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4 - Networking and The Internet
4 - Networking and The Internet
4 - Networking and The Internet
Internet
Network Definition
• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.
2
What is network?
• A network can be anything from a simple collection of
computers at one location that have been tied
together.
• Using a particular connectivity medium (such as
network cabling or wireless technology) to a giant
global network.
• The network can then be used to transmit data, voice,
and even video between users on the network.
Networking Social Issues
➢publicizing private instant messages, text
messages or e-mails.
➢posting threatening messages.
➢posting photos that will cause
embarrassment and spreading rumors.
➢Spreading Viruses, worms and Malicious
code.
➢Hacking.
What else ?
The Internet
• The Internet: An internet that spans the world
• Original goal was to develop a means of connecting
networks that would not be disrupted by local
disasters
• Today a commercial undertaking that links a
worldwide combination of PANs, LANs, MANs, and
WANs involving millions of computers
What is an IP Address?
• An IP address is a unique global address for a network interface
• Exceptions:
• Dynamically assigned IP addresses (DHCP)
• IP addresses in private networks .
• An IPv4 address:
- is a 32 bit long identifier
- encodes a network number (network prefix)
and a host number
Octets
• The dotted-decimal IP address 192.168.123.132 is (in binary
notation) the 32 bit number.
11000000101010000111101110000100
• This number may be hard to make sense of, so divide it into four
parts of eight binary digits.
11000000.10101000.01111011.10000100
• These eight bit sections are known as octets.
Dotted Decimal Notation
• IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal notation
• Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range [0..255]:
128.143.137.144
Network and Host Address
• An IP address has two parts. The first part of an IP address is used as a
network address, the last part as a host address.
• If you take the example 192.168.123.132 and divide it into these two
parts you get the following:
• 192.168.123 Network .132 Host
-or-
• 192.168.123.0 - network address.
• 0.0.0.132 - host address.
Network and Host Address
192.168.123.132
0.0.0.132 Host
192.168.123.0 network
0.0.0.133 Host
Network Mask
• The network mask shows us
where to split the network
10.1.1.1
and host sections.
• Each place there is a 1 in the 00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001
network mask, that binary
digit belongs to the network
Network
Host
portion of the address.
• Each place there is a 0 in the
network mask, that binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
10.1.1.1
• An alternative set of terminology is:
• The network portion of the address is
00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001
called the prefix.
• The host portion of the address is called
Prefix
Host
the host.
• The network mask is expressed as a prefix
length, which is a count of the number of
1’s in the subnet mask. 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
8 + 8 + 8 = 24
10.1.1.1/24
IPV6
• Internet Protocol version
6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of
the Internet Protocol (IP).
• IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4,
which still carries the vast
majority of Internet traffic as of
2017.
• As of February 2017, the
percentage of users reaching
Google services over IPv6
surpassed 16%. https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html
IPV6
• Pv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing 2128, or
approximately 3.4×1038 addresses, or more than 7.9×1028 times as
many as IPv4.
2. Accuracy: the system must deliver data accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
In case of video, audio and voice data, timely delivery mean delivering data
as they are produced.
Data Communication Components
• Flexible Access: Access their files from computers throughout the firm.
➢Performance
➢Reliability
➢Security
Performance
The performance depends on many factor some are discussed below:
1- Number of Users: A large number of users on a network can slow its response
time if it is not designed for heavy traffic loads. In peak times on a certain network
can slow its performance.
2- Transmission Medium: The transmission medium used for the network also a
main factor for its performance. As data has to travel on it. It can be fiber optics for a
faster transfer of data.
Performance(2)
3- Hardware:
The hardware used in networking affect the speed and capacity of
transmission. A high computer with big storage will perform better.
4- Software:
The software used for running applications and data processing at
sender, receiver end and intermediary nodes also effects the
performance of the network.
Reliability
Reliability of a network depend on the followings:
1-Frequency of Failure:
All networks fail occasionally. But a network that fails often have little value
to a user.
2- Recovery Time:
The time taken to restore itself after the failure is recovery time. The
network quickly restores is more useful than the other takes much time.
3- Catastrophe:
The network must be protected by fire, earthquake or theft. There may be
a system for back up of network software.
Security
Network security issues include unauthorized access and viruses.
1- Unauthorized Access:
On a network there may be sensitive data, therefore it must be
protected by an unauthorized access. It may be user identification and
password or at higher level it can be encryption techniques.
2- Viruses:
As network can be accessed at many points, it may have computer
virus.
Classification of Networks
1- Classification by network geography.
2- Classification by component roles.
• PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN are the basic types of classification, of
which LAN and WAN are frequently used.
Classification by Network Geography
Personal Area Network (PAN)
The interconnection of devices within the range of an individual
person, typically within a range of 10 meters.
Classification by Network Geography
Peer-to-peer network
Classification by Component Roles
Server-based Network: Is a computer network in which one
centralized, powerful computer (called the server) is a hub to which
many less powerful personal computers (called clients) are
connected.
The clients run programs and access data that are stored on the server.
Classification by Component Roles
Server-based (continued):
➢These servers can also control the network’s security from one
centralized location or share it with other specially configured
servers.
Server-based network
Network Topology
➢A topology is a usually schematic description of the arrangement of a
network, including its nodes and connecting lines.
• Five basic types of network topologies.
• Bus, Star, Mesh, Ring AND Tree
Mesh Topology
✓Dedicated point-to-point links to every other device.
➢One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the
network.
Tabs
Tree Topology
• The tree network topology uses two or more star networks connected
together.
• The central computers of the star networks are connected to a main
bus. Thus, a tree network is a bus network of star networks.
Ring Topology
• In the ring network topology, the workstations are connected in a closed loop
configuration.
• Adjacent pairs of workstations are directly connected.
• Other pairs of workstations are indirectly connected, the data passing through
one or more intermediate nodes.
Hybrid Topology
➢Often a network combines several topologies as sub-networks linked
together in a larger topology.
➢For instance, one department of a business may have decided to use a bus
topology while another department has a ring. The two can be connected to each
other via central controller in a star topology.
Hybrid Topology
Connecting Networks
• Repeater: Extends a network
• Hub : used to create a link between different stations on a network.
• Bridge: Connects two compatible networks
• Switch: Connects several compatible networks
• Router: Connects two incompatible networks
resulting in a network of networks called an internet
Repeaters
• Is a hardware device that regenerates the received bit patterns before sending
them out.
• Work against attenuation by repeating signals that they receive on a network,
Typically cleaning and regenerating the digital transmission in the process
Repeaters (continued)
Hubs (multi-port repeaters)
• Generic connection device used to tie several networking cables
together to create a link between different stations on a network.
• Active hubs
• Amplify or repeat signals that pass through them
• Passive hub
• Merely connects cables on a network and provides no signal regeneration
Hubs (continued)
Hub Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
• Can extend a network’s total distance
• Do not seriously affect network performance
• Certain repeaters can connect networks using different physical media.
• Disadvantages
• Cannot connect different network architectures, such as Token Ring and
Ethernet
• Do not reduce network traffic
• They repeat everything they receive
• Do not reformat data structures
• Cannot connect networks that require different types of frames
Bridges
• Connect two different network (segment).
Transparent Bridges
• Also called learning bridges
• Because they build a table of MAC addresses as they receive frames
• They “learn” which addresses are on which segments
• The bridge uses the source MAC addresses to determine which
addresses are on which segments
• By determining a frame’s origin, the bridge knows where to send frames
in the future
• Ethernet networks mainly use transparent bridges
Source-Routing Bridges
• Rely on the source of the frame transmission to provide the routing information.
• The source computer determines the best path by sending out
explorer frames.