Emerging MIMO Technologies: Distributed, Cooperative, Massive, 3D, and Full Dimension MIMO

Emerging MIMO Technologies: Distributed, Cooperative, Massive, 3D, and FD MIMO
Emerging MIMO Technologies: Distributed,

Cooperative, Massive, 3D, and Full
Dimension MIMO
Maede Zolanvari (A paper written under the guidance of Prof. Raj Jain) Download
Abstract:
Spectrum efficiency has been the most essential and critical research topic over a few recent
decades to improve the operation and development of the mobile communication. With the
current increasing number of mobile Internet access, social networks, and smart phones, this
concern has become even more crucial. After the discovery of spatial multiplexing via multiple
antennas in the early years of 1990s, the hope to be able to improve data rates even within a
limited bandwidth came up. The potential of spatial multiplexing can be boosted via MIMO
technology through different schemes such as: distributed, cooperative, massive, and full
dimension. However, no achievement in the performance can be gained without some cost; this
is crucial for any proposed scheme to evaluate the trade-ff that is encountering. In this paper, we
briefly talk about each of these new emerging technologies and challenges associated with each.
Keywords: MIMO, Distributed MIMO, Cooperative MIMO, Massive MIMO, Full Dimension
MIMO, Spectrum efficiency, Multiplexing, Spatial multiplexing.
Table of Contents
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Distributed MIMO
o 2.1 Challenges for Distributed MIMO
o 2.2 Summary
• 3. Cooperative MIMO
o 3.1 Challenges for Cooperative MIMO
o 3.2 Summary
• 4. Massive MIMO
o 4.1 Challenges for Massive MIMO
o 4.2 Summary
• 5. Full Dimension MIMO
o 5.1 Challenges for Full Dimension MIMO
o 5.2 Summary
• 6. Summary
• References
• Acronym
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/ftp/mimo/index.html 1
1. Introduction
The theory and practice of MIMO communication has reached the point where MIMO is now the
main infrastructure of several recent WiFi and cellular standards, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac,
long-term evolution (LTE), WiMAX, and International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-
Advanced. Although the advantages of MIMO are substantial, the feasibility of MIMO is almost
limited by physical and economic constraints. For instance, the form factor of handheld devices
typically limits the number of antennas to only one or two. Even for infrastructure nodes such as
access points and base stations, massive MIMO transceivers with a very large number of
antennas at current WiFi and cellular frequencies would perhaps be excessively immense and
expensive, which increases the processing complexity by some order of magnitude. And also for
lower, white space frequencies with carrier wavelengths as large as 6 meters, conventional
MIMO is typically impractical. In this paper, I will go through different schemes that lead
MIMO techniques into boosted performance and deal with the current challenges.
2. Distributed MIMO
We can exploit the MIMO benefits such as, boosting transmit/receive directivity, decreasing
interference, increasing degrees of freedom and spectral efficiency, and improving spatial
diversity by releasing MIMO from traditional form factor limits providing centralized antenna
arrays. This is needed to be implemented by employing multiple devices working together to
form a virtual antenna array. Moreover, the most effective means of implementing a real massive
MIMO system is in a way that the distributed MIMO (DMIMO) scheme can be designed such
that it would be insensitive to the number of cooperating nodes, also known as scalable feature [
Madhow14].
Despite any achievement in the performance that any scheme of MIMO systems would provide,
there is a trade-off. The boosted performance leads to the increased complexity of the hardware
(number of RF chains) and the complexity and energy consumption of the signal processing of
the transceivers. Hardware complexity would be shown in the matter of the physical space
needed to employ the antennas, including rent of real estate.
For point-to-point links, complexity at the receiver is usually a greater concern than complexity
at the transmitter. In multiuser systems, complexity at the transmitter would even cause
problems. The main reason is that at the same time, multi-users are trying to send data and some
advanced coding schemes must be employed to provide a controlled level of inter-user
interference [Rusek12].
However, there are a couple of fundamental problems and challenges in creating the smart
networks of coordinated DMIMO nodes from the conventional networks of uncoordinated omni-
directional transceivers. We address these challenges as follows:
2.1 Challenges for Distributed MIMO[ Madhow14]
• Synchronizing Oscillators
Synchronizing nodes' oscillators in both frequency and phase is the main challenge that needs to
be handled. A good approach for solving this problem is that all the nodes in the cluster try to
synchronize to a common beacon. This approach needs to implement many different protocols to
provide unique rules and standardize different schema.
• The Role Of Explicit Feedback
The main practical problem is that we never know where the destination is located precisely
enough; also, the channel is usually multi-path. These two reasons make the problem of
distributed transmit beamforming to a far destination. In theory, we have to know the locations
of the transmitter and receiver antennas precisely, plus if there is no multipath, then we can
compute the beamforming weights for each transmitter exactly.
• Pre-Synchronization and Implicit Feedback
Implicit feedback from channel reciprocity can be used along with explicit feedback for time
division duplex communication. This approach is particularly attractive in highly mobile
settings, where it is hard to keep the explicit feedback updated fast. Retro-directive antenna
arrays reflect or retransmit an unwanted wave from a source directly back to the source without
any prior knowledge of the source's location. In distributed transmit beamforming scheme, the
transmit nodes estimate the phase of a beacon from the intended receiver and respond back with
a beam to the destination with no additional overhead.
2.2 Summary
As we saw at this section, although distributed MIMO can significantly improve the
performance, there are a couple of challenges that need to be solved. Challenges are mostly
related to design precise oscillators and providing an efficient feedback for the system.
3. Cooperative MIMO
If we add MIMO design to the cooperation communication, we would build a Cooperative
MIMO (CMIMO) frame. In this frame, by grouping some wireless devices to operate as virtual
multi-antenna nodes, we will build a virtual multi-antenna system. This scheme promises to
improve network throughput, conserve energy, and increase network coverage.
In CMIMO, a group of fairly close nodes in a certain area will cooperate in transferring signals
with another group of nodes. CMIMO, also known virtual, or networked MIMO, is a method of
cooperation, in which several one or two-antenna nodes build a multi-antenna node, called as
Virtual Antenna Array (VAA). CMIMO provides more benefits in comparison to the
conventional MIMO. For instance, as the paper [ Nguyen13] asserts, by not having a low-rank
channel gain matrix, unlike conventional MIMO systems, CMIMO can dynamically select its
distributed antennas based on the channel state, so that the spatial multiplexing gain can be better
with high-rank channels. Moreover, other advantages of CMIMO includes improving the
network lifetime, throughput, and reduces the communication delay. In mobile Ad hoc networks
(MANETs), the throughput and transmission delay can also be greatly improved by exploiting
CMIMO which has the capability of higher transmission range, higher spectrum efficiency and
better interference management. Network lifetime is one of the main performance metric in
energy-constrained systems such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) [ Nguyen14]. Compared
with that of a Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) method, by employing CMIMO's higher energy
efficiency scheme, the lifetime of a WSN can be boosted by several times.
3.1 Challenges for Cooperative MIMO [ Nguyen13]
There are several challenges boosting the performance of CMIMO. We will briefly talk about
these issues:
• Multiplexing Gain
The same as MIMO system, CMIMO systems also use spatial multiplexing techniques, in which
multiple VAAs send multiple independent data streams which leads to multiplexing gain
(MUX). Suppose that we have T antennas at the transmitter and R antennas at the receiver. The
decoding process at an R-antenna receiver VAA can be processed by solving a system of R
equations. The number of unknowns is the number of data and interference streams. An
interference stream is a stream that has not been sent to that specific receiver VAA. The MUX of
that CMIMO link is defined as the maximum number of data streams that can be correctly
decoded, and is given by min(T , R). This parameter is also known as the degree of freedom of
that particular system. This number can be lower if the channel gain matrix is not full-rank. A
famous method to have MUX in both CMIMO and MIMO is to use Vertical Bell Laboratories
Layered Space-Time architecture (VBLAST). Furthermore, to guarantee that CMIMO's
decoding is feasible, signaling packets need to be exchanged among CNs to ensure the size of the
receiving VAA satisfies the degree constraint and would results into a high-rank channel gain
matrix to achieve a higher MUX.
The MUX of a MIMO link is bounded above by the number of antennas per node, but the MUX
at a CMIMO link is equal to the number of antennas per VAA, which can be changed
dynamically by changing the number of Cooperating Nodes (CN) per VAA to prevent more
interference streams. However, unlike traditional MIMO, the MUX in CMIMO produces some
cooperation overhead. This overhead will be exposed in three different ways:
1. Time or delay overhead.
2. Energy for signaling packets (to coordinate CNs or to obtain Channel State Information
(CSI)), which is critical to reach the desired MUX.
3. Cooperation interference from creating and operating VAAs.
• Diversity Gain
Diversity gain (DIV) is defined as the improvement in the received signal- to-noise ratio (SNR).
By sending multiple, highly correlated versions of a signal at the transmitter, we can achieve
high DIV at CMIMO systems. After the introduction of Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs) for
MIMO systems, transmit DIV was accomplished by sending multiple orthogonal versions of the
signal in different dimensions, before that, systems used multiple antennas at transceivers to have
DIV. To exploit DIV in CMIMO, cooperation is performed by employing Differential Space-
Time Block Coding (DSTBC), which leads a maximum possible diversity gain of T*R. Like
MUX, DIV in CMIMO involves cooperation overhead to jointly encode/decode signals at
various CNs. One key application of CMIMO's DIV is to conserve energy. Hence, CMIMO is of
great interest to energy-constrained networks, e.g., WSNs.
• Range Extension
Viewed as a means to improve signal quality, CMIMO's DIV can also be exploited to extend the
transmission range. At a given power budget, the transmission range can be extended by a factor
of (√R+ √T )2)(1/α), where α is the free-space attenuation factor. Range extension can be used to
enhance the network connectivity in MANETs (topology control) or to improve network
coverage in WLANs and cellular networks.
• Interference Management
Paper [ Nguyen13] asserts:Information theorists pointed out that in dense networks, due to
severe interference, the capacity of each link decreases in proportion to the square root of node
density.However in this situation, CMIMO provides several benefits through the cooperation
scheme to overcome the interference provided by interference alignment and interference
cancellation techniques. In interference alignment, a transmitting VAA aligns several transmitted
streams so that a receiving VAA receives only one interference stream. In this case, an R-
antenna VAA can simultaneously receive (R - 1) data streams, regardless of the number of
interference streams. Interference cancellation is the technique employed at the receiver where
several CNs exchange their decoded streams so that these streams would be removed.
3.2 Summary
Cooperation MIMO was the topic of this section. The main idea behind this scheme is to
increase gain of the system by combining the cooperation scheme and MIMO scheme. However,
there are challenges that need to be fixed and many researches are working on this topic to
provide a system that would manage the interference and can send data to a longer distance.
4. Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO (which can also be referred as Large-Scale Antenna Systems, Very Large
MIMO, Hyper MIMO and Full-Dimension MIMO) potentially provides orders of magnitude of
improvement in throughput and energy efficiency through the use of a very large number of
antennas (e.g., hundreds or thousands) that are operated fully coherently and adaptively
[Larsson14]. Massive MIMO was firstly employed for Time Division Duplex (TDD) operation,
but can potentially be applied also in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) operation.
The main motivation behind massive MIMO system is that when you reach a critical number of
antennas (around 60), the system's energy and spectral efficiency increase significantly.
Considering energy and spectral efficiency as the two top priorities in wireless networks, the
research community is now looking to design and improve physically implementable schema of
this technology [Nutaq].
Massive MIMO also provides other benefits such as: the extensive use of inexpensive low-power
components, reduced latency, simplification of the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, and
robustness of interference and jamming. An interesting point about Massive MIMO is that
experiments have so far not yet disclosed any limitations on the anticipated throughput which is
fairly dependent on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels
to the terminals.
By employing Zero Forcing (ZF) or Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT) in the scattered
environment, performance of massive MIMO can be boosted. In practice, if more than one
antenna exist in the orthogonal channels, the reception and transmission data lack the channel
coherence time. Systems exploit this property to have the orthogonality optimal multiplexing.
Hence, as paper [Choudary14] declares: It can be argued that in the current text of disruption of
emerging technologies massive-MIMO is the best choice for future generation wireless evolution
for 5G .
4.1 Challenges for Massive MIMO
One of the main challenges for these systems is designing a very efficient, low-latency, high-
throughput data interface between the central processing unit and the multiple transceivers. As
we know, we must increase the frequency to very high value in order to be able to reduce the size
of the antennas. This is a main issue since massive MIMO needs to be implemented of a very
large scale. Moreover, to increase the data throughput over the RF link, a wide bandwidth is also
necessary. RF front-end would specify the frequency coverage. Also, a Wideband system results
in a high data throughput, which will lead another challenge for this system [Nutaq].
Moreover, as the number of antennas gets too large at Massive MIMO, the complexity of signal
processing such as: Transmit Precoding (TPC), channel estimation and detection is really high.
The performance of these systems is constrained by pilot contamination due to pilot reuse in
multi-cell scenarios. Moreover, compared to the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
employing either precoding or beamforming, the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR)
of the Physical Broadcasting Channel (PBCH) is lower due to the omni-directional signal
transmission [Zheng15].
• High data throughput
In Massive MIMO, to take advantage of antenna arrays, all data should be analyzed by a
processing unit. However, there are some types of systems with distributed processing units that
make them route the data to all these units [Nutaq].
• Complexity Versus Performance
Any system based on the Massive MIMO is usually considered to require complex signal
processing. Hence, much research has focused on streamlining and optimizing both signal
processing algorithms and their implementations. However, low-complexity algorithms generally
decrease the performance. This trade-off is the most commonplace scenario of any complex
wireless system. For instance, the more accurate CSI (which boosts the performance), the higher
processing complexity. Meanwhile, low-complexity linear channel estimation can be
compensated by pilot contamination. However, pilot contamination can be used to overcome
using complex channel estimation algorithms. There also exists a trade-off between the
complexity of channel prediction as well as the TPC design and the experienced channel, in
dynamic scenarios in a cell. Therefore, it is crucial to come up with simple and efficient
algorithms to be implemented for channel estimation, channel prediction, TPC and detection
[Zheng15]. As an another example, simple linear signal processing approaches, such as
Matched-Filter (MF) precoding/detection, can be used in massive MIMO systems to achieve
some level of acceptable performance [Lu14].
• Channel Estimation [Lu14]
To exploit the benefits of having precoding in the downlink and detection in the uplink, we need
to have some sense of the channel at the Base Station (BS). The resource, time or frequency,
required for channel estimation in a MIMO system is proportional to the number of the transmit
antennas and is independent of the number of the receive antennas.
In the FDD scenario, in which the uplink and downlink use different frequency bands, the CSI
for each uplink and downlink is different. The BS is responsible for the uplink channel
estimation by letting all users send different pilot sequences. The time required for uplink pilot
transmission is independent of the number of antennas at the BS. Meanwhile, in FDD systems, a
two-stage procedure will be done to estimate the channel. The BS first transmits pilot symbols to
all users, and then all users send back an estimated CSI for the downlink channels to the BS. The
time required to transmit the downlink pilot symbols is related to the number of antennas at the
BS.
However, the scenario in TDD is much simpler. We assume that because of channel reciprocity,
only CSI for the uplink needs to be estimated. In this case, all the users in all the cells send
uplink data signals followed by pilot sequences at the same time. BSs use these pilot sequences
to estimate the CSI to the users located in their cells. Then, BSs use the estimated CSI to detect
the uplink data and to generate beamforming vectors for downlink data transmission. However,
due to the limited channel coherence time, the pilot sequences employed by users in neighboring
cells may no longer be orthogonal to those within the cell, leading to a pilot contamination
problem. As mentioned before, to provide a low complex algorithm, linear Minimum Mean
Square Error (MMSE) based channel estimation is mainly used, providing near-optimal
performance with low complexity.
• Pilot Contamination [Lu14]
Since the number of orthogonal pilots is smaller than the number of users in a cell, in a typical
multi-cell massive MIMO system users from neighboring cells may use non-orthogonal pilots.
This issue of using non-orthogonal pilots results in pilot contamination. Pilot contamination
causes inter-cell interference. This type of interference is even worse than other sources of
interference, because it grows faster with the number of BS antennas and damages the system
performance significantly. To resolve this problem, different channel estimation, precoding, and
cooperation methods have been proposed. However, more efficient methods with good
performance, low complexity, and limited or zero cooperation between BSs need to be studied
more in depth. You can see an illustration of pilot contamination at the Figure 1, as you see in
the picture, the dash arrows show interference that may happen in neighboring cells.
Figure 1. An illustration of pilot contamination [Zheng15]
4.2 Summary
In this section, we talked about Massive MIMO and challenges on the way to boost the
performance of these systems. Pilot contamination is one of the main aspects that should be
considered in these type of systems. It would help to decrease the complexity of systems, but it
can also lead to interference
5 Full Dimension MIMO

In small cell concept, the elevation scale can not be neglected, because this dimension would be
comparable with the horizontal scale. This issue leads the Two-Dimensional (2D) MIMO
techniques be sub-optimum versus Three-Dimensional (3D) schemes to model the real-world
channel. Furthermore, in cases where the mobile users are distributed in 3D space (specially at
dense urban areas, including both residential and business districts), managing the system
throughput and interference would be more efficient by 3D modeling [Cheng14]
As shown in Figure 2, for covering an area, a wide 2D beam with a fixed elevation angle is
divided to multiple 3D beams with dynamic elevation angles.
Figure 2. 3D beamforming by dividing the 2D beam into multiple narrow beams[Cheng14]
Based on the potential boosted performance of the full dimension MIMO, Long Term Evolution
(LTE), LTE-advanced, and beyond, all use this technology as the main stream. For example, the
LTE standard allows for up to 8 antenna ports at the base station. Moreover, it has a
groundbreaking potential for the future 5G wireless communication [Xingwang14]. The most
recent technology that makes 3D MIMO practical is employing Active Antenna System (AAS).
In September 2011 the employment of AAS at BSs was approved by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) at Technology Sciences Group (TSG) Radio Access Network (RAN)
#53. This technology integrates power amplifiers and transceivers with the antenna elements.
This technology provides more flexible and intelligent beam forming, mainly because it enables
the phase and the amplitude of the signals for each antenna element to be controlled
electronically, thus resulting in increased capacity and coverage. The antenna radiation pattern
can be dynamically controlled in both horizontal and vertical dimensions; hence, it is a perfect
method to enable 3D MIMO [Cheng14].
5.1 Challenges for Full Dimension MIMO
The investigation of full dimension MIMO has strong research interest in both academia and
industry. However, much more effort is needed for practical applications of this technology in
the near future [Zheng15]. Some of the challenges for these systems are as follows:
• Design of Antenna Arrays (AAs)
One challenge associated with these systems is to find a practical antenna configurations,
because they affect the channel properties, their array gains, diversity gains and multiplexing
gains. Moreover, AAs may be constrained to a limited physical size. Therefore, the employment
of antennas has to be carefully designed to boost the performance as much as possible given the
physical area constraint [Zheng15].
• Channel models
As a matter of fact, we need to compute the elevation component as well as other dimensions for
these systems, hence challenge of channel estimation with 3D MIMO is still at a very early stage
unlike the 2D MIMO. For modeling the 3D channel, only a few qualified channel sounders can
be employed. As [Cheng14] asserts: the PropSound channel sounder by Elektrobit and the RUSK
MIMO channel sounder by Medav, and also recently one of the leading mobile device
manufacturers, Huawei, plans to design and produce their own channel sounder for 3D MIMO
measurements. There are several measurement campaigns conducted to measure the 3D MIMO
propagation channels in different cases. These mostly focus on the elevation related channel
parameters, for example, Elevation Angles of Departure (EAOD) and Elevation Angles of
Arrival (EAOA), meanwhile their impact on other important parameters, for example,
polarization, Doppler, and power delay profile, have not yet been investigated [Cheng14].
• Performance analysis of large-scale Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)s
Two important categories of Full Dimensional MIMO systems are either centralized or
distributed antenna deployments. However, centralized systems are more popular for being
exploited. The main reasons are because DASs improve both the coverage quality and the
capacity of wireless communications networks. The coverage quality of both indoor and outdoor
environments has to be evaluated in terms of the Probability Density Function (PDF) of their
SINRs. For analyzing the performance of wireless networks, stochastic geometry has been
widely used, with an emphasis on the 2D plane. Hence, stochastic geometry needs to be extended
to the 3D space to analyze large-scale DASs [Zheng15].
• Effects of non-ideal hardware
In theory, these systems should be built of large numbers of elements to average out noise,
channel fading characteristics, etc. However, in practice, low-cost imperfect components are
employed to implement the system. Therefore, the imperfections of non-ideal hardware, such as
the non-linearities of the amplifier, I/Q imbalance, and A/D and D/A nonlinearities should be
considered. Some existing studies have reported on the effects of non-ideal hardware, but still
more efforts are required for designing efficient algorithms to mitigate these non-ideal factors
[Zheng15].
5.2 Summary
In this section we talked about full dimension MIMO and related challenges. As you see,
challenges are mostly associated with the hardware aspect of these systems. The main effort is to
design efficient AAs and DASs, and also to find a way to cope with the fact that hardware is not
ideal as we have in theory.
6. Summary
With the evolution of smart terminals and different applications, the need for multimedia
services rapidly increases. Also, the load of wireless communications networks is increasing
exponentially. Thus, in order to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of any
specific application, the capacity of wireless communications networks has to be increased.
To meet the demands of wireless data, 3GPP, LTE and LTE-Advanced Releases 8 through 11
have suggested using the MIMO scheme, coordinated multipoint (CoMP)
transmission/reception, and heterogeneous networks techniques to improve spectral efficiency
[Nam13]. However, to follow the growing future demands for cellular wireless communications,
new technologies to fur- ther boost the spectral efficiency are needed. Hence, in this paper, we
discussed some new technologies whose main ideas originated with conventional MIMO, but in
a way to compromise the flaws in the old scheme.
References
[Wiki] Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_MIMO
[Wiki] Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO
[Nutaq] "Challenges with massive MIMO: Data throughput",
http://www.nutaq.com/blog/challenges-massive-mimo-data-throughput
[Cheng14] X. Cheng, B. Yu, L. Yang, J. Zhang, G. Liu, Y. Wu, and L. Wan, "Communicating in the real wo
2014,
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6882306
[Xingwang14] Xingwang Li, Lihua Li, Ling Xie, Xin Su, and Ping Zhang, "Performance Analysis of 3D Massiv
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2014, Article ID 614061, 12 pages, 2014,
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/2014/614061/abs/
[Zheng15] K. Zheng, L. Zhao, J. Mei, B. Shao, W. Xiang, and L. Hanzo, "Survey of large-scale MIMO syste
2015.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7091863
[Lu14] L. Lu, G. Y. Li, A. L. Swindlehurst, A. Ashikhmin, and R. Zhang, "An overview of massive MIM
vol. 8, pp. 742? 758, October 2014,
http://newport.eecs.uci.edu/~swindle/pubs/j84.pdf
[Nguyen13] D. N. Nguyen and M. Krunz, "Cooperative MIMO in wireless networks: recent developments and
http://www2.engr.arizona.edu/~krunz/Papers/Journals/netmag_CMIMO_2013.pdf}
[Rusek12] F. Rusek, D. Persson, B. K. Lau, E. G. Larsson, T. L. Marzetta, O. Edfors, and F. Tufvesson, " Sc
Process. Mag., 2012,
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1201.3210.pdf
[Larsson14] E. G. Larsson, F. Tufvesson, O. Edfors, and T. L. Marzetta, "Massive MIMO for next generation
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1304.6690.pdf
[Madhow14] Madhow, U., Brown, D.R., Dasgupta, S., Mudumbai, R., "Distributed massive MIMO: Algorithm
Workshop (ITA), 2014 , vol., no., pp.1,7, 9-14 Feb. 2014,
http://ita.ucsd.edu/workshop/14/files/paper/paper_155.pdf
[Nam13] Y.-H. Nam "Full-dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) for next generation cellular technology", IEEE C
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6525612&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplo
[Ben13] Ben Zid Maha and Raoof Kosai, "Multi User MIMO Communication: Basic Aspects Benefits and
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/45873.pdf
[Nguyen14] D. N. Nguyen and M. Krunz, "A cooperative MIMO framework for wireless sensor networks", A
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2499381
[Choudary14] R. R. Choudary, "A network overview of massive MIMO for 5G wireless cellular: System model
vol. 2, issue 4, June- July, pp. 338-347, 2014,
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[Balan12] H. V. Balan, R. Rogalin, A. Michaloliakos, K. Psounis, and G. Caire, "Achieving high data rates i
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[Renzo14] M. D. Renzo, H. Haas, A. Ghrayeb, S. Sugiura and L. Hanzo, "Spatial modulation for generalized
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Acronyms
2D Two-Dimensional
3D Three-Dimensional
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
AA Antenna Array
AAS Active Antenna System
BS Base Station
CMIMO Cooperative MIMO
CN Cooperating Node
CoMP Coordinated Multipoint
CSI Channel State Information
DAS Distributed Antenna Systems
DIV Diversity gain
DMIMO Distributed MIMO
DSTBC Differential STBC
EAOA Elevation Angles of Arrival
EAOD Elevation Angles of Departure
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
LTE Long Term Evolution
MAC Media Access Control
MANETM Mobile Ad hoc Networks
MF Matched-Filter
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
MRT Maximum Ratio Transmission

MUX Multiplexing gain
PBCH Physical Broadcasting Channel
PDF Probability Density Function
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio
SISO Single-Input Single-Output
SNR Signal- to-Noise Ratio
STBC Space-Time Block Code
TDD Time Division Duplex
TPC Transmit Precoding
TSG Technology Sciences Group
VAA Virtual Antenna Array
VBLAST Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time
WSN Wireless Sensor Networks
ZF Zero Forcing
Last modified on April 17, 2016

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Emerging MIMO Technologies: Distributed, Cooperative, Massive, 3D, and FD MIMO

Emerging MIMO Technologies: Distributed,

2.1 Challenges for Distributed MIMO[ Madhow14]

• The Role Of Explicit Feedback

• Pre-Synchronization and Implicit Feedback

3.1 Challenges for Cooperative MIMO [ Nguyen13]

1. Time or delay overhead.

3. Cooperation interference from creating and operating VAAs.

4.1 Challenges for Massive MIMO

• High data throughput

• Complexity Versus Performance

• Channel Estimation [Lu14]

• Pilot Contamination [Lu14]

Figure 1. An illustration of pilot contamination [Zheng15]

5 Full Dimension MIMO

Figure 2. 3D beamforming by dividing the 2D beam into multiple narrow beams[Cheng14]

5.1 Challenges for Full Dimension MIMO

• Design of Antenna Arrays (AAs)

• Performance analysis of large-scale Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)s

• Effects of non-ideal hardware

MRT Maximum Ratio Transmission

Last modified on April 17, 2016

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