TASK 2 – Valentina Molina Frontán

1. How does climate and land affect life?

The impacts of climate change include warming temperatures, changes in precipitation,

increases in the frequency or intensity of some extreme weather events, and rising sea levels.
These affects threaten our health by affecting the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we
breathe, and the weather we experience.

Warmer average temperatures will lead to hotter days and more frequent and longer heat
waves. Exposure to extreme heat can lead to heat stroke and dehydration, as well as
cardiovascular, respiratory, and cerebrovascular diseases. Certain types of populations are
more vulnerable than others: for example, outdoor workers, student athletes, and homeless
people are more exposed to extreme heat because they spend more time outdoors. Young
children, pregnant women, older adults, and people with certain medical conditions are less
able to regulate their body temperature and can therefore be more vulnerable to extreme
heat. Urban areas are typically warmer than their rural surroundings. Climate change is
projected to increase the vulnerability of urban populations to heat-related health affects.
Heat waves are also often accompanied by periods of stagnant air, leading to increases in air
pollution and associated health effects.

Changes in the climate affect the air we breathe both indoors and outdoors. Warmer
temperatures and shifting weather patterns can worsen air quality, which can lead to asthma
attacks and other respiratory and cardiovascular health effects. Wildfires, which are expected
to continue to increase in number and severity as the climate changes, create smoke and other
unhealthy air pollutants. Increases in the frequency or severity of some extreme weather
events, such as extreme precipitation, flooding, droughts, and storms, threaten the health of
people during and after the event and they can affect human health in several ways. People
can become ill if exposed to contaminated drinking or recreational water. Climate change
increases the risk of illness through increasing temperature, more frequent heavy rains and
runoff, and the effects of storms. Health effects may include gastrointestinal illness like
diarrhea, effects on the body's nervous and respiratory systems, or liver and kidney damage.

Agriculture is sensitive to climate change. As the relative outputs of agriculture and forestry
are altered by temperature increases, land productivity across the planet will be altered. Over
the next several decades, warmer weather in low-latitude regions will increase the likelihood
of drought. Midlatitude regions with cool weather will benefit from warming and more
precipitation. High-latitude regions will be able to increase their agricultural outputs due to
higher temperatures. Yet damages to low-latitude areas may spread to the midlatitudes by the
end of the century if current greenhouse gas emissions are unabated.

Possible shifts of ecosystems to higher latitudes and elevations will affect forestry, causing the
replacement or dieback of selected timber types. Although ecosystem shifts may lead to the
extinction of some plants and animals, forestland will expand in most climate scenarios for the
next century. Rising temperatures will also speed up the hydrological cycle, leading to more
evaporation and rain. Because runoff will decrease and the location of increased precipitation
is unclear, most studies predict that water supplies in most low-latitude regions will fall.
Outdoor recreation and tourism are expected to benefit from warmer weather. Moreover, any
change in a person's physical health or surrounding environment can also have serious effects
on their mental health. In particular, experiencing an extreme weather event can cause stress
and other mental health consequences, particularly when a person loses loved ones or their
home.

2. British history is closely related to the sea. Explain and give examples to support this.

The UK is an island nation in Western Europe just off the coast of France. The mainland areas
lie between latitudes 49°N and 59°N and longitudes 8°W to 2°E. The UK lies between the North
Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, and comes within 35 km (22 miles) of the northwest coast of
France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. Northern Ireland shares a 360 km
international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. The Channel Tunnel bored beneath
the English Channel, now links the UK with France. The UK has a total area of approximately
245,000 km², almost a quarter-of-a-million square kilometers. An interesting fact is that no one
in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea. Britain is an island country, and the
surrounding sea gives England a varied climate. They never know what the weather will be like
from one day to the other. It can be sunny one day and rainy the next. As they have such a
variable climate changing from day to day, it is difficult to predict the weather. Generally, they
have warm summers and cool winters. Summers are cooler than those on the continent, but
the winters are milder. The overall climate in England is called temperate maritime. This means
it is mild, with temperatures not much lower than 0ºC in winter and not much higher than
32ºC in summer. It also means that it is damp and is subject to frequent changes.

The major influence on the climate is the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the northern
latitude, and the warming of the waters around the land by the Gulf Stream (a warm current of
the northern Atlantic Ocean). The island is small compared with the other land masses in the
northern hemisphere–hence Britain is more influenced by the ocean compared with other
European countries, and the Gulf Stream helps to keep winters milder compared with other
landlocked nations with a similar latitude.

The Gulf Stream, also known as the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm current which flows across
the Atlantic Ocean from the warmer seas of the Caribbean and makes West-European
countries considerably warmer than they would be otherwise. The Gulf Stream is the main
ocean current that affects Britain and warms it by 5-8C. The Gulf of Mexico has higher air
temperatures than Britain, as it's closer to the equator. This means that the air coming from
the Gulf of Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air is also moist as it travels over the
Atlantic Ocean. This is one reason Britain often receives wet weather. Winds that blow from
the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland areas.

3-An ancient culture was found recently. These remains were found inside a tomb: old
female bones, a mirror, harnesses, a gold brooch, dog skeleton, wooden doll, leather boots,
some Greek pottery, fish spines, a bottle of wine, wood, 2 enamel rings, dry herbs, coins of
the Roman Empire, pearls. What can you infer from this finding?

 First, I researched the female role throughout history and ancient civilizations, so I am
attaching the ones who seemed more relevant to me.

Ancient Egypt:

One of the central values of ancient Egyptian civilization, arguably the central value, was ma'at
- the concept of harmony and balance in all aspects of one's life. This ideal was the most
important duty observed by the pharaoh who, as a mediator between the gods and the
people, was supposed to be a role model for how one lived a balanced life. Egyptian art,
architecture, religious practices, even governmental agencies all exhibit a perfect symmetry of
balance and this can also be seen in gender roles throughout the history of ancient Egyptian
civilization.

Women in ancient Egypt were the equals of men in every area except occupations.
Egyptologist Barbara Watterson writes:

“In ancient Egypt a woman enjoyed the same rights under the law as a man. What her de jure
rights were depended upon her social class, not her sex. All landed property descended in the
female line, from mother to daughter, on the assumption, perhaps, that maternity is a matter
of fact, paternity a matter of opinion. A woman was entitled to administer her own property
and dispose of it as she wished. She could buy, sell, be a partner in legal contracts, be executor
in wills and witness to legal documents, bring an action at court, and adopt children in her own
name. An ancient Egyptian woman was legally capax [competent, capable]. In contrast, an
ancient Greek woman was supervised by a kyrios [male guardian] and many Greek women
who lived in Egypt during the Ptolemaic Period, observing Egyptian women acting without
kyrioi, were encouraged to do so themselves. In short, an ancient Egyptian woman enjoyed
greater social standing than many women of other societies, both ancient and modern.”

The respect accorded to women in ancient Egypt is clear in almost every aspect of the
civilization, from the religious beliefs to social customs. The gods were both male and female,
and each had their own equally important areas of expertize. Women could marry who they
wanted and divorce those who no longer suited them, could hold what jobs they liked - within
limits - and travel at their whim. The earliest creation myths of the culture all emphasize, to
greater or lesser degrees, the value of the feminine principle.

Still, Egyptian royalty lived well and the many queens and lesser wives who lived in the palace
would have experienced enormous luxury. The palace of Amenhotep III at Malkata, mentioned
above, extended over 30,000 square meters (30 hectares) with spacious apartments,
conference rooms, audience chambers, a throne room and receiving hall, a festival hall,
libraries, gardens, storerooms, kitchens, a harem, and a temple to the god Amun. The palace's
outer walls gleamed bright white, while the interior colors were a lively blue, golden-yellow,
and vibrant green. The women who lived in such palaces experienced a life far above that of
the lower classes but still had their duties to fulfill in keeping with ma'at.

Although female rulers are in the minority in ancient Egypt, powerful queens are not. Their
duties and many of their activities remain undocumented or, at least, untranslated, but there
is no doubt - based on the information that is available - that these women exerted
considerable influence over their husbands, the court, and the country.

Ancient Greece:

Women in the ancient Greek world had few rights compared to male citizens. Unable to vote,
own land, or inherit, a woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was the rearing
of children. This, though, is a general description, and when considering the role of women in
ancient Greece one should remember that information regarding specific city-states is often
lacking, is almost always from male authors, and only in Athens can their status and role be
described in any great detail. Neither are we sure of the practical and everyday application of
the rules and laws that have survived from antiquity. We know that Spartan women were
treated somewhat differently than in other states. For example, they had to do physical
training like men, could own land, and drink wine.
There were also categories of women which are less well-documented than others such as
professional women who worked in shops and as prostitutes and courtesans; the social rules
and customs applied to them are even more vague than for the female members of citizen
families. Finally, in contrast to the lot of most women, some exceptionally and exceptional,
rose above the limitations of Greek society and gained lasting acclaim as poets (Sappho of
Lesbos), philosophers (Arete of Cyrene), leaders (Gorgo of Sparta and Aspasia of Athens), and
physicians (Agnodice of Athens).

Considering their limited role in actual society, there is a powerful cast of female characters in
Greek religion and mythology. Athena, the goddess of wisdom and patron of Athens, stands
out as a powerful figure blessed with intelligence, courage and honor. Again common to most
ancient cultures where agriculture was crucial to the community, female fertility goddesses
were important and particularly venerated - Demeter and Persephone being the most revered
for the Greeks.

As in other ancient male-dominated literature, women are often cast as troublemakers, from
jealous Hera to Aphrodite using her charms to make men lose their wits. They can also be
represented as ruled only by wild passion and ecstatic emotion such as the Maenads. In
contrast, the ideal chaste woman loyal to her absent husband is epitomized by Penelope in
Homer’s Odyssey. The Muses are another positive representation, celebrated not only for their
physical beauty but also for their wide-ranging skills in the arts.

Ancient Rome:

Unlike some other ancient cultures such as the Greeks who had formed a creation myth where
woman was a creature secondary to man and in the form of Pandora, a bringer of unhappiness
and vices, the Romans had a more neutral approach where humanity, and not specifically the
male, was created by the gods from earth and water. Ovid's Metamorphoses, for example,
does not specify whether the first human was a man or a woman. At least in a physical sense
the men and women were not regarded as belonging to a different species as in the Greek
world, a view often reiterated in Roman medical treatises.

One of the most famous early episodes in Roman mythology that reveals much about attitudes
to women is the Rape of the Sabine women. In the story, the first settlers of Rome abducted
women from neighboring tribes, taking them as their wives. One reason for this action may
have been a desire to form local alliances through blood ties. Naturally, these tribes sought to
reclaim their women and so declared a state of war. However, the abducted women - led by
Hersilia, the wife of Romulus - tried to intervene at this stage to prevent bloodshed. The story
echoes the important role women played in linking families in Roman society - their family of
birth and then of marriage.

Most times Roman women were closely identified with their perceived role in society - the
duty of looking after the home and to nurture a family (pietas familiae), in particular, to bear
legitimate children, a consequence of which was an early marriage, (sometimes even before
puberty but typically around 20 years old), to ensure the woman had no sexual history which
might embarrass the future husband. The Roman family was male-dominated, typically headed
by the most senior male figure (paterfamilias). Women were subordinate, and they reflect this
in Roman naming practice.
Another, even more chauvinistic explanation of this rule which allowed women to inherit and
own but not control property was that they were thought incapable of managing such affairs
for themselves.

Roman women had a very limited role in public life. They could not attend, speak in, or vote at
political assemblies and they could not hold any position of political responsibility. Whilst some
women with powerful partners might influence public affairs through their husbands, these
were the exceptions. It is also interesting to note that those females who have political power
in Roman literature are very often represented as motivated by such negative emotions as
spite and jealousy, and, further, their actions are usually used to show their male relations in
an unpleasant light. Lower class Roman women had a public life because they had to work for
a living. Typical jobs undertaken by such women were in agriculture, markets, crafts, as
midwives and as wet-nurses.

Ancient China:

Women in ancient China did not enjoy the status, either social or political, afforded to men.
Women were subordinate to first their fathers, then their husbands, and finally, with being left
a widow, their sons in a system known as the “three followings” or sancong. Often physically
ill-treated, socially segregated, and forced to compete for their husband's affections with
concubines, a woman’s place was an unenviable one. Still, despite the harsh realities of living
in a male-dominated society and being forever under the weight of philosophical and religious
norms men created to work for men, some women broke through these barriers. The practical
realities of daily life meant many women could circumvent conventions, and some rose to live
extraordinary lives producing great literature, scholarship, and even ruling the Chinese empire
itself.

At least in theoretical terms, women’s contribution to necessity and society was recognized in
the principle of yin and yang. Even here, though, the male (yang) with its associated qualities is
the predominant and has associations subtly considered the superior to the female (ying): hard
versus soft, forceful v. submissive, level v. curved, light v. dark, rich v. poor, and so on.

Women were expected to excel in four areas: fidelity, cautious speech, industriousness, and
graceful manners. A woman’s virtue was a valued attribute in Chinese society. Women
deemed especially virtuous such as chaste widows were sometimes given the honor of a
shrine, monument, or commemorative tablet after death or had their names published in
honorific obituaries. Both sets of parents usually arranged marriages in ancient China. Not
love, but economic and social considerations were utmost in everybody’s minds. There were
even professional matchmakers to find suitable pairings who also considered astrology in
guiding their selections. Neither did some parents wait until their children were of age as many
marriages had been arranged when the couple were still young children or even babies.

For upper-class women, their lives were perhaps more strictly controlled than at any other
social level. Expected to remain within the inner chambers of the family home, they had only
very limited freedom of movement. Within the home, women had significant responsibilities
which included management of the household finances and the education of her children, but
this did not mean they were the head of the family home.

Women of lower status, such as farmer’s wives, were expected to work in the fields - especially
in regions where rice was cultivated. As many farmers did not own their own land but worked
it as tenants, their wives were, occasionally, subject to abuse from landowners. Many women
were forced into prostitution in times of drought or crop failure.

Despite being restricted by the men and the male-created social conventions of the time, there
were cases of Chinese women (both real and fictional) who defied convention to become
celebrated poets, artists, calligraphers, historians, and even rulers.

Byzantine Empire:

Women in the Byzantine Empire (4th to 15th century CE) were, amongst the upper classes,
expected to supervise the family home and raise children while those who had to work for a
living did so in most of the industries of the period, from manufacturing to hospitality.
Although they were the minority, some women managed to rise above the limitations imposed
on them by the male-dominated culture and became hugely successful businesswomen,
writers, philosophers and even empresses who ruled as regents or in their own right. Such
figures include the empresses Theodora, Irene and Zoe, the biographer Anna Komnene,
Hypatia the philosopher, and Kassia the poet. As in most ancient cultures, the women we know
most about in Byzantium are those who belonged to the upper classes. One event which
affected the role of all women in Byzantine society, though, was the increasing prominence of
Christianity through the centuries.

Women spent time in public places: among others, shopping in the market squares, attending
the public baths, visiting relatives, attending church (where they sat apart from the men), and
taking part in festivals.

Aristocratic women in the Byzantine Empire, like in the earlier Western Roman Empire, were
largely expected to marry, produce children and then look after them. Women also cared for
the family home - specifically its property and servants. Girls, if they received education at all,
were educated in the family home. They were taught spinning and weaving, and they studied
the Bible and the lives of the saints.

Ancient Mesopotamia:

The role of Mesopotamian women in their society, as in most cultures throughout time, was
primarily that of wife, mother and housekeeper. Girls, for example, did not attend the schools
run by priests or scribes unless they were royalty. Girls stayed home and learned the
household tasks they would perform when they grew up and married.

However, as the polytheistic religion practiced by Mesopotamians included both gods and
goddesses, women were also priestesses, some of them not only important, but powerful. A
family might sell a daughter to the temple, and they were honored to have a priestess in the
family. Families could also sell their daughters into prostitution or slavery. Prostitution,
however, was not regarded as vile or degrading.

Most women were wives and mothers, doing the tasks of women everywhere: taking care of
their families, raising children, cleaning, cooking and weaving. Some women, however, also
engaged in trade, especially weaving and selling cloth, food production, brewing beer and
wine, perfumery and making incense, midwifery and prostitution. Weaving and selling cloth
produced much wealth, for Mesopotamia and temples used thousands of women in making
cloth.
Mesopotamian women in Sumer, the first Mesopotamian culture, had more rights than they
did in the later Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian cultures. Sumerian women could own
property, run businesses along with their husbands, become priestesses, scribes, physicians
and act as judges and witnesses in courts. Archeologists and historians speculate that as
Mesopotamian cultures grew in wealth and power, a strong patriarchal structure gave more
rights to men than to women. Perhaps the Sumerians gave women more rights because they
worshipped goddesses as fervently as they did gods.

 After doing that research, I searched the elements found in the tomb and their
relevance in the cultures mentioned before.

I would like to stand out that the fact that all those elements were found inside a tomb, gives
me the sense of an important woman.

Cambridge Dictionary defines a tomb as a large stone structure or underground room where
someone, especially an important person, is buried. The fact that they found also a mirror
gives to me the sense of her being “upper class”.

The mirror:

People probably first looked at their reflections in pools of water, streams and rivers which
were the first mirrors. The earliest man made mirrors were from polished stone and mirrors
made from black volcanic glass obsidian. Some examples of this kind of mirrors have been
found in Turkey dating back at least 6000 years. The Ancient Egyptians used polished copper to
produce mirrors, and often the round face of the mirror would be embellished with
ornamentation. The Ancient Mesopotamians also produced polished metal mirrors and mirrors
made from polished stone were known in Central and South America from about 2000 BC. In
China mirrors were made from metal alloys, a mixture of tin and copper called speculum metal
that could be highly polished to make a reflective surface and mirrors made of polished
bronze. The ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks were fond of mirrors and often
manufactured mirrors from polished copper and bronze. Glass mirrors were first produced
during the third century A.D., and were common in Egypt, Gaul, Germany and Asia. Metal
alloys or precious metals mirrors were precious items in ancient times, only affordable to the
very wealthy. It is believed that mirrors made of metal-backed glass was first produced in
Lebanon in the first century AD and the Romans made crude mirrors from blown glass with
lead backings.

The dog skeleton:

Dogs have been a part of the history of human beings since before the written word. However
old the first dog was, or how they came to be domesticated, they became friends to humans
early in history and have remained so. In many cultures throughout the ancient world, dogs
figured prominently and, largely, were regarded in much the same way that they are today.
Dogs were seen as faithful companions, hunters, guardians, spirit-guides, and as a treasured
part of the family.

In the oldest story from the Near East, The Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia
(dated to 2150-1400 BCE), dogs appear in an elevated role as the companions of one of the
most popular goddesses of the region. Dogs are depicted in Mesopotamian art as hunters but
also as companions. Dogs were kept in the home and were treated in much the same way by
caring families as they are today. Inscriptions and inlaid plaques depict dogs waiting for their
masters. Dogs protected the home and amuletic images of canines - such as the one
mentioned above from Uruk - were carried for personal protection.

The dog was an important part of Egyptian society and culture, but the same was true of
ancient Greece. The dog was companion, protector, and hunter for the Greeks and they
invented the spiked collar, so well-known today to protect the necks of their canine friends
from wolves. Dogs appear in Greek literature early in the figure of the three-headed dog
Cerberus who guarded the gates of Hades. Dogs are also featured in Plato's famous dialogue of
Republic. In Book II,376b, Socrates claims that the dog is a true philosopher because dogs
"distinguish the face of a friend and of an enemy only by the criterion of knowing and not
knowing" and concludes that dogs must be lovers of learning because they determine what
they like and what they do not based upon a knowledge of the truth.

In ancient Rome, the dog was seen in much the same way as in Greece and the well-known
mosaic, Cave Canem (Beware of Dog) shows how dogs were appreciated in Rome as guardians
of the home just as they had been in earlier cultures and are still today. The great Latin poet
Virgil, wrote, “Never, with dogs on guard, need you fear for your stalls a midnight thief”
(Georgics III, 404ff). Dogs protected people not only from wild animals and thieves but also
from supernatural threats. The Romans had many pets, from cats to apes, but favored the dog
above all others. The dog is featured in mosaics, paintings, poetry and prose. Dogs are
mentioned in the Roman law code as guardians of the home and flocks. In one case which was
recorded, a farmer sues his neighbor because the neighbor's dogs rescued the farmer's hogs
from wolves and the neighbor then claimed ownership of the hogs.

Ancient China had an interesting relationship with the dog. Dogs were the earliest animals
domesticated in China (c. 12,000 BCE) along with pigs and were used in hunting and kept as
companions. They were also used, very early on, as a food source and as sacrifices. Ancient
oracle bones (which were the bones of animals or shells of turtles used to tell the future)
mention dogs repeatedly as both good and bad omens depending upon how, in what
condition, and under what circumstances, the dog was seen. The blood of a dog was an
important component in sealing oaths and swearing allegiances because they thought dogs
have been given to humans as a gift from heaven and so their blood was sacred. As a gift from
the divine, they were honored, but they understood it had provided them for a purpose: to
help human beings survive by providing them with food and with blood for sacrifice. Dogs
were once killed and buried in front of a home, or before the city's gates, to ward off disease
or bad luck. The practice of setting a statue or image of a dog in front of one's house may come
from this custom of burying a straw dog in one's yard for protection against harm. For personal
protection, amulets in the form of dogs were worn.

Harness:

Throughout the ancient world, the 'throat-and-girth' harness was used for harnessing horses
that pulled carts; this limited a horse's ability to exert itself as it was constantly choked at the
neck. A painting on a lacquerware box from the State of Chu, dated to the 4th century BC,
shows the first known use of a yoke placed across a horses’ chest, with traces connecting to
the chariot shaft. The hard yoke across the horse's chest was gradually replaced by a breast
strap, which was often depicted in carved reliefs and stamped bricks of tombs from the Han
Dynasty (202 BC—220 AD). Eventually, the horse collar was invented in China, at least by the
5th century.

Jewelry: gold brooch, pearls and enamel rings:

In most ancient cultures gold was popular in jewelry and art because of its value, aesthetic
qualities, ductility and malleability. Electrum (the natural alloy of gold and silver) was used in
jewelry by the Egyptians from 5000 BCE. Both men and women in the Sumer civilization
around 3000 BCE wore gold jewelry, and gold chains were first produced in the city of Ur in
2500 BCE. Gold jewelry took the form of necklaces, bracelets, earrings, rings, diadems,
pendants, pins and brooches. Techniques and shapes included filigree (a technique known to
the Egyptians from 2500 BCE) where the gold is pulled into wire and twisted into different
designs), beaten thin shapes, granulation (surface decoration with small, soldered granules of
gold), embossing, chasing, inlaying, molding and engraving. The Romans used gold as a setting
for precious and semi-precious gemstones, a fashion continued into the Byzantine era with the
use of pearls, gems and enamels.

History has shown us that women wearing pearls embody the notion of glamor, power and
sophistication. From Cleopatra, who famously crushed a pearl earring into a glass of wine at a
Roman dinner party to convey her strength and wealth, to Britain’s beloved Queen Elizabeth,
to style icons Coco Chanel, Elizabeth Taylor, and Jackie Kennedy, pearls have traced the figures
of history’s most fiercely elegant women.

Pearls were used in jewelry at least as far back as ancient Greece, and until the 20th century
pearls were one of the most valued gems, if not the most valuable, in many cultures. The rules
of the Byzantine empire dictated that only the emperor was allowed to wear pearls, and other
societies had rules about who could and could not wear these little treasures. In many ancient
societies pearls symbolized the moon and were imbued with magical properties. Ancient
Chinese civilizations believed that wearing pearls protected a person from fire and dragons,
and other cultures have associated them with chastity and modesty.

The earliest known enamels date back to the 13th century BC. They were rings, made from
gold with inlays of enamel. Enamel design can be traced back to the ancient Persians who
called the art meenakari. The ancient Egyptians also practiced enamel work on stone objects
and pottery—and less frequently on jewelry. The art of enameling seemed to know no
geographic bounds and spread to China, Rome, Greek, Celtic territories, and the Byzantine
Empire. Each culture brought its own style to the art. The Chinese, for example, perfected the
cloisonné technique. Cloisonné is also known as the "cell technique." Wires are adhered to a
surface in a desired pattern; the artist then fills the spaces created by the wire with enamel.

Ever since, people all over the world seem to have enameled in one form or the other. In the
3rd century AD, Celtic warriors adorned their harnesses, swords and shields with enamel. They
used a form of the basse-taille technique, filling hollows in the bronze with colored glass. In the
6th century BC, Greek goldsmiths were known to have incorporated enamels in their work
They mainly used the technique of cloisonné, in which the cloisons were made of thin gold
wire. The technique of making gold cloisonné and champlevé work was practised all over the
Byzantine Empire from the 4th to the 12th century AD.

Wooden doll:

The earliest dolls were made from materials such as clay, stone, wood, bone, ivory, leather, or
wax. Archaeological evidence places dolls as the foremost candidate for the oldest known toy.
Wooden paddle dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs dating to as early as the 21st century
BC. Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to at least 200 BC.
Archaeologists have discovered Greek dolls made of clay and articulated at the hips and
shoulders. Stories from ancient Greece around 100 AD show that little girls used dolls as
playthings. In ancient Rome, dolls were made of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in
the graves of Roman children. Like children today, the younger members of Roman civilization
would have dressed their dolls in France according to the latest fashions.

Traditional dolls are sometimes used as children's playthings, but they may also have spiritual,
magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some
cultures, dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were also used in
children's education and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures, they considered
dolls too laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them.

Leather boots:

Throughout history the essential form of the boot has been adapted to fit the needs of the
wearer and the culture. Materials vary as forms-but the essential purpose of the boot remains
the same throughout most cultures; to provide protection from the elements. Boots are
usually made of leather, but have been made of many other materials, including silk, cotton,
wool, felt, and furs. The oldest known depiction of boots is in a cave painting from Spain,
which has been dated between 12,000 and 15,000 B.C.E. This painting seems to depict man in
boots of skin and a woman in boots of fur. Persian funerary jars have been found which date
from around 3000 B.C.E. and are made in the shape of boots. Boots were also found in the
tomb of Khnumhotep (2140-1785 B.C.E.) in Egypt. The Scythians of about 1000 B.C.E. were
reported by the Greeks to have worn simple boots of untanned leather with the fur turned in
against the leg. These simple bag-like boots were then lashed to the leg by a thong of leather.
This basic form can be found in the traditional dress of many Asiatic and Arctic cultures.

In the ancient world, boots represented ruling power and military might. Emperors and kings
wore ornate and colorful examples; this was a significant distinction when most of the
population went barefoot. Leather was expensive, and roman emperors were cited as wearing
colorful jeweled and embroidered examples-even with gold soles. Boots were also already
associated with the military-the campaigners was worn by the highest-ranking officers and
some senators in ancient Rome, the height of the boot denoting rank. Other styles, such as the
high, white leather phaecasim, were worn as ceremonial garb.

Greek pottery:

The pottery of ancient Greece from c. 1000 to c. 400 BCE provides not only some of the most
distinctive vase shapes from antiquity but also some of the oldest and most diverse
representations of the cultural beliefs and practices of the ancient Greeks. Further, pottery,
with its durability (even when broken) and lack of appeal to treasure hunters, is one of the
great archaeological survivors and is, therefore, an important tool for archaeologists and
historians in determining the chronology of ancient Greece. Athens increasingly became the
dominant center for Greek pottery, eventually exporting its ware throughout the
Mediterranean world. It was during this period that the practice of signing of pots by potters
and painters first became common.

Wine:

Winemaking can be traced back thousands of years to ancient societies in China and the
Middle East, and that has given rise to a lot of romantic ideas and myths about wine. There’s
the general idea that wine is a “civilized” beverage, in part because one of its origins was the
ancient Middle Eastern and Mediterranean societies–like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and
Rome–that are often thought of as the basis of Western Civilization. There are even arguments
that wine was essential to the development of “civilization,” even though all social classes in
many of these societies drank far more beer than wine.

The link between wine and civilization is reinforced because every Roman who could write
seems to have come up with a saying that associated wine with virtue and civility. There’s the
well-known “In vino veritas,” which suggests that people speak honestly when they drink wine.
Others include “We are brought by the gentle persuasion of wine to a happier mood,”
(Socrates) and “Where there is no wine, love perishes, and everything else that is pleasant to
man” (Euripides). Ancient wine must have been amazing stuff to achieve all these good things.
Ancient wine writers (many were doctors who stressed the health and medicinal benefits of
wine) pointed to particular wines as superior, including the wines of some Greek islands and
northern Egypt.

Dry herbs:

The ancient Chinese, Indians, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Native Americans were all herbalists.
The oldest known list of medicinal herbs is Shen Nung’s Pen Ts’ao or Shennong Ben Cao Jing (c.
3000 B.C.), a Chinese herbal that is probably a compilation of an even older oral tradition. The
ancient Greeks and Romans were also renowned herbalists. Surgeons traveling with the
Roman army spread their herbal expertise throughout the Roman empire, in Spain, Germany,
France, and England. Dioscorides (c. 40-c. 90) and Galen (131-200 A.D.), both Greek surgeons
in the Roman army, compiled herbals that remained the definitive materia medica texts for
1500 years.

Roman Empire coins:

Roman currency for most of Roman history comprised gold, silver, bronze, orichalcum and
copper coinage. From its introduction to the Republic, during the third century BC, well into
Imperial times, Roman currency saw many changes in form, denomination, and composition. A
persistent feature was the inflationary debasement and replacement of coins over the
centuries. Notable examples of this followed the reforms of Diocletian. This trend continued
into Byzantine times. Because of the economic power and longevity of the Roman state,
Roman currency was widely used throughout western Eurasia and northern Africa from
classical times into the Middle Ages. It served as a model for the currencies of the Muslim
caliphates and the European states during the Middle Ages and the Modern Era.

Manufacturing coins in the Roman culture, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly
influenced later development of coin minting in Europe. The origin of the word "mint" is
ascribed to the manufacture of silver coin at Rome in 269 BC near the temple of Juno Moneta.
This goddess became the personification of money, and her name was applied both to money
and to its place of manufacture. Roman mints were spread widely across the Empire and were
sometimes used for propaganda. The populace often learned of a new Roman Emperor when
coins appeared with the new Emperor's portrait. Some emperors who ruled only for a brief
time made sure that a coin bore their image; Quietus, for example, ruled only part of the
Roman Empire from 260 to 261 AD, and yet he issued two coins bearing his image. The
Romans cast their larger copper coins in clay molds carrying distinctive markings, not because
they did not know about striking, but because it was not suitable for such enormous masses of
metal.
  From everything researched and mentioned on paragraphs above, those elements
were significant in many ancient cultures. Although it can be related to all the
civilizations – because the findings fits with many of the features, I believe this woman
was an upper class of Ancient China or maybe Ancient Mesopotamia.

Sources:

https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/conference-papers/impact-climate-change-land

https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-human-
health_.html

http://projectbritain.com/geography.html

http://projectbritain.com/climate.html

http://projectbritain.com/weather/influences.htm

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/tomb

http://www.mirrorhistory.com/

https://www.ancient.eu/article/1466/women-in-the-mongol-empire/

https://www.ancient.eu/article/623/women-in-ancient-egypt/

https://www.ancient.eu/article/927/women-in-ancient-greece/

https://www.ancient.eu/article/659/the-role-of-women-in-the-roman-world/

https://www.ancient.eu/article/1136/women-in-ancient-china/

https://www.ancient.eu/article/1212/women-in-the-byzantine-empire/

https://www.historyonthenet.com/mesopotamian-women-in-mesopotamian-society

https://www.ancient.eu/article/184/dogs-in-the-ancient-world/

https://www.ancient.eu/gold/

https://www.brilliantearth.com/news/the-history-and-symbolism-of-pearl-jewelry/

https://www.staffordjewelers.com/the-power-of-pearls-and-the-powerful-women-who-wear-
them/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll#History,_types_and_materials

http://www.goldman-arts.nl/index.php?id=59

https://www.bmjnyc.com/blogs/blog/what-is-enamel-jewelry

https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fashion-accessories/boots

https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Pottery/

https://www.britannica.com/art/Greek-pottery

https://www.guildsomm.com/public_content/features/articles/b/rod_phillips/posts/ancient-
wine-then-and-now
http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/herbs/brief-history/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_currency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_harness#History