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EE2302 Electrical Machines-II
EE2302 Electrical Machines-II
EE2302 Electrical Machines-II
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UNIT-I
ALTERNATOR
Form Stationary connection between external circuit and system of conditions enable
the machine to handle large amount of volt-ampere as high as 500 MVA.
The relatively small amount of power required for field system can be easily supplied
to the rotating field system via slip rings and brushes.
More space is available in the stator part of the machine for providing more insulation
to the system of conductors.
Insulation to stationary system of conductors is not subjected to mechanical stresses
due to centrifugal action.
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N = Speed in rpm.
7. What are the advantages of salient pole type of construction used for synchronous
machines?
Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high speeds. The
high-speed operation of rotor tends to increase mechanical losses, so the rotors should have
smooth external surface. Hence smooth cylindrical type rotors with less diameter and large axial
length are used for synchronous generators driven by steam turbines with either 2 or 4 poles.
9. Which type of synchronous generators are used in Hydroelectric plants and why?
As the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric plants, salient pole type
synchronous generators are used. These allow better ventilation and also have other advantages
over smooth cylindrical type rotor.
10. What is the relation between electrical degree and mechanical degree?
Electrical degree θe and mechanical degree are related to one another by the number of
poles P, the electrical machine has, as given by the following equation.
θe = (P/2) θm
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Electrical degree is used to account the angle between two points in rotating electrical
machines. Since all electrical machines operate with the help of magnetic fields, the electrical
degree is accounted with reference to the polarity of magnetic fields. 180 electrical degrees is
accounted as the angle between adjacent North and South poles
Advantages: -
Waveform of the emf can be approximately made to a sine wave and distorting
harmonics can be reduced or totally eliminated.
Conductor material, copper is saved in the back and front-end connections due to less coil
span.
Fractional slot winding with fractional number of slots/phase can be used which in turn
reduces the tooth ripples.
Mechanical strength of the coil is increased.
13. Write down the formula for distribution factor.
msin(β/2) msin(nβ/2)
where
m - number of slots/pole/phase
n - order of harmonics.
The winding factor Kw is defined as the ratio of phasor addition of emf induced in all the coils
belonging to each phase winding of their arithmetic addition.
The continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the power the
machine or apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses incurred in the
machine gives rise to a steady temperature rise not exceeding the limit prescribed by the
insulation class.
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Apart from the constant loss the variable loss incurred in alternators is the copper loss,
occurring in the 3-phase winding, which depends on I2R, the square of the current delivered by
the generator. is directly related to apparent power delivered by the generator,Thus the
alternators have only their apparent power in VA/kVA/MVA as their power rating.
16. What are the causes of changes in voltage of alternators when loaded?
|Zs| = √(R2+jXs2)
The phase angle introduced between the induced emf phasor E and terminal voltage
phasor V during the load condition of an alternator is called load angle. The load angle increases
with increase in load. It is positive during generator operation and negative during motor
operation.
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Most of the alternators are manufactured with large power rating and large voltage
ratings. Conduction load test is not possible for such alternators. Hence other indirect methods of
testing are used and the performance can be predetermined at any desired load currents and
power factors.
25. Why is the MMF method of estimating the voltage regulation is considered as the
optimization method?
Compared to EMF method, MMF method involves more number of complex calculation
steps. Further the OCC is referred twice and SCC is referred once while predetermining the
voltage regulation for each load condition. Reference of OCC takes core saturation effect. As this
method requires more effort, the final result is very close to the actual value. Hence this method
is called the optimistic method.
UNIT-II
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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c. Used for constant speed drives such as motor-generator set, pumps and compressors.
6. A synchronous motor starts as usual but fails to develop its full torque. What could it be
due to?
a. Exciter voltage may be too low.
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b. Extra resistance can be added in the rotor circuit by connecting through the help of
three slip rings for improving the power factor, increasing Starting Torque, limiting the
starting current.
9. Can we add extra resistance in series with squirrel cage rotor? State the reason?
We cannot add extra resistance in series with the rotor because all the copper bars
of the rotor are short circuited in both the sides by copper end rings to have a closed circuit.
11. Why an induction motor will never run at its synchronous speed?
If it runs at synchronous speed then there would be no related speed between the two,
hence no rotor emf, no rotor current so no rotor torques to maintain rotation. That is why the
rotor runs at its synchronous speed.
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20. What are the two curves required for POTIER method?
i. No load curve.
ii. Full load zero power factor curve called wattless load charactertic.
21. What are the three methods of determining voltage regulation?
i. Synchronous impedance method or EMF method.
ii. The ampere-turn or MMF method.
iii. Zero power factor or potier method.
22. When does a synchronous motor get over excited?
If the field excitation of the motor is increased, the field flux will become strong and Eb will
increase. As a result Eb will exceed V and the motor will be called an over excited motor.
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UNIT-III
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
5. State the difference between slip ring rotor and cage rotor of an induction motor?
Slip ring rotor has 3-phase windings. Three ends of which are stared and the other
three ends are brought up and connected to 3 slip rings mounted in the shaft. Extra resistance can
be added in the rotor circuit. Squirrel cage rotor has short-circuited copper bars. Extra resistance
can’t be added as slip ring rotor.
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hysteresis loss, eddy current loss, friction and windage losses. Hence the no load current of
induction motor is higher.
9. State the effect of rotor resistance on starting torque?
Starting torque increases with increase in value of rotor resistance.
10. What are the advantages of cage motor?
Since the rotor has very low resistance, the copper loss is low and efficiency is high
On the account of simple construction of rotor, it is mechanically robust.
Initial cost is less.
Maintenance cost is less.
Simple stating arrangement
11. Give the conditions for maximum torque for 3-phase induction motor?
The rotor resistance and rotor reactance should be equal for developing maximum torque
i.e. R2 = s X2 where s is the slip –under running conditions.
12. What is reason for inserting additional resistance in rotor circuit of a slip ring
induction motor?
Introduction of additional resistance in the rotor circuit will increase the starting
torque as well as running torque. Also it limits the starting current, improves the power factor.
13. List out the methods of speed control of cage type 3-phase induction motor?
a) By changing supply frequency
14. Mention different types of speed control of slip ring induction motor?
a) By changing supply frequency
b) By changing the number of stator poles
c) By rotor rheostat control
d) By operating two motors in cascade
15. What are the advantages of 3-phase induction motor?
a) It was very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction
b) Its cost is very low and it is very reliable
c) It has been suffiently high efficiency .No brushes are needed and hence
frictional losses are reduced
d) It requires minimum of maintenance.
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24. Why is the efficiency of a 3-phase induction motor less than of a transformer?
In induction motor, there is a mechanical loss due to the rotation of the rotor. Hence the
efficiency of an induction motor is less than that of the transformer.
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UNIT-IV
STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
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Pa – no of poles of motor A
Pb – no of poles of motor B
Unit –V
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS AND SPECIAL MACHINES
1. Name the two winding of single phase induction motor?
Running and starting winding.
2. What are methods available for making single phase induction motor a self starting?
By slitting the single phase, by providing shading coil in the poles.
3. What is the function of capacitor in single phase induction motor?
To make phase difference between starting and running winding, to improve PF and to
get more torque.
4. State any 4 use of single phase induction motor?
Fans, wet grinders, vacuum cleaner, small pumps, compressors, drills. Explain
5. Why single phase induction motor is not a self starting one?
When motor fed supply from single phase, its stator winding produces an alternating
flux, which doesn’t develops any torque.
6. What kind of motors used in ceiling fan and wet grinders?
Ceiling fan # Capacitor start and capacitor run single phase induction motor,
wet grinders# Capacitor start capacitor run single phase induction motor.
7. What is the application of shaded pole induction motor?
Because of its small starting torque, it is generally used for small toys, instruments, hair
driers, ventilators.etc.
8. In which direction a shaded pole motor runs?
The rotor starts rotation in the direction from unshaded part to the shaded part.
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In capacitor start induction motors capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary
winding. When speed of the motor approaches to 75 to80%of the synchronous speed the starting
winding gets disconnected due to the operation of the centrifugal switch. The capacitor remains
in the circuit only at start. The starting torque is proportional to phase angle ά and hence such
motors produce very high starting torque.
17. List out 4 applications of shaded pole induction motor?
Shaded pole motors have very low starting torque, low power factor and low efficiency.
The motors are commonly used for small fans, toy motors, advertising displays, film projectors,
record players, gramophones, hair dryers , photocopying machines etc
18. What are the drawbacks of the presence of the backward rotating field in a single phase
induction motor?
Due to cutting of flux, emf gets induced in the rotor which circulates rotor current .the
rotor current produces rotor flux. This flux interacts with forward component φf to produce a
torque in one particular direction say anticlockwise direction. While rotor flux interacts with
backward component φb to produce a torque in the clockwise direction. So if anti clock wise
torque is positive then clockwise torque is negative thus net torque experienced by the rotor is
zero at start.
19. Why is hysteresis motor free from mechanical and magnetic vibrations?
The stator of hysteresis motor carries main and auxiliary windings to produce rotating
magnetic field or of shaded pole type also. The rotor is smooth cylindrical type made up of hard
magnetic material. The torque in this motor is constant at all speeds it runs at synchronous speed.
There is not relative motion between stator and rotor field so the torque due to eddy current
vanishes. Only hysteresis torque is present which keeps rotor running at synchronous speeds .the
high retentivity ensures continuous magnetic locking between stator and rotor. Hence it is free
from magnetic vibrations
20. What types of motor is used in computer drives and wet grinders?
For computer drives permanent magnet dc motors are used while in wet grinder’s
universal motor may be used.
21. Give two advantages and two applications of stepper motor.
Advantages:
*These motors are compatible with digital equipments and are flexible in operation.
*The dynamic response is fast
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Applications:
Stepper motors are widely used in computer peripherals such as serial printers tape
drives, floppy disk drivers. They are also used in control of machine tools. Robotics.
22. List some applications of linear induction motor?
They are used in machine tool industry and in robotics .They are used in trains operated on
magnetic levitation , reciprocating compressors can also be driven by linear motors
23. What are the specific characteristic features of the repulsion motor?
Repulsion motors give excellent performance characteristics. A very high starting torque of
about 300 to350% of full load can be obtained with starting currents of about 3 to 4 times the full
load current. Thus it has got very good operating characteristics. The speed of the motor changes
with load .with compensated type of repulsion motor the motor runs with improved power factor
as the quadrature drop in the field winding is neutralized. Also the leakage between armature and
field is reduced which gives better regulation.
24. Discuss characteristics of single phase series motor
* To reduce the eddy current losses, yoke and pole core construction is laminated
*The power factor can be improved by reducing the number of turns. But this reduces the
field flux.
But this reduction in flux increases the speed and reducing the torque. To keep the torque same it
is necessary to increase the armature turns proportionately. This increases the armature
inductance.
25. What are the demerits of repulsion motor?
*very expensive
*speed changes with load
* on no load speed is very high causing sparking at brushes
*low power factor on no load
26. List four applications of reluctance motors?
This motor is used in signaling devices, control apparatus, automatic regulators,
recording instruments, clocks and all kinds of timing devices, teleprinters, gramophones 27.
What is a universal motor?
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There are small capacity series motors which can be operated on dc supply or single
phase ac supply of same voltage with similar characteristics called universal motors. The
construction of this motor is similar to that of ac series motor
Unit-I
ALTERNATOR
2 marks:
1.State the type of synchronous generator used in hydro electrical power station.
5.Name the different methods of determining the voltage regulation of synchronous generator.
2.Draw a neat sketch showing the various parts of a synchronous machine. State the type of
synchronous generator used in nuclear power stations.
3.Discuss briefly the load charactertics of alternator for different power factor.
5.Explain why the potier reactance is slightly higher than leakages reactance.
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6.Explain dark lamp method of synchronizing an alternator with the bus bar.
8.Explain how will you determine the d and q axes reactance of a synchronous machine in your
laboratory.
10.For a salient pole synchronous machine, derive an expression for power developed as a
function of load angle.
12.Explain the constructional details of a three-phase alternator, which is used for slow speed
operation.
UNIT-II
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
2 marks:
5.What is hunting?
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9.What will be the pf when the synchronous motor is operated at under excited conditions?
2 marks:
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3.How will you change the direction of rotation of three phase induction motor?
4.What is Slip?
9.What is cogging?
10.How the power factor of an induction motor varies when its load increases?
6. Explain how a rotating magnetic field is produced in a three-phase induction motor. Apr: 1999
7. Draw and explain the equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction motor. Apr: 2000
8. Describe with a neat diagram, the principle of operation of induction
generator Oct: 2000
9. Draw and explain the torque/slip curves of a three-phase induction motor for different values
of rotor resistance. Oct: 2000
10. Starting from the first principles, develop the equivalent circuit of a 3-
phase induction motor. Apr: 2001
11. Explain the procedure of drawing the circle diagram of an induction
motor. How are the performance character tics obtained from it? Apr: 2001
12.Explain the operation of induction generator. Oct: 2001
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UNIT-IV
STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
2 marks:
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10. Explain the speed control of 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor by pole
changing.
Unit –V
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS AND SPECIAL MACHINES
2 marks:
1. Give the classification of single phase motors .Explain any two types of single
phase induction motors.
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2. Explain the double field revolving theory for operation of single phase
induction motor.
3. Explain the operation of shaded pole induction motor with diagram.
4. Develop equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor ignoring core
losses.
5. Explain the working principle of single phase induction motor .Mention its
four applications.
6. What is the principle and working of hysteresis motor? Explain briefly.
7. Explain the construction and working of stepper motor.
8. Explain the principle of operation and applications of reluctance motor.
9. Explain the principle of operation and applications of repulsion motor and
hysteresis motor.
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