GISC9318 – Spatial Analysis

Deliverable D2
Introduction to ArcGIS Spatial
Analyst extension

Darshana Sawant
ND GIS Consultants
GISC9318 – Spatial Analysis Deliverable
D2
To: Mr. Ian Smith From: ND GIS Consultants
B.Sc., R.P. Bio. 6636 Barker Street
235 Veggie Way, Font hill, Ontario Niagara Falls,
L0S 1J0 Ontario L2G 1Y8

Dear Mr. Smith,

RE: Submission of D2: Introduction to ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension
Please consider this email as my official submission of Deliverable 2: Introduction to ArcGIS
Spatial Analyst extension. This document contains a technical memorandum about my findings
for the reintroduction of the fern Osmunda Jiangnesis at the Niagara College, Glendale Campus.
The following document consists of various maps that supports my findings. For this deliverable
I have used two different analysis methods i.e. Fuzzy Overlay Analysis and Weighted Overlay
Analysis.
If you have any questions regarding the documents or any difficulties in opening the documents,
then please feel free to contact me at (647) 394 6333 or mail me at my student email ID.

Regards,
Darshana Sawant
GIS Analyst

4373556
ND GIS Consultants
6636 Barker St.
Niagara Falls
L2G 1Y8

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 Table of Contents
Introduction to ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension......................................................................0
Technical Memorandum.............................................................................................................................3
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
Purpose.......................................................................................................................................................4
Methodology...............................................................................................................................................4
Creating Hill shade, Aspect and Slope Analysis.........................................................................4
Weighted Overlay Analysis.........................................................................................................8
Fuzzy Overlay Analysis.............................................................................................................11
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................14
References.................................................................................................................................................14

Table of figures

Figure 1: Model created using, model builder ESRI ArcMap showing the weighted and overlay
analysis creation method..................................................................................................................4
Figure 2: TIN images created for the Niagara College, Glendale Campus 2020............................5
Figure 3: Map of Hill shade Analysis of Niagara, Glendale Campus 2020....................................6
Figure 4: Map of Slope Aspect Analysis of Niagara College, Glendale Campus 2020..................6
Figure 5: Map of the Land Slope analysis of Niagara College Glendale 2020...............................7
Figure 6: Aspect, Hill shade, Slope and Soil Analysis reclassified outputs....................................8
Figure 7: Final value table for the Weighted Analysis....................................................................9
Figure 8: Weighted Overlay Analysis for the plantation of the Osmunda Jiangnesis at Niagara
College, Glendale Campus 2020...................................................................................................10
Figure 9: Aspect. Hill shade, Slope, Soil Analysis Reclassified images for the Fuzzy Analysis..12
Figure 10: Fuzzy Overlay Analysis for the plantation of Osmunda Jiangnesis at Niagara College,
Glendale campus 2020...................................................................................................................13

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 Technical Memorandum

Deliverable 3: Osmunda Jiangnesis Fern replantation at Niagara College year 2020

Client: Ian. D. Smith, Prepared by Darshana Sawant

B.Sc., R.P. Bio. GIS Analysts
235 Veggie Way, Font hill, Ontario ND GIS Analysts
L0S 1R0

Subject: Spatial Analysis and Statistics

Date: 6 March 2020 GISC9318D3#

Introduction
This deliverable put light on the extinction of the Osmunda Jiangnesis which is also known as
Jiang’s Fabulous Fictitious Fern from the Niagara College Glendale Campus. After the
construction of the college campus, this rare species of fern in no longer found in the areas it was
once known to be abundant. The Niagara College horticulture group along with the
environmental restoration group took major care to collect the specimens of the fern to re-
introduce it to its natural habitat. The college campus is now considered biologically/ecologically
stable, yet this is the right time to re-introduce these ferns to its natural habitat. Before we do
this, we need to find a suitable area to re-introduce this fern plant at Niagara College Glendale
Campus. In this deliverable, we are finding an area for reintroducing the 100 fern plants.
The plant will be reintroduced in patches measuring 4m by 4 m. The preferred re-introduction
density is one plant per 16 m2. There are currently 110 plants available for re-introduction.
[ CITATION Ian20 \l 1033 ]

Purpose
 To gain a basic familiarity with the techniques of spatial analysis,
 To derive new data from existing data sets,
 To undertake a weighted multicriteria evaluation.
[ CITATION Ian20 \l 1033 ]

Equipment/Data used
 TOR and Imagery provided by Mr. Smith [ CITATION Ian20 \l 1033 ]
 Microsoft word
 ESRI ArcMap 10.7

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Methodology
For this deliverable, I have referred all the images that were provided my Mr. Ian Smith as
mentioned in the TOR of the Deliverable D2. The images were provided with the TOR document
of this Deliverable on the Niagara College Blackboard. The model for this Analysis was created
with the help of model builder in the ESRI ArcMap. Co-ordinates system used for all the images
was NAD 1983 /Zone 17.
All the given shape files were first converted into TIN and then raster and from the raster images
the Hill shade, Aspect and slope analysis was created. The soil data was converted into raster
file. After this the analysis of all these fields were reclassified and the main Weighted Analysis
and the Fuzzy Overlay Analysis were created.[ CITATION Ian20 \l 1033 ]
Creating Hill shade, Aspect and Slope Analysis

Figure 1: Model created using, model builder ESRI ArcMap showing the weighted and overlay analysis creation method

To create the data analysis from the given shape files first I create a TIN file from the shape files
as directed in the TOR provided by the client.
o GC_Campus_North_Mass_Points.shp,
o GC_Campus_South_Mass_Points.shp,
o GC_Campus_North_Breaklines.shp,
o GC_Campus_South_Breaklines.shp.

[ CITATION Ian20 \l 1033 ]

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The TIN file was created using the Create TIN Command from the ArcMap

Figure 2: TIN images created for the Niagara College, Glendale Campus 2020

After Creating the TIN file, the image was then converted into the raster file. From this raster file
three main analysis were done.
The Hill shade analysis is nothing but a 3D representation of the greyscale image that shows the
shadow of the object by the suns position. This analysis was created using the values for altitude
and azimuth that were provided in the TOR by the client. In this case the Azimuth is 180° (noon)
and the Altitude 65.98° as per the survey taken by the horticulture student of Niagara College.
(Refer Figure 3 from page no. 6)
The Aspect Analysis derives the aspect from a raster surface. It identifies the downslope
direction of the maximum rate of change in value from each cell to its neighbors. Aspect can be
thought of as the slope direction. The values of the output raster will be the compass direction of
the aspect[ CITATION Env16 \l 1033 ] (Refer Figure 4 from page no.6

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Figure 3: Map of Hill shade Analysis of Niagara, Glendale Campus 2020

Figure 4: Map of Slope Aspect Analysis of Niagara College, Glendale Campus 2020

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 The Slope Analysis is basically used to find the steepness in each sell of the raster image. If the
value of slope is greater then that terrain is steep wherein if the value of slope is lower, then the
terrain is flat. In Figure 5 we can see that the red colour indicates greater number hence the areas
that are highlighted with red colour are steeper than the areas that that in green or yellow colour.

Figure 5: Map of the Land Slope analysis of Niagara College Glendale 2020

Weighted Overlay Analysis

The weighted overlay analysis was performed by using the reclassified hill shade, slope, aspect
analysis along with the soil data. The values from 0 to 3 were given while doing the
reclassification according to the growth of fern. In these table zero meant no growth/ negative
growth. 1 indicates the clay soil.2 indicates the soil with moderate growth and 3 represents the
soil where the plants will thrive. Table below show the data from each reclassification.
Table 1: Hillshade Analysis Reclassification table for weighted analysis

Original Value New Value

0 to 195 0
195 to 235 1
235 to 255 0

Table 2: Aspect Analysis Reclassification table for weighted analysis

Original Value New Value

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 0° to 247° 0
247° to 360° 3

Table 3: Slope Analysis Reclassification table for weighted analysis

Original Value New Value

0° to 20° 0
20° to 65° 2
65° to 90° 0

Table 4: Soil Analysis Reclassification table for weighted analysis

Original Value New Value

ESC 3
TEL, CSH 2
BVY, PEL, HIM, 1
LIC
NM, CGU 0

Figure 6: Aspect, Hill shade, Slope and Soil Analysis reclassified outputs

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After creating the reclassified raster images the Weighted analysis was performed using those
raster files. Values from 1 to 9 were given to the fields according to their field value where 1 is
the not well suited area and 9 being the best suited area for the plant growth.Figure 7 shows the
final value table for the weighted analysis. Here we restricated all the zero values as they shows
the area where plants can’t grow.

Figure 7: Final value table for the Weighted Analysis

In this analysis the slope analysis was given higher rank. After Hill shade analysis the direction
of slope faces i.e. the Aspect was taken into consideration. Values for soil type and hill shade
were given equal importance. The creation of slope(aspect) is considered more important than
the slope direction, wherein slope is three times more important than soil type.
Figure 8 from page no. 10 shows the results for the weighted analysis. In this map the dark green
part shows the area where the plant will thrive wherein the area in light shade of green colour
shows the area that will have moderate growth of the plant. Rest of the area in the area of interest
is not well suited for the growth of this plant.

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Figure 8: Weighted Overlay Analysis for the plantation of the Osmunda Jiangnesis at Niagara College, Glendale Campus 2020

Fuzzy Overlay Analysis

Just like the weighted analysis, the fuzzy analysis also contains the reclassification of the hill
shade, slope, aspect and soil analysis. However, the reclassification done during this method is
more specific than compared to the one that we did during the Weighted overlay analysis. Here
we used values from 0 to 4 to make the values more specific for the extra fields that were added.
0 indicates the area where the plant will not grow and.1 shows very sparse wherein 2 indicates
sparse growth of the plant. 3 stands for the places where the plant will have moderate growth and
the 4 stands for places where the plant will thrive. Below tables show the value for different
reclassification files.
Table 5: Hillshade Analysis Reclassification table for fuzzy analysis

Original Value New Value

0 to 140 1
140 to 195 3
195 to 220 4
220 to 235 2
235 to 255 0

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Table 6: Aspect Analysis Reclassification table for Fuzzy analysis

Original Value New Value

247° to 292.5° 1
292.5° to 337.5° 4
337.5° to 360° 1

Table 7: Slope Analysis Reclassification table for Fuzzy Analysis

Original Value New Value

0° to 15° 1
15° to 35° 2
35° to 45° 3
45° to 55° 4
55° to 70° 2
70° to 90° 1

Table 8: Soil Analysis Reclassification table foe Fuzzy Analysis

Original Value New Value

ESC 4
TEL, CSH 3
BVY, PEL 1
NM, CGU 0
HIM, LIC 0

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Figure 9: Aspect. Hill shade, Slope, Soil Analysis Reclassified images for the Fuzzy Analysis

For the result of the Fuzzy Overlay analysis AND method was used to get the minimum value
from all the raster files that were used as an input for this analysis.
As we can see in our final output in Figure 10 from page no.13 there are four different types of
scenarios in the map. First two blank values cover the areas that show no growth of the plant.
These are mainly the areas covered in concrete constructions and area that have clay soils that
won’t be good for the growth of plant. Area covered in the shade of yellow colours shows the
area that has moderate chances of the plant growth. Here the plant won’t thrive but can have
moderate growth. The last field i.e. the area covered in the shade of green colour highlights the
area where the plant will thrive.

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Figure 10: Fuzzy Overlay Analysis for the plantation of Osmunda Jiangnesis at Niagara College, Glendale campus 2020

Conclusion
Both the Weighted as well as Fuzzy Overlay analysis used the same files for the input but the
results for both are different. The weighted analysis in this case shows the exact area where the
plants will thrive. In the final step of weighted overlay analysis, the values were given manually
according to the reclassification results from the input files. Wherein, the Fuzzy overlay analysis
uses the same raster files as weighted overlay analysis, but we don’t need to enter any values
manually as it counts the values with the help of AND method. This type of analysis focuses on
areas even where the plant has chances of the moderate growth.

References
Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (2016). Aspect-Help. Retrieved from
desktop.arcgis.com: https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/spatial-analyst-
toolbox/aspect.htm
Smith, I. (2020, March). GISC9318- Spatial Analysis. Niagara-on-the lake, Ontario, Canada.

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