
terminebi bihevioraluri (qceviTi) Terapia
da qcevis modifikacia xSirad sinonimebad
gamoiyeneba. oriveSi moiazreba daswavlis prin-
cipebis meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis
sixSiris gazrdis, an arasasurveli qcevis six-
Siris Semcirebis mizniT. bihevioraluri Terapia
muSaobs devianturi qcevebisa da pirovnuli
problemebis farTo speqtrze, sadac Sedis
fobiebi, kompulsiebi (akviatebebi), depresia,
damRupveli miswrafebebi (magaliTad, alkoho-
lizmi, an narkotikebi), agresia da delikventuri
qcevebi. zogadad, bihevioraluri Terapia spe-
cifikur problemebTan ukeT muSaobs, vidre
zogadi xasiaTis pirovnul problemebTan: fobi-
is SemTxvevaSi is gacilebiT efeqturi iqneba,
vidre _ zogadi, usagno SfoTvisas.
Terapiebi warmoiqmna ganpirobebulobisa da
daswavlis Teoriidan, romelic pragmatuli,
qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) – ixileT
qcevis modifikacia.
qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) – das-
wavlis principebis meToduri gamoyeneba sa-
surveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasa-
sruveli qcevis sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
empiriuli kvlevis tradiciebzea dafuZnebuli.
yvela cocxali organizmis umTavresi amocanaa,
daiswavlos aqtualur socialur da fizikur
garemos moTxovnebTan adaptaciis xerxebi. Tu
organizmma ver daiswavla problemebis efeqtu-
rad daZleva, misi araadapturi reaqciebis
koregireba SesaZlebelia daswavlis (an xelaxa-
li daswavlis) principebze dafuZnebuli Terapi-
iT. samizne qceva ar ganixileba raime safuZvlad
mdebare procesis simptomad. simptomi Tavad
aris problema. fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebis
prognozis mixedviT, mxolod garegani qcevis
koregirebiT, realuri Sinagani problemis gamov-
lenis gareSe, mxolod simptomis Canacvlebamde
mivalT, anu Tavs iCens axali fizikuri Tu
fsiqologiuri problema. Tumca, gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom bihevioraluri TerapiiT paTo-
logiuri qcevis aRkveTis Semdeg aRar xdeba
axali simptomebiT misi Canacvleba (Kazdin, 1982;
Wolpe, 1986). „piriqiT, samizne simptomebis gaqro-
bis Semdeg pacientebi xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom
sxva, naklebad mniSvnelovani simptomebic gaqra~
(Sloane et al., 1975, gv. 219).
axla ganvixiloT bihevioraluri Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebi, romelTac Sveba moaqvT
daavadebuli adamianebisTvis.
kontrganpirobeba
ratom SfoTavs zogierTi adamiani iseT uw-
yinar gamRizianebelTan (anu stimulTan) Sex-
vedrisas, rogoricaa oboba, araSxamiani gveli,
an socialuri kontaqti? bihevioraluri axsna
aseTia: SfoTva warmoiqmneba ganpirobebis mar-
tivi principebis mixedviT, romelic me-7 da me-
15 TavSi ganvixileT. Zlieri emociuri reaqciebi,
romelic „yovelgvari mizezis gareSe~ angrevs
pirovnebis cxovrebas, xSirad ganpirobebulia
pirovnebis mier warsulSi SeumCnevlad daswav-
lili reaqciebiT. kontrganpirobebisas Zveli,
araadapturi reaqciis Canacvlebis mizniT, xdeba
axali reaqciis gamomuSaveba. bihevioraluri
Terapiis Sesaxeb pirvel CanawerebSi swored
aseT logikas vxvdebiT. meri qover jonsma (Mary
kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) – Tera-
piuli teqnika, romliTac xdeba gamomuSavebuli
axali reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canac-
vleba.
Cover Jones, 1924) aCvena, rom pirobiTi refleqsis
gamomuSavebiT, anu ganpirobebiT SesaZlebelia
SiSis gadaCveva4 (qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi
SevadaroT patara albertis magaliTs me-7
Tavidan).
misi pacienti 3 wlis biWuna iyo, saxe-
lad piteri, romelsac gaurkveveli mize-
ziT eSinoda kurdRlebis. Terapia moi-
cavda oTaxis erT mxares piteris gamok-
vebas, meore mxares ki kurdReli iyo mo-
Tavsebuli. mTeli rigi seansebis gan-
mavlobaSi kurdRels TandaTanobiT uax-
lovebdnen mas. sabolood, SiSi gaqra da
piteri Tavisuflad TamaSobda kurdRel-
Tan.
qover jonsis Semdeg bihevioristi Terapevtebi
kontrganpirobebis sxvadasxva teqnikebs _
sistematur desensitizacias, imploziur5 Tera-
pias, situaciaSi daZirvas6 da aversiul7 Terapias
_ iyeneben.
sistematuri desensitizacia da sxva
eqspoziciuri Terapiebi
nervuli sistema erTdroulad ver iqneba
modunebulic (anu relaqsirebuli) da agzne-
bulic, radgan SeuZlebelia urTierTsapiris-
piro procesebis erTdroulad aqtivireba. es
martivi debuleba centraluria reciprokuli
(urTierT) Sekavebis TeoriisTvis, romelic
samxreT afrikelma fsiqiatrma jozef volpem
SemogvTavaza (Joseph Wolpe, 1958, 1973). avtori mas
SiSebisa da fobiebis samkurnalod iyenebda.
volpe Tavis pacientebs kunTebis modunebas da
Semdeg maTTvis SiSis momgvreli situaciis
warmosaxvas aswavlida. isini amas TandaTanobiT,
anu gradualurad akeTebdnen _ Soreuli aso-
bihevioraluri Terapia
ciaciebidan SemaSinebeli obieqtebis uSualo
xatebamde. relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi Sema-
Sinebel stimulTan gradualuri fsiqologiuri
4
unlearned – sityvasityviT SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc
„gamoswavla~ („отучить“). vinaidan aseTi sityva lite-
raturul qarTulSi ar arsebobs, amitom iTargmna, ro-
gorc „gadaCveva~ (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
5
implosion – inglisuridan, „SigniT mimarTuli afeT-
qeba~, implozia.
6
flooding _ inglisuridan, „CaZirva~, „daZirva~, „siWarbe~.
7
aversion _ inglisuridan, „zizRi~, „zizRis obieqti~.
667

cxrili
16.1
testirebaze SfoTvis mqone studentis
mier Sedgenili SfoTvis gamomwvevi
stimulebis ierarqia
(SfoTvis mzardi TanmimdevrobiT)
1. erTi Tve gamocdamde;
2. ori kvira gamocdamde;
3. erTi kvira gamocdamde;
4. xuTi dRe gamocdamde;
5. oTxi dRe gamocdamde;
6. sami dRe gamocdamde;
7. ori dRe gamocdamde;
8. erTi dRe gamocdamde;
9. gamocdis wina Rame;
10. gadmobrunebulad awyvia sagamocdo testis
furclebi;
11. sagamocdo testebis darigebis molodini;
12. sagamocdo oTaxis daxurul karTan dgoma;
13. uSualod testirebis procesi - xvebze pasuxebis
gacema;
14. gamocdis dRes universitetSi misvlis procesi.
Sexvedra Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic siste-
maturi desensitizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili.
desensitizaciuri Terapia sami ZiriTadi
etapisgan Sedgeba: (1) klienti axdens SfoTvis
gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da
ierarqiulad alagebs maT _ yvelaze sustidan
yvelaze Zlieramde. magaliTad, cxrilSi 16.1
mocemuli ierarqia ekuTvnis students, romelSic
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
testireba Zlier SfoTvas iwvevs. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom gamocdis uSualo molodini
(debuleba 14) man ufro stresulad miiCnia,
vidre Tavad gamocdaze gasvla (debuleba 13).
(2) klients aswavlian kunTebis TandaTanobiT
Rrmad modunebas. modunebis swavlebas, anu
relaqsaciis trenings ramdenime seansi sWirdeba,
romlis drosac klienti swavlobs daZabulo-
bisa da modunebulobis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTis-
gan garCevas da SfoTvis moxsnas fizikuri da
fsiqikuri modunebis misaRwevad. (3) bolos iwyeba
Tavad desensitizaciis procesi: relaqsirebuli
sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensi-
tization) – bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika,
rodesac relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi Sema-
Sinebel stimulTan SexvedriT klients as-
wavlian SfoTvis ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.
668
klienti cxadad warmoidgens SfoTvis gamomwvevi
stimulebis nusxidan yvelaze sust stimuls.
Tu mas amis gakeTeba diskomfortis gareSe SeuZ-
lia, gadadis Semdeg, SedarebiT Zlier stimulze.
garkveuli raodenobis seansebis Semdeg SesaZ-
lebeli xdeba stimulTa CamonaTvalSi pirvel
adgilze myofi (anu yvelaze metad damTrgunavi)
situaciis SfoTvis gareSe warmodgena. desensi-
tizaciis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mTeli rigi problemebisas, romelic SeiZleba
adamians Seeqmnas, maT Soris iseTi generali-
zebuli SiSebis dros, rogoricaa scenis SiSi
da impotencia (Emmelkamp, 1990; Spiegler & Guevremont,
1998). mravali SefasebiTi kvleva aCvenebs, rom
am tipis bihevioraluri Terapia gansakuTrebiT
kargad muSaobs fobiebis mqone pacientebTan.
saidan
viciT
daZirvis Terapia sahaero buStebis
fobiis dros
bils, kolejis 21 wlis students, sa-
haero buStis gaskdomis xmis eSinoda.
amitom is Tavs aridebda iseT situaciebs,
sadac SeiZleboda gaegona buStis gas-
kdomis xma _ cekvis saRamoebs, wveulebebs
da sportul RonisZiebebs. bilma Tanxmoba
ganacxada fobiis dasaZlevad daZirvis
Terapiis gavlaze. Terapia Sedgeboda sami
Tanmimdevruli seansisgan _ bili Tera-
pevts xvdeboda yovel dRe, sami dRis
ganmavlobaSi. am periodSi aTasobiT buSti
gaskda. pirveli seansis dasawyisSi bilma
subieqturi diskomfortis maRali done
aCvena _ 100 qula (100-qulian skalaze,
sadac 0 aRniSnavda srul simSvides, 100 _
ukiduresad SeSinebuls). roca pirvelad
man subieqturi diskomforti mxolod 5
quliT gamoxata (imave 100-qulian skalaze),
ukanaskneli 115 buSti man Tavisi xeliT
gaxeTqa. daZirvis Terapiis Sedegad bili
aRar aridebda Tavs mxiarul, buStebiT
savse situaciebs (Houlihan et al., 1993).
 imploziuri Terapia sistematuri desensiti-
zaciisgan diametralurad gansxvavebuli
midgomaa. nabij-nabij, gradualuri winsvlis
nacvlad, usafrTxo garemoSi klients dasa-
wyisSive waredgineba yvelaze SemaSinebeli
stimuli (SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulTa ierar-
qiuli CamonaTvalidan). Terapiuli situacia
isea mowyobili, rom is ver gaeqceva SemaSinebel
stimuls. Terapevti aRwers klientis SiSTan
dakavSirebul ukiduresad SemaSinebel situa-
cias, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mTel sxeulze
Semoxveuli gvelebi da aiZulebs klients, rom
man srulad warmoidginos, SeZlebisdagvarad
Zlierad ganicados es situacia. iTvleba, rom
aseTma warmosaxvam panikis afeTqeba unda gamoiw-
vios. vinaidan es afeTqeba Sinagania (individis
amasTan, praqtikuli gamocdilebis mixedviT,
SigniT xdeba), process implozias, anu SigniT
klientTa umravlesobasTan miRebuli Sedegi
mimarTul afeTqebas uwodeben; aqedan momdina-
mdgradia (Emmelkamp & Kuipers, 1979).
reobs saxelwodebac imploziuri Terapia.
sistematuri desensitizaciis, imploziuri
rodesac situacia mravaljer meordeba, stimuli
Terapiisa da daZirvis TerapiisTvis _ yvelas-
kargavs Zalas da veRar axerxebs SfoTvis
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo komponenti _
gamowvevas. rodesac SfoTva aRar warmoiqmneba,
eqspozicia, anu stimulis wardgena. warmosaxviT
qreba is araadapturi qcevac, romelic misTvis
iqneba, realuri kontaqtiT Tu uaxlesi meTodiT
Tavis asarideblad gamoiyeneboda. am proceduris
_ virtualurad (Rothbaum et al., 1995), klients
ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom klients ar eZleva
waredgineba is obieqti, an situacia, romelic
SfoTvis gamomwvevi situaciis uaryofis, misTvis
mas SiSs gvris. eqspoziciuri Terapia obsesiur-
Tavis aridebis Tu misgan ramenairad Tavis
kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSic gamoi-
daRwevis saSualeba. igi aRmoaCens, rom sti-
yeneba. magaliTad, qalbatoni, romelsac akvia-
mulTan kontaqti sulac ar iwvevs im uaryofiT
tebuli hqonda azri WuWyis Sesaxeb (anu xasiaT-
Sedegs, rasac moeloda (Stampfl & Levis, 1967).
deboda WuWyis obsesiiT), iZulebiT (anu kompul-
situaciaSi daZirva implozias hgavs, im gan-
surad) ibanda xelebs daskdomamde da dasis-
sxvavebiT, rom am dros klients, misi TanxmobiT,
xlianebamde. igi zogjer Tavis mokvlazec ki
realurad aTavseben SiSis momgvrel situaciaSi.
fiqrobda, imdenad gausaZlisi iyo aSliloba,
magaliTad, klaustrofobiis mqone pirovnebas
romelmac sruliad mowyvita normaluri cxov-
bnel sxvenze aTavseben, bavSvs, romelsac wylis
rebis ritms. bihevioristi Terapevtis meTval-
eSinia _ auzSi.
yurebis qveS es qalbatoni pirispir Seejaxa im
daZirvis Terapiis kidev erTi forma war-
obieqtebs, romelic yvelaze metad aSinebda _
mosaxviT iwyeba. am SemTxvevaSi klients SeuZlia
WuWysa da nagavs da TandaTanobiT xeliTac ki
bihevioraluri Terapia

mousminos Canawers, romelSic erTi an ori

saaTis ganmavlobaSi Zalze dawvrilebiT yvebian
fobiis Sesatyvisi ukiduresad SemaSinebeli
situaciis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac SeZrwuneba
da SiSi Cacxreba, klients aTavseben SiSis
momgvrel situaciaSi, romelic, cxadia, aRar
aris imdenad SemaZrwunebeli, ramdenadac Tavad
mis mier warmosaxuli situacia. daZirva
gacilebiT efeqturia, vidre sistematuri
desenzitizacia, rodesac saqme exeba zogierT
iseT qceviT problemas, rogoricaa agorafobia.
Seexo. man isic ki moaxerxa, rom xuTi dRis
imploziuri Terapia (Implosion therapy) – bihe-
vioraluri Terapiuli teqnika, romelic miznad
isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Sem-
cirebas, rac klientisTvis warmosaxviTi Sema-
Sinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) – fobiebisTvis
gankuTvnili Terapia, rodesac klients, misi
TanxmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad
SemaSinebeli stimuli.
669
 manZilze ar daibana xelebi da saxe. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom am SemTxvevaSi bihevioralur Te-
rapias damatebiTi komponenti aqvs _ reaqciis
prevencia. klients ara marto warudgines SiSis
gamomwvevi stimuli (WuWyi da nagavi), aramed
man aRkveTa kidec kompulsuri qceva (xelebis
dabana), romelic, Cveulebisamebr, amcirebda
SfoTvas. am TerapiiT qalbatonma iswavla SfoT-
vis Semcireba kompulsuri qcevis ganxor-
cielebis gareSe.
aversiuli Terapia
zemoT aRwerili eqspoziciuri Terapiis for-
mebi klients uSualod realurad uwyinar
stimulTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. magram ra unda
movimoqmedoT maT dasaxmareblad, visac saziano
stimulebi izidavs? narkotikebze damoki-
debuleba, seqsualuri perversiebi da umarTavi
Zaladoba is problemebia, romelTa SemTxvevaSic
devianturi qcevis aRmZvrelad mimzidveli
stimuli gvevlineba. aversiuli Terapiisas iyene-
ben kontrganpirobebis procedurebs, raTa moxdes
mocemuli stimulis Sewyvileba mZlavr damazia-
nebel stimulTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, eleq-
truli Soki an safaRaraTo abebi. amavdroulad,
igive uaryofiT reaqciebs iwvevs mimzidveli
stimuli. Sedegad pirovnebas uyalibdeba aver-
siuli reaqcia am mimzidveli stimulis mimarT
_ ezizReba is da am zizRiT Caanacvlebs sti-
mulis adrindel sasurvelobas. magaliTad, aver-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
siuli Terapia gamoiyeneba iseT individebTan,
romlebic TviTdamazianebel qcevebs axorci-
eleben, rogoricaa Tavis mravaljeradi dartyma
an mirtyma sxva sagnebze. aseTi qcevis ganxor-
cielebis dros individs msubuq eleqtrul
dartymas ayeneben. es mkurnaloba efeqturad
amcirebs TviTdamazianebel qcevas zogierTi,
magram ara yvela, pacientis SemTxvevaSi (Duker
& Seys, 1996).
aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) – qceviTi
Terapiis tipi, romelic gamoiyeneba saziano
stimulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency
menegement) – zogadi mkurnalobis strategia,
romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas Tanmim-
devruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.
670
ukiduresi formis aversiuli Terapia wamebas
gavs. sainteresoa, ratom eqvemdebarebian adamia-
nebi sakuTari nebiT am proceduras? Cveulebriv,
isini amas mxolod imitom akeTeben, rom rea-
lurad xedaven _ aseTi qcevis paternis droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli Sedegebi daangrevs maT jan-
mrTelobas, karieras, an ojaxur cxovrebas. garda
amisa, aseTi Terapiis gavlis mizezi institu-
ciuri zewolac SeiZleba gaxdes, rogorc xdeba,
magaliTad, patimrebisTvis gankuTvnil mkurna-
lobis zogierT programaSi. mravali kritikosis
azriT, aversiul TerapiaSi gamoyenebuli mtkiv-
neuli procedurebi: (1) zedmet Zalauflebas
aZlevs Terapevts; (2) damsjeli RonisZiebebi
ufroa, vidre _ Terapiuli; (3) ufro xSirad
gamoiyeneba iseT dawesebulebebSi, sadac adamia-
nebs TiTqmis ar aqvT arCevanis ufleba da
maTgan aravin iRebs proceduris Catarebis nebar-
Tvas. ukanasknel wlebSi, instituciur sareabi-
litacio programaSi CarTuli aversiuli Tera-
piis gamoyeneba eTikuri kodeqsiTa da Statis8
kanoniT regulirdeba. imedia, aseTi SezRudvebis
pirobebSi aversiuli Terapia Terapiuli ufro
iqneba, vidre _ iZulebiTi da Zaladobrivi.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva
kontrganpirobeba gamosadegia, rodesac SesaZ-
lebelia erTi reaqciis Canacvleba meore reaq-
ciiT. qcevis modifikaciis sxva meTodebi operan-
tuli ganpirobebis principebs efuZneba, rome-
lic b. f. skineris (B. F. Skinner) mier dawyebuli
kvlevebis tradiciebze Camoyalibda. pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gulisxmobs mkurna-
lobis zogad strategias, romelic mimarTulia
qcevis Secvlaze misi Sedegebis modificirebis
gziT. bihevioralur TerapiaSi pirobiTi ganmam-
tkiceblebis marTvis ori ZiriTadi teqnika ar-
sebobs: dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia da
Caqrobis strategia.
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia
rodesac reaqcias dauyovnebliv, uSualod
mohyveba waxaliseba, mosalodnelia, rom es
reaqcia ganmeordes da droTa ganmavlobaSi gax-
8
saubaria aSS-is Statebze (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
Sirdes. operantuli daswavlis es ZiriTadi
analizi aCvenebda, rom maTi Sardi ar
principi Terapiul strategiad iqca, rodesac
Seicavda narkotikul nivTierebas. TiTo-
sasurveli qcevis sixSiris Sesacvlelad gamoi-
euli baraTis Rirebuleba 25 cents Sead-
yenes mas Semdeg, rac am qcevam arasasurveli
genda da mis sanacvlod sabiTumo saqonlis
qceva Caanacvla. qcevis problemebze muSaobisas
SeZena SeiZleboda. dasawyisSi Sardis
STambeWdavi Sedegi miiRes, rodesac dadebiTi
yoveli uaryofiTi analizis SemTxvevaSi
ganmtkicebis procedura gamoiyenes. SegiZliaT
monawileebs 10 baraTs aZlevdnen. mas
gaixsenoT me-7 TavSi ganxiluli ori magaliTi.
Semdeg, rac maTi Sardis analizi isev da
Cven aRvwereT, rogor gamoiyenes qcevis for-
isev uaryofiTi iyo, yovel Semdeg jerze
mireba autisti bavSvis cxovrebis gasaumjobe-
baraTebis raodenoba izrdeboda. mona-
seblad. pacienti sami wlis biWuna iyo, romel-
wileTaTvis baraTebi pirobiT ganmamtki-
sac saTvale unda etarebina. Terapevtma pirobiT
ceblad iqca, romelic narkotikis gareSe
ganmamtkiceblad xmauriani saTamaSo gamoiyena,
yofnasTan Seawyviles. danarCen 34 mona-
raTa is nel-nela, TandaTanobiT mieaxlovebina
wilesac aZlevdnen baraTebs, Tumca, maTi
saTvalemde. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Jetonebis
ganmamtkicebeli ar iyo Sewyvilebuli
ekonomikaze, rodesac winaswar aris gansazRvru-
narkotikis gareSe yofnasTan: „Seuwyvi-
li (magaliTad, sakuTari Tavis movla da medi-
lebelTa~ jgufis TiToeuli wevri mimag-
kamentebis miReba) sasurveli qceva da momsaxure
rebuli iyo „SewyvilebulTa~ jgufis ro-
personali samizne qcevis yoveli ganxorcie-
melime wevrze da orive erTnairi odeno-
lebisas individs Jetons aZlevs. es Jetonebi
biTa da erTdroulad iRebda ganmtkicebas
mogvianebiT SeiZleba mTel rig waxalisebebsa
(baraTebs). kvlevis aseTi sqemidan gamom-
da privilegiebze gaicvalos (Kazdin, 1994; Martin
dinare, SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT,
& Pear, 1999). waxalisebis aseTi sistemebi gansakuT-
rom baraTebis nebismieri efeqti Sewyvi-
rebiT efeqturia pacientis iseTi qcevebis
lebis Sedegi iyo da ara mxolod gan-
Sesacvlelad, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis movla,
mtkicebis. faqtobrivad, pirobiTi gan-
wesrigisa da sisufTavis dacva saarsebo gare-
mamtkiceblisa (baraTebis) da sasurveli
moSi da xSiri dadebiTi socialuri urTierT-
qcevis (narkotikis gareSe yofna) Sewyvi-
qmedebebi.
leba mdgradi aRmoCnda: kvlevis dasas-
sxva midgomaSi Terapevti gamorCeulad
rulisTvis da kvlevidan erTi wlis Sem-
ganamtkicebs arasasurveli qcevis sapirispiro
degac „SewyvilebulTa~ jgufis wevrebi,
qcevas. am teqnikas warmatebiT iyeneben narko-
„SeuwyvilebelTa~ jgufis wevrebisgan gan-
tikebze damokidebuli adamianebis mkurnalo-
sxvavebiT, uwyveti warmatebiT axerxebdnen
bisas.
narkotikisgan Tavis Sesavebas (Higgins et
al., 2000).
saidan
viciT SeiZleba, SeamCnieT, rom aq igive principi
moqmedebs, rac arasasurveli reaqciis sasur-
bihevioraluri mkurnaloba
bihevioraluri Terapia

veliT Canacvlebisas (razec zemoT visaubreT):

narkotikebze damokidebulebisas
mkvlevrebma moZebnes 70 mamakaci da
qali, romelsac kokainze damokidebule-
bisgan gankurneba surda. TiToeulma mona-
wilem sakonsultacio seansebi gaiara, raTa
am damokidebulebis gadalaxvis stra-
tegiebsa da unar-Cvevebs gacnobodnen.
garda amisa, 36 monawiles aZlevdnen spe-
cialur baraTebs yovel jerze, rodesac
adapturi qcevis albaTobis gasazrdelad
daswavlis ZiriTadi principebi gamoiyeneba.
Caqrobis strategia
ratom agrZeleben adamianebi imis keTebas,
rasac tkivili da tanjva moaqvs maSin, roca
sxvagvarad moqcevis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT?
pasuxi aseTia: qcevis mraval formas mravalri-
cxovani da sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi aqvs, zogierTi
671
 maTgani dadebiTia da zogic _ uaryofiTi.
xSirad SeumCneveli dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli
axerxebs qcevis SenarCunebas, misi aSkarad
uaryofiTi Sedegebis miuxedavad. magaliTad,
bavSvma, romelsac sjian cudi saqcielisTvis,
SeiZleba ganagrZos cudad moqceva, Tu dasja
misTvis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderTi formaa.
Caqrobis strategia TerapiaSi gamosadegia
maSin, rodesac disfunqciuri qcevebis Senar-
Cuneba gaurkveveli ganmamtkicebeli garemo-
ebebiT xdeba. am ganmamtkiceblebis gamovlena
situaciis zedmiwevniTi analiziT SeiZleba.
Semdeg ise xdeba programis Sedgena, rom ara-
sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisas SeuZlebeli
gaxdes maTi gamoCena. Tu SesaZlebelia am
midgomis gamoyeneba da Tu klientis garemocvaSi
myofi adamianebi, romlebic uneburad ganam-
tkiceben qcevas, TanamSromloben TerapevtTan,
Caqrobis procedura amcirebs qcevis sixSires
da droTa ganmavlobaSi, TandaTanobiT sruliad
gaaqrobs mas. ganvixiloT klasis magaliTi.
mkvlevrebma gaarkvies, rom dawyebiTi skolis
oTxi moswavlis araadaptur qcevaze ganmamtki-
ceblad moqmedebda TanaklaselTa yuradReba.
mkvlevrebma miaRwies, rom bavSvebi yuradRebas
iCendnen am oTxi moswavlis misaRebi qcevebi-
sadmi da uyuradRebod tovebdnen arasasurvel
qcevebs. amiT maT SeZles moswavleTa araadapturi
qcevis paternebis Caqroba (Broussard & Northup,
1997).
aramizanmimarTuli ganmtkicebiT Sizofre-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
TavSi arian Caflulni da aranormalurad
iqcevian. faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom, rac ufro
ucnaur simptomebs da sityvier masalas miawvdian
pacientebi, miT met yuradRebas miiReben mom-
saxure personalisgan, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganam-
tkicebs ucnauri simptomebis ganmeorebiT gamo-
xatvas. klasikur gamokvlevaSi naCvenebi iqna
Sizofreniuli qcevis STambeWdavi Semcireba,
rodesac momsaxure personals mieca martivi
instruqcia _ moexdinaT qcevis ignorireba da
mxolod normalurad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi
mieqciaT pacientebisTvis yuradReba (Ayllon &
Michael, 1959).
socialuri daswavlis
Terapia
bihevioraluri Terapiebis diapazoni so-
cialuri daswavlis Teoretikosebma gaafar-
Toves, romlebic miuTiTebdnen, rom adamianebi
sxva adamianebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT swavloben.
axal situaciebSi qcevis wesebs xSirad iseTi
simboluri saSualebebiT vswavlobT da viye-
nebT, rogoricaa realur cxovrebaSi, filmebsa
Tu televiziiT sxva adamianebis gamocdilebaze
dakvirveba. socialuri daswavlis Terapia mowo-
debulia problemur qcevaTa paternebis modi-
ficirebisTvis iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT, sadac
klienti xedavs, Tu rogor waxalisdeba modeli

niuli qcevis SenarCuneba da waxalisebac ki

ganxorcielebuli sasurveli qcevisTvis. das-
SeiZleba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia: mraval
wavlis aseTi gaSualebuli procesi gansakuT-
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi dadgenili wesia, rom
rebiT Rirebulia fobiebis daZlevisa da soci-
momsaxure personali xSirad ekiTxeba pacientebs:
aluri Cvevebis Camoyalibebisas. wina TavebSi
„rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ rac socialuri
aRvniSneT, rom socialuri daswavlis es Teoria,
komunikaciis erTgvari formaa. pacientebs
ZiriTadad, albert banduras (Albert Bandura)
xSirad arasworad esmiT es SekiTxva da hgoniaT,
naSromebSi damuSavda (1977, 1986). aq misi midgomis
rom amiT momsaxure personals diagnozisTvis
mxolod or aspeqtze SevCerdebiT: modelis
saWiro informaciis miReba surs. amitom sakuTar
mibaZvasa da socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSa-
azrebze, grZnobebze, ucnaur simptomebsa da
vebaze.
halucinaciebze iwyeben laparaks. aseT pasuxebs
sawinaaRmdego Sedegi moaqvs; momsaxure perso- modelis mibaZva
nali mihyavs daskvnamde, rom pacientebi sakuTar
socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mtkicebiT,
socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning individebi reaqciebs dakvirvebis meSveobiT
therapy) – mkurnalobis forma, rodesac klienti daiswavlian. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fobi-
uyurebs, Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas ebis mqone adamianebs unda SeeZloT, rom
sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
672 modelis qcevis mibaZviT gadaeCvion SiSis
 suraTi
16.1
monawilis modelirebis
Terapia
fotoze gamosaxuli cdis piri jer
models uyurebda, romelic TandaTa-
nobiT uaxlovdeboda gvels. Semdeg
Tavad gaimeora igive qceva. saboloo
jamSi, mas SeeZlo gvelis xlSi aReba
da sakuTar sxeulze misTvis moZra-
obis saSualebis micema. grafikze
asaxulia cdis piris mier ganxor-
cielebuli miaxlovebis qcevaTa ra-
odenoba monawileobis meSveobiT Te-
rapiamde (rac yvelaze efeqturi aR-
moCnda) da Semdeg; es qceva waredgina
danarCeni ori Terapiuli teqnikis
da sakontrolo jgufsac.

socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSaveba

reaqcias. magaliTad, gvelebis SiSis mkurnalo-
socialuri daswavlis TerapevtTa mier Semo-
bisas Terapevti jer aCvenebs klients, rom
tanil umTavres siaxles warmoadgens araadek-
SedarebiT usafrTxo garemoSi SesaZlebelia
vaturi socialuri Cvevebis mqone adamianebisTvis
gvelTan uSiSrad miaxloeba; es SeiZleba iyos
ufro efeqturad funqcionirebis swavleba.
galiasTan axlos misvla, an misTvis xelis
fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebi mraval
Sexeba. amis Semdeg klients CvenebiTa da
sirTules awydebian; Cveulebriv, janmrTel ada-
waxalisebiT exmarebian, rom gaimeoros igive
mianebsac xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi yovel-
qceva. TandaTanobiT formirdeba miaxloebis
dRiur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini uxerxulad grZnoben
qceva. sabolood, klients SeuZlia, rom gveli
Tavs sxvebTan urTierTobisas, mouxerxeblebi
xelSi aiyvanos da mas sxeulze Tavisuflad
arian, an ar SeuZliaT sakuTari poziciebis
moZraobis saSualeba misces. klients aranairi
dacva. socialuri unar-Cvevebi, anu urTierTobis
qcevis ganxorcielebas ar aiZuleben. nebismier
unar-Cvevebi reaqciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic
momentSi warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobis daZleva
adamianebs socialuri miznebis efeqturad
miaxloebis qcevis wina, warmatebul, naklebad
miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rodesac isini
SemaSinebel safexurze dabrunebiT xdeba.
mimarTaven sxvebs, an urTierTqmedeben sxvebTan.
ramdenad Zlierad moqmedebs monawileobis
am unar-CvevebSi Sedis imis codna, Tu (1) ra
meSveobiT modelireba, kargad Cans kvlevaSi,
(Sinaarsi) vTqvaT da movimoqmedoT mocemul
romelSic es teqnika simbolur modelirebas,
situaciaSi, raTa gamoviwvioT sasurveli reaqcia
desensitizaciasa da sakontrolo jgufis
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
(Sedegi); (2) rogor (stili) vTqvaT da moviqceT;
mdgomareobas Seadares. simboluri modelirebiT
(3) rodis (dro) vTqvaT da vimoqmedoT.
Terapiisas pacientebi, romelTac naswavli
urTierTobis unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-
hqondaT relaqsacia, uyurebdnen films, sadac
erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa sakuTar
ramdenime modeli uSiSrad epyroboda gvelebs.
TavSi daurwmunebloba _ sakuTari mosazrebebisa
Tu ekranze nanaxi maTSi SfoTvas iwvevda,
Tu survilebis gamoxatva da dacva pirdapir,
SeeZloT, nebismier dros gaeCerebinaT filmi
gasagebad da agresiis gareSe (Alberti &Emmons,
da modunebuliyvnen. sakontrolo jgufSi ar
1990; Bower & Bower, 1991). am problemis daZlevaSi
yofila Terapiuli Careva. rogorc 16.1 sura-
Tidan Cans, monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant
aSkarad yvelaze warmatebuli iyo am teqnikebs modeling) – Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac Tera-
Soris. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis pevti uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da klients
jgufis 12-dan 11 monawile ganikurna gvelebis mxardamWeri waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier
SiSisgan (Bandura, 1970). ganxorcielebuli qcevis gameorebaSi.
673
 dasaxmareblad socialuri daswavlis mravali
Terapevti gvirCevs qcevis repeticias _ imis
TvalsaCinod warmoadgenas, Tu rogor unda mo-
viqceT mocemul situaciaSi da ra sasurveli
dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba Cven mier ganxorcie-
lebul qcevas (Yates, 1985).
mozrdilTa paTologiur qcevas xSirad win
uswrebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis nakleboba
bavSvobaSi (Oden & Asher, 1977). amitom mkvlevarTa
da TerapevtTa mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva mimar-
Tulia Caketil da fsiqikuri problemebis mqone
bavSvebSi sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis
ganviTarebaze (Fantuzzo et al., 1996; Pfiffer & McBurnett,
1997). erT-erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom drois
xanmokle periodSi SesaZlebeli iyo urTier-
Tobis Cvevebis swavleba winasaskolo asakis
bavSvebisTvis, romelTac socialurad izoli-
rebulad Tvlidnen.
saidan
viciT
sxvasTan urTierTobisas sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulobis daswavla
skolis 24 moswavle SemTxveviTad moxv-
da sam sxvadasxva situaciaSi: maT unda
eTamaSaT Tavisive asakis mewyvilesTan, 1-
1,5 wliT umcros mewyvilesTan da marto,
mewyviles gareSe (sakontrolo). erTi Tvis
manZilze wyvilebi saTamaSod aTjer Sek-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
ribes da TiToeuli Sexvedra mxolog 20
wuTi grZeldeboda. iwereboda maTi qceva
saklaso oTaxSi eqsperimentamde da Semdeg.
aRmoCnda, rom zemoT aRwerilma Carevam
Zlieri gavlena moaxdina. umcros mewyvi-
lesTan TamaSis SesaZleblobam gaaormaga
da sxva bavSvebis saSualo maCvenebels
miuaxlova TanaklaselebTan urTierTobis
sixSire im bavSvebTan, romlebic Caketi-
lebad da arakontaqturebad iTvlebodnen.
qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) – pro-
cedura, romelic mowodebulia ZiriTadi unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis;
rodesac CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis
gavarjiSebis programaSi, igulisxmeba, rom kli-
enti gonebaSi imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tan-
674
mimdevrobas.
TanatolTan TamaSis gamocdilebamac
gazarda bavSvebis sociabiluroba, magram
Zalze mcired. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
erTi-erTze, wyvilSi TamaSis situacia
morcxv bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
rom socialurad usafrTxod igrZnon Tavi
da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulebi iyvnen
sxvasTan urTierTobisas. maT SeeZloT
xelmZRvanelis rolSic gamoecadaT Tavi
mewyvilis umcrosi asakidan gamomdinare,
usafrTxo situaciaSi TamaSisas (Furman et
al., 1979).
sxva gamokvlevaSi emociuri problemebis
mqone hospitalizirebul bavSvebs, socialuri
unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis Sedegad, gauumjo-
besdaT socialur situaciebSi qcevis verba-
luri da araverbaluri komponenti (Matson et al.,
1980). bavSvebs sxvadasxvagvar socialur situa-
ciebSi saTanado sityvieri pasuxebis gacema
(daxmarebis gaweva, an komplimentis Tqma, Txov-
niT mimarTva) aswavles. maT, aseve, aswavles
saTanado emociebis demonstrireba (magaliTad,
gaRimeba Seqebisas), saubrisas sworad moqceva
(mosaubrisken saxiT mibruneba) da Tvalebis
kontaqtis damyareba (mosaubrisTvis TvalebSi
yureba). es gaumjobesebuli socialuri unar-
Cvevebi gavrcelda (anu generalizirda) im
situaciebzec, romelic ar Sedioda saswavlo
programaSi: bavSvebi gamomuSavebul unar-Cvevebs
palatebSic iyenebdnen. es dadebiTi Sedegi
Tveebis manZilze SenarCunda.
generalizaciis teqnikebi
biheviorist Terapevtebs yovelTvis ain-
teresebT Semdegi sakiTxi: ramdenad ganaxor-
cieleben maTi klientebi Terapiul garemoSi
daswavlil qcevebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
(Kazdin, 1994). es sakiTxi yvela TerapevtisTvis
mniSvnelovania, radgan mkurnalobis efeqturo-
bis nebismieri sazomi grZelvadian cvlilebebs
unda moicavdes, romelic mas Semdegac Senar-
Cundeba, rac klienti datovebs Terapevtis taxts,
klinikasa Tu laboratorias.
rodesac Terapiul programaSi ar aris gaT-
valiswinebuli klientis realuri cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani mxareebi, Terapiis procesSi
 cxrili
16.2
fsiqoTerapiisadmi fsiqoanalitikuri da bihevoraluri midgomebis Sedareba
sagani fsiqoanalizi bihevioraluri Terapia

biologiuri instinqtebi, pirvel rigSi, sxva cxovelebis msgavsad, adamianebi mxolod

adamianis sawyisi
seqsualuri da agresiuli, romelTac dauyov- swavlis SesaZleblobiT ibadebian; daswavlis pro-
buneba
neblivi gamonTavisufleba esaWiroebaT da cesi igive principebs emorCileba adamianTan, ro-
aiZuleben adamians, rom daupirispirdes socia- melsac yvela sxva saxeobis SemTxvevaSi.
lur realobas.
normaluri
ganviTareba xdeba Tanmimdevrul stadiebze adapturi qcevebi daiswavleba ganmtkicebiTa da
adamianuri
konfliqtebis gadawyvetis Sedegad. identi- mibaZviT.
ganviTareba
fikaciisa da internalizaciis gziT yalibdeba
egos mxridan zrdasrulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
marTvis meqnizmebi da xasiaTis struqturebi.
fsiqopaTologiis
paTologiaSi aisaxeba konfliqtis araadekva- problemuri qceva momdinareobs araadapturi qce-
buneba
turi gadawyveta da ganviTarebis adreul vebis arasworad daswavlidan. simptomi aris prob-
stadiebze fiqsacia, amis Sedegia Zalian Zlieri lema da ar arsebobs aranairi safuZvlad mdebare
impulsebi da/an maTi Sesustebuli kontroli. daavadeba.
fsiqoseqsualuri mowifulobis miRweva, egos aRikveTeba simptomaturi qceva da Canacvldeba
Terapiis mizani
funqciebis gaZliereba da aracnobieri da adapturi qcevebiT.
gandevnili impulsebis mxridan kontrolis
Sesusteba.
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli motivebi, grZnobebi, Terapia mimarTulia qcevaze da dakvirvebad grZno-
gamokveTili fsiqo-
fantaziebi da kogniciebi. bebsa da moqmedebebze.
logiuri sfero
wasrulis konfliqtebisa da gandevnili grZno- ainteresebT mxolod klientis qcevis ganmtkicebis
drois aspeqti
bebis cnobierebaSi amotanaze, garCevasa da istoria. ikvleven da mkurnaloben awmyoSi realurad
gaazrebaze orientacia. arsebul qcevas.
es aris fsiqoanalizis centraluri sakiTxi, ar ainteresebT aracnobieri procesebi da cnobieri
aracnobieri
romelsac neofroidianebeli SedarebiT nakleb subieqturi gamocdileba.
masalis roli
mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
insaits centraluri adgili ukavia; Cndeba mako- insaiti zedmetia da/an ar aris saWiro.
insaitis roli
regirebel emociur gamocdilebaSi.
Terapevti moqmedebs, rogorc gamomZiebeli: Terapevti moqmedebs, rogorc treneri: exmareba
Terapevtis roli
eZebs pirvelad, sawyisi konfliqtebisa da wi- klients Zveli qcevisgan gadaCvevasa da/an axali
naaRmdegobis warmoqmnis mizezebs; gamijnuli qcevis daswavlaSi. mniSvnelovania ganmamtkiceblebis
da neitraluri, xels uwyobs gadatanis reaqciis marTva; naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnebaTSoris
ganviTarebas. urTierTobas.

qcevaSi miRweuli cvlilebebi droTa ganmav-
lobaSi, Terapiis dasrulebis Semdeg SeiZleba
daikargos. am TandaTanobiTi danakargis Tavidan
asacileblad miRebuli praqtikaa generalizaciis
teqnikebis SemuSaveba da maTi Terapiul pro-
cedurebSi CarTva. es teqnikebi mowodebulia,
raTa maqsimalurad miuaxlovon erTmaneTs Tera-
piuli garemosa da realuri cxovrebis samizne
qceva, ganmamtkiceblebi, modelebi da stimulis
moTxovnebi. magaliTad, klientebs aswavlian
qcevebs, romelic mis Cveul garemoSic gan-
mtkicdeba, iqneba es Tavazianobis gamoCena Tu
windaxeduleba. waxaliseba eZlevaT parcialuri
(nawilobrivi) ganmtkicebis ganrigiT, raTa miRe-
buli Sedegi realur situaciebSic SenarCundes,
sadac ganmtkiceba yovelTvis ar mosdevs qcevas.
TandaTanobiT amcireben sagrZnobi garegani
gamtkicebis molodins da, amasTan, aCveven soci-
alur miRebasa da SedarebiT bunebriv Sedegebs,
maT Soris sakuTari Tavisadmi wamaxalisebel
gamonaTqvamebs.
magaliTad, bihevioristma Terapevtebma Tan-
daTanobiTi Semcirebis meTodi 7 wlis biWu-
nasTan muSaobisas gamoiyenebs, romelic xSirad
paravda nivTebs Tanaklaselebs (Rosen & Rosen,
1983). biWs sjidnen, Tu Semowmebis Sedegad masTan
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
sxva bavSvebis nivTebs poulobdnen, an „qulebiT~
ajildovebdnen (romelTa gadacvlac SesaZle-
beli iyo iseT sasiamovno ganmamtkiceblebze,
rogoricaa damatebiTi dasveneba), Tu mas aseTi
nivTebi ar hqonda. dasawyisSi 15 wuTSi erTxel
amowmebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi SemowmebaTa
ricxvi TandaTanobiT Seamcires da biWis Semow-
mebebs Soris intervali 2 saaTamde gazardes,
sabolood ki, sruliad Sewyvites. mas Semdegac
ki, rac sruliad Sewyvites ganmamtkiceblebiT
uSualo manipulacia, biWs aRaraferi mouparavs.
kognituri Terapiebis ganxilvamde, erTi
wuTiT SexedeT cxrils 16.2, dafiqrdiT da 675
 gaiazreT, ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Cven mier
ganxilul or fsiqoTerapiul mimdinareobas _
fsiqoanalitursa da bihevioralurs _ Soris.
Sejameba
adapturi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad da
araadapturi qcevis sixSiris Sesamcireblad
bihevioraluri Terapia daswavlis principebs
iyenebs. kontrganpirobebis meTodebSi Sedis
sistematuri desensitizacia, implozia da daZ-
irva. TiToeuli Terapiuli meTodis arsebiTi
nawilia eqspozicia, anu stimulis wardgena.
aversiuli Terapiisas xdeba aversiuli sti-
mulisa da arasasurveli qcevis Sewyvileba.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTvisas, samizne
qcevis gasaZliereblad, an Sesasusteblad,
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba da Caqrobis strategia
gamoiyeneba. socialuri daswavlis Terapiis
gamoyenebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa fobiebis
moxsna; individebs SiSis daZleva modelis
mibaZviT SeuZliaT. Terapevtebi socialuri
daswavlis teqnikebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis
SemuSavebis mizniTac iyeneben.
kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri TerapiiT cdiloben problemuri
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas, mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damo-
kidebulebis SecvliT. es Terapia efuZneba Semdeg
daSvebas: paTologiuri qcevis paternebi da
emociuri distresi momdinareobs problemebidan,
romelic exeba imas, Tu ras (kognituri Sinaarsi)
kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) – fsiqoTe-
rapiuli mkurnalobis forma, romliTac cdi-
loben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis
Secvlas, mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli mov-
lenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis Sec-
vliT.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive
behavior modification) _ Terapiuli midgoma, ro-
melic aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze az-
rebisa da ganwyobebis gavlenis kognitur aq-
cents da, meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.
676
fiqroben da rogor (kognituri procesi) fiq-
roben adamianebi. kognituri Terapia sxvadasxva-
gvari SemecnebiTi procesebis cvlilebebsa da
kognituri gadastruqturebis sxvadasxva meTo-
debis swavlebaze fokusirdeba. am midgomis
zogierTi nairsaxeoba me-13 TavSi ganvixileT,
rogorc stresTan gamklavebisa da janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebis saSualebebi. am qveTavSi aRvwerT
kognituri Terapiis or ZiriTad formas: kogni-
tur bihevioralur modifikacias (sakuTari Tavis
rwmenis, anu TviTefeqturobis gamomuSavebis
CaTvliT) da mcdari warmodgenebis sistemebis
Secvlas (depresiis kognituri Terapiisa da
racionalur-emociuri Terapiis CaTvliT). Y
kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia
Cven is varT, rasac STavagonebT sakuTar
Tavs, rom unda viyoT da vakeTebT imas, rac
gvgonia, rom unda vakeToT. es aris kongitur-
bihevioraluri midifikaciis sawyisi piroba.
am Terapiul midgomaSi gaerTianebulia, erTi
mxriv, motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da gan-
wyobebis gavlenis kognituri aqcenti da, meore
mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi gan-
mtkicebis bihevioraluri aqcenti. arasasurveli,
miuRebeli qcevis paternebi modificirdeba
kognituri gadastruqturebis gziT _ sakuTar
Tavze uaryofiTi gamonaTqvamebis SecvliT
konstruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT.
mocemuli Terapiuli midgomis kritikuli
nawilia fsiqoTerapevtisa da klientis mier
imis garkveva, Tu ras fiqrobs klienti da rogor
gamoxatavs problemas, romelic unda mogvardes
Terapiis procesSi. mas Semdeg, rac Terapevti
da klienti gaarkveven, Tu ra saxis azrebi
ubiZgeben klients araproduqtuli, an disfun-
qciuri qcevisken, isini axali, konstruqciuli
debulebebis SemuSavebas da TviTpativiscemis
Semamcirebeli, an SfoTvis gamomwvevi TviT-
ganmkicxavi debulebebis Semcirebas iwyeben
(Meichenbaum, 1977, 1985, 1993). magaliTad, negatiuri
debuleba „saSinlad mosawyeni viyavi wveule-
baze, aRarasodes dampatiJeben~, Canacvldeba
konstruqciuli kritikiT: „Tu minda, rom sain-
teresod gamoviyurebode, momavalSi raime damain-
trigebeli frazebi unda movifiqro saubris
dasawyebad, gaviwafo kargi anekdotis moyolaSi

da cocxlad gamovexmauro maspinZlis monaTx-
robs~. ganvlili situaciebis uaryofiTi momen-
tebis Zebnis nacvlad, romelTac veRar Secvlis,
klients momavali movlenebis dadebiT aspeq-
tebze fokusirebas aswavlian.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia klien-
ts qcevis warmatebulobaze ganawyobs. Terapev-
tebma ician, rom am molodinebis Seqmna zrdis
adamianebis mxridan efeqturad moqcevis alba-
Tobas. miRwevadi miznebis dasaxvis, maT misaRwe-
vad realisturi strategiebis SemuSavebis da
Sedegebis realisturad Sefasebis gziT viTar-
deba gawafulobis SegrZneba da sakuTari Tavis
rwmena, anu TviTefeqturoba (Bandura, 1992, 1997).
rogorc me-14 TavSi vnaxeT, TviTefeqturoba
mravalmxriv moqmedebs aRqmaze, motivaciasa da
qcevaze. sakuTari Tavis rwmenis Sefaseba
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas gaiRebT
da ramdenad didxans SeewinaaRmdegebiT war-
moqmnil cxovrebiseul siZneleebs (Schwarzer,
1992). qcevis modelirebis zemoT aRwerili
procedura individebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom
gaiZlieron sakuTar qcevaSi darwmunebulobis
gancda, anu bihevioraluri TviTefeqturoba:
isini daiswavlian, rom xelewifebaT garkveuli
saxis qcevebis ganxorcieleba. amis sapirispirod,
sakuTar azrebsa da warmodgenebSi darwmu-
nebulobis, anu kognituri TviTefeqturobis
gamuSavebaze mimarTuli Terapia cvlis klientis
mosazrebebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, erT gamokvlevaSi im studentebma,
romelTac sjerodaT, rom amocana, romelic
maTgan gadawyvetilebis miRebas iTxovda, gaaum-
jobesebda maT SesaZleblobebs, gacilebiT ukeT
warmoaCines sakuTari Tavi, vidre maT, visac
miaCnda, rom es amocana mxolod ukve arsebuli
SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis saSualeba iyo (Wood
& Bandura, 1989). am kvlevaSi iseTi azrebi, rogo-
ricaa „me SemiZlia viswavlo amis ukeTesad
gakeTeba~, realurad exmareboda studentebs
amocanis ukeT SesrulebaSi.
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
zogierTi kognitur, bihevioraluri Tera-
pevti, pirvel rigSi, rwmenebis, ganwyobebisa
da azrTa Cveuli paternebis Secvlazea mimar-
Tuli. isini amtkiceben, rom mravali fsiqolo-
giuri problema sxva adamianebTan da movleneb-
Tan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi araadekva-
turi damokidebulebidan momdinareobs. mcdar
azrTa nakadi SeiZleba efuZnebodes; (1) usafuZ-
vlo, arakeTilgonier ganwyobebs („idealurad
swavla studentis umniSvnelovani Tvisebaa~);
(2) mcdar winapirobebs („Tu yvelafers gavakeTeb,
rasac momTxoven, popularuli gavxdebi~) da (3)
xist wesebs, romelTac qceva avtomatur reJimSi
gadahyavT ise, rom qcevis ukve arsebuli pater-
nebi maSinac ki meordeba, roca realurad ukve
usargebloa („unda davemorCilo xelmZRvane-
lobas~). emociur distress, anu sulier tanjvas
araswori warmodgenebi da arsebuli realobisa
da sakuTari warmosaxvebis (an molodinebis)
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis unaris arqona badebs.
depresiis kognituri Terapia
kognitivisti fsiqoTerapevti pacients ex-
mareba, rom azrovnebis damaxinjebuli, araswori
paternebi problemebis gadawyvetis ufro efeq-
turi meTodebiT Caanacvlos. aaron bekma (Aaron
Beck, 1976) warmatebiT gamoscada da moargo kog-
nituri Terapia depresiis mkurnalobas. mkurna-
lobis formula man martivad Camoayaliba: „Tera-
kognituri Terapiebi
pevti exmareba pacients damaxinjebuli, mcdari
azrebis gamovlenasa da miRebuli gamocdilebis
formulirebis ufro realisturi gzebis aTvi-
sebaSi~ (gv. 20). magaliTad, depresiul individebs
SeiZleba sTxovon, rom daweron is uaryofiTi
azrebi, romlebic sakuTari Tavis mimarT uCnde-
baT; gaarkvion da gaiazron, ratom aris es
TviTkritikuli gamonaTqvamebi usafuZvlo da
SeimuSavon SedarebiT realisturi (da naklebad
damangreveli) warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze. 677
 bekis azriT, depresia imitom xangrZlivdeba
droSi, rom adamianebma araferi ician im uar-
yofiTi avtomaturi azrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, maTgan damoukideblad warmoiqneba;
avtomaturi azrebis magaliTebia: „verasodes
viqnebi iseTive kargi, rogoric Cemi Zmaa~, „rom
gaigon simandvileSi rogori var, aravis veyva-
rebi~, „arc ise Wkviani var, rom rames mivaRwio
skolaSi, sadac aseTi gacxarebuli brZolaa
pirvelobisTvis~. Terapevti oTx taqtikur svlas
axorcielebs, romelic mowodebulia depresiis
kognituri safuZvlis Sesacvlelad (Beck & Rush,
1989; Beck et al., 1979):
eWvqveS ayenebs klientis sayrden daSvebebs
sakuTari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb;
afasebs klientis xelT arsebul mtki-
cebulebebs, romlebic adastureben, an uaryofen
avtomaturi azrebis sizustes;
gadaaqvs braleuloba situaciur faqto-
rebze da ar miawers mas klientis mouxerxeb-
lobas an arakompetenturobas;
ganixilavs im rTuli amocanebis gada-
wyvetis alternatiul gzebs, romelTa uSedegod
gadawyveta SeiZleboda uaryofiT gamocdilebad
qceuliyo klientisTvis.
bihevioraluri Terapiebis msgavsad, am Tera-
piaSic centraluri adgili ukavia klientis
mimdinare mdgomareobas.
depresiul mdgomareobaSi yofnis erT-erTi
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
uaresi Tanmxlebi movlenaa misTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli uaryofiTi grZnobebiT cxovrebis auci-
lebloba da apaTiuroba. sakuTari uaryofiTi
guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi
mexsierebaSi acocxlebs yvelafers, rac ki
odesme cudi momxdara cxovrebaSi, rac, Tavis
mxriv, kidev ufro amwvavebs daTrgunulobis
gancdas. depresiuli adamianebi samyaros dep-
resiis Savi saTvaliT uyureben _ kritikas xe-
daven iq, sadac ar aris; Seqebas sarkazmad aRiq-
vamen, rac kidev erTi „mizezia~ imisTvis, rom
racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT) (Rational-
emotive therapy – RET) – pirovnebis Secvlis yov-
lismomcveli sistema, romelic im iracio-
naluri azrebis transformacias efuZneba,
romelic iwvevs arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri
muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri
678 SfoTva.
depresiulebi iyvnen. kognituri Terapiebi aCere-
ben depresiis am daRmaval spirals imiT, rom
exmarebian klients, ufro metad ar CaiZiros
depresiaSi Tavad depresiis gamo (Teasdale, 1985).
kognituri Terapiebis daxvewis mizniT, mkvlev-
rebi agrZeleben depresiis gancdaSi siRrmise-
uli azrobrivi wvdomis (insaitis) gamoyenebas
(Jacobson et al., 1996; Teasdale et al., 1995). magaliTad,
erT-erTi gamokvleviT dasabuTda, rom Terapia
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac misi maxasia-
Teblebi miesadageba klientis mosazrebebs
sakuTari depresiulobis mizezebis Sesaxeb (Addis
& Jacobson, 1996). am codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, kli-
nicistebs yoveli individualuri klientisTvis
saTanado mkurnalobis misadageba SeuZliaT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
kognituri Terapiis erT-erTi adreuli for-
maa racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT), rome-
lic albert eliss (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1995; Windy &
Ellis, 1997) ekuTvnis. racionalur-emociuri Terapia
pirovnebis Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistemaa,
romelic im iracionaluri azrebis transfor-
macias efuZneba, romelic arasasurvel, Zlieri
emociuri muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs iwvevs,
rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva. klientebs SeiZleba
hqondeT gamyarebuli ZiriTadi faseulobebi,
romlebic moiTxoven, rom iyvnen warmatebulni
da aRiarebulni; amtkiceben, rom maT samar-
Tlianad unda moeqcnen da karnaxoben maT, rom
irgvliv yvelaferi ufro sasiamovno unda iyos.
racionalur-emociuri TerapiiT momuSave
praqtikosi aswavlis klients, Tu rogor unda
gadaastruqturos yvela „saWiroa~, „valdebuli
xar~ da „ase unda iyos~, romelic mis qcevas
akontrolebs da ar aZlevs sakuTari survili-
samebr cxovrebis saSualebas. Terapevtis
amocanaa, daanaxos klients, rom emociuri reaq-
cia, romelic Tan sdevs nebismier movlenas,
sinamdvileSi am movlenis Sesaxeb klientisTvis
ucnobi warmodgenebis arsebobis Sedegia. amiT
Terapevti klientis Caketil cnobierebaSi
SeWras cdilobs. magaliTad, sqesobrivi aqtis
dros orgazmis ararseboba (movlena) iwvevs
daTrgunulobisa da TviTgakicxvis emociur
reaqcias. emociuri reaqciis gamomwvevi warmod-
genebi daaxloebiT aseTia: „ar vvargivar seq-
sualuri cxovrebisTvis, albaT, impotenti var,
radgan ise ver moviqeci, rogorc unda mov-
qceuliyavi~. Terapiis dros es (da sxva) warmod-
genebi Riad ganixileba racionaluri konfron-
taciiTa da momxdari movlenis iseTi sxva
mizezebis garCeviT, rogoricaa: gadaRla, alko-
holis zemoqmedeba, mcdari warmodgenebi sqesob-
rivi aqtis msvlelobaze, anda mocemul dros,
an am konkretul partniorTan urTierTobis
damyarebis survilis arqona. konfrontaciis
teqnikas Terapiuli zemoqmedebis sxva formebi
mohyveba, romliTac xdeba dogmaturi, iracio-
naluri azrovnebis Canacvleba racionaluri,
situaciurad ganpirobebuli ideebiT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia mimarTulia
individisTvis sakuTari Rirebulebisa da poten-
cialis SegrZnebis gaZlierebaze, romlis rea-
lizeba mas Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rac
igi Tavs daaRwevs pirovnuli zrdis damab-
rkolebel mcdar warmodgenaTa sistemas. am
TvalsazrisiT, mas bevri aqvs saerTo humanistur
TerapiebTan, romelTac axla ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
kognituri Terapiebis msvlelobisas adamiane-
bis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebas imis SecvliT
cdiloben, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben isini
cxovrebiseul movlenebze. kognitur- bihevio-
raluri modifikaciisas icvleba arasasurveli
qcevis paternebi; amisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Se-
saxeb uaryofiT gamonaTqvamebs cvlian konstruq-
ciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT. depresiis kog-
nituri Terapiisas aRkveTen avtomatur azrebs,
cvlian klientis azrebis Cveul nakads da mim-
dinare movlenebis mizezebis axsnis Cveul pater-
nebs. racionalur-emociuri Terapia xels uwyobs
klients cnobierebaSi barierebis daZlevasa da
sakuTari survilebiT cxovrebis dawyebaSi.
egzistencialur-
humanisturi Terapiebi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis problemebi, Sinaar-
siani adamianuri urTierTobebis arqona da iseTi
mniSvnelovani miznebis ararseboba, romel-
TaTvisac Rirs brZola _ tipuria egzistencia-
luri krizisebisTvis _ ase fiqroben adamianis
bunebisadmi humanisturi da egzistencialuri
midgomis momxreebi. es mosazrebebi gaerTianda
Terapiis ganzogadebul saxeobaSi, romelic
mimarTulia yvela adamianisTvis saerTo, yofie-
rebis ZiriTad problemebze.
rogorc me-14 TavSi vnaxeT, humanisturi
Teoriebis birTvs mTliani pirovnebis cneba
warmoadgens, romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da
Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemo da memkvidreobiToba garkveul
SezRudvebs awesebs, adamianebi Tavad irCeven,
rani iyvnen; amisaTvis qmnian faseulobaTa
sistemebs da sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi axor-
cieleben maT. Tumca, arCevanis Tavisuflebas
pasuxismgeblobac axlavs Tan. vinaidan adamianebi
bolomde mainc ver acnobiereben TavianTi qcevis
yvela SesaZlo Sedegs, SfoTva da sasowarkveTa
euflebaT. maT danaSaulis gancdac stanjavT,
sakuTari potencialis srulad realizebis
SesaZleblobebis xelidan gaSvebis gamo. egzis-
tencialuri fsiqologiis klinikisTvis gankuT-
vnili axali versia, romelic aerTianebs mis
mravalferovan Temebsa da midgomebs, efuZneba
mosazrebas, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebis damab-
neveli realoba adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel
ori ZiriTadi saxis daavadebas aZlevs dasabams.
depresiuli da obsesiuri sindromebi realo-
bidan wasvlas asaxavs, sociopaTuri da narcisi-
stuli sindromebi ki _ am realobis eqspluata-
cias (Schneider & May, 1995).
fsiqoTerapevtebi, romlebic praqtikaSi iye-
neben adamianis bunebis zogadi Teoriis princi-
egsistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
pebs, exmarebian klientebs, gansazRvron sakuTari
Tavisufleba, ganicadon da daafason yvela maTi
arsebuli, moqmedi me da mimdinare momentis,
imwuTieri gaelvebis simdidre da mraval-
ferovneba; SeZlon sakuTari individualurobis
damkvidreba da gamonaxon sakuTari potencialis
srulad realizebis (TviTaqtualizaciis) gzebi.
egzistencialur midgomaSi mniSvnelovania
mimdinare cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelic
pirovnebas gamocdilebaSi eZleva.
egzistencialur-humanisturma filosofiam,
aseve, dasabami misca moZraobas adamianis poten-
cialis ganviTarebisTvis, romelic amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi Camoyalibda XX saukunis
60-iani wlebis bolos. am moZraobaSi saSualo
adamianis potencialis ganviTarebis meTodebi 679
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

Terapia kompiuteris saukuneSi

fsiqoTerapiisadmi miZRvni- froidma da misma mimdevrebma qologTa kompetenturobis

li Tavis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-
vani mizania, daganaxoT misi
qmediTunarianoba da efeqturoba.
gamokvlevebisa da praqtikuli
SemTxvevebis aRweriT SegviZlia
dagarwmunoT, rom realurad
SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri
tanjvis Semsubuqeba. XXI sau-
kunis dasawyisisTvis kompiu-
teruli teqnologiebis ganvi-
Tarebam da kompiuterebis iolad
xelmisawvdomobam SesaZlebeli
gaxada fsiqologTa da fsiqi-
kuri janmrTelobis sferoSi
dakavebul praqtikosTa xelT
arsebuli im saSualebebis dia-
pazonis gafarToveba, romlebic
Terapiuli cvlilebebis misaR-
wevad gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, dResdReobiT mra-
val adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba
„saubriT gankurnebis~ _ iseTi
interaqtiuri Terapiis, romelic
ganaviTares Terapevtisa da pa-
cientis pirispir urTierTobis
pirobebSi _ gamocdileba eleq-
tronuli fostiT, an internetiT
miiRos (Fink, 1999; King & Moreggi,
1998). kompiuteris gamoyenebiT
ganxorcielebuli Terapiisas
Terapevti da klienti eleq-
tronuli fostiT ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs. mkvlevrebma Tavidanve
miuTiTes internetiT Terapiis
potenciur naklovanebebsa da
sargebelze. maTi azriT, aseTi
Terapiis nakli isaa, rom SezRu-
duli da damaxinjebuli infor-
maciis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi
Terapevtma SeiZleba araswori
diagnozi dasvas, gadamowmebis
saSualeba ki mas ar eqneba, ro-
gorc es pirispir situaciaSia
SesaZlebeli (King & Moreggi, 1998).
garda amisa, momxmareblebs iS-
viaTad SeuZliaT internet-fsi-
gadamowmeba; kibersivrceSi
eqspertoba nebismierma SeiZ-
leba daibralos. miuxedavad
am naklovanebebisa, eleqtro-
nuli fostiT ganxorciele-
buli Terapia unikalur SesaZ-
leblobebs aZlevs Terapev-
tebsa da maT klientebs. maga-
liTad, bevr Terapevts miaCnia,
rom am formis Terapiis far-
dobiTi anonimuroba klientebs
yvelaze Semawuxebeli proble-
mebis gacilebiT swrafad da
sircxvilis gareSe gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs; isini
SeiZleba gacilebiT gul-
wrfelni iyvnen, roca ar uwevT
sakuTar monaTxrobze Tera-
pevtis dakvirvebadi reaqciebis
gamo nerviuloba (Grohol, 1998).
kibersivrceSi Terapiis yvela
uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxaris
gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevrebma

gaerTianda, romelic miznad isaxavda mis ufro Cven ganvixilavT humanistur-egzistencialur

srulad gamoyenebasa da pirovnuli gamocdi- tradiciebze ganviTarebul sam Terapiul
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

lebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebasa da gamraval- midgomas: klientze centrirebul Terapias,

ferovnebas. am moZraobis wyalobiT, Terapia,
romelic Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamiane-
bisTvis, gafarTovda da gamoyenebadi gaxda
fsiqikurad janmrTeli adamianebisTvisac, romel-
Tac surdaT, rom yofiliyvnen metad efeqturebi,
metad produqtulebi da gacilebiT ufro
bednieri adamianebi.
moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTa-
rebisTvis (Human-potential movement) _ Terapiuli
moZraoba, romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da
praqtikul saqmianobas, rac xels uwyobs
saSualo adamianis potencialis gamovlenas,
misi ufro srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli
gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da
gamravalferovnebis mizniT.
680
jgufur Terapiasa da ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapias.
klientze centrirebuli
Terapia
klientze centrirebulma Terapiam, romelic
karl rojersma (Carl Rogers, 1951, 1977) SemogvTavaza,
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor
xedaven sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Terapevtebi
klient-Terapevtis urTierTobas. klientze
centrirebuli Terapiis upirvelesi mizania
pirovnebis jansaRi fsiqologiuri zrdis waxa-
liseba da xelSewyoba.
es midgoma efuZneba daSvebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis _ sa-
 fsiqikuri janmrTelobis saer-
TaSoriso internet-sazogado-
eba Camoayalibes, romelic mo-
wodebulia internet-Terapiis
praqtikuli da eTikuri SezRu-
dvebis Sesaswavlad.
garda amisa, Terapevtebi
igoneben internetisa da kom-
piuterebis gamoyenebis axal
saSualebebs, romliTac SesaZ-
lebeli iqneba ufro viwro
profilis Terapiuli daxma-
rebis gaweva (Newman et al., 1999;
Ström et al., 2000). magaliTad,
mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma Seq-
mna kompiuteruli programa,
romelic mowodebuli iyo
panikuri aSlilobis kogni-
tur bihevioraluri mkur-
nalobisTvis (Newman et al.,
1997). eqsperimentSi Sedarda
cdis pirTa ori jgufis mkur-
nalobis monacemebi: erT
jgufs, nawilobriv, kompiu-
teris daxmarebiT umkurnales,
meorem ki _ tradiciuli Tera-
piis sruli kursi gaiara.
orive SemTxvevaSi mkurnaloba
bihevioralur komponents _
SemaSinebeli situaciebis war-
dgenas da relaqsacias da
kognitur komponents _ kog-
nitur gadastruqturebas mo-
icavda. Terapiuli programa
CatvirTuli iyo jibis por-
tatul kompiuterebSi. amitom
klientebs, msubuqi wonis gamo,
yvelgan SeeZloT maTi tareba.
kompiuteruli programa sxva-
dasxva saxis mxardaWeras uz-
runvelyofda; maT Soris iyo
moduli, romelsac ekranze
gamohqonda gamonaTqvamebi
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da Se-
Tavazebebi azrovnebis mimar-
Tulebis Secvlis Taobaze.
aseve, iyo moduli, romelic
axleburad sunTqvis Cvevas
karnaxobda klients. orive
Terapia warmatebuli aRmoCnda:
mkurnalobidan eqvsi Tvis Sem-
deg orive jgufs SenarCune-
buli hqonda TerapiiT miRwe-
uli Sedegebi. magaliTad, ori-
ve tipis mkurnalobis Semdeg
monawileTa 67%-s aRar aReniS-
neboda panikuri Setevebi. aseTi
gamokvlevebi imeds gvaZlevs,
rom Terapevtis Semcvleli
kompiuteruli programebiT
mkurnalobis kursis gavla
klientebs nebismier dros
SeeZlebaT.
rogorc winamdebare TavSi
vnaxeT, arsebul fsiqoTera-
piaTa umravlesobis ganviTa-
rebis aucilebel pirobas Te-
rapevtisa da pacientis Tu
klientis pirispir urTier-
Toba Seadgenda. XXI saukunis
dasawyisSi mkvlevrebi cdi-
loben, daadginon, Tu ra si-
tuaciebSia SesaZlebeli, rom
kompiuterebi da interneti am
pirispir urTierTobis sasar-
geblo damxmare gaxdes.
veb-gverdebi:
www.ismho.org - fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis saerTa-
Soriso internet-sazo-
gadoebis veb-gverdi.
www.metanoia.org/imhs/ - wamyva-
ni veb gverdi, sadac mo-
cemulia dadasturebuli
saTanado kvalifikaciis
mqone TerapevtTa CamonaT-
vali.

kuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis _ um- sakuTari Tavis gasaumjobeseblad da TviT-

Tavresi tendenciiT. rojersi darwmunebuli aqtualizaciisTvis. vinaidan iTvleba, rom
iyo, rom „organizmi bunebrivad iswrafvis yvela adamiani bunebiT keTili da kargi arsebaa,

sakuTari SesaZleblobis realizaciisken, raTa
gaZlierdes da gaumjobesdes~ (1959, gv. 196). jansaR
ganviTarebas araswori daswavlis paternebi
abrkolebs; amasTan, pirovneba eTanxmeba sxvebis
mier mis mimarT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs nacvlad
imisa, rom mousminos da miendos sakuTar gonebasa
da sxeuls. konfliqti, bunebrivad dadebiT me-s
xatsa da Tavsmoxveul uaryofiT kritikas Soris,
SfoTvasa da ubedurebis gancdas badebs. es
konfliqti, anu Seusabamoba SeiZleba cno-
bierebis farglebs miRma mimdinareobdes, amitom
adamiani Tavs ubedurad da gaufasurebulad
grZnobs, Tumca, ar icis, ratom.
rojersianuli Terapiis amocanaa iseTi Tera-
piuli garemos Seqmna, romelic klients saSua-
lebas aZlevs, naxos, Tu rogor unda moiqces
egsistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
Terapevtis amocana ZiriTadad isaa, rom klients
daxmareba gauwios im dabrkolebebis gadalax-
vaSi, romelic zRudavs bunebrivad dadebiTi
midrekilebebis gamovlenas. ZiriTadi Terapiuli
strategiaa klientis grZnobebis danaxva, miReba
da gageba, rac upirobo keTilganwyobis _
gankiTxvis gareSe miRebisa da pativiscemis _
atmosferoSi xdeba. Terapevtic Tavisuflad
gamoxatavs klientTan sakuTar azrebsa da
grZnobebs. aseTi gulwrfelad gaxnili situa-
klientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered
therapy) – mkurnalobisadmi humanisturi midgoma,
romelic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqo-
logiur zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis um-
Tavresi tendenciiT.
681
 ciis gansamtkiceblad Terapevti cdilobs, rom
Tavadac ganimsWvalos klientis grZnobebiT.
aseTi empaTiisTvis saWiroa, rom Terapevti
klients epyrobodes, rogorc pativsacem, qmediT-
unarian pirovnebas, romelic ki ar unda gani-
kiTxos an Seafasos, aramed romelsac unda
daexmaros sakuTari individualobis aRmoCenaSi
(Meador & Rogers, 1979).
Terapevtis damokidebuleba da emociuri
stili klientis waxalisebis saSualebaa, raTa
man kidev erTxel gadaxedos pirovnuli
konfliqtis WeSmarit wyaroebs da gaTavisufldes
gavlenisgan, romelic TviTaqtualizacias
abrkolebs. Tu Terapevtebi, romlebic sxva
TerapiebiT muSaoben, mosmenilis interpretacias
axdenen, pasuxebs, an miTiTebebs iZlevian,
Terapevti, romelic klientze centrirebuli
TerapiiT muSaobs, mxardamWeri da monawile
msmenelia, romelic msjelobs da xandaxan
formas ucvlis klientis SefasebiT gamonaTqva-
mebsa da gamoxatul grZnobebs. klientze cen-
trirebuli Terapia cdilobs, rom aradireqti-
uli iyos _ is mxolod exmareba klients sakuTar
TavSi garkvevasa da sakuTari me-s miRebaSi.
rojerss miaCnda, rom, Tu adamianebs sxvebTan
Tavisuflad urTierTobisa da sakuTari Tavis
miRebis SesaZleblobas mivcemT, maT Tavad
SeeZlebaT sakuTari fsiqologiuri sijansaRis
aRdgena. am optimisturma mosazrebam da Te-
rapevtis, rogorc mzrunveli eqspertis, da
klientis, rogorc pirovnebis, humanurma urTi-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
erTobam mraval praqtikos-Terapevtze moaxdina
gavlena.
geStalt-Terapia
geStalt-Terapia, pirovnebis mTlianobis aR-
dgenis mizniT, gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTi-
anebazea mimarTuli (gavixsenoT, aRqmisadmi
geStalt-fsiqologiuri midgoma, romelzec me-
5 TavSi gvqonda saubari). misi mizania sakuTari
Tavis Secnoba, anu TviTSemecneba, rac Sem-
degnairad miiRweva: klients exmarebian, rom
gamoxatos Sekavebuli grZnobebi da aRiaros
warsulis konfliqtebis Semdeg darCenili
geStalt-Terapia (Gestalt therapy) – Terapia,
romelic mimarTulia pirovnebis gamTlianebis
mizniT gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.
682
daumTavrebeli saqmeebis arseboba, romlebic
mas axal urTierTobebSi gadaaqvs da romelTa
damTavreba aucilebelia pirovnuli zrdis
gasagrZeleblad. geStalt-Terapiis fuZemdebeli
_ fric perlzi (Fritz Perlz, 1969) Tavis klientebs
konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli fantaziebisa da
Zlieri grZnobebis gaTamaSebas sTxovda. isini
aseve, aRadgendnen sakuTar sizmrebs, romelTac
perlzi maTi pirovnebis aracnobierSi gandevnil
nawilad miiCnevda. perlzi ambobda: „Cven
xelaxla unda vaRiaroT da Cvenad miviRoT
sakuTari pirovnebis es proecirebuli, danawev-
rebuli nawilebi da Cvenad unda miviRoT is
dafaruli potenciali, romelic sizmarSi iCens
Tavs~ (1969, gv. 67).
geStalt-Terapiuli Sexvedrebis dros xdeba
monawileTa waxaliseba, rom aRadginon kontaqti
TavianT „WeSmarit Sinagan xmebTan~ (Hatcher &
Himelstein, 1996). geStalt-Terapiis erT-erT
yvelaze cnobil meTods carieli skamis teqnika
ewodeba: Terapevti klientTan axlos dgams
cariel skams. klientma unda warmoidginos,
rom skamze moTavsebulia romelime grZnoba,
pirovneba, obieqti an situacia. igi „esaubreba~
skamze „mjdoms~. magaliTad, klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom skamze misi deda, an mama
zis; is maT mimarT gamoxatavs grZnobebs, romel-
Tac sxvagvarad ar gamoxatavda. Semdeg klientma
SeiZleba warmoidginos, rom axla es grZnobebi
„sxedan~ skamze da maT „gaesaubros~ imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra gavlena aqvT maT klientis cxovrebaze.
es teqnika saSualebas aZlevs klients, daupi-
rispirdes da gamoikvlios gamoxatvis gareSe
darCenili Zlieri grZnobebi, romlebic, SesaZ-
loa, gavlenas axdendnen mis fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze.
Sejameba
egzistencialur-humanistur TerapiebSi
xazgasmulia mTliani pirovnebis cneba, romelic
mudmivi cvlilebisa da Camoyalibebis procesSi
imyofeba. karl rojersma Seqmna klientze
centrirebuli Terapia, romelic miznad isaxavs
aradireqtiuli garemos Seqmnas, sadac klienti
SeZlebs arasworad naswavli paternebis daZle-
vas da sakuTari Tavis gaumjobesebisa da
TviTrealizaciis miRwevas. geStalt-Terapia
xels uwyobs jgufis monawileebs gonebisa da
sulis gamTlianebaSi, rasac grZnobebis gamo-
xatviTa da konfliqtebis gacnobierebiT aRwevs.
mravali adamiani sargeblobs TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeriT.
jgufuri Terapiebi
mkurnalobisadmi yvela aqamde ganxiluli
midgoma, pirvel rigSi, Terapevti-pacientis, an
Terapevti-klientis pirispir, erTi-erTze urTi-
erTobas iTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad amisa, dRes-
dReobiT mravali adamiani iRebs Terapiul
daxmarebas, rogorc jgufis wevri. jgufuri
Terapiis ganviTarebis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom jgufuri Terapia zogjer
SeiZleba ufro efeqturi iyos, vidre indivi-
dualuri Terapia (Fuhriman & Burlingame, 1994). jgu-
furi Terapiis zogierTi upiratesoba praqti-
kuli xasiaTisaa: is ufro iafia da mcire rao-
denobis fsiqoTerapevtebs meti klientisTvis
SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva. danarCeni upirate-
sobebi jgufuri garemos Zalas, anu jgufis
efeqts ukavSirdeba: jgufi (1) SedarebiT usafr-
Txo garemos qmnis im adamianebisTvis, vinc
iolad eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS da Tavad
ver axerxeben maTgan Tavis daRwevas; (2) iZleva
saSualebas, rom jgufSi mimdinare procesebma
gavlena moaxdinos calkeuli monawileebis
araadaptur qcevaze; (3) SesaZleblobas aZlevs
adamianebs, rom Terapiuli seansebis msvle-
lobisas daakvirdnen sxvebs da pirovnebaT-
Sorisi urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi gaivarjiSon;
(4) uzrunvelyofs pirveladi ojaxuri jgufis
analogias, rac emociuri gamocdilebis koregi-
rebis saSualebas iZleva.
jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi wanamZRvari
gansxvavdeba individualuri Terapiis wanamZRvre-
bisgan. jgufuri Terapiis socialuri garemo
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs viswavloT sakuTari
mosazrebebis gamoxatva iseTi formebiT, rom
isini sxvebisTvisac gasagebi gaxdes; vnaxoT,
ramdenad gansxvavdeba Cven mier sxvebze moxde-
nili STabeWdileba imisgan, rogori STabeWdi-
lebis moxdenasac vcdilobdiT, an imisgan,
rogoric warmogvidgenia sakuTari Tavi. garda
amisa, jgufi TvalsaCinod gvaCvenebs da gvarwmu-
nebs, rom Cveni simptomebi, problemebi da „de-
vianturi~ qcevebi ar aris erTaderTi da ganu-
meorebeli _ isini sakmaod xSiria da adamianTa
did raodenobas axasiaTebs. vinaidan adamianebs
ar uyvarT sxvebTan TavianT uaryofiT mxareebze
saubari da sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi informa-
ciis gacema, mosalodnelia, rom erTi da igive
problemis mqone mraval adamians egonos, rom
is aris „erTaderTi, visac es problema aqvs~.
jgufur situaciaSi gamocdilebis gaziareba
exmareba adamianebs, gaaqarwylon es plura-
listuri umecreba _ mravali maTganisTvis
saerTo mcdari warmodgena unikalur, ganumeore-
bel marcxze. garda amisa, jgufuri Terapiis
procesSi dawyebuli urTierToba da urTierT-
daxmareba SeiZleba mkurnalobis dasrulebis
Semdegac gagrZeldes.
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis
jgufuri Terapiebi
Terapia
jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgeba erTmaneTi-
sTvis ucxo adamianebisgan, romlebic jgufSi
droebiTi urTierTobebis dasamyareblad modian,
ramac SeiZleba garkveuli sargebeli misces
maT. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapiis
SemTxvevaSi Terapiul garemoSi Semodian
mravalmxrivi kavSirebiT gamyarebuli, ukve
arsebuli erTeulebi. 683
 saidan
viciT
ojaxis Terapia da mozardebis mier
narkotikebis moxmareba
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxma-
rebis Sesamcireblad mkvlevarTa jgufma
gadawyvita jgufuri Terapiis gamoyeneba.
maTi ZiriTadi hipoTeza iyo: kvlevaSi
monawile mozardebi maSin ufro Seamci-
rebdnen narkotikebis moxmarebas, Tu
mTlianad Seicvleboda maTi ojaxuri
garemo. amitom ojaxis Terapiis samizne
iyo rogorc mozardTa moqmedebebis gamos-
woreba, ise _ mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli
aRzrdis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. eqvs-
Tviani mkurnalobis kursis dasawyisisTvis
ojaxebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina, rom
mSoblebisTvis Cveuli uaryofiTi qcevebi
SvilebTan urTierTobisas (magaliTad,
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatva, sityvieri
agresia) _ 72%, sWarbobda dadebiT qmedebebs
(magaliTad, optimizmisa da siyvarulis
gamoxatvas) _ 53%; Terapiis dasasru-
lisTvis ki, dadebiTma urTierTobis Cve-
vebma _ 77%, gadaaWarba uaryofiTs _ 47%.
garda amisa, im mSoblebis Svilebma, rom-
lebmac aRzrdis stilis zogadi gaum-
jobeseba aCvenebs, mniSvnelovnad Seamcires
narkotikebis moxmareba (Schmidt et al., 1996).
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
qorwinebaSi warmoqmnili problemebis Tao-
baze ojaxuri wyvilebis konsultacia partni-
orTa Soris informaciis gacvlis Cveuli pater-
nebis gamovlenas da Semdeg maTi urTierTqmedebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs (Napier, 2000).
wyvilTan erToblivi SexvedrebiT, xSir Sem-
TxvevebSi, maTi urTierTqmedebis videofirze
CaweriTa da Semdeg Canaweris garCeviT, Terapevts
SeuZlia daexmaros maT urTierTobis im ver-
baluri da araverbaluri stilebis danaxvasa
da garCevaSi, romelsac isini erTmaneTze upi-
ratesobis mopovebis, an marTvis, anda erTmaneTis
dabnevis da SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT iyeneben.
TiToeul mxares aswavlian, Tu rogor unda
ganamtkicos meoresTan sasurveli reaqciebi da
yuradRebis gareSe datovos arasasurveli reaq-
684 ciebi. garda amisa, isini iTviseben aradireq-
tiuli mosmenis unar-Cvevebs, raTa partniors
grZnobebisa da azrebis naTlad gamoxatvaSi
daexmaron. qorwinebis problemebis mogvarebi-
sTvis wyvilebis Terapia gacilebiT efeqturia,
vidre individualuri Terapia mxolod erTi
partniorisTvis. amasTan, Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom
mcirdeba ojaxuri krizisebis raodenoba, wyvili
ki inarCunebs qorwinebas (Shadisn et al., 1993, 1995).
ojaxuri Terapiis klienti mTliani ojaxia,
romelsac aqvs Tavisi birTvi, xolo ojaxis
TiToeuli wevri ganixileba, rogorc urTierT-
qmedebaTa sistemis wevri (Schwebel & Fine, 1994).
ojaxis fsiqoTerapevti ojaxis Sewuxebul,
aforiaqebul wevrebTan muSaobs da maT imis
garkvevaSi exmareba, Tu ra uqmnis erT, an
ramdenime maTgans problemebs. Terapiis mizania
adamianebs Soris fsiqologiuri manZilebis da
erTi mTlianis saxiT moqmedi adamianebis
pirovnebaTSorisi dinamikis Secvla, rac gan-
sxvavdeba calkeuli araadapturi individebis
qcevis Secvlisgan. ganvixiloT ojaxis Terapiis
magaliTi, romelic mozardebis mier narko-
tikebis moxmarebis mizeziT ganxorcielda.
es gamokvleva ojaxis Terapiis mniSvnelov-
nebis TvalsaCino magaliTia. vinaidan mTel
ojaxTan muSaobdnen, Terapiulma Carevam Secvala
garemos is faqtorebi, romelmac, SesaZloa, miiy-
vanes kidec mozardi narkotikebis gasinjvamde
da moxmarebamde.
ojaxis Terapias SeuZlia ojaxSi arsebuli
daZabulobis Semcireba da calkeuli wevrebis
funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba imiT, rom daex-
maros klientebs da daanaxos maTi urTierTobis
rogorc dadebiTi, ise _ uaryofiTi aspeqtebi.
virjinia satiri (Virginia Satir, 1967), ojaxis Te-
rapiis meTodebis avtori, aRniSnavda, rom ojaxis
TerapiiT dakavebuli fsiqoTerapevti mraval
rols asrulebs: is aris Terapiul seansebze
ganxorcielebuli urTierTqmedebebis inter-
pretatori da amxsneli; is aris gavlenis wyaro,
Suamavali da arbitri. ojaxis TerapiiT daka-
vebul praqtikosTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom
Terapiis procesSi ganxiluli da mogvarebuli
problemebi situaciuri xasiaTisaa da adamianebs
Soris warmoqmnil siZneleebs, an socialuri
urTierTqmedebis problemebs warmoadgens, da
ara _ pirovnebebis dispoziciur aspeqtebs. es
siZneleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas, rodesac ojaxis wevrebi iZulebul-
ni xdebian Seasrulon, an Tavis Tavze aiRon
arasasiamovno rolebi. ojaxis bunebrivi ganviTa-
rebis procesSi _ iqneba es samuSaos dakargva,
bavSvis skolaSi miyvana, qorwineba Tu bavSvis
dabadeba _ sruliad SesaZlebelia urTierT-
qmedebis araefeqturi formebis Camoyalibeba.
ojaxis Terapevtis amocanaa ojaxis struqturis
garkveva da masze moqmedi Zalebis (da es Zalebi
SeiZleba uamravi iyos) gamovlena. is muSaobs
ojaxis wevrebTan da am muSaobis mizania
„disfunqciuri~ struqturuli elementebis gaq-
roba da axali, ufro efeqturi struqturebis
SemuSaveba da ganmtkiceba (Fishman, 1993).
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris
jgufebi
fsiqoTerapiis ganviTarebaSi amaRelvebeli
periodi iyo TviTdaxmarebis jgufebisadmi
interesis gaZliereba. yovelwliurad amerikis
daaxloebiT 10 milioni mozrdili moqalaqe
dadis aseTi jfugebis Sexvedrebze (Kessler et al.,
1997). mxardamWeri jgufebis Sexvedrebi, rogorc
wesi, ufasoa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
jgufis wamyvanebi ar arian janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi momsaxure profesionalebi. aseTi
jgufebi adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, Sexvdnen
msgavsi problemebis mqone sxva adamianebs,
romlebic agrZeleben cxovrebas da xandaxan
wamratebebsac aRweven. specialur jgufebSi
TviTdaxmarebis idea pirvelad gamoiyena or-
ganizaciam „anonimuri alkoholikebi~ (AA),
Tumca, alkoholizmis farglebidan gaitana da
ganavrco XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi dawyebulma
qalTa moZraobam, romelic mowodebuli iyo
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gaZlierebisTvis.
dResdReobiT mxardaWeris jgufebi oTxi Zi-
riTadi kategoriis problemebze muSaoben: da-
mokidebulebis sxvadasxva formebi, fizikuri
daavadebebi da fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, cxov-
rebiseuli cvlilebebi da sxva krizisebi, seri-
ozuli problemebis mqone megobrebis an
naTesavebis gamo miRebuli travmebi. ukanasknel
wlebSi adamianebma daiwyes internetis, rogorc
TviTdaxmarebis jgufebis kidev erTi formis,
gamoyeneba. zogadad, TviTdaxmarebis internet-
jgufebi imave sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni,
romliTac maTi fizikuri oreulebi (Davison et
al., 2000). Tumca, interneti gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovan Sexvedris adgils warmoadgens iseT
mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis, romelTac
avadmyofobis _ magaliTad, qronikuli gadaRlis
sindromis, an gafantuli sklerozis _ gamo
SezRuduli aqvT gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba.
jgufis Sexvedrebze fizikurad misvlis SeuZ-
lebloba aRar arTmevs adamianebs TviTdaxma-
rebis jgufebis muSaobidan sargeblis miRebis
saSualebas.
mkvlevrebi did yuradRebas uTmoben imis
garkvevas, Tu ra Taviseburebebi unda hqondes
TviTdaxmarebis jgufs, rom maqsimaurad efeqturi
iyos. rogorc maTi moRvaweobidan Cans, aseTi
jgufebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben
TavianTi wevrebisTvis; magaliTad, adamianebs
unergaven imeds da rwmenas, rom SeuZliaT
sakuTari problemebis gakontroleba; uzrunvel-
yofen socialur mxardaWeras cxovrebiseuli
sirTuleebiT gatanjuli adamianebisTvis; uz-
runvelyofen aSlilobebisa da mkurnalobebis
Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlas (Riessman, 1997; Schiff
& Bargal, 2000). Tu aseT jgufSi monawileobas
gadawyvetT, gaiTvaliswineT, rom es jgufebi
gansakuTrebiT kargad moqmedebs adamianebis mier
sakuTari keTildReobis gancdaze, rodesac isini
kmayofilni arian SexvedrebiT (Schiff & Bargal,
2000). magaliTad, erTi gamokvlevis Sedegad
cnobili gaxda, rom is adamianebi, romelnic
gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen anonimur alkoholikTa
sazogadoebas mas Semdeg, rac alkoholizmis
mkurnalobis kursi gaiares, alkoholisken mis-
wrafebis ganaxlebis gansakuTrebiT naklebi
midrekilebiT xasiaTdebodnen. naTelia, rom am
sazogadoebasTan mWidro urTierToba individebs,
alkoholizmis kontrolis TvalsazrisiT,
sakuTari qcevis sisworeSi darwmunebulobis
ganmtkicebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs (Morgenstern
et al., 1997).
TviTdaxmarebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana jgufuri Terapiebis gamoyenebam
jgufuri Terapiebi
ukurnebeli daavadebebis mqone adamianebTan.
aseTi Terapiis mizania, daexmaros pacientebsa
da maT ojaxebs, rom avadmyofobis periodSi
SeZlebisdagvarad savse cxovrebiT icxovron,
realurad Sexedon gardauval sikvdils da
Seeguon ukurnebel sens (Fobair, 1997; LrGrand, 1991).
ganukurnebel pacientebTan aseTi mxardamWeri
jgufebis muSaobis zogadi mimarTulebaa _ as-
wavlon maT, Tu rogor icxovron savse cxov- 685
 rebiT im momentamde, rodesac isini ityvian
„mSvidobiT~ (Nungesser, 1990).
jgufuri Terapiebi bolo magaliTia Cven
mier ganxiluli Terapiebisa, romlebic mxolod
fsiqologiur mkurnalobazea dafuZnebuli _
mkurnalobaze, romelic zemoqmedebs tvinis
software-ze. axla SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu
rogor muSaoben biosamedicino Terapiebi,
gonebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, sxeulisa da tvi-
nis hardware-is Secvlaze,
Sejameba
jgufuri Terapiebi ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis
fsiqikur janmrTelobaze zrunvas; amasTan,
socialuri qcevebis dakvirvebisa da aTvisebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapia individis iseT problemebze
muSaobs, romlebic Seguebas ukavSirdeba da
urTierTobebis sistemebSi wrmoqmnili siZnele-
ebis Sedegebs warmoadgens. Terapiis mizania
wyvilebsa da ojaxebSi urTierTobebis siste-
mebis Secvla. mravali adamiani TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebSi iRebs fsiqologiur mxardaWeras. es
jgufebi individebs aZleven imeds, socialur
mxardaWeras da informacias rogorc fizikur,
ise _ kibersivrceSi.
biosamedicino Terapiebi
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
tvinis ekologia myife balansiT xasiaTdeba.
rodesac tvinSi rame arasworad xdeba, Cven
qcevis paTologiuri paternebs, an ucnaur kog-
nitur da emociur reaqciebs vxedavT. garemos,
socialur Tu qceviT darRvevebs, rogoricaa
fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis mizniT
tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy)
_ operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis
Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis Semaer-
Tebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, Ta-
lamusTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli
boWkoebi; fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
forma.
686
narkotikebi da Zaladoba, aseve, SeuZlia tvinis
qimiis da moqmedebis Secvla. biosamedicino
Terapiebi, umeteswilad, fsiqikur aSlilobebs
tvinis hardware-is problemebad miiCneven. fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Semsubu-
qebis sami saxis biosamedicino midgomas aRvwerT:
_ fsiqoqirurgias, eleqtrokonvulsiur Soks
da farmakoTerapias.
fsiqoqirurgia da
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
„los anjeles Taims~-is saTauri iuwyeboda:
„tvinSi moxvedrili tyvia adamians fsiqikuri
daavadebisgan kurnavs~ (2/23/188). statia 19 wlis
axalgazrda mamakacis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda,
romelic obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobiT
itanjeboda. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisas man
pirdapir SublSi isrola 22 kalibriani tyvia.
saintereso iyo, rom is gadarCa, ganikurna pa-
Tologiuri simptomatikisgan da uvneblad Seu-
narCunda gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, Tumca,
problemis zogierTi mizezi jer kidev ar-
sebobda.
es SemTxveva biosamedicino Terapiis erT-
erTi yvelaze pirdapiri gamoyenebis SesaZleb-
lobas _ tvinSi qirurgiul Carevas _ gviCvenebs.
aseTi Careva tvinis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis
CaWras an mcire nawilis amokveTas gulisxmobs.
xSirad es ukanaskneli gzaa iseTi fsiqopaTo-
logiebis mkurnalobisas, romelTa daZleva ver
moxerxda sxva, ara aseTi ukiduresi Terapiuli
zemoqmedebiT. fsiqoqirurgia zogadi terminia,
romelic aerTianebs tvinis qsovilze ganxor-
cielebul qirurgiul procedurebs, fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis Semsubuqebis, an aRkveTis
mizniT. Sua saukuneebSi fsiqoqirurgia SeS-
lilTa tvinebidan „sisulelis marcvlis amo-
kveTas~ niSnavda, rac xatovnad aris asaxuli
maSindel graviurebsa da ferwerul tiloebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqoqirurgiul procedurebSi
Sedis korZiani sxeulis boWkoebis amokveTa
mwvave epilefsiuri gulyrebis Sesamsubuqeblad,
razec me-3 TavSi vsaubrobdiT _ limburi
sistemis funqcionirebis ganmapirobebeli gzebis
CaWra (amigdalotomia) da prefrontaluri
lobotomia. fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
formaa prefrontaluri lobotomia _ operacia,
romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis Sublis
wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli ner-
vuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da
hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi. proce-
dura SeimuSava egaS moniSma (Egas Moniz). man
1949 wels nobelis premia miiRo mkurnalobis
sakuTar meTodSi, romelic, rogorc Canda,
cvlida fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianTa fin-
qcionirebas.
Tavdapirvelad lobotomiis kandidatebi
agznebadi Sizofreniuli pacientebi da kompu-
lsiuri da SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone paci-
entebi iyvnen. fsiqoqirurgiis efeqti STambeWdavi
iyo: proceduris Semdeg saxeze iyo axali pi-
rovneba, romelic ar xasiaTdeboda Zlieri emo-
ciuri agznebiT da, Sesabamisad, arc yovlis-
momcveli SfoTviT, danaSaulis gancdiTa da
risxviT itanjeboda. Tumca, operacia samudamod
anadgurebda adamianis bunebis arsebiT maxasia-
Teblebs: pacientebi, romelTac lobotomiis
procedura hqondaT gavlili, kargavdnen sakuTar
unikalur pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs. lobotomiis
Semdeg maT aRar SeeZloT momavlis dagegmva,
axasiaTebdaT gulgriloba garSemomyofTa
mosazrebebisadmi, infantilizmi, inteleqtua-
luri da emociuri gasadaveba; eseni iyvnen ada-
mianebi sakuTari me-s mTlianobis gancdis gareSe
(moniSis erT-erTi pacienti imdenad gaognebuli
da ganawyenebuli iyo aseTi moulodneli
SedegebiT, rom esrola kidec eqims, ris Semdegac
is nawilobriv paralizebuli darCa.) vinaidan
fsiqoqirurgiis moqmedeba Seuqcevadia da vina-
idan kargad aris cnobili misi mZime uaryofiTi
Sedegebi, dadebiTi ki _ naklebad TvalsaCinoa,
misi gamoyeneba Zalian SezRudulia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) aris
Tavis tvinze eleqtruli Sokis gamoyeneba iseTi
fsiqiatriuli aSlilobebis mkurnalobis miz-
niT, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, mania da, yvelaze
xSirad, depresia. meTodika aseTia: pacientis
safeTqlebze moqmedeben susti eleqtruli
nakadiT (75-dan 100 voltamde) 1/10 wamidan erT
wamamde manam sanam ar moxdeba konvulsia.
konvulsia, Cveulebriv, 45-dan 60 wamamde grZel-
deba. pacients winaswar amzadeben aseTi mtkiv-
neuli mkurnalobisTvis _ amSvideben xanmokle
moqmedebis barbituratebiT da kunTebis mosa-
dunebeli preparatebiT, rasac pacienti ugono
mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs da rac minimumamde
amcirebs Zlier umarTav fizikur reaqciebs (Ab-
rams, 1992).
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze warma-
tebuli aRmoCnda Rrma depresiis simptomebis
SemsubuqebisTvis (Sackheim et al., 2000). misi Rirseba,
nawilobriv, isaa, rom Zalze swrafad moqmedebs.
biosamedicino Terapiebi
rogorc wesi, sam-oTxdRiani mkurnalobis kursis
Semdeg depresiis simptomebi Sesustebas iwyebs
farmakoTerapiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic erTi
an ori kviris Semdeg iwyebs moqmedebas. miuxe-
davad amisa, TerapevtTa umetesoba ekT-s mkur-
nalobis ukidures formad miiCnevs. is xSirad
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electrocon-
vulsive therapy – ECT) _ eleqtrokonvulsiuli
Sokis gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad
samkurnalod.
687
 gamoiyeneba, rogorc saswrafo gadaudebeli mkur-
naloba suicidur, an cudad nakveb depresiul
pacientebTan da maTTan, vinc ar reagirebs anti-
depresantebze, an ver itans maT gverdiT
movelenebs.
Tu ekT ase kargad moqmedebs, ratom aris ase
xSirad demonizirebuli? magaliTad, 1982 wels
berklis (kaliforniis Stati) mcxovreblebma
xma misces fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalo
yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Sokis gamoyenebis akrZalvas (Sem-
dgom es gadawyvetileba gabaTilda iuridiul
safuZvelze). ekT-is mimarT samecniero wreebis
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis ZiriTadi mizezi
isaa, rom ucnobia misi moqmedebis meqanizmebi.
es Terapia pacientze dakvirvebisas gaCnda,
romelsac erTdroulad Sizofrenia da epi-
lefsia hqonda. epilefsiuri gulyrebis Semdeg
mas Sizofreniis simptomebi umsubuqdeboda. kli-
nicistebma ivaraudes, rom igive efeqtis miRweva
xelovnurad gamowveuli gulyrebiTac iqneboda
SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi daSveba
nawilobriv gamarTlda _ ekT gacilebiT uke-
Tesad amsubuqebs depresias, vidre Sizofranias
_ mkvlevrebs jer kidev win aqvT am SemTxveviTi
dakvirvebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
garda amisa, kritikosebs ekT-is SesaZlo
gverdiTi movlenebic aRelvebT (Breggin, 1979,
1991). eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia droebiT
dezorientaciasa da mexsierebis mTel rig dar-
Rvevebs iwvevs. pacientebi xSirad itanjebian
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
amneziiT _ aRar axsovT movlenebi, romlebic
win uswrebda mkurnalobas; rac ufro xangr-
Zlivia mkurnaloba, miT mZimea amneziac. Tumca,
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom, pacientebi, rogorc
wesi, aRidgenen mexsierebis Sinaarsebs mkurna-
lobis dasrulebidan ramdenime Tvis manZilze
(Cohen et al., 2000). metic, pacientebs, romelTac
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze eleqtrokonvu-
lsiuri Terapiis 100-ze meti procedura hqondaT
gavlili, ar aReniSnebodaT cvlilebebi funqci-
onirebaSi im pacientebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
arasodes gauvliaT aseTi procedura (Devanand
et a., 1991). dResdReobiT, tvinis muSaobis xanmokle
Seferxebebis minimizaciisTvisac ki, xSirad
f s i q o f a r m a k o l o g i a (Psychopharmacology) –
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs qcevaze
688
medikamentebis moqmedebas.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri SokiT tvinis mxolod
erTi mxaris stimulacias axdenen da isic _
mxolod metyvelebis gauaresebis albaTobis
Sesamcireblad. aseTi calmxrivi ekT efeqturi
antidepresantia.
axla vnaxoT, ratom gaxda farmakoTerapia
fsiqopaTologiaSi biosamedicino Carevis yve-
laze polularuli forma.
farmakoTerapia
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis isto-
riaSi uprecendento gadatrialeba iyo medi-
kamentebis aRmoCena, romelTac SeeZloT mSfoT-
vare pacientebis damSvideba, autisti pacientebis
realobasTan kontaqtis aRdgena da fsiqoturi
pacientebis halucinaciebis daTrgunva. es axali
Terapiuli epoqa 1953 wels, klinikebis Terapiul
programebSi trankvilizatorebis, gansakuT-
rebiT, qlorpromazinis, SetaniT daiwyo. medika-
mentebiT mkurnalobam TiTqmis dauyovnebliv
moipova aRiareba da pacientis qcevis efeqturi
Semcvlelis statusi. fsiqofarmakologia fsi-
qologiis dargia, romelic qcevaze medikamen-
tebis moqmedebas Seiswavlis. fsiqofarmako-
logiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebi swavloben,
Tu rogor moqmedeben medikamentebi zogierT
biologiur sistemaze da rogor icvleba reaqcia
am zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
medikamentebiT mkurnalobis meTodebis aRmo-
Cenam udidesi gavlena moaxdina mZime aSli-
lobebis mqone pacientebis mkurnalobaze. fsi-
qiatriuli klinikebis momsaxure personals
aRar sWirdeboda mcvelebis rolSi yofna, pa-
cientebis izolatorebSi moTavseba an maTTvis
damamSvidebeli perangis Cacma. personalis
moraluri saxe gaumjobesda mas Semdeg, rac
fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi fsiqikurad daava-
debulTa ubralo patimroba reabilitaciiT
Seicvala (Swazey, 1974). metic, revoluciam,
romelic medikamentebiT mkurnalobis danergvas
mohyva, didi gavlena iqonia aSS-is fsiqiatri-
uli klinikebis kontingentze. 1955 wlisTvis
naxevar milionze meti adamiani (romelic, sa-
Sualod, iq ramdenime weliwads atarebda)
cxovrobda fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi. mkur-
nalobaSi qlorpromazinisa da sxva medikamen-
tebis gamoyenebam SeaCera da sapirispiro mimar-
Tuleba misca pacientTa raodenobis zrdas.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis qveyanaSi arse-
bul fsiqiatriul pacientTa naxevarze naklebi
imyofeboda realurad fsiqiatriul klinikebSi
da isic, saSualod, mxolod ramdenime Tvis
manZilze.
dReisaTvis Terapiul programebSi sami
ZiriTadi kategoriis medikamentebi gamoiyeneba:
antifsiqoturi, antidepresantuli da anqsi-
olizuri naerTebi. rogorc dasaxelebebidan
Cans, es medikamentebi qimiuri gziT cvlian
tvinis specifikur funqciebs, romlebic fsi-
qotur simptomebze, depresiasa da ukidures
SfoTvazea pasuxismgebeli.
antifsiqoturi preparatebi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi cvlis bodviTi
mdgomareobebis, halucinaciebis, socialuri ga-
riyulobis (Caketilobis) da perioduli agzne-
badobis (aJitaciis) Sizofreniul simptomebs
(Dawkins et al., 1999). antifsiqoturi preparatebis
moqmedeba zRudavs neirogadamtan dofaminis
aqtivobas tvinSi. iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa
qlorpromazini (aSS-Si savaWro dasaxeleba _
Torazini) da haloperidoli (cnobilia, rogorc
haldoli), dofanimuri receptorebis mgrZnobe-
lobas amcirebs an Trgunavs. klozapini (cnobi-
lia, rogorc klizarili), uaxlesi wamyvani
antifsiqoturi preparatia, romelic uSualod
amcirebs dofaminis aqtivobas da zrdis sero-
toninis aqtivobis dones, romelic akavebs dofa-
minur sistemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es prepa-
ratebi amcireben, tvinis aqtivobis zogad dones,
isini ar arian mxolod trankvilizatorebi.
mravali pacientisTvis yvela es preparati ga-
cilebiT metia, vidre ubralod agznebis Sema-
sustebeli da damamSvidebeli. isini aqroben,
an amcireben Sizofreniis dadebiT simptomebs,
bodvebisa da halucinaciebis CaTvliT.
samwuxarod, antifsiqotur preparatebs uaryo-
fiTi gverdiTi moqmedeba axasiaTebs. vinaidan
dofamins Tavisi roli aqvs motorul kontrol-
Si, medikamenturi mkurnalobis kurss xSirad
axlavs kunTebis muSaobis darRvevebi. motoruli
kontrolis _ gansakuTrebiT saxis kunTebis
muSaobis _ gamorCeuli darRvevaa gviani dis-
kinezia, romelic antifsiqoturi preparatebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad viTardeba. aseTi gverdiTi
movlenis mqone pacientebs aReniSnebaT ybis,
tuCebisa da enis uneblie moZraobebi. preparati
klozapini ufro SerCeviTad akavebs dofaminur
receptorebs, rac motoruli darRvevebis
ganviTarebis albaTobas amcirebs. samwuxarod,
im pacientTa 1-2%-Si, romelic klozapiniT
mkurnalobda, viTardeba iSviaTi daavadeba
agranuklocitozi, rodesac Zvlis tvini aRar
gamoimuSavebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben preparatebis xangr-
Zlivi gamoyenebis Sedegebis Seswavlas; aseve,
swavloben pacientis mier preparatis miRebis
Sewyvetis Sedegebs. preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis
Semdeg recidivebis sixSiris maCvenebeli sakmaod
maRalia _ pacientTa or mesameds 18 Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi axali simptomebi uviTardeba; Tumca,
im pacientTa daaxloebiT erT mesamedTanac
mosalodnelia recidivebi, romlebic regula-
rulad iReben medikamentebs (Gitlin, 1990). amrigad,
antifsiqoturi preparatebi ar kurnavs Sizof-
renias _ isini ar aqroben safuZvlad mdebare
fsiqopaTologias. sabednierod, isini sakmaod
kargad axerxeben daavadebis yvelaze damangre-
veli simptomebis kontrols.
biosamedicino Terapiebi
antidepresantebi
antidepresantebi aZliereben neirogadam-
tanebis _ norepinefrinisa da serotoninis _
aqtivobas (Holmes, 1994). tricikluri antidepre-
santebi, rogoricaa tofranili da elavili,
amcireben sinafsuri napralidan neirogadam-
tanebis ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. bicikluri anti-
depresanti prozaki amcirebs serotoninis gan-
meorebiT STanTqmas. monoaminoqsidazas (mao)
689
 inhibitorebi zRudaven ferment monoaminoq-
sidazas aqtivobas, romelic pasuxismgebelia
norepinefrinis daSlaze (metabolizmze). ro-
desac mao Sekavebulia, neirogadamtanTa meti
raodenoba xdeba Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi.
antidepresantebi, Cveulebriv, warmatebiT
xsnian depresiis simptomebs, Tumca, gaumjobeseba
ar aReniSneba pacientTa 30-40%-s (es pacientebi
SeiZleba eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis kan-
didatebi gaxdnen) (Hirschfeld, 1999). prozaks in-
tensiurad aqebdnen, rogorc saswaulmomqmed
wamals, romelsac sxva danarCen wamlebze ga-
cilebiT mZlavri Terapiuli efeqti aqvs. zo-
gierT fsiqiatrs usityvod sjera prozakis
efeqturobis. Tavis Zalian popularul wignSi
„prozakis mosmena~ (Kramer, Listening to Prozac, 1993)
fsiqiatri piter krameri aRwers mTel rig
SemTxvevebs, rodesac pacientebma, romelTac
prozaki hqondaT daniSnuli, gasaocari pirov-
nuli cvlilebebi ganicades. magaliTisTvis
ganvixiloT qalbatonis SemTxveva, romelsac
krameri tezs uwodebs. tezi Tavad gaecno kra-
mers da aRuwera sakuTari mZime cxovrebiseuli
pirobebi da depresiis istoria. prozakiT or-
kviriani mkurnalobis Semdeg tezi ukve sxva
adamianad iqca:
Cem win iyo pacienti, romlis qcevis
Cveuli stili STambeWdavad Secvliliyo.
is msubuqad saubrobda, aRar iyo daTrgu-
nuli da kedelze akruli; piriqiT, pepe-
lasaviT dafarfatebda adamianebs Soris.
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
iq, sadac sxvebis gulis mogebaze da ke-
Tilganwyobis mopovebaze mimarTuli qceva
iyo, axla sicocxlis siyvaruli da mxia-
ruleba sufevda (Kramer, 1993, gv. 11).
tezis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba Zalze STam-
beWdavi iyo, Tumca, prozakisa da sxva fsi-
qoaqtiuri medikamentebis kritikosebi Relaven
imis gamo, rom prozaki ara marto depresias
xsnis, aramed pacientebs sakuTari indivi-
dualurobisa da SemoqmedebiTi sawyisisganac
„aTavisuflebs~ (Breggin & Breggin, 1994).
liTiumis marilebi efeqturi aRmoCnda bipo-
laruli aSlilobebis mkurnalobaSi (Schou,
1997). adamianebi, romlebic umarTavi moWarbebuli
agznebis periodebs ganicdian, rodesac maTi
energia, erTi SexedviT, amouwuravia, qceva ki _
690 ucnauri da TvalSisacemi, maniakaluri siWarbis
mdgomareobidan liTiumis dozebiT gamoyavT.
pacientTa 60-80%-s, romlebic liTiumiT mkur-
nalobdnen, gamojanmrTelebis kargi Sansi aqvT
(Walden et al., 1998). Tumca, bipolaruli aSli-
lobis mqone im adamianebisTvis, romelTa mdgo-
mareoba xSirad irxeva maniakalur da depresiul
periodebs Soris, liTiumi naklebad efeqturia,
vidre mkurnaloba sxva preparatebiT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, valproati _ preparati, romelic
Tavdapirvelad gulyrebis Sesakaveblad Seiqmna.
anqsiolizuri saSualebebi
antifsiqoturi da antidepresiuli prepara-
tebis msgavsad, anqsiolizuri, anu damamSvide-
beli saSualebebi, Cveulebriv, tvinSi neiroga-
damtanebis aqtivobis doneebis regulacias
axdens. sxvadasxva saxis SfoTviTi aSlilobis
dros sxvadasxva saxis preparatia yvelaze efeq-
turi (Spiegel et al., 2000). generalizebuli SfoT-
viTi aSliloba saukeTesod ikurneba benzodi-
azepinebiT, maT Soris valiumiT, an qsanaqsiT,
romelic neirogadamtan gaem-is9 aqtiurobas
zrdis. vinaidan gaem Semakavebel neironebs
aregulirebs, misi aqtiurobis zrdiT mcirdeba
tvinis aqtiuroba im ubnebSi, romelic genera-
lizebul SfoTviT reaqciebs Seesabameba. pa-
nikuri aSlilobebi _ agorafobia da sxva fo-
biebi _ SeiZleba ganikurnos antidepresantebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevrebma jer ar ician,
Tu ra biologiuri meqanizmi udevs amas safuZ-
vlad. obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba, romelic
serotoninis ukmarisobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios,
gansakuTrebiT kargad reagirebs iseT prepara-
tebze, rogoricaa prozaki, radgan is konkretu-
lad serotoninis moqmedebaze axdens gavlenas.
daniSnuleba fsiqoaqtiuri
preparatebisTvis
Cven mier aRweril medikamentebs, romlebic
mowodebulia sxvadasxvagvari fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebis simptomebis Sesamsubuqeblad, xSirad
aZleven adamianebs daniSnulebis saxiT. vinaidan
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacva TandaTanobiT
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis organizaciebis kom-
petenciis sferoSi gadadis da vinaidan miRebuli
9
gamaaminoerbomJava _ GABA-GammaAminoBatterAcid
praqtikaa am sferoze xarjebis ekonomia, mcir-
deba pacientTa raodenoba, romlebic fsiqo-
Terapiuli daxmarebisTvis Terapevtebs akiTxaven;
isini fsiqoTerapias SedarebiT iafi saSualebiT
_ medikamenturi mkurnalobiT anacvleben. ax-
laxan Catarebulma gamokvlevam, romelic fsi-
qoaqtiuri medikamentebis pacientebisTvis gamo-
weris tendencias Seexeboda, aCvena, rom aSS-Si
1985 wlidan 1994 wlamde periodSi 20%-iT moimata
fsiqiatrebisTvis, pirveladi samedicino daxma-
rebis eqimebisTvis da sxva specialobis medi-
kosebisTvis mimarTvebis ricxvma _ 32.7 milio-
nidan 45.6 milion mimarTvamde (Pincus et al., 1998).
amasTan, adamianTa zogierTi jgufi ufro metad
iRebs medikamentebs, vidre _ sxvebi. erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi, romelic xuTi weliwadi grZel-
deboda, mkvlevrebi akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor
niSnavdnen medikamentebs kaliforniis zogadi
profilis oTxi saavadmyofos pirveladi gada-
udebeli daxmarebis samsaxuris (umeteswilad
TeTrkaniani) eqimebi. isini afroamerikelebs
ufro meti raodenobis antifsiqotur medika-
mentebs da ufro didi dozebiT uniSnavdnen,
vidre sxva pacientebs. Tumca, afroamerikeli
pacientebi sulac ar iyvnen ufro saSiSni, an
ufro metad daavadebulni, vidre danarCenebi
(segal et al., 1996). aseTi aRmoCenebi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom miaCniaT farmakoTerapiis kritikosebs,
rom medikamentebi yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba
mxolod samedicino miznebisTvis.
rodis aris aucilebeli medikamentebiT
mkurnaloba
Cven mokled mimovixileT fsiqologiuri aS-
lilobebis medikamenturi mkurnalobis zogi-
erTi SesaZlebloba. bevri garemoebaa, rodesac
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursma SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesos daavadebuli ada-
mianis cxovreba. Tumca, farmakoTerapiis nebis-
mieri kursi ar gamoricxavs fizikuri, an fsi-
qologiuri miCvevis SesaZleblobas da SesaZlo
seriozul gverdiT movlenebs. rogor afaseben
adamianebi am faqtorebs Semsubuqebis alba-
TobasTan mimarTebaSi? Cven, aseve, aRvniSneT,
rom medikamentma SeiZleba Seamsubuqos simptomi,
magram ver gankurnos misi ganmapirobebeli
paTologia. ramdenad arian adamianebi mzad, rom
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze miiRon medikamentebi?
am kiTxvebs kidev ufro aqtualurs da sain-
teresos xdis gamokvlevebi, romlebic aCveneben,
rom Terapiis zogierTi forma iseve moqmedebs
tvinze, rogorc medikamenturi mkurnalobis
kursi.
saidan
viciT
bihevioraluri Terapiis Sedegad
tvinSi momxdari cvlilebebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone
monawileebs unda aerCiaT da gaevloT
medikamenturi Terapia (fluoqsetin hidro-
qloridiT), an bihevioraluri Terapia
(stimulis wardgena da reaqciis aRkveTa).
emisiur-pozitronuli tomografiiT gada-
iRes pacientebis tvini mkurnalobamde da
mkurnalobis Semdeg, ramac orive saxis
Terapiis Semdeg tvinis funqcionirebaSi
erTnairi cvlilebebi aCvena (Baxter et al.,
1992; Schwartz et al., 1996).
am tipis kvlevebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebze
migviTiTebs: aramedikamentur Terapiebs SeiZleba
iseTive ganmkurnebeli efeqti hqondes tvinze,
rogorc medikamentebiT mkurnalobas, Tumca,
medikamentebiT mkurnalobisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebis gareSe.
erTi TerapiisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba
meoresTan SedarebiT xSirad daavadebis sim-
wvaveze da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis damtki-
cebul efeqturobazea damokidebuli. magaliTad,
ganurCevlad riskisa, Sizofreniis mkurnaloba
ubralod aucilebelia medikamentebiT, raTa
pacientebs normalurad cxovrebis mcireodeni
SesaZlebloba mainc hqondeT. axla ganvixiloT
biosamedicino Terapiebi
meTodebi, romlebsac mkvlevrebi Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebis efeqturobis Sesafaseblad
iyeneben.
Sejameba
Tanamedrove praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba
qirurgiuli procedurebi tvinze fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis Sesamsubuqeblad. eleqtrokonvul-
siuri Terapia sakmaod efeqturia Rrma depresiis
Sesamsubuqeblad. Tumca, vinaidan misdami damoki- 691
 debuleba isev sakamaToa, adamianebi eridebian
am saxis mkurnalobas. antifsiqoturi, antidepre-
siuli da anqsiolizuri preparatebi, rogorc
wesi, Semamsubuqeblad moqmedeben; isini tvinSi
neirogadamtanebis aqtiurobaze axdenen gavlenas.
medikamenturi mkurnalobis, gansakuTrebiT,
antidepresantebis, daniSvnebis ricxvma mkveTrad
moimata bolo aTwleulis manZilze.

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia

davuSvaT, Tqvens cxovrebaSi dainaxeT prob-

lema da migaCniaT, rom misi daZleva mxolod
profesional klinicistTan urTierTqmedebiT
aris SesaZlebeli. Cven mravali saxis Terapiaze
visaubreT. rogor unda gavarkvioT, romeli
maTgani imoqmedebs saukeTesod da SegimsubuqebT
problemas? rogor davrwmundeT, rom romelime
maTgani saerTod imoqmedebs? am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT gamokvlevebs, romlebic miznad
isaxavs calkeuli Terapiebis Sedegianobis
Semowmebas da sxvadasxva Terapiebis urTierT-
Sedarebas. am kvlevebis zogadi mizania adamia-
nebisTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvelaze efeqturi
saSualebis gamovlena. Cven, aseve, mokled mi-
movixilavT prevenciis sakiTxs: ra da rogor
unda gaakeTon fsiqologebma winaswar, rom
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli fsiqikuri daavadeba?
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
aizenkis gamowvevis sapasuxod mkvlevrebma
Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefasebis ufro zusti
meTodologiebi SeimuSaves. aizenkis kritikulma
gamonaTqvamebma naTeli gaxada, rom mkvlevrebs
saTanado sakontrolo jgufebi sWirdebaT. mTeli
rigi mizezebis gamo, individTa garkveuli
procentis mdgomareoba, romelsac fsiqoTerapia
esaWiroeba, marTlac umjobesdeba yovelgvari
profesiuli Carevis gareSe. spontanuri remisiis
efeqti is bazisuri kriteriumia, romliTac unda
Sefasdes Terapiebis Sedegianoba. martivad rom
vTqvaT, unda Candes, rom raRacis keTeba gamojan-
mrTelebis SemTxvevaTa met procents iZleva,
vidre _ arafris keTeba.
aseve, mkvlevrebi cdiloben, dagvanaxon, rom

maT mier gamoyenebuli mkurnaloba ufro mets

Terapiis Sedegianobis
Sefaseba
britanelma fsiqologma hans aizenkma (Hans
Eysenck, 1952) furori moaxdina: man ganacxada,
rom fsiqoTerapia saerTod ar moqmedebs! man
xelT arsebuli yvela publikacia mimoixila,
sadac saubari iyo sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis
Sedegianobaze da aRmoaCina, rom im pacientebis
mdgomareoba, romlebic aranair Terapias ar
iRebdnen, iseTive sixSiriT umjobesdeboda, ro-
gorc im pacientebisa, romlebic fsiqoanalitur
an sxva saxis insaituri Terapiis kurss gadi-
odnen. man ganacxada, rom nevrotuli proble-
mebis mqone adamianTa daaxloebiT ori mesamedi
TavisTavad gamojanmrTeldeboda problemis
gaCenidan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
692
akeTebs, vidre klientis sakuTari gankurnebis
molodinis gamoyenebaa. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT
Cven mier adre ganxiluli placebo efeqtebi:
bevr SemTxvevaSi adamianebis fsiqikuri Tu
fizikuri janmrTeloba mxolod imitom umjo-
besdeba, rom isini moelian gaumjobesebas. Tera-
piuli situacia xels uwyobs am rwmenis gan-
mtkicebas imiT, rom Terapevts mkurnalis speci-
fikur socialur rolSi ayenebs (Frank & Frank,
spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remis-
sion effect) _ fsiqikuri problemebis mqone zo-
gierT pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esa-
Wiroeba fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaum-
jobeseba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis gareSe;
bazisuri kriteriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes
Terapiebis Sedegianoba.
1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom Terapiis placebo
efeqti Terapiuli Carevis mniSvnelovani nawi-
lia, mkvlevrebs, Cveulebriv, surT imis Cveneba,
rom maT mier gamoyenebuli Terapiis specifikuri
forma ufro Sedegiania, vidre placebo Terapia
(neitraluri Terapia, romelic mxolod gankur-
nebis molodins qmnis) (Enserink, 1999).
ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebi Terapiul Sede-
gianobas statistikuri meTodis _ meta-analizis
_ gamoyenebiT afaseben. meta-analizi mkvlevrebs
formaluri meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofs, romelic
mowodebulia mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperi-
mentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavle-
nad. bevr fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi mkvlevari
svams kiTxvas: „gamovlinda Tu ara eqsperimentis
monawileTa umravlesobaSi Cem mier nawinaswar-
metyveli movlena?~ meta-analizis cdis pirebs
eqsperimentebi warmoadgenen. Terapiis Sedegia-
nobasTan mimarTebaSi mkvlevari svams kiTxvas:
„gamoavlina Tu ara Sedegebis gamokvlevaTa um-
ravlesobam dadebiTi cvlilebebi?~ am kiTxvaze
pasuxia Zalze damajerebeli „diax~ (Lipsey &
Wilson, 1993; Shadish et al., 1997). rogorc Cans,
Terapiuli kursebis umravlesobas sul mciredi
dadebiTi efeqti mainc aqvs, romelic SesaZlo
„mkurnalobis gareSe~ an „placebo~ efeqtebis
farglebs scildeba.
aseTi Sedegebis gamo, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs
naklebad afiqrebT, moqmedebs Tu ara fsiqo-
Terapia; isini ufro metad arian dakavebulni
iseTi sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa: ratom moqmedebs
fsiqoTerapia da aris Tu ara romelime konkre-
tuli mkurnaloba yvelaze efeqturi konkretuli
problemisTvis da garkveuli tipis pacientebi-
sTvis (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996, Goldfried et al., 1990). unda
aRiniSnos, rom yovelTvis ar aris ioli im
kvlevebis urTierTSedareba, romlebic sxvadasxva
Terapiebis Sesaxeb iZlevian monacemebs. Zneli
gasaTvaliswinebelia TerapevtTa gamocdilebebs
Soris gansxavavebebi, Terapiis xangrZlioba,
pirveladi diagnozis sizuste, aSlilobis tipi,
pacientis sirTuleebis simwvavesa da tipebs
Soris gansxvavebebi, Sedegebis gazomvis meTodebi,
pacientis molodinebisa da SeTavazebuli Te-
rapiis urTierTTanxvedra da mkurnalobis das-
rulebis Semdeg pacientze dakvirvebis xangr-
Zlioba _ da es mxolod mcire nawilia para-
metrTa im grZeli CamonaTvalisa, romelic gaiT-
valiswinebul unda iqnes. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT,
mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben am problemebis
daZlevas da depresiis mkurnalobis sxvadasxva
tipebis pirdapir Sedarebaze fokusirdebian.
mkurnalobis Sefaseba
depresiis farTo gavrcelebidan gamomdinare
(ix. Tavi 15), mravali gamokvleva, romelSic
sxvadasxva tipis Terapiebis urTierTSedarebas
axdenen, depresiuli adamianebis jgufebze
tardeba. erTi gansakuTrebiT gabeduli proeqti
daafinansa da koordinireba gauwia fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis nacionalurma institutma (aSS,
National Institute os Mental Health – NIMH). am kvlevis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi iyo: (1) xanmokle fsiqo-
Terapiis ori gansxvavebuli formis _ trici-
kluri medikamenturi mkurnalobis da placebo
kontrolis _ Sedegianobis Sedareba; (2) 28
profesionali Terapevtis mier Catarebuli
mkurnalobis zusti gansazRvra da standarti-
zacia; amasTan, TiToeuli Terapevti Terapiis
oTxi tipidan erT-erTSi specializirdeboda da
TiToeuli tipis mkurnaloba sxvadasxva qalaqis
sam sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi tardeboda; (3)
SemTxveviT SeirCa 240 ambulatoriuli pacienti,
romelic klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis
standartul kriteriumebs akmayofilebda; (4)
dadginda Sefasebis standartizirebuli proce-
durebi Terapiis procesisa (magaliTad, Terapi-
uli seansebis videoCanawerebis) da saboloo
Sedegebis gasazomad gankuTvnili meTodikebis
monitoringisTvis mkurnalobis dasawyisSi, 16-
kviriani Terapiuli procesis ganmavlobaSi,
mkurnalobis dasasrulisTvis da dasrulebidan
18 Tvis Semdeg; (5) Sedegebis damoukidebeli
Sefaseba romelime dawesebulebaSi, romelic
ar monawileobda kvlevis arc erT fazaSi (Elkin
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia
et al., 1989).
afasebdnen ori saxis fsiqoTerapias, romelic
specialurad Seiqmna, an modificirda arasaavad-
placebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri
specifikuri klinikuri procedurisgan damouki-
debeli Terapia, romelic iwvevs klienti mdgo-
mareobis gaumjobesebas.
meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis
Semowmebeli statiskituri meTodi, romelic
iZleva formalur meqanizms mravali sxvadasxva-
gvari eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi das-
693
kvnebis gamosavlenad.

suraTi
16.2
depresiis Terapiebi
depresiis simptomebi yvelaze metad medikamenturi
mkurnalobis Sedegad Semcirda, Tumca, simptomebi,
aseve, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda fsiqodinamikuri da
kognituri Terapiebis Sedegadac.
myofos pirobebSi depresiis samkurnalod. es
ori xanmokle Terapia iyo kognitur-biheviora-
luri Terapia da interpersonaluri fsiqo-
Terapia _ fsiqodinamikuri orientaciis Terapia,
romelic pacientebis mimdinare cxovrebasa da
pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze fokusir-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
deboda. ormag brma proceduraSi, (anu eqsperimen-
tatorebma ar icodnen, romeli pacienti romel
preparats iRebda) tricikluri antidepresanti
imipramini da placebo kontrolis preparati
gamoiyenes. rogorc medikamentebis, ise place-
bos SemTxvevaSi TiToeul pacients kviraSi
erTxel naxulobda fsiqiatri, romelic
minimalur mxardamWer Terapias axorcieldebda.
Terapiis Sedegebis am samagaliTo kvlevis
monacemebis erTi nawili mocemulia suraTze
16.2. grafiki aCvenebs, rom Rrmad depresiuli
pacientebis mkurnalobis TiToeuli forma ufro
Sedegiani iyo, vidre placebo; amasTan, anti-
depresiuli medikamenti yvelaze Sedegiani
aRmoCnda, fsiqodinamikurma da kongitur-
bihevioralurma Terapiebma, Sedegianobis mixed-
viT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba daikaves (Klein &
694 Ross, 1993). Semdgom proeqtebSi mkvlevrebi afa-
sebdnen da erTmaneTs adarebdnen mxolod fsiqo-
Terapiis Sedegianobasa da kombinirebul fsiqo-
Terapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas. erT-
erT gamokvlevaSi kombinirebuli Terapia yvela-
ze warmatebuli aRmoCnda (Keller et al., 2000). 519
monawilidan, romelmac mkurnalobis kursi
gaiara, simptomebis Semsubuqebis kvlevaSi
dadgenil kriteriumebs im monawileTa 55%-is
mdgomareoba akmayofilebda, vin mxolod medi-
kamenturi mkurnaloba miiRo da im monawileTa
52%-is mdgomareoba, vinc mxolod fsiqoTerapiiT
mkurnalobda, xolo im pacientebidan, vinc
iRebda kombinirebul _ fsiqoTerapiul da
medikamentur mkurnalobas _ 85%-s mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis igive maCvenebeli hqonda.
depresiis mkurnalobis Sesafaseblad Cata-
rebuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom orive _ bio-
logiur da fsiqologiur _ mkurnalobas mniS-
vnelovani wvilili Seaqvs fsiqikuri janmrTe-
lobis gaumjobesebaSi. garda amisa, es kvlevebi
naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis im meTodebze,
romelTa gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
Tu romeli Terapia iqneba saukeTeso TiToeuli
tipis aSlilobisTvis. suraTze 16.3 mocemulia
ganzogadebuli ierarqiuli sqema imisa, Tu ra
rols asrulebs Teoria, klinikaSi warmoebuli
dakvirveba da mecnieruli kvleva mkurnalobis
(rogorc fsiqikuri, ise _ fizikuri daavadebebis)
nebismieri formis ganviTarebasa da SefasebaSi.
is gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxis sistematuri kvlevaa
saWiro, rom klinicistebma ufro iolad gasa-
zRvron, Teoriis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaba-
misad, marTlac cvlis rames Tu ara maT mier
gamoyenebuli Terapia. sqemis erT mxares xedavT
klinikaSi warmoebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebs _
klinicistis sakuTar gamocdilebas axali pro-
cedurebis gamoyenebisas. Cveulebisamebr, mkur-
nalobis axali meTodebi dasawyisisTvis praq-
tikaSi mkacri eqsperimentuli kontrolis gareSe
gamoicdeba. sqemis meore mxares Teoriis ganvi-
Tarebas xedavT. Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs im
meTodebis Sesaxeb, romelmac unda gaamarTlos
da imuSaos praqtikaSi, rac SeiZleba dadas-
turdes laboratoriuli gamokvlevebiT. es ori
saxis insaiti _ klinikuri da eqsperimentuli
_ erTiandeba da axal Terapias iZleva (Goldfried
& Wolfe, 1996; Seligman, 1996).
winamdebare Tavis daskvniT qveTavSi cxov-
rebis mniSvnelovan princips SevexebiT: rogori
 mkurnalobis
mimdinare
prevenciis strategiebi
statusi
ori megobari mdinaris piras seirnobda.
uecrad, mdinarem gatacebuli bavSvi
Camoatara. erT-erTi maTgani Caxta mdina-
reSi da bavSvi gadaarCina. amis Semdeg
pirveladi
klinikuri kvleva _ megobrebma ganagrZes seirnoba. moulod-
dakvirveba Teoriuli nelad, kidev erTi bavSvi Camohyva dinebas.
modeli pirveli bavSvis gadamrCeni isev gadaeSva
mdinareSi da isev gamoiyvana samSvidobos
mdinaris msxverpli. male mesame wyal-
gamocda sawyisi waRebulic gamoCnda. jer isev mSrali
kontrolis gamokvlevebi megobari swrafad gauyva mdinaris napirs
gareSe laboratoria dinebis sapirispirod. maSvelma megobarma
klinikur Si
populaciaSi gasZaxa: „ei, sad midixar?~ mSralma mego-
marma upasuxa: „vcdilob, im naZiralas
mivagno, vinc am bavSvebs wyalSi yris~
(Wolman, 1975, gv. 3).
axali
Terapia am moTxrobis morali naTelia: problemis
prevencia, anu Tavidan acileba saukeTeso gada-
wyvetaa. Cven mier ganxiluli yvela tradiciuli
Terapia iseTi adamianis Secvlazea mimarTuli,
moklevadiani romelsac ukve aqvs problema, an romelic ara-
klinikuri qmediTunariania. isini mas Semdeg iwyeben muSa-
kvlevebi obas, rac Tavs iCens problemuri qceva da es
kontroliT
gausaZlisi xdeba adamianisTvis. im droisaTvis,
rodesac adamiani mkurnalobas gadawyvets, an
iZulebuli gaxdeba, rom imkurnalos, fsiqikuri
grZelvadiani
klinikuri aSliloba ukve kargad aris „mokalaTebuli~
kvlevebi da damangrevlad moqmedebs mis yoveldRiur
kontroliT funqcionirebaze, sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze,
samsaxursa Tu profesiul zrdaze.

praqtikaSi
efeqturobis
Sefaseba
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia

suraTi
16.3
ufro Sedegiani Terapiis Seqmna
fsqiqikuri/fizikuri daavadebebis mkurna-
lobis ganvioTarebis afexurebi

Sedegianic ar unda iyos mkurnaloba, xSirad

ukeTesia daavadebis prevencia, vidre misi
mkurnaloba.
695
 fsiqologiuri problemebis prevencia ram-
denime doneze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes (Rabins,
1992, Reiss & Price, 1996). pirveladi prevencia mimar-
Tulia daavadebis ganviTarebamde mdgomareobis
Tavidan acilebaze. am mizniT, magaliTad, SeiZ-
leba gadaidgas nabijebi imisaTvis, rom indi-
videbs gamklavebis unar-Cvevebi davaswavloT,
romliTac isini garemos uaryofiTi aspeqte-
bisadmi, romelmac SeiZleba SfoTva, an depresia
gamoiwvion, metad adaptirebadni gaxdebian, an
romelTa saSualebiTac SeeZlebaT maTi Secvla
(Durlak & Wells, 1997; Kaplan, 2000). meoradi prevencia
cdilobs ukve ganviTarebuli aSlilobis simwva-
vis, an xangrZlivobis Semcirebas. es keTdeba
programebiT, romelic aSlilobis dasawyisSive
gamovlenisa da mkurnalobis dawyebis SesaZ-
leblobas iZleva. mesameuli prevencia cdilobs,
ar dauSvas recidivebi da amiT zRudavs fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobis xangrZliv zemoqmedebas. mesa-
meuli prevenciuli zomebisTvis saWiroa, rom
ukve cnobili da SeZlebisdagvarad aRmofxvrili
iyos aSlilobis mizezebi.
dasaxelebuli tipebis prevenciis ganxorci-
eleba im msxvilmasStabian cvlilebebze mianiS-
nebda, romelic fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis
zogadma mimarTulebam da ZiriTadma paradigmebma
ganicada. umniSvnelovanesi sistemuri cvli-
lebebia: (1) mkurnalobisTvis prevenciis damateba;
(2) daavadebebis mkurnalobis viwro samedicino
modelidan sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis ufro
farTo modelze gadasvla; (3) im situaciebsa da
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
garemo pirobebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
romelic adamianebs riskis winaSe ayenebs da
maT „risk-jgufSi myofi adamianebisgan~ mijnavs;
(4) meti interesi Cveuli cxovrebiseuli garemos
situaciebisadmi, romelic xels uwyobs daava-
debis ganviTarebas da naklebi _ predispo-
ziciuri maxasiaTeblebis Ziebisadmi Tavad ada-
mianebSi (Ammerman & Hersen, 1997; Kendrick et al., 1996).
samedicino modeli mowodebulia daavadebuli
adamianebis mkurnalobisTvis; sazogadoebrivi
jandacvis modeli daavadebebisa da avadmyofobis
garemoSi arsebuli mizezebis gamovlenasa da
aRkveTas gulisxmobs. am midgomiT, daavadebuli
klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) – fsiqo-
logiis dargi, romelic iseT aSlilobebs, ro-
goricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia,
garemoSi arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs.
696
individi ganixileba, rogorc maspinZeli, an
matarebeli _ mimdinare daavadebis saboloo
Sedegi. rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im garemo
pirobebis Secvla, romelic daavadebis ganvi-
Tarebas ganapirobebs, mogvianebiT aRar gaxdeba
saWiro adamianebis Secvla Zvirad Rirebuli,
eqstensiuri mkurnalobiT. iseTi infeqciuri
daavadebebis mkveTri Semcireba, rogoricaa
tuberkulozi, yvavili da malaria, am midgomis
wyalobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba
fsiqopaTologias, am SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia
stresis mizezebis gamovlena garemosa Tu aqti-
vobis organizaciaSi. SeiZleba maT Sesustebaze
mimarTuli programis Seqmna da amiT im adamianTa
ricxvis Semcireba, vinc maTi moqmedebis samizne
gaxdeba. klinikuri ekologiis sfero afarTovebs
biosamedicino Terapiebis sazRvrebs imiT, rom
iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSli-
loba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul gamRi-
zianeblebs ukavSirebs _ es SeiZleba iyos: qimi-
uri gamxsnelebi, xmauri, sezonuri cvlilebebi
da radiacia (Bell, 1982). vinaidan wvlili Seaqvs
fsiqopaTologiaSi, zogierTma Terapevtma gaa-
farTova garemos cneba da masSi garegani garemos10
yvela is maxasiaTebeli CarTo, romelic norma-
lur adaptaciaze zemoqmedebs yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi (Ghadirian & Lehmann, 1993). aq Sedis,
kvebis zemoqmedeba, fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi,
terorizmi, bunebrivi ubedurebebi da socia-
luri mxardaWeris sistemebis ararseboba.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis prevencia mraval-
mxrivi da rTuli amocanaa. masSi ara marto
relevanturi mizezobrivi faqtorebis gageba
moiazreba, aramed individualur, dawesebu-
lebebis da samTavrobo doneebze warmoqmnili
winaaRmdegobis daZleva cvlilebebisken mimaval
gzaze. aucilebelia seriozuli samecniero
kvleviTi Zalisxmeva prevenciuli RonisZiebebis
xangrZlivi sargeblis demonstrirebisTvis da
fsiqopaTologiisadmi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
modelis gamoyeneba, raTa gamarTleba moeZebnos
amisaTvis gaRebul xarjebs sxva problemebis
winaSe, romelic, aseve, dauyovnebel gadawyvetas
saWiroebs. prevenciuli programebis saboloo
10
External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is,
rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo, anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna).
mizani sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofaa.
Sejameba
fsiqoTerapiiT dakavebuli mkvlevrebi cdi-
loben, gansazRvron, Terapiuli Carevis romeli
formebi uzrunvelyofen saukeTeso Sedegs. didi
raodenobis gamokvlevebis analizi aCvenebs, rom
mTlianobaSi fsiqoTerapia Sedegiania. farTo-
masStabiani kvlevebi, rogoricaa depresiis
mkurnalobis kvleva (romelic aSS fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis dacvis nacionaluri institutis,
koordinaciiT ganxorcielda), miznad isaxavs
calkeuli aSlilobebisTvis maqsimalurad Se-
degiani konkretuli tipis mkurnalobis gamov-
lenas. ukeTesi Terapiuli meTodis Seqmnis pro-
cesi laboratoriuli kvlevebis aRmoCenebsa
da klinikuri gamocdilebis Sedegebs aerTianebs.
prevenciuli mimarTuleba ubiZgebs klinicis-
tebs, rom Seecadon individebisTvis unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da maTi garemos Secvlas
ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes aSlilobis gan-
viTareba da misi Sedegebis minimizacia.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
Terapia diagnozis dasmas
da mkurnalobis kursis
daniSvnas moiTxovs.
Terapia SeiZleba iyos
samedicino, an fsiqolo-
giuri.
arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis
o T x i Z i r i Ta d i t i p i :
fsiqodinamikuri, bihevio-
raluri, kognituri da
egzistencialur-humanis-
turi.
mravali sxvadasxva pro-
fesionali dakavebulia
fsiqoTerapiiT.
warsulSi fsiqikuri aS-
lilobebis mkurnaloba
uxeSi da araadamianuri
lilobebis gagebisa da mkur-
nalobis meTodebi, rac mniS-
vnelovani gakveTili SeiZ-
leba iyos dasavluri Tera-
piuli praqtikisTvis.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
zigmund froidis fsiqoana-
litikuri Teoriis safuZvel-
ze Seiqmna.
froidi xazs usvamda aracno-
bieri konfqliqtebis rols
fsiqopaTologiis etiolo-
giaSi. fsiqodinamikuri Tera-
piis mizani am konfliqtebis
gadaWraa.
am Terapiis mniSvnelovani
mdgenelebia: Tavisufali aso-
bihevioraluri Terapiebi
bihevioraluri Terapia
daswavlis da ganmtkicebis
principebs iyenebs prob-
lemuri qcevis modifici-
rebisas, an aRkveTisas.
kontrganpirobebis meTo-
debiT xdeba uaryofiTi
qcevebis, rogoricaa, fo-
biuri reaqciebi, Canacvleba
ufro adapturi qcevebiT.
fobiebis modifikaciis
yvela teqnikisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli elementia sti-
mulis wardgena.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceb-
lebis marTva; pirobiTi gan-
pirobebuloba qcevis mo-
dificirebis mizniT gamo-
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

iyo. ciaciebi, winaaRmdegobisadmi iyeneba; upiratesad iyeneben

fsiqikuri aSlilobis
daavadebad miCnevas pa-
cientTa ufro humanuri
meTodebiT mkurnaloba
mohyva.
kulturuli anTropo-
logia gviCvenebs, rom
mraval kulturaSi ar-
sebobs fsiqikuri aS -
yuradReba, sizmrebis anali-
zi, gadatana da kontrgada-
tana.
neofroidianelebi met aq-
cents akeTeben pacientis aw-
myo, mimdinare socialur
situaciaze, pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebze da me-koncef-
ciaze.
dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da
reaqciis Caqrobas.
socialuri daswavlis
TerapiaSi qcevis modeli-
reba da socialuri unar-
Cvevebis gavarjiSeba gamoi-
yeneba, raTa individebs
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
darwmunebaSi daexmaron.
697

kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri Terapia mimar-
Tulia uaryofiTi, an ira-
cionaluri azrebis pater-
nebis Secvlaze, romelic
individs sakuTari Tavisa
da socialuri urTierTo-
bebis Sesaxeb gaaCnia.
kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia klientisgan
moiTxovs problemis Sesa-
xeb mosazrebaTa ufro me-
tad konstruqciuli pa-
ternebis daswavlas da
axali teqnikebis sxva, Tera-
piulisgan gansxvavebul
situaciebSi gamoyenebas.
kognituri Terapia war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba depre-
siis mkurnalobisTvis.
racionalur-emocionaluri
Terapia exmareba klientebs
gaacnobieron sakuTari ira-
cionaluri mosazrebebi sak-
uTari Tavis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic xels uSliT maT
warmatebul cxovrebas.
egzistencialur-humanis-
turi Terapia
egzistencialur-humanis-
turi Terapiebi individebs
TviTaqtualizaciaSi ex-
mareba.
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
Terapevtebi cdiloben
aradireqtiulni iyvnen, ro-
desac klients exmarebian
sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi war-
modgenis SeqmnaSi, romel-
sac SeuZlia garemodan
momdinare kritikasTan gam-
klaveba.
geStalt-Terapia mimar-
Tulia erTian pirovnebaze
_ sxeulze, fsiqikasa da
sacxovrebel garemoze.
jgufuri Terapiebi
jgufuri Terapia saSua-
lebas aZlevs adamianebs,
daakvirdnen da CaerTon
socialur urTierTobebSi,
rac Seamcirebs maT fsiqo-
698
698 logiur problemebs.
ojaxis da ojaxuri wyvi-
lebis Terapia wyvilis, an
ojaxis situaciur siZne-
leebsa da pirovnebaTSoris
dinamikaze muSaobs; aq wyvili,
an ojaxi ganixileba, rogorc
sistema, romelic gaumjo-
besebas saWiroebs.
sazogadoebrivi da inter-
netis TviTdaxmarebis jgu-
febi SesaZleblobas aZlevs
individebs, miiRon infor-
macia da socialuri mxar-
daWeris pirobebSi sakuTar
TavSi darwmunebuloba ig-
rZnos.
biosamedicino Terapiebi
biosamedicino Terapiebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis fizio-
logiuri aspeqtebis cvli-
lebaze orientirdebian.
radikaluri da Seuqcevadi
moqmedebis gamo fsiqoqi-
rurgia iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Te-
rapia Zalze efeqturia dep-
resiul pacientebTan, magram
is mainc sakamaTo sakiTxad
rCeba.
farmakoTerapiaSi Sedis
antifsiqoturi medikamentebi
SizofreniisTvis, antidepre-
santebi da anqsiolizuri
saSualebebi.
tradiciulma fsiqoTera-
piebma da medikamenturma
mkurnalobam SeiZleba tvin-
Si zogierTi erTnairi cvli-
leba gamoiwvios.
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia
kvleva aCvenebs, rom mravali
Terapia ukeTes Sedegs iZ-
leva, vidre drois tyuilad
xarjva, an placebo Terapia.
Sefasebis proeqtebi, rogo-
ricaa depresiis Terapiebis
NIMH-is mier warmoebuli
kvleva, gvexmareba, rom vupa-
suxoT kiTxvas: ra qmnis Te-
rapiis efeqturobas?
prevenciis strategiebi au-
cilebelia fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis ganviTarebis
SesaCereblad da ukve war-
moqmnili aSlilobebis
Sedegebis minimizaciisTvis.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aversiuli Terapia
qcevis repeticia
qcevis modifikacia
bihevioraluri Terapia
biosamedicino Terapia
kaTarzisi
klienti
klientze centrirebuli Te-
rapia
klinikuri ekologia
klinikuri fsiqologi
klinikuri socialuri muSaki
kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia
kognituri Terapia
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva
fsiqolog-konsultanti
kontrganpirobeba
kontrgadatana
sizmris analizi
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
(ECR)
daZirva
Tavisuafali asociacia
geStalt-Terapia
moZraoba adamianis potencia-
lis ganviTarebisTvis
imploziuri Terapia
insaituri Terapia
meta-analizi
obieqti-urTierTobis Terapia
monawileobis meSveobiT mode-
lireba
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti
pacienti
placebo Terapia
prefrontaluri lobotomia
fsiqiatri
fsiqoanalitikosi
fsiqofarmakologia
fsiqoqirurgia
fsiqoTerapia
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
(per)
winaaRmdegoba
ritualuri mkurnaloba
Samanizmi
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
spontanuri remisiis efeqti
sistemuri desensitizacia
gadatana
socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

17
situaciis Zala
• rolebi da wesebi
• socialuri normebi
• konformuloba
• situaciis Zala: mxilebani
faruli kameriT
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
• atribuciis Teoriis
warmoSoba
• atribuciis fundamenturi
Secdoma
• sakuTari Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba
• molodinebi da TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba
• qcevebi, romlebic
amarTleben molodinebs
damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla
da qceva
• damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
• darwmunebis procesi
• sakuTari qmedebiT
darwmuneba
• daTanxmeba
socialuri urTierTobebi
• mowoneba
• Seyvareba
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
urTierTobebi da interneti
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
699
 C ems siciliel papa salvatores
Zalian uyvarda opera, magram
metismetad Raribi iyo imisaTvis,
rom odesme Tavis axal samSobloSi – amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi operis TeatrSi wasuliyo.
amis nacvlad, is yovel SabaTs usmenda patara
radioTi saopero gadacemebs metropoliten ope-
ridan, romelic Tavis fexsacmlebis SesakeTebel
saxelosnoSi, bronqsSi hqonda. is mTel xmaze
rTavda radios, xolo, Tu opera italiuri iyo,
tenoris partiebis umetesobas SemsrulebelTan
erTad TviTonac asrulebda. Tanac papa grZnobda
imis aucileblobas, rom gaenaTlebina „amerike-
lebi~ da isini saopero xelovnebis saswau-
lisTvis eziarebina, amitom Tavisi saxelosnos
karsac aRebda, raTa radios xma quCebs grialiT
mosdeboda.
erT SabaT dRes, papaCemis netareba Tavxedi
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
biWebis jgufma daarRvia, romlebic mas sawyeni
epiTetebiT amkobdnen: „turtliano, saidanac
mosulxar, iq waeTrie~ da uaressac eubnebodnen.
isini ise xmamaRla Rrialebdnen, rom papam
veRar SeZlo Tavisi sayvareli operis _ „tra-
viatas~ mosmena. is TviTonac lanZRavda maT, magram
pasuxad ufro daundobel dacinvasa da abuCad
agdebas iRebda. garkveuli drois Semdeg biWebi
wavidnen, magram papas operis dasasrulis mosmeniT
aRaranairi siamovneba miuRia.
Semdeg SabaTs, saaTis sizustiT, biWebi isev
movidnen yviriliTa da lanZRviT. amjerad papa
salvatore gareT gamovida da biWebs uTxra: „me
Tu Tqven aRtacebaSi mogiyvanaT papa sal-
vatores qcevam, hkiTxeT Tqvens Tavs, ratom iyo
is ase efeqturi? ratom iyo, rom misma sawyisma
safasurma – 25 centma ase Secvala situacia?
700 ratom moxda, rom sawyisi safasuris 10 centamde
saTanadod ver Sevafase, Tu ra kargi xmebi gqoniaT,
modiT gaagrZeleT yvirili, rac SegiZliaT xma-
maRla da me TiToeul Tqvengans warmodgenisaTvis
25 cents gadagixdiT~. biWebmac yvirili daiwyes
da sirenebiviT naxevar saaTs mainc gahyvirodnen
gauCereblad. papa salvatorem maT safasuri gada-
uxada da isinic gancvifrebulebi da bednierebi
gaiqcnen koka-kolisa da kinosTvis naSovni fuliT.
momdevno SabaTs, rodesac isini kvlav gamo-
cxaddnen, papa salvatore gareT gamovida da
auwya biWebs, Tu rogor moswonda maTi Rriali,
Tanac ufro xmamaRali, vidre operisa Tu mezob-
lad momuSave sanagve manqanebis xmaa, magram, amas-
Tan, isic uTxra, rom erTi sawyali mewaRe iyo
da imis saSualeba ar hqonda, rom maTTvis ise
gadaexada, rogorc imsaxurebdnen da rom dRe-
vandeli SousTvis mxolod 10 centis gaRebas
SeZlebda.
„Sen Cven patara bavSvebi xom ar ggonivarT,
bebruxanav? sulac ar vapirebT, Sous iafad
mowyobas, Seitene Seni fuli!” _ am sityvebiT
isini iqaurobas moSordnen da, Tumca, isev ilan-
ZRebodnen, magram ufro dabal xmaze.
momdevno da yvela sxva SabaTs biWebma uari
Tqves beberi italieli mewaRis lanZRvaze, ro-
melsac Ciradac ar agdebdnen da romelsac axla
arxeinad SeeZlo, yovel SabaTs Tavisi opere-
bisaTvis esmina, ise xmamaRla CaerTo, rogorc
moisurvebda da Tavi ar Seewuxebina imaze fiqriT,
rom mas myudroebas daurRvevda an Seawuxebda
uxeSi, crurwmenebiT savse jeelebis banda.
dayvanam iZulebulni gaxada Tavxedebi, aRar
gahkarebodnen papa salvatores da mis operebs.
rogorc ki am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas Seec-
debiT, socialuri fsiqologiis– fsiqologiis
im dargis samyaroSi moeqceviT, romelic swav-