KTUweb.

com
Design an innovative change in a cabin door notification board, improving its functionality
Problem:
Dr. Madhavan mounts a notification board on his cabin door, so that the visitors can identify
whether he is available inside the cabin or not. Redesign this device to improve the functionality of
this product. Try to modify this device so that it can convey more information than the conventional
design.
Problem Definition:
An innovative change in the conventional design of a cabin door notification board.
Design Functions:
 Easy handling
 Super quiet & smooth operation
 Attractive
 Informative

Design Constraints:
 Design aesthetics
 Could be used even if the doctor is away
 Shouldn’t be much complicated.
 Wide display

Design Space:
Design space for a notification board
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Forms/Functions

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Means
2
Whether inside
or not K
Sliding sections,written
IN and OUT
Digital display, could
be changed by finger
scaning mechanism

Additional Days which are common Next consulting time

features leave to the doctor are could be visualised
provided out side to others.

To attract Elegent writings Classy model

users

Modified Design:
 The notification board used can be with digital display which could be operated with the IN or
OUT finger scaning method.

 If the doctor is absent, and at regular intervals while he is present, the next consulting time is
displayed in the screen.

 If there is any change in the consulting time due to any circumstances, the doctor can regulate
the displayed consulting time the help of a mobile app connected with the notification board.
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  The name of the doctor, along with qualifications can also be shown in the display board.
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Student find inconvinience in carrying water bottle and lunchbox , as a designer try
to solve this problem by integrating water bottle with lunch box.

Objectives-
To design a water bottle cum lunch box-
It should be handly.
Design constraints
.Easy to handle and portable
.Hybrid slot
.Light weight and easily carried
.Ecofriendly material

Brief description-

A lunch box, spelled lunchbox in almost all UK and US dictionaries,[1] also referred to as a lunch
pail or lunch kit, is used to store food to be taken anywhere. The concept of a food container has
existed for a long time, but it was not until people began using tobacco tins to carry meals in the
early 20th century, followed by the use of lithographed images on metal, that the containers became a
staple of youth, and a marketable product.

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The lunch box has most often been used by schoolchildren to take packed lunches, or a snack, from
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home to school. The most common modern form is a small case with a clasp and handle, often printed
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with a colorful image that can either be generic or based on children's television shows or films. Use of
lithographed metal to produce lunch boxes in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s gave way in the
1990s to use of injection-molded plastic.

A lunch kit comprises the actual "box" and a matching vacuum bottle. However, pop culture has more
often embraced the singular term lunch box, which is now most commonly used.

Today, lunch boxes are generally made of plastic, with foam insulation, and an
aluminum/vinyl interior. As a result, they’re usually much better at retaining their temperature but are
less rigid/protective.

Other popular options include lunch boxes made of glass and metal lunch boxes, each offering
different advantages. For instance, glass lunch boxes are usually heavier and prone to break, but are
nonetheless microwavable, thereby allowing the option to heat food using a microwave [9]. In contrast,
metal lunch boxes, which are usually made of stainless steel, are lighter and more durable, but cannot
be heated in a microwave. [10].

Some lunch boxes, including those from the 1950s and 1960s, sometimes sell into the dozens of
dollars.[11]

Modification –

Three stacking inner boxes, each with its own flexible lid, fit neatly inside a sleek, lightweight outer
box that clips close securely. The shape is reminiscent of a camping or military canteen, but the colors
and details make it more like a chic handbag or jewelry box.

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The outer box also keeps the stacking compartments securely upright in your bag. You can even just
use one or two of the stacking inner boxes, and fit a sandwich or two or a slim drink container inside
the outer box. The possibilities are endless!

Product Details

 Total capacity: 650 ml (Capacity of the 3 compartments: 200 ml, 200 ml and 250 ml).

 M Sized

 Dimensions of the outer box: 6.4 cm wide x 17 cm long x 13.6 cm high (2.5" x 6.7" x 5.35").

 The inner boxes are a light grey in color, with black lids. The outer box comes in the five
colors shown.

 The outer box is made of ABS. The inner compartments are made of PET-PBT plastics (safe
temperature range: -20°C to 140°C (-4°F to 284°F)), and the lids are made of polyethylene (safe
temperature range: -20°C to 60°C (-4°F to 140°F)). BPA-free.

 The inner compartments are microwave and dishwasher safe with the outer box and lids
removed.


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Hand-washing is recommended for the outer box and lids. Avoid using abrasive cleansers or

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sponges.


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Although internal lids are tights, do not put soup or liquids in the containers. Sauce bottles such
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as Animal Bottle are more appropriate.

Advantage and disadvantages-

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The pros for packing lunches are numerous. You can pack according to your kids’ likes and dislikes. It
will also ease your mind because you know what you are giving your child, regardless if they eat it or
give it away/trade with other kids for their slice of pizza.

And the cons? Time! It takes time to prepare a healthy meal and change it up everyday. But there are
ways to make it easier. Packing lunches with the kids the night before is one way. This allows you to
choose and prepare healthy options together when you’re not in a rush.

There are also pros to buying lunch at school. You don’t need to worry about packing lunches
everyday or washing the dishes at night. Some school districts offer a lot of made-from-scratch foods
that are pretty tasty and healthy. You also have the option of your child getting a hot meal rather than a
cold sandwich. Because it’s required for students to take a veggie or fruit when purchasing their meal,
you know that their fruit and veggie quota is being met.

Look at the school lunch menu at the beginning of the week and decide together which options your
children will eat. Then, you can send them with money, confident that they will make a good choice.

Now for the cons to purchasing school lunches—there are a few. Parents won’t have complete control
of what their children eat. Some school districts offer two entrée options, therefore your child could
choose either one of them—one being an entrée that you may not want your child to have.

Even though there are NSLP guidelines, county laws determine how strictly they are enforced. Some
counties are more lenient than others. And even though it’s required, not all schools do nutrient
analysis for their meals. When they do, the numbers aren’t necessarily 100 percent accurate. For

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elementary schools, most school districts will make meeting the guidelines a priority, however the
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same thing can’t be said for middle school and high school. Some high schools may be serving high

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amounts of calories, fats and sodium to kids, which aren’t regularly monitored.
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Some schools also have a lunch line and then a snack line. Even though the lunch meets (or likely
meets) the NSLP guidelines, the snacks do not. Snacks must be paid for in cash, and you cannot
exchange free lunch for these items. As a result, if you are sending your kids to school with money,
they could choose these items instead of a nutritious lunch.

Conclusion-

Today, lunch boxes are generally made of plastic, with foam insulation, and an
aluminum/vinyl interior. As a result, they’re usually much better at retaining their temperature but are
less rigid/protective.

Other popular options include lunch boxes made of glass and metal lunch boxes, each offering
different advantages. For instance, glass lunch boxes are usually heavier and prone to break, but are
nonetheless microwavable, thereby allowing the option to heat food using a microwave [9]. In contrast,
metal lunch boxes, which are usually made of stainless steel, are lighter and more durable, but cannot
be heated in a microwave. [10].

Some lunch boxes, including those from the 1950s and 1960s, sometimes sell into the dozens of
dollars.

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Modified design of garment hanger

Problem statement
According to the market, the already exist clothes hanger are not
Suitable and comfortable. This is because the hanger is big and hard to move

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When raining, those who are leaving in condominium also don’t have enough
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Space to place the hanger when not used. To solve the problem, i have design a

Stored when not used.

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Portable and foldable wet clothes hanger that is easy to use, easy to carry and
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Design objective
The purpose of this project is to practice the student to solving
Problem using academic research and also to gain knowledge and skill.
This project is also important to train and increase the student capability
To get information, research, data gathering and then solves the problem
By following the procedures learned. The project also will generate
Students that have capability to get a good research report in thesis form
Or technical writing. This project also train and produce student to capable
Of doing work with minimal supervisory and more independent.

Design constrains
A) design and fabricate the portable and foldable wet clothes
hanger
B) fabricate the clothes hanger that has the aesthetic value as
desired by the current market.
C) produce the minimum cost and high quality of the clothes.
D) fabricating the clothes hanger using appropriate
material and laboratory equipment.
E)the product specifications are it must be portable, foldable and
minimum in cost.

Solution
this clothes hanger is functioning as a product which can be used to hang the
Wet clothes to make it dry. The designs is improved everyday in order to give the
Comfortable to the users. Nowadays, people having problem with their clothes hanger
Because it is not portable and difficult to store it when unused. So, this portable and
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Foldable wet clothes hanger from
has been designed. Ktunotes.in
The design should be creative,
Simple, easy to use, easy to handle, portable and minimum cost. This clothes hanger
Only needs a small place to store it when unused. The height of this hanger is
Adjustable and can be folded. It is also light because it made from aluminium.

Review
Clothes hanger is used to dry the wet clothes by hanging the clothes on it.
This clothes hanger was first invented in france and england in 1800. The first
Model of clothes hanger is using a rope that is tied on the trees. The clothes hanger
Nowadays comes in a wide variety of shapes, colour, height and materials depend on
Their origin, style and intended purpose. The clothes hanger can be freestanding,
Hanged or attached at wall. Some of the freestanding clothes hanger has wheel to
Make it easier to move. The other types of hanger can adjust the height according to
User’s comfortable. Others have high quality of material such as aluminium, plastics
And stainless steel. Some clothes hanger is made as an art and has a high value. But
Nowadays, people are like to use the clothes hanger that is simple, light weight,
Portable and foldable.

Different types of garment hangers

proteam single clothes hanger

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Proteam single clothes hanger’s height is adjustable and it is also portable. It is made as a simple and
strong hanger and comes in a blackand silver colour. The dimension of this product is height 94.5 –
166.5cm x width 81.5 cm x depth 44.5 cm.
valet double clothes hanger

Valet double clothes hanger is made from high quality wood and has a high art value. This clothes
hanger not only can used to hang clothes, but it is also a decoration accessory in our home. It has
wheel so it is easy to move it. The dimension of this product is height 105.5cm x width 70.0 cm x
depth 40.0 cm.
mobile wooden clothes hanger

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Mobile wooden clothes hanger is also made of high quality wood. It is a simple clothes hanger and it’s
lower part can be used to put the shoes or other things. This is a product from uk. The dimension of
this product is height 95.0cm x width 50.0 cm x depth 50.0cm.
Advantages
• Wire hanger is durable and could last for a long time.

• Wooden hanger gives people closing to the nature, warm and elegant feel

• Velvet has the advantage of cloth not slipping of the hanger.

• Plastic hangers are low cost, simple processing , light to carry and colourful colours.

Disadvantages
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• Wire hangers are high cost, complicated processing, easy to rust and heavy to carry.

•
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Plastic hangers are easy to break when bearing heavy clothes.

• Satin hangers are narrow usage range and easy to get dirty.

• Velvet hanger is easy to get dirty and not easy to clean.

conclusion
The clothes hanger is used to hang the wet clothes that are washed.
Development of this portable and foldable wet clothes hanger is to create a new
Model of clothes hanger that is foldable and portable and to fullfill current market
Needs. To design and fabricated this portable and foldable clothes hanger, it must be
Compared with other product that maybe available in the market. First, get an idea
From internet, magazine, newspaper or other from available data. Form there the
Information and idea to design and fabricated can be created. The whole project
Involved various method and process that usually use in engineering such as concept
Design, analysis process and lastly fabrication process.
This portable and foldable wet clothes hanger is made from aluminium. The
Height of this hanger can be adjusted according to users taste. It also can be easily
Moved because of its size and weight. When it is not used, it can be folded and only
Needed small place to store. Overall from this project, time management and
Discipline is important to make sure this project goes smooth as plan and done at
Correct time.

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 . I N
What are the materials (with specifications) you require in order to modify this to a cot with storage
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space without changing the dimensions?

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A tremendous amount of useful storage space is obtained by adding the drawers underneath the bed.
Usually 6 drawers can be incorporated inside the bed

Step1: Getting started, building Base Frame

The purpose of this project is to explain the materials and specifications involved in converting a cot
into a cot with storage facilities. It will also show the construction and the tools used.
Bed construction begins with building of base. The base can be made smaller, so that the sides and the
edges overhang. Once the frame is built place it on the table. Level and square the frame using wood
shims where needed. Screw it down to the work surface to keep it in position during construction.

Step2: Bed Frame construction

Build the bed frame in two halves. This allows the bed to be disassembled for easier transporting. Lay
out and cut the top rails of the frame. The piece towards the inside of the bed is cut shorter and has a
half-lap joint cut out of its end. The half lap is to accept a plywood panel that will continue the
remaining length of the bed. The plywood is used to mount the inner drawer slide for the end drawers.
Smooth the surface of the joint.
Next cut the ply wood panel to size. Use the table saw to rip the plywood to size. Install a plywood
floor piece running the remaining length of the bed frame. Repeat the process and build the opposite
half of the bed frame.

Step3: Building Drawers

Build very basic drawers for this project using butt joints instead of dovetail joints. The width of the
drawer should be ‘1’ less than the width of the opening to allow for drawer slide clearance. Cut the
pieces to length with the mitter saw. The last step is to raise the blade of the saw and run only the
drawer back pieces, toDownloaded
rip off the previouslyfrom
groovedKtunotes.in
section.
Before assembling the drawers sand off the sides of the pieces that would be inside the drawer once
assembled. Start the drawer asse,bly the fastening one of the drawer sides to the drawer front. Install
the other pieces the same way. The back drawer pieces go in next.

Step4: Installing Drawer slides

Get some drawer slides from the market for the most appropriate prices. Each pair of drawer slides
come with two pieces, one to be mounted in the drawer and one to be fastened to the drawer divider on
the bed frame. Next install the piece of the drawer divider slide that attaches to the drawer divider
panel. After installing slides , number each drawer and its mating location on the bed.

Step5: Building and Installing Drawer fronts and finish Surfaces

Cover the exposed end grain of the plywood with a iron-on birch veneer. Application of the veneer is
fairly easy. It has a heat activated glue on the underside of it. Fasten all of the beds finished panels to
the bed frame from the inside, so there would be no visible fasteners and no nail holes to fill.
Ripp the plywood to a certain width. Then cut the pieces to length. First cut the side panel at the foot
of the bed. Next apply the veneer to the edges. The piece of plywood remaining after the rip was cut in
half to form the two side drawer boxes installed in place in the drawer slide. Predrill the holes in the
bed frame where the panel fastening screws are being installed.

Step6: Final adjustments and Finishing

After installing all of the finish panels, some adjustment of the drawer slides was necessary. A couple

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of the drawer fronts did not sit flush along the top edge. Adjust the drawer slides on the inside of the
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bed. Use an ebony stain on the exterior of the bed. It produced a nice deep colour. Cut two pieces of

Step7: Conclusion
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the bed frame to support the mattress.
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The bed with drawers is much usefull as it provides an extra space for storage facility as well as is
saves spac

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How standardization of components improves designs? List out some standard components in
bicycle.

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Solution:

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Serviceability and replaceability are two main factors which are to be considered while developing a
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product. Serviceability deals with repairing, re-furnishing broken or malfunctioning parts.
Replaceability is a measure of how easy it is to replace a part once it starts to malfunction. Both these
factors demand in-depth technical knowledge about the product and its parts and thus these factors are
often hard to fullfill. One way to ease this process is by using as many standard parts in the design as
possible. Standard parts may be known as the parts which have conventional functoning, geometry and
dimensions. Some common standard parts are:
 Bearings
 Plummer block
 Transmission elements like chain and belt
 Temporary fasteners like nuts, bolts and screws
 Standard grades of groups ASTM, AISI, SAE etc
 Couplings lilke universal, knuckle, cotter etc
 Lubricating oils are usually of grades of SAE
 Miscellaneous elements pertaining to the individual components. Ready-made gadgets which
could be used directly.

Parts of a bicycle Standard To be made

Wheels and rims: A bicycle
rim has a standard size of
32inches diameter. Anything
smaller than that would not
fit an adult. Every standard
rim has its own set of tyres, 
tubes, hubs, and spokes.
Transmission units:
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Freewheel, chain and grease. from Ktunotes.in
These are always available in
the market for varying loads
and number of teeths. 
Powering elements: Pedal 
and pedal arm.
Seats 
Seat assembly 
Supporting members 
Suspension assembly 
Suspension system 
Steel pipes of varying 
diameters
Handle bar 
Brakes: Brake lever, brake 
shoes, brake cable and
housing
Fastening elements: Bolts, 
screws and nuts
Parking Stand 
Mud guards, chain guards
and locks


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Miscellaneous elements  

1. K T U
Total Standard Parts:
Rims x 2
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2. Tyres x 2
3. Valve tubes x 2
4. Hub x 2
5. Spoke sets x 2
6. Freewheel sprocket
7. Crank
8. Chain
9. Crank arm
10. Pedals x 2
11. Rear suspension
12. Front telescopic suspension
13. Seat
14. Brake lever x 2
15. Brake shoe x 2
16. Brake cable x 2
17. Steels pipes for various tubes and support members
18. Bolts and other temporary joints

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Robin lost his eyesight in an accident. Now he finds difficulty to know the time. Design a watch that
lets blind people feels time that can be used for blind people like Robin. (Talking watch is not
permitted)
OBJECTIVE;
We have to design a watch for blind people.
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS;
*Cost
*Durability
*Nature of materials used
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DESIGN FUNCTIONS;
*Easy to handle

*Smooth opeation K T U N
*More securable for blind people , while they are touching

The Bradley Timepiece, a watch designed for blind people and named after a Paralympian gold
medallist who lost his sight in Afghanistan, is up for design of the year at London's Design Museum.
But it's mostly being bought by sighted people, writes Chris Stokel-Walker.
The watch has a stark, circular titanium face. There are no hands. There are no numbers. Around a
groove in the centre a ball-bearing rotates to mark the minutes. Around the edge of the watch, another
ball bearing rotates to tell the hours.
The Bradley was designed for the use of blind people, the latest in a long line of efforts to help those
without sight efficiently tell the time.
Designer Hyungsoo Kim was in a lecture hall at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in September
2011 when a neighbouring student asked him the time. "My classmate is visually impaired, and had
been for 10 years," explains Kim.
The student had a watch that could tell the time, but only by pressing a button that would make it
speak out loud. Doing so in a classroom could be disruptive, so instead, says Kim, "I was his
wristwatch."
Image caption
The ball bearing on the side tells the hours

There are a number of timepieces for the blind, including the Meteor vibrating watch that uses a series
of rumbles to denote hours and minutes. Tactile, or Braille watches, are popular in the blind and
partially sighted community. They look similar to a normal watch, but the front glass can be flipped
up, allowing the wearer to touch the hands and tell the time.

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Students found inconvenience in carrying water bottle and lunchbox, a
designer try to solve this problem by integrating water bottle with lunch
box. Design this product under size constraints and mixing up should be
avoided.
Problem Definition:
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bottle and lunch box together.
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An innovative idea which could be comfortable for the user to carry water
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Problem Function:
 Easy to handle
 Durable
 Eco friendly
 Cost effective
 Withstand temperature

Problem Constraints:
 Adjustable size
 Capacity
 Leak proof
 Heat loss

Design Space:

Forms/Functions Means

1 2 3
Volume should be Separate mutually Have separate Containers of various
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adjustable. fittable containers compartments capacities
Maintenance of Double wall Insulating _
temperature arrangement covering
To avoid leakage Cap should have Use of leak _
locking system proof plugs
Additional features Classy, elegant Additional side A rope like strap
to attract design bags to carry the
bottle
customers

Modified Design:
 The bottle is sealed with a leak proof plug on its rim and
closed with a cap that is twisted downwards.
 It is with a double wall arrangement.
 There are mainly of two compartments: one 1 litre liquid
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container and that for lunch box.

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 The containers are separable.
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 At the joining edge of compartments, threads are
provided for proper fit.
 When any of the compartments is to be taken out
separately, separate lids provided with the entire set,
can be used to close them.

KTUweb.com

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Measures to recycle the paper wastes generated

Design functions
 Paper mixed with clay and little amount of glue can be used to plaster the walls of the house.
This ensures more cooling

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 Recycled paper wastes can be used to prepare napkin pads so that it ensures earlier
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decomposition.

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 Paper wastes are utilized by plywood industries .
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 Mixed with coal and is used as a heat source in power generating stations.

 Recycle all your paper waste.

 Be a conscious consumer and buy “100% post-consumer waste recycled”. Buy recycled paper
materials or materials that came from sustainable managed forests.

 In the office, reuse paper. If you’ve only used one side for example, collect them instead of
throwing them away. You can bind these sheets and make a notebook using the other side. This
small effort reduces paper waste by 50%

 If you already have a scanned copy of a file, don’t print it anymore unless really needed.

 Use email instead of paper when communicating with clients and customers.

 Reduce the use of paper cups and disposable paper plates by keeping reusable items in the
office pantry.

 Encourage your officemates and friends to recycle their paper by putting them in recycling
bins.
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  Insist on “Process Chlorine Free” paper materials.

 Buy products with the least paper packaging. Encourage businesses that follow environment
friendly practices.

 Take advantage of the latest technologies like tablets, computers and smart phones to keep your
files and notes.

Constraints
Cannot be burnt
Reduces the operating cost
Pollution free

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Suggest design changes for a torch (with sketch) that can add value to it and improve
its efficiency.how these modification reflect on market

 Objective of the design-

To design a torch /modify a torch, which can add value to it and also improve its efficiency.

 Design constrains-

1-must have a cultural influence-

The product must have a cultural influnce. This will be done by choosing a culture that a designer
finds fascinating and chose an influnce in size, shape, design, colour and pattern.

2-must be made using a 3d printer

Three dimensional printing is an extremely useful aspect of modeling and producing. this is because it
allows a person to use the program auto desk inventor to model the modulo the product. doing thius
allows you to view the product before it is fully developed and adjust or fix possible errors that could
occur before they happen. it also gives the designer more freedom to work within the constraints given
and use different colours. using a 3d printing also saves the designer time as they do not have to be
present when the product is being print.
3-must fit torch kit
The casing of the torch is designed so it will fit perfectly around the torch kit that has been assembled
as penlight. This is done by having specific dimensions that will not cause the kit to move around
inside the case causing damage to it.
4-must be suitable to be hand held and use on a bike-
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 the torch must be able to be hand held and used on a bikes so it is functional and is abpenlight to be
used for multiple functions. Also it broadens the target consumers, which if the product was able to be
purchased would increase profit.

 Solutions

1. Brief description

Torch use incandescent light bulb which consists of a glass bulb and

a tungsten filament. The bulbs are under vacuum or filpenlight

with argon, krypton or xenon. Some high-power incandescent flashlights use a halogen

lamp where the bulb contains a halogen gas such as iodine or bromine to improve the

life and efficacy of the bulb. In all but disposable or novelty flashlights, the bulb is

user-replaceable; the bulb life may be only a few hours.[8]

The light output of an incandescent lamp in a flashlight varies widely depending on the

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type of lamp. A miniature keychain lamp produces one or two lumens. A two D-cell
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flashlight using a common prefocus-style miniature lamp will produce on the order of

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15 to 20 lumens of light[9] and a beam of about 200 candlepower. One popular make of

rechargeable focusing flashlight uses a halogen lamp and produces 218 lumens. By

comparison, a 60-watt household incandescent lamp will produce about 900 lumens.

The luminous efficacy or lumens produced per watt of input of flashlight bulbs varies

over the approximate range of 8 to 22 lumens/watt, depending on the size of the bulb

and the fill gas, with halogen-filpenlight 12 volt lamps having the highest efficacy.

 A portable pen torch light

A penlight is a small, pen-sized flashlight, often containing two AA batteries or AAA batteries.

In some types the incandescent light bulb has an integral lens that focuses the light, so no

reflector is built into the penlight. Others use incandescent bulbs mounted in

reflectors. PENLIGHT penlights are becoming increasingly common. Low-cost units may be

disposable with no provision to replace batteries or bulbs, and are sometimes imprinted with

advertising for promotional purposes.

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 A headlamp is designed to be worn on the head, often having separate lamp and battery

components. The battery pack may be attached at the back of the head or in a pocket to

improve balance. Headlamps leave the user's hands free. A headlamp can be clipped to the brim

of a hat, or built to mount on a hard hat, instead of using straps; other types resemble eyeglass

frames. Similar to the headlamp, an angle-head flashlight emits light perpendicular to the

length of the battery tube; it can be clipped to a headband, belt, or webbing or set on a flat

surface. Some types allow the user to adjust the angle of the head.

 Power sources
Batteries

The most common power source for flashlights is the battery. Primary (disposable) battery types used

in flashlights include button cells, carbon-zinc batteries in both regular and heavy duty types, alkaline,

and lithium.

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Secondary, rechargeable, types include lead acid batteries, nimh batteries and lithium ion batteries. The
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choice of batteries will play a determining role in the size, weight, run time, and shape of the

flashlight. Flashlight users may prefer a common battery type to simplify replacement.

Primary cells are most economical for infrequent use. Some types of lithium primary cell can be stored

for years with less risk of leakage compared with zinc-type batteries. Long storage life is useful where

flashlights are required only in emergencies. Lithium primary batteries are also useful at lower

temperatures than zinc batteries, all of which have water-based electrolytes. Lithium primary batteries

have a lower internal resistance than zinc primary batteries and so are more efficient in high-drain

flashlights.

Flashlights used for extended periods every day may be more economically operated on rechargeable

(secondary) batteries. Flashlights designed for rechargeable batteries may allow charging without

removing the batteries; for example, a light kept in a vehicle may be trickle-charged and always ready

when needed. Some rechargeable flashlights have indicators for the state of charge of the battery.

Power-failure lights are designed to keep their batteries charged from a wall plug and to automatically
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turn on after an AC power failure; the power-failure light can be removed from the wall socket and

used as a portable flashlight. Solar powered flashlights use energy from a solar cell to charge an on-

board battery for later use.

 Advantages And Disadvantages-

 Conventional flashlights have many disadvantages, as compared to an PENLIGHT flashlight.

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For starters, PENLIGHTs last longer than conventional incandescent light bulbs, are more

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reliable, and are much more energy efficient.

 PENLIGHTs are also housed in a plastic coating, unlike a glass enclosure like an incandescent

light bulb. This makes them much sturdier, and mean that they will not break after being

dropped or abused. Since PENLIGHTs operate at low temperatures, they don’t go through the

temperature stress that typical filaments go through, and as a result, their lifespan is many

times more than a traditional bulb. In fact, you can turn PENLIGHTs on and off without the

wear and tear that it causes to conventional lightbulbs.

 One of the disadvantages of PENLIGHTs, however, is its susceptibility to damage by static

electricity, so avoid touching a naked PENLIGHT with your hands. Also, with the superior

intensity of an PENLIGHT, looking at one directly with just the naked eye can cause eye

damage.

 Conclusion-

In many lighting applications, including residences, restaurants and retail stores, good color
characteristics are often considered more important than lamp efficacy . Lighting specifiers consider
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performance characteristics of a light source to be the color appearance of the
source, most often expressed by CCT, and the color rendering ability of the light source, most often
expressed by CRI.

Given the present state of knowledge about predicting objects' color appearance under different light
sources, no single metric can capture the multidimensional aspects of color rendering. NLPIP
recommends the use of three metrics (CRI, GA, and FSCI) to represent the color rendering properties
of light sources. A high CRI implies that colors will appear natural; a high FSCI implies that the light
source will enable good discrimination between small color variations; and a large GA implies colors
will be highly saturated. By recommending all three, NLPIP suggests that specifiers will be more
likely to "triangulate" to the most useful light source for a particular color application.

Light level is as important as the color rendering properties of a lamp; at high light levels, many non-
monochromatic light sources will render colors well, and at very low light levels no light source can
render colors well.

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While You Working in a design team to develop an automated car washing system,
team leader assigned you to find out required functionality of the design.Draft a
design proposal which explains the required functions and possible ways of achieving
those functions.

Design Objectives
To design an automated car wash.
Design Constraints
 improved output for higher profit margins

 better visibility to attract drive-by traffic

 more potential for expansion down the road

 ability to offer custom detailing services and other premium features

 improved drying time adds to a more professional-looking end product

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  Brief description

A simple and automated type of car wash that is typically coin-operated or token-operated self-service
system. Newer self-service car washes offer the ability to pay with credit cards or loyalty cards. The
vehicle is parked inside a large covered bay that is equipped with a trigger gun and wand (a high-
pressure sprayer) and a scrub foam-brush. When customers insert coins or tokens into the controller,
they can choose options such as soap, tire cleaner, wax or clear water rinse, all dispensed from the
sprayer, or scrub the vehicle with the foam brush. The number of coins or tokens inserted determines
the amount of time customers have to operate the equipment; in most instances, a minimum number of

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coins is necessary to start the equipment. These facilities are often equipped with
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separate vacuum stations that allow customers to clean the upholstery and rugs inside their cars. Some

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self-service car washes offer hand-held dryers, a somewhat new feature. While there are many types of
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car washes, most fall into the following categories:
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 Hand car wash facilities, where the vehicle is washed by employees.

 Self-service facilities, which are generally coin-operated, where the customer does the
washing, including pressurized "jet washing".[6]

 In-bay automatics, consist of an automatic washing machine and dryer that rolls back and forth
over a stationary vehicle - often seen at filling stationsand stand-alone wash sites.

 Tunnel washes, which use a conveyor to move the vehicle through a series of fixed cleaning
mechanisms.[6]

 Chemical car wash, also known as waterless car wash, uses chemicals to wash and polish car
surface. Claims to be an eco-friendly car wash method. [7] Recommended only for cars with light
dirt accumulation to avoid paint damage.[8]

 Steam car washes use a jet of steam and micro fiber towels, some include detergent injection.
Known to have originated from South Korea, steam car washes have been especially popular as a
low-investment, eco-friendly car wash solution in Asia, Middle East, and Europe thanks to its
sanitizing features and mobility.[citation needed]

 Mobile car washes, often also serving as mobile detailing systems, which carry plastic water
tanks and use pressure washers. Sometimes these systems are mounted on trailers, on trucks, or in
vans. Generally these operators also have a generator to run a shop vac., buffers, and other tools as
well.[citation needed]

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Mechanized car washes, especially those with brushes, were once avoided by some meticulous car
owners because of the risk of damaging the finish. Paint finishes have improved as have car washing
processes, and this perception of vehicle damage is much less prevalent today. However, this
perception was the motive behind the rise of facilities utilizing "brushless" (cloth) and "touch-free"
(high-pressure water) equipment, as well as modern "foam" washing wheels made of closed cell foam.
In today's modern car wash facilities, whether tunnel, in-bay automatic or self-serve, soaps and other
cleaning solutions used are designed to loosen and eliminate dirt and grime. This is in contrast to
earlier times, when hydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical, was commonly used as a cleaning agent
in the industry by some operators.[citation needed] There has been a strong move in the industry to shift to
safer cleaning solutions. Most car wash facilities are required by law to treat and/or reuse their water
and may be required to maintain waste-water discharge permits, in contrast to unregulated facilities or
even driveway washing (at one's home), where waste-water can end up in the storm drain and,
eventually, in streams, rivers, and lakes
 Modification

 Self service car wash buildings can bring in a great amount of revenue for your car wash
business and provide a cheaper alternative for your customers.

 Many people still prefer to wash their car themselves as opposed to driving through an
automatic car wash, plus self service offers them a cheaper option to automatic. They may not
have an area where they live to wash their car themselves, so they will come to a self service
car wash and use soap and water provided by your car wash business at a lesser fee than
automatic.

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

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Self service car wash buildings include wash units, vacuums and washer systems. Additional
features such as dash board cloths, streak free soap and air fresheners are also available. These
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add-ons only increase your revenue while providing your customers with a great, full-featured
service they can customize.

 Self service car wash structures meet the needs of everyone involved in a car wash business. As
a business owner, you are able to bring in a great revenue stream at any time of the day while
your customers can choose whether to use a timely automatic car wash or self service car wash
on their own. You will need fewer personnel for these types of businesses, and many times
none at all!

Self Service Car Wash Building Design

When it comes to car wash building design, New Horizons are second to none. We have built many
different self service car wash structures for our customers based on a variety of customizable options.
Our car wash structures satisfy both business owners and car wash customers alike.

We are seasoned builders of glass car wash buildings, automatic car wash structures and self service
car wash buildings. We also build custom options like kneewall upgrades, equipment rooms and
additional vacuum bays. These clear glass structures, paired with our custom options, have made us
the best choice for car wash businesses across the country.

New Horizons puts aspects of car wash building design into your hands so you can create the
customized car wash building you desire. Your business will benefit greatly from a self service car
wash building from New Horizons! Our builders are experienced in self service car wash building and
our car wash buildings are elegant, functional and cost-effective.

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Modular Car Wash Building Size

Our self service car wash structures are a standard length of 16′ 4″ wide x 20′ long. Choose the number
of self service car wash bays in your structure depending on your business needs. As your business
grows, add on more bays to suit your needs. Our structures are completely modular so adding more
bays is as easy as can be.

Knee Wall Upgrades

Customize your automatic car wash enclosure both inside and out by upgrading the knee wall. For
your car wash construction, we offer a choice of brick, block, stucco, split-faced or other composite
material panels for the exterior. All knee wall upgrades include polycarbonate interior panels. Like all
of our products, custom color choices are available.

Advantage and disadvantage-

Benefits of an Automatic Wash versus a Hand Washing

Automatic washes shine in their speed and convenience. While even a basic hand car wash requires
running water, a bucket, soap, and a mitt for washing and drying, an automatic wash simply requires
getting into your car and visiting your local car wash. In addition, it is quite easy to scratch and mar

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your vehicle’s finish when washing improperly by hand. In contrast, a touchless car wash will have a

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very low chance of damaging your vehicle when used properly. For those with a busy schedule

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however, the biggest advantage to an automatic wash is the fact that most will take only 5-10 minutes
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to complete. Whereas a hand washing, even when rushed, will take between 20 minutes to an hour or
more. Benefits of a Hand Washing versus an Automatic Wash

While automatic car washes have advanced greatly in the past decade, their lack of contact tends to
greatly hinder their ability to completely clean a vehicle. What this means is, that in most cases, even
an amateur hand washing will be more effective at removing dirt and grime than an automatic
washing. For proper exterior care, washing is only the first step. Claying, polishing and waxing
follows. These additional processes help to remove embedded contaminants, as well as to restore the
luster of a damaged finish. A hand washing helps to identify such problems, as well as give the ability
to pay trouble spots additional attention. None of these steps have a comparable step in automatic
washing with the exception of waxing. Though results from an automatic waxing tend to leave much
to be desired. In addition, most automatic washes will use either air drying, or a hand drying with a
towel. These methods tend to leave extensive water spotting and exterior scratching respectively when
compared to a proper hand drying with a clean, micro fiber cloth. For expensive or vintage vehicles,
hand washing may be worth the trouble.Should time not be a factor, hand washing tends to be better in
every way when compared to automatic washes. In the real world however, where busy schedules and
daily commutes are commonplace, a mix of both methods may be the best approach. Hand washes
along with the corresponding additional steps such as claying, polishing and waxing should be done
whenever time allows, for best results. Automatic washing and quick detailing should be done after
particularly dusty days or any time weather is particularly severe, in order to help slow the
accumulation of dirt and grime. By combining both options as time allows, you can essentially have
the best of both worlds and a cleaner, better looking car as a result.

CONCLUSION-
The primary environmental considerations for car washing are:

 Use of water and energy resources;

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 Contamination of surface waters;

 Contamination of soil and groundwater.

Use of water supplies and energy are self-evident, since car washes are users of such resources. The
professional car wash industry has made great strides in reducing its environmental footprint, a trend
that will continue to accelerate due to regulation and consumer demand. Many car washes already use
water reclamation systems to significantly reduce water usage and a variety of energy usage reduction
technologies. These systems may be mandatory where water restrictions are in place. In Europe,
Germany is leading the way and has very strict regulations making it illegal to wash your car on the
street or in your driveway.
Contamination of surface waters may arise from the rinse discharging to storm drains, which
eventually drain to rivers and lakes. Chief pollutants in such wash-water include phosphates; oil and
grease; and lead. This is almost exclusively an issue for home/driveway washing, and parking lot style
charity washes. Professional carwashing is a "non-point source" of discharge that has the ability to
capture these contaminants, normally in interceptor drains, so the contaminants can be removed before
the water enters sanitary systems. (Water and contaminants that enter storm water drains does not
undergo treatment, and is released directly into rivers, lakes and streams.)
Soil contamination is sometimes related to such surface runoff, but more importantly is associated
with soil contamination from underground fuel tanks or auto servicing operations which commonly are
ancillary uses of car wash sites — but not an issue for car washing itself.

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