VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 018

A PROJECT REPORT ON

SMART MATERIALS
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Civil Engineering
(15CVS86: SEMINAR ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY)
Submitted by

REDDY PRASAD K S 1RN16CV040

Under the Guidance of

Mr. ARJUN P
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Civil Engineering
Bengaluru – 560 098

2019-2020
 RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Channasandra, Bengaluru – 560 098

Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Seminar work entitled “SMART MATERIALS” is carried out by
REDDY PRASAD K S (1RN16CV040) in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the
year 2019-2020.

It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering (15CVS86: SEMINAR ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY).

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Student

Mr. ARJUN P Dr. M T Prathap Kumar Reddy Prasad K S
Assistant Professor Head of the Department 1RN16CV040

Name of the examiners Signature with date

1 ……………………. ……………………

2 ……………………. ……………………
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance from several people in
preparation of this report. It would not have been possible to prepare this report in this form without their
valuable help, cooperation and guidance.
My sincere thanks to guide Mr. ARJUN P, Assistant Professor, RNSIT for his valuable suggestions
and guidance throughout the period of this report.
I express gratitude to Dr. M T PRATHAP KUMAR, Professor and Head, Department of Civil
Engineering, RNSIT for his valuable suggestions and guidance throughout the period of this report.
I like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. M K VENKATESHA, Principal, RNSIT for his
encouragement for the conduction of this project work.
I express gratitude to Dr. H N SHIVASHANKAR, Director, RNSIT who has always been a great
source of inspiration.
I would like to express gratitude to our beloved Chairman Dr. R N Shetty, for providing state of art
facilities in the Institute.
The Seminar work on “SMART MATERIALS” was very helpful to me in giving the necessary
background information and inspiration in choosing this topic for the project.
Last but not the least, I wish to thank my parents for financing my study in this college as well as for
constantly encouraging me to learn engineering. Their personal sacrifice in providing this opportunity to
learn engineering is gratefully acknowledged.

Place: Bengaluru STUDENT NAME : REDDY PRASAD K S

USN : 1RN16CV040I
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Sl.No CONTENT Pg.No

1.
Introduction
5

2.
Smart Materials 5

3.
Smart Structure 6
a) Components Of A Smart Structure
b) Functions Of Smart Structure
4.
7-18
Classification Of Smart Material

5.
Other Applications Of Smart Materials 18-21

6.
Conclusion 21

7.
Reference 22

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1. INTRODUCTION

The development of durable and cost effective high performance construction materials and systems is
important for the economic well being of a country mainly because the cost of civil infrastructure constitutes a
major portion of the national wealth. To address the problems of deteriorating civil infrastructure, research is
very essential on smart materials. The peculiar properties of the shape memory alloys for smart structures render
a promising area of research in this field.

2 SMART MATERIALS

Smart materials are materials that have the intrinsic and extrinsic capabilities, firstly to respond to stimuli and
environmental changes and secondly to activate their functions according to these changes. Science and
technology have made amazing developments in the design of electronics and machinery using standard
materials, which do not have particularly special properties (i.e. steel, aluminum, gold). Imagine the range of
possibilities, which exist for special materials that have properties scientists can manipulate. Some such
materials have the ability to change shape or size simply by adding a little bit of heat, or to change from a liquid
to a solid almost instantly when near a magnet; these materials are called smart materials.

Smart materials have one or more properties that can be dramatically altered. Most everyday materials have
physical properties, which cannot be significantly altered; for example if oil is heated it will become a little
thinner, whereas a smart material with variable viscosity may turn from a fluid which flows easily to a solid. A
variety of smart materials already exists, and is being researched extensively. These include piezoelectric
materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, and shape memory alloys.

Each individual type of smart material has a different property which can be significantly altered, such as
viscosity, volume, and conductivity. The property that can be altered influences what types of applications the
smart material can be used for.

2.1 SCOPE OF SMART MATERIALS

Structural designs constructed using smart materials which adopt performance based design aims in solving
following problems

a. They act as actuators which can adapt to their environment by changing characteristics such as shape
and stiffness.
b. They perform as sensors providing actuators with information about structural and environmental
changes.

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3 SMART STRUCTURE
A smart structure is a system that incorporates, smart materials
materials which help in performing particular functions
like sensing, transmitting and recording of data. A smart structure integrates the properties of embedded sensors,
actuators and control mechanisms in order to respond to a given stimulus in a functional
functionally
ly useful manner.
Usually this involves implementing hardware and/or software control mechanisms.
mechanisms
Three criteria in characterizing smart structures are as follows
a. A definite purpose.
b. Means to achieve that purpose.
c. Posses a biological pattern of functionali
functionality.

3.1 COMPONENTS OF A SMART STRUCTURE

Fig.1 Components of a Smart Structure (sensor technology limited)

3.1.1 Control systems(s)

The control system continually monitors the sensor’s signal, processing the information
information in order to determine
action required. If an action is required, then a signal is applied to the appropriate actuator(s).

3.1.2 Sensor(s)
To monitor environmental changes and generate signals proportional to the changing measured.

3.1.3 Actuator(s)
The actuators are used to change the properties of the smart structure in order to achieve the desired response

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3.2 FUNCTIONS OF SMART STRUCTURE

Smart structure aims at 5 basic functions

3.2.1 Data Acquisition

Collection of raw data required from appropriate sensing and monitoring of the structure

3.2.2 Data Transmission

Forwards raw data to the local/central command and control unit

3.2.3 Command and Control Process

Controls the whole systems by analyzing the data, deriving the appropriate conclusion and determining the
actions required

3.2.4 Data Instructions

Transmits the decision and associated instructions back to the member of the structure

3.2.5 Action Device

It takes the action by triggering the control device

Data Data
ACTUATORS CONTROL SENSOR
Transmission Transmission

4 CLASSIFICATION OF SMART MATERIALS

Piezoelectric
Electrostrictive
Magnetostrictive
Optical fibers
Shape memory alloys

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4.1 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS

Fig.2 Illustration of the Piezoelectric Effect

Piezoelectric materials have two unique properties which are interrelated. When a piezoelectric material is
deformed, it gives off a small but measurable electrical discharge. Alternately, when an electrical current is
passed through a piezoelectric material it experiences a significant increase in size (up to a 4% change in
volume).
Piezoelectric materials are most widely used as sensors in different environments. They are often used to
measure fluid compositions, fluid density, fluid viscosity, or the force of an impact. An example of a
piezoelectric material in everyday life is the airbag sensor in your car. The material senses the force of an impact
on the car and sends and electric charge deploying the airbag.
They transform energy from mechanical to electrical and vice-versa. The stress is very
small, 0.1-0.3%. They are used for sensing purposes (e.g. microphone, transducer), and
for actuating applications.
4.1.1 Piezoelectric Advantages
a. Compact and light weight.
b. Displacement proportional to applied voltage.
c. Operate over large temperature range.
d. Fast response to applied voltage (m sec).
e. Repeatable sub-nanometer steps at high frequency.
f. No moving parts.
g. No wear and tear on the element.
h. Function at high frequencies.
i. Excellent stability.
j. Easily embedded into laminated composites.

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4.1.2 Piezoelectric Disadvantages

a. Brittle due to crystalline structure.
b. Produce small strains compared to SMA and magnetostrictives.
c. Cannot withstand high shear and tension.
d. Material does age.
e. Uses active control.
f. Can lead to instability.
g. Can become depolarized.
h. High voltages, high temperatures, large stresses.

4.1.3 Structural Health Monitoring

Use of piezo-transducers, surface bonded to the structure or embedded in the walls of the structure can be used
for structural health monitoring and local damage detection. Problems of vibration and UPV testing can be
avoided here. Jones et. al., applied neural networks to find the magnitude and location of an impact on isotropic
plates and experimented using an array of piezo-transducers surface bonded to the plate (Muthumani).

4.2 ELECTROSTRICTIVES
Similar to piezoelectric materials are electrostrictive and magnetostrictive materials used in high precision
actuation. They are ferromagnetic materials which experience an elastic strain when subjected to an electric
field.

4.3 MAGNETOSTRICTIVES
They are implemented as an actuator with an applied magnetic field. Magnetic field is generally created by
running a current through wire loop. It is used as a sensor by producing a magnetic field when strained.

4.3.1 Magnetostrictive Advantages

a. Fast response time (µsec).

b. High Curie temperature
c. Relatively high strain and force capabilities compared to piezoelectrics
d. No aging effects.
e. Operate over large temperature range.
f. Low voltage operation.

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4.3.2 Magnetostrictive Disadvantages

a. Low tensile strengths
b. Brittle
c. Costly due to rare earth metals involved
d. Large magnetic field required
e. Equipment intensive
f. In order to produce magnetic field

4.4 SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMAs)

Fig.3 Shape memory alloys

Shape memory alloys (SMA's) are metals, which exhibit two very unique properties, pseudo-elasticity, and the
shape memory effect. Arne Olander first observed these unusual properties in 1938. The most effective and
widely used alloys include NiTi (Nickel - Titanium), CuZnAl, and CuAlNi.

The term shape memory refers to the ability of certain alloys (Ni – Ti, Cu – Al – Zn etc.) to undergo large
strains, while recovering their initial configuration at the end of the deformation process spontaneously or by
heating without any residual deformation .The particular properties of SMA’s are strictly associated to a solid-
solid phase transformation which can be thermal or stress induced. Currently, SMA’s are mainly applied in
medical sciences, electrical, aerospace and mechanical engineering and also new applications in civil
engineering specifically in seismic protection of buildings.

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4.4.1 Behavior of SMAs

Fig.4 Crystal Structures Of SMA

The two important properties of SMA called pseudo-elasticity and the shape memory effect is due to
phase transformation mechanism. Phase transformation mechanism is solid-solid
solid diffusion-less
transformation in which the microstructure of the material changes from one phase to another. A
thermal or mechanical external energy source/sink such as, a temperature gradient or mechanical load
can provide the required energy for the phase transformation to happen in either forward (A -> M) or
reverse direction (M ->
> A). Although the driving force
force for phase transformation can be either thermal
energy (temperature-induced)
induced) and/or mechanical energy (stress
(stress-induced),
induced), in most cases for practical
applications one of the two is the only driving force.The
force.The temperatures at which each of these phases
begin
in and finish forming are represented by the following variables: Ms, Mf, As,, Af.

The two unique properties of SMA which they exhibit are

a. Pseudo-elasticity
b. Shape Memory Effect
a. Pseudo-elasticity

Fig.5 Load Diagram of the pseudo--elastic effect Occurring

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Pseudo-elasticity is stress induced phase transformation mechanism, occurs in shape memory alloys
when the alloy is completely composed of Austenite (temperature is greater than Af). Unlike the shape
memory effect, pseudo-elasticity occurs without a change in temperature. The load on the shape
memory alloy is increased until the Austenite becomes transformed into Martensite simply due to the
loading; this process is shown in Figure 5. The loading is absorbed by the softer Martensite, but as
soon as the loading is decreased the Martensite begins to transform back to Austenite since the
temperature of the wire is still above Af, and the wire springs back to its original shape.

b. Shape Memory Effect

The shape memory effect is temperature induced phase transformation mechanism, observed when the
temperature of a piece of shape memory alloy is cooled to below the temperature Mf. At this stage the alloy is
completely composed of Martensite which can be easily deformed. After distorting the SMA the original shape
can be recovered simply by heating the wire above the temperature Af.

Fig.6 Microscopic Diagram of the Shape Memory Effect

The heat transferred to the wire is the power driving the molecular rearrangement of the alloy, similar to heat
melting ice into water, but the alloy remains solid. The deformed Martensite is now transformed to the cubic
Austenite phase, which is configured in the original shape of the wire.
Its properties which enable them for civil engineering application are

a. Repeated absorption of large amounts of strain energy under loading without permanent deformation.
b. Possibility to obtain a wide range of cyclic behaviour –from supplemental and fully recentering to
highly dissipating-by simply varying the number and/or the characteristics of SMA components.
c. Usable strain range of 70%

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d. Extraordinary fatigue resistance under large strain cycles

e. Their great durability and reliability in the long run.

4.4.2 Advantages of Shape Memory Alloys

1. Bio-compatibility
2. Good Mechanical Properties (strong, corrosion resistant)
3. Small quantities of material is needed
4. Produce very large recovery stresses.
5. Easily machined into different shapes and sizes.
6. Manufactured to desired properties.
7. Material is ductile.
8. Very effective for low frequency vibrations. (<5 Hz.).
9. Heating is easily done with resistive heating.
10. Easily embedded into laminated composites.

4.4.3 Disadvantages of SMA

1. Slow reaction time
2. Ineffective at higher frequency ranges
3. Low energy efficiency conversion
4. May not be able to operate in conditions with large temperature ranges.
5. Unweldable and expensive for large scale projects.
6. Non-linear thermo mechanical behavior can limit the accuracy.

There are still some difficulties with shape memory alloys that must be overcome before they can live up to
their full potential. These alloys are still relatively expensive to manufacture and machine compared to other
materials such as steel and aluminum. Most SMA's have poor fatigue properties; this means that while under the
same loading conditions (i.e. twisting, bending, compressing) a steel component may survive for more than one
hundred times more cycles than an SMA element.

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4.4.4 Structural Uses of SMAs

4.4.4.1 Active Control of Structures

The concept of adaptive behavior has been an underlying theme of active control of structures which are
subjected to earthquake and other environmental type of loads. The structure adapts its dynamic ccharacteristics
to meet the performance objectives at any instant
instant.
Sun and Sun used a thermo mechanical approach to develop a constitutive relation for bending of a composite
beam with continuous SMA fibers embedded eccentric to neutral axis. The authors co
concluded
ncluded that SMA’s can
be successfully used for the active structural vibra
vibration control.
Thompson et al also conducted an analytical investigation on the use of SMA wires to dampen the dynamic
response of a cantilever beam constrained by SMA wires.
Baz et al. (1990) conducted the theoretical
heoretical and experimental studies of controlling the flexural vibrations of a
flexible cantilevered beam (Fig.7).. The results obtained demonstrate that the SMA has potential for active
vibration control of flexible systems.

Fig.7 Test Setup of the Cantilevered Beam with SMA Wire Actuators, (Baz et al., 1990)

Gotthardt and Bidaux (1998) explored the reinforcement of composites with SMAs, which could lead to
applications in vibration control via changing mechanical properties of the system (Fig.8)
(Fig.8). The transformation
behavior of SMA/epoxy
y composite was studied and compared to that of plain SMA fibers. They confirmed that
SMA could be used to control the vibration behavior of composites by heating/cooling the embedded SMA
fibers using electric current.

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Fig.8 Embedded SMA Wires in Epoxy Resin, Gotthardt and Bidaux, (1998).

4.4.4.2 Passive Control of Structures

Two families of passive seismic control devices exploiting the peculiar properties of SMA kernel components
have been implemented and tested within the MANSIDE project (Memory Alloys for New Seismic Isolation
and Energy Dissipation Devices). They are special
al braces for framed structures and isolation devices ffor
buildings and bridges. Fig.9.shows
.shows the arrangement of SMA brace in the scaled frame model.
Important damping mechanism in SMA material is the stress-induced
stress induced phase transformation mechanism at
pseudoelastic
oelastic temperature range, by which energy can be dissipated passively through hysteresis.

Fig.9 Arrangement of SMA brace in the scaled framed model

Shahin et al. (1997) analytically demonstrated the passive and active vibration control of a one-story
one
scaled-model
model by using SMA wires as bracing mechanism (Fig.10).
(

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Fig.10 The Structure and the SMA Actuators (Shahin et al).

Fig.11 Graph showing

owing relative displacement

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4.4.4.3 Smart Material Tag

Smart material tags can be used in composite structures. These tags can be monitored externally through out the
life of the structure to relate the internal material condition. Such measurements as stress, moisture, voids,
cracks and discontinuities may be interpreted via a remote sensor

4.4.4.4 Retrofitting

In order to extend the life time of buildings and civil infrastructure, patch type fibrous composite retrofitting
materials are widely used. After retrofitting of the structure, crack visibility is blocked by retrofitted composite
materials. Therefore, structural monitoring after retrofitting is indispensable and self diagnosis method is very
useful.

SMAs can be used as self-stressing fibres and thus they can be applied for retrofitting. Self-stressing fibres are
the ones in which reinforcement is placed into the composite in a non-stressed state. A prestressing force is
introduced into the system without the use of large mechanical actuators, by providing SMAs. These materials
do not need specialized electric equipments nor do they create safety problems in the field. Treatment can be
applied at any time after hardening of the matrix instead of during its curing and hardening. Long or short term
prestressing is introduced by triggering the change in Smash shape using temperature or electricity.

4.4.5 Self-healing

Experimentally proved self-healing behavior which can be applied at a material micro level widens their
spectrum of use. Here significant deformation beyond the first crack can be fully recovered and cracks can be
fully closed.

4.4.6 Self-stressing for Active Control

It can be used with cementitious fiber composites with some prestress, which impart self-stressing thus avoiding
difficulties due to the provision of large actuators in active control which require continuous maintenance of
mechanical parts and rapid movement which in turn created additional inertia forces.

In addition to SMA’s some other materials such as polymers can also be temporarily frozen in a prestrained
state that have a potential to be used for manufacturing of self-stressing cementitious composites.

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4.4.7 Smart prestressing

Smart prestressing is prestressing concrete using shape memory alloy tendons. It is seen that the prestressing
force in beams can be changed by using heat activated SMA tendons. There are many practical advantages of
using the SMA tendons. Tendon installation can be greatly simplified. Prestressed SMA tendons can be placed
in the form during construction, or passed through post tensioning ducts after placement of the concrete, then
conveniently triggered when needed to induce post tensioning. Jacking equipment is not needed because all that
is required is an electrical source of heat-trigger the tendons. Expect for SMA relaxation, all other short –and
long-term prestress loss can be significantly reduced. Friction and anchorage losses are eliminated because stand
jacking and are not needed. Because the SMA tendons are highly strained in their martensitic phase and are
attempting to recover the majority of this strain when triggered, elastic shortening, creep and shrinkage strain
losses become negligible. But the current cost of SMA renders it uneconomical as a structural material at the
present time (ACI structural journal).

5 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF SMART MATERIALS

5.1 SMART CONCRETE

A mere addition of 0.5%specially treated carbon fibres enables the increase of electrical conductivity
of concrete. Putting a load on this concrete reduces the effectiveness of the contact between each fibre
and the surrounding matrix and thus slightly reduces its conductivity. On removing the load the
concrete regains its original conductivity. Because of this peculiar property the product is called
“Smart Concrete”. The concrete could serve both as a structural material as well as a sensor
(muthumani).

The smart concrete could function as a traffic-sensing recorder when used as road pavements. It has got higher
potential and could be exploited to make concrete reflective to radio waves and thus suitable for use in
electromagnetic shielding. The smart concrete can be used to lay smart highways to guide self steering cars
which at present follow tracks of buried magnets. The strain sensitive concrete might even be used to detect
earthquakes.

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5.2 CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE (CFRC)

Its ability to conduct electricity and most importantly, capacity to change its conductivity with mechanical stress
makes a promising material for smart structures .It is evolved as a part of DRC technology (Densified
Reinforced Composites).The high density coupled with a choice of fibres ranging from stainless steel to
chopped carbon and kelvar, applied under high pressure gives the product with outstanding qualities as per DRC
technology. This technology makes it possible to produce surfaces with strength and durability superior to
metals and plastics.

5.3 SUBSTITUTE FOR STEEL

It is reported that the fatigue behaviour of CuZnAl-SMA’s is comparable with steel. If larger diameter
rods can be manufactured it has a potential for use in civil engineering applications. Use of fibre
reinforced plastics with SMA reinforcements requires future experimental investigations.

5.4 ACTIVE RAILWAY TRACK SUPPORT

Fig. 12 Active railway track support concept

Active control system for sleepers is adopted to achieve speed improvements on existing bridges and to
maintain the track in a straight and non-deformed configuration as the train passes. With the help of optimal
control methodology the train will pass the bridge with reduced track deflections and vibrations and thus
velocity could be safely increased. Fig.12 shows various positions of the train with and without active railway
track support.

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5.5 ACTIVE STRUCTURAL CONTROL AGAINST WIND

Aerodynamic control devices to mitigate the bi-directional wind induced vibrations in tall buildings are energy
efficient, since the energy in the flow is used to produce the desired control forces. Aerodynamic flap system
(AFS) is an active system driven by a feedback control algorithm based on information obtained from the
vibration sensors. The area of flaps and angular amplitude of rotation are the principal design parameters. Fig.13
shows an active aerodynamic control device.

Fig.13 Active aerodynamic control device

5.6 SMART BUILDING MATERIALS REMOVE POLLUTANTS

The “smart” construction materials (such as plaster, mortar, architectural concrete) and coatings are being
developed as part of the Photo-catalytic Innovative Coverings Applications for De-pollution Assessment
(PICADA) project. Special construction materials and coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) can “capture”
and “munch” organic and inorganic air pollutants after they have been exposed to ultra-violet (UV) and/or sun
rays. The degraded polluting substances can then be washed away by rainwater.

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According to the consortium, the new construction materials should help to reduce levels of nitrogen oxides
(NOx) gases, which cause respiratory problems and trigger smog production, as well as of other toxic
substances such as benzene.

To date various types of smart construction materials have been tested under experimental conditions of
humidity, temperature UV radiation at the Commission's Joint Research
Centre in Italy, simulating a real world setting.

The process works by the NOx gases and organic compounds diffusing through the porous surface and sticking
to the TiO 2 nanoparticles of the construction materials and coatings. Absorption of UV light by mthe
incorporated TiO 2 leads to its “photo-activation” and the subsequent degradation of the pollutants absorbed
onto the particles. The acidic products created by this process are washed away by rain and/or neutralized by
alkaline calcium carbonate contained in the materials.

The innovative materials developed by the consortium have yet to be applied outside of laboratory testing
conditions. Preliminary tests, however, with similar photo-catalytic materials under field conditions show that
air quality can be significantly improved.
In 2002, after 7000 square metres of road surface in Milan, Italy, were covered with a photo-catalytic cement-
like material, there was up to 60% reduction in the concentration of NOx at street level. Similarly, measures
taken in Japan using photo-catalytic cements and paving slabs showed a marked decline in air pollution.
Coating materials designed on the basis of TiO 2 are better because they can cover a much greater surface than
cement, since buildings and street furniture can be covered or painted with them.

6 CONCLUSIONS

1. The technologies using smart materials are useful for both new and existing constructions.
2. Of the many emerging technologies available the few described here need further research to evolve the
design guidelines of systems.
3. Codes, standards and practices are of crucial importance for the further development.
4. Today, the most promising technologies for lifetime efficiency and improve reliability include the use of
small material and structures.
5. Understanding and controlling the composition and microstructure of any new material are the ultimate
objectives of research in these fields, and is crucial to the production of good smart materials.

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6. The dumb, conventional materials of the past are now becoming smart. Smart materials are the next
generation of materials that have a potential to impact different fields including science, engineering,
medicine, and automotive industry.
7. They will have significant impact on civilization. The technology of smart materials is an
interdisciplinary, emerging field.
8. A number of technical, peer-reviewed journals are dedicated to publishing information on smart
materials
9. Three of such are Smart Materials and Structures, Smart Material Research, and Journal of Intelligent
Material Systems and Structures.

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7 REFERENCES

[1]. Akhras, G., “Smart Structures and their Applications in Civil Engineering”, Civil Engineering
Report, CE97-2, RMC, Kingston,
Ontario, Canada, 1997.
[2]. Culshaw, B., Smart Structures and Materials, Artech House Inc, 1996 and Bank, H. T., Smith,
R.C. and Wang, Y., Smart Material
Structures, Modeling, Estimating and Control, John Wiley and Sons, 1996
[3]. Dufault, F. and Akhras, G., “Applications of Smart Materials and Structures in Bridge
Construction”, Proceedings, 3rd CanSmart
Workshop on Smart Materials and Structures, Sep. 2000, pp. 149-159.
[4]. Akhras, G., Editor, Proceedings, CanSmart Workshops on Smart Materials and Structures, St-
Hubert, Quebec, Canada, Sep. 1998
[5]. H. J. Tzou, H. J. Lee, and S. M. Arnold, “Smart materials, precision sensors/actuators, smart
structures, and structronic systems,” Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, vol. 11, no. 3-
5, 2004. pp. 367-393.
[6].B. Sun, Smart Materials and Structures. Cape Town, South Africa: Cape Peninsula University of
Technology, 2015.
[7].S. Kamila, “Introduction, classification and applications of smart materials: an overview,”
American Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 8, 2013, pp. 876-880.
[8].D. Vyas et al, “Smart material interfaces: a new form of physical interaction,”CHI '12
Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 2012

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SMART MATERIALS 2020

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, RNSIT, BANGALORE-560098 Page 24