POTENTIOMETRY

Potentiometry is one of the methods of electroanalytical chemistry. It is usually employed to find the
concentration of a solute in solution.

In potentiometric measurements, the potential between two electrodes is measured using a high
impedance voltmeter.

One of the electrodes is a reference electrode, whose electrode potential is known.

The other electrode is the test electrode.

The test electrode is usually either a metal immersed in a solution of its own ions, whose concentration
you wish to discover, or a carbon rod electrode sitting a solution which contains the ions of interest in
two different oxidation states.

Potentiometry is an electro-readout technique suitable for sensing applications where the cumulative
electrical charges cause the differences in electrical potential on top of the dielectric layer [4]. In 2014,
for example, Bai and Lin reported the Bluetooth-enabled integration of a smartphone with a portable
oxygen sensor module to detect and monitor oxygen concentration [81]. They used an oxygen sensor to
detect ambient air and to generate the relative voltage value with respect to the oxygen level. When the
time interval of low oxygen concentration in the environment was longer than the value setting, the
smartphone set off an alarm to remind the user, preventing harm to human health.