Operating System

Operating Systems
• An operating system is the software that controls the overall
operation of a computer.
• It provides the means by which a user can store and retrieve files,
provides the interface by which a user can request the execution of
programs, and provides the environment necessary to execute the
programs requested.
What is an Operating System
• the low-level software that supports a computer's basic functions,
such as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.
Operating System
• There are wide variety of OS, but basically there are two major
categories.
Apple Macintosh found by Steve Jobs
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs, was
an American businessman,
inventor, and industrial
designer. He was the co-
founder, chairman, and chief
executive officer of Apple
incorporated (Inc).
Microsoft found by Bill Gates
• William Henry "Bill" Gates is an
American business magnate, investor,
computer programmer, and inventor.

• Gates originally established his

reputation as the co-founder of
Microsoft, the world’s largest PC
software company
Windows Vs Macintosh

• Apple Macintosh, with mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI) on

24th of January 1984.
• Microsoft Windows November 1985.
• The Apple Macintosh sell successfully through the second half of the
1980s until its sales began to decline in the 1990s.
• Microsoft quickly took over the world’s PC market leaving the Mac OS
behind it. In 2009, Microsoft was reported to have approximately 91%
of the OS market share.
• Microsoft designed its operating systems to be compatible with various
hardware such as Dell, IBM, hp, and Sony, etc.
Founder of Unix Dennis Ritchie
• Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie was an American computer scientist.
• He created the C programming language and, with long-time
colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system.
• Medal of Technology from President Bill Clinton in 1999.

Ken Thompson (left) and Dennis Ritchie (right)

Linux story with Richard Stallman
• The story began at 1983, when Richard Stallman decided to create a free operating
System.
• He wrote several parts of his operating system under GNU Project. However he
needed an essential part Kernel.
• GCC compiler.
• GNU Emacs in September 1984.
• GNU stand for GNU's Not Unix.
Linux Kernel by Linus Torvalds
• In 1991, in Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became
the Linux kernel.
• Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention Freax, "free", "freak",
and "x“.
Torvalds' coworker, did
not think that "Freax"
was a good name. So, he
named the project
"Linux" on the server
without consulting
Torvalds.
Linux Distributions
• More than hundreds of Linux versions out there:
List of most Popular:
• Ubuntu.
• Linux Mint. http://distrowatch.com/
• Debian.
• Fedora
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux
• SUSE Linux Enterprise
OS for Smart Device
• A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an operating system for
smartphones, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs), or other
mobile devices.
• Popular Mobile Operating Systems
• Android OS (Google Inc.)
• Bada (Samsung Electronics)
• BlackBerry OS (Research In Motion) RIM
• iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)
• Windows Mobile (Windows Phone 7)
Global market share held by the leading smartphone
operating systems in sales to end users from 1st quarter
2009 to 3rd quarter 2016

https://www.statista.com/statistics/266136/global-market-share-held-by-smartphone-operating-systems/
Functions of Operating Systems
• Oversee operation of computer
• Store and retrieve files
• Schedule programs for execution
• Coordinate the execution of programs
Software classification
Operating System Components
• User Interface: Communicates with users
• Text based (Command)(Shell)
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Kernel: Performs basic required functions
• File manager
• Device drivers
• Memory manager
• Scheduler and dispatcher
Getting it Started (Bootstrapping)
• Boot loader: Program in ROM (example of firmware)
• Run by the CPU when power is turned on
• Transfers operating system from mass storage to main memory