NAME: ABHISHEK MISHRA

SRN: PES2UG19CS009
SEC: L
TITLE: PACEMAKERS
DOS: 16/05/2020 DEPARTMENT: CSE
WHAT IS A PACEMAKER?
A pacemaker is a small electrical device, fitted
in the chest or abdomen. It's used to treat
some abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
that can cause your heart to either beat too
slowly or miss beats. Some pacemakers can
also help the chambers of your heart beat in
time. A pacemaker can relieve some
arrhythmia symptoms, such as fatigue and
fainting. A pacemaker also can help a person
who has abnormal heart rhythms resume a
more active lifestyle.
This is an Artificial pacemaker.

TYPES OF PACEMAKERS
The type of pacemaker you may need depends on your symptoms and the
specific heart condition you have.

SINGLE-CHAMBER PACEMAKER:
This type of pacemaker has one lead that connects the pulse generator to one
chamber of your heart.
Dual-chamber pacemaker

DUAL-CHAMBER PACEMAKER:
With two leads, this device connects to both chambers on the right side of
your heart, the right atrium and the right ventricle.
This pacemaker helps the two chambers work together, contracting and
relaxing in the proper rhythm. The contractions allow blood to flow properly
from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
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BIVENTRICULAR PACEMAKER
This pacemaker, also known as a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
device, has three leads connected to the right atrium and both ventricles. The
biventricular pacemaker to treat people with arrhythmias caused by advanced
heart failure.

SINGLE CHAMBER
PACEMAKER

DUAL CHAMBER PACEMAKER

BIVENTRICULAR PACEMAKER

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 HOW DOES A PACEMAKER
WORK?
A pacemaker consists of a
battery, a computerized
generator, and wires with
sensors at their tips. (The
sensors are called electrodes.)
The battery powers the
generator, and both are
surrounded by a thin metal
box. The wires connect the
generator to the heart.
A pacemaker helps monitor
and control your heartbeat. The electrodes detect your heart's electrical
activity and send data through the wires to the computer in the generator.
If your heart rhythm is abnormal, the computer will direct the generator to
send electrical pulses to your heart. The pulses travel through the wires to
reach your heart. Newer pacemakers can monitor your blood temperature,
breathing, and other factors. They also can adjust your heart rate to changes in
your activity.
The pacemaker's computer also records your heart's electrical activity and
heart rhythm. Your doctor will use these recordings to adjust your pacemaker
so it works better for you. Pacemakers have one to three wires that are each
placed in different chambers of the heart.
The wires in a single-chamber pacemaker usually carry pulses from the
generator to the right ventricle (the lower right chamber of your heart).
The wires in a dual-chamber pacemaker carry pulses from the generator to the
right atrium (the upper right chamber of your heart) and the right ventricle.
The pulses help coordinate the timing of these two chambers' contractions.

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The wires in a biventricular pacemaker carry pulses from the generator to an
atrium and both ventricles. The pulses help coordinate electrical signaling
between the two ventricles. This type of pacemaker also is called a cardiac
resynchronization therapy (CRT) device.

OUR NATURAL ‘PACEMAKERS’

Fedorov explained that an implanted pacemaker works by replacing the heart’s
defective natural pacemaker functions.
The sinoatrial (SA) node, or sinus node, is the heart's natural pacemaker. It's a
small mass of specialized cells in the top of the right atrium (upper chamber of
the heart). It produces the electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat.
The heart is hardwired to maintain consistency. Irregular heartbeat, or
arrhythmia, can be due to heart disease or other problems, such as changes in
diet or hormones or electrolyte imbalance.
Optical and molecular mapping of the human heart revealed that the SA node
is home to multiple pacemakers, specialized cardiomyocytes that generate
electrical heartbeat-inducing impulses. Total cardiac arrest occurs only when
all pacemakers and conduction pathways fail.

REFERENCES:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090409104305.htm
https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/treatments/pacemakers

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/prevention--treatment-of-
arrhythmia/pacemaker

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