Francisco, Patrick C. Engr.

Olgario Suaiso
PPEL01E May 28, 2020

SOLUTIONS:

1. The yearly duration curve of a certain power plant may be considered a straight line from
50,000 KW to 8,000 KW. To meet this load, three turbo generators, two rated at 20,000
KW each and one at 10,000 KW are installed. Solve for the

a. The average load

1
( 50,000+8,000 )=29,000 kw
2

b. Plant capacity factor

Average Load 29,000 kw
Plant Factor = =
Rated Capacity of Plant ( 20,000+20,000+10,000 ) kw

Plant Factor =0.58

c. The total energy generated per year

Energy Generated per yr=Area∈ ( kwh ) x 8760

1
¿ ( 8,000+50,000 ) x 8760=27 x 107 kwh
2

d. The Annual load factor

Total EnergyConsumed per yr
Annaul LF=
Max power demand x 8760

25 x 107
LF= =0.58
50,000 x 8760
2. The capital cost of a hydro power station of 40,000 KW capacity is 1200 pesos/ KW. The
annual charge on investment including depreciation etc. is 15%. An environmental
charge of 1 peso per Kw per year and 0.01 peso per KWH generated is to be paid for
using the river. The maximum demand is 40,000KW and yearly load factor is 80%.
Salaries, maintenance, and supplies etc. total 500,000 pesos, 20% of this expense is also
chargeable as fixed charges. Solve for the following.

a. The capital cost of the station

Capital Cost =cost per kw x capacity of plant

¿ 40,000 x 1200=48 x 106 pesos

b. Annual charges on investment including depreciation

Annual Charges=Depreciation x Capital Cost

¿ 15 % x 48 x 106 =7.2 x 106 pesos

c. The total running charges

Running Charges=0.8 x 500,000=400,000 pesos

d. The amount; 20% chargeable to fixed charges.

¿ Charges=0.20 x 500,000=100,000 pesos

e. The total fixed charges

Total ¿ Charges= Annual Charges+20 % ¿ charges

¿ 7.2 x 106 +100,000=7.3 x 106 pesos

f. The cost per Max Demand KW due to fixed charges

7.3 x 106
Max Demand due ¿ ¿Charges= =182.5 pesos per kw
40,000

g. The cost per MD KW due environment charge

1 peso per kw ( 40,000 kw )

MD due ¿ Environment Charges= =1 peso per kw
40,000 kw

h. The total cost per MD KW

Total Cost =182.5+1=183.5 pesos per kw

i. The total generated energy per year

 Energy generated per yr=( 40,000 kw ) ( 80 % ) ( 8760 )=280.32 x 10 6 kwh

j. Cost per unit due to running charges

400,000 pesos
Cost of Running Charges= =0.001426 pesos per kwh
280.32 x 106 kwh

k. Cost/KWH of using the river

pesos
Cost of River=0.01
kwh

l. Total cost per generated KWH

Total Cost per kwh=0.01+ 0.001426=0.01142 pesos per kwh

m. The equation for the generation cost

:Cost per kw+Cost per kwh=7.3 x 10 6+ 0.01142

3. A region has a maximum demand of 550 MW at a LF=50%. The load duration curve can
be assumed to be a triangle. The utility has to meet this load by setting up a generating
system, which is partly hydro and partly thermal. The costs are as under:
Hydro Plant: 500pesos per KW per annum and operating expenses at 2 centavos per
KWH

Thermal Plant: 300pesos per KW per annum and operating expenses at 12 centavos per
KWH.
Since the operating cost of hydro plant is low, the base load would be supplied from the
hydro and peak load from the thermal plant.
Solve for the following.
a. The total energy generated per year

Total enegry generated per yr =( 50 % ) ( 550,000 )( 8760 )=2.409 x 109 kwh per yr

b. The total hours of operation of the thermal plant

let:
H = Capacity of hydro in kw
(550,000 – H) Capacity of Thermal in kw
Eh = Energy of hydro in kwh/yr
(2.409x10^9kwh – Eh) = Energy of Thermal in kwh/yr
Total Cost =Total Cost hydro +Total Cost thermal
Total Cost hydro=500 ( H ) +0.02 ( Eh )
Total Cost thermal=300 ( 550,00−H ) + 0.12 ( 2.409 x 109−E h)
TC=500 ( H )+ 0.02 ( E h ) +300 ( 550,00−H ) +0.12 ( 2.409 x 10 9−Eh )
d tc
minimum cost= =0
dh
de d
0=500 H + 0.02 −300 H−0.12 e
dh dh
de
−500 H +300 H =( 0.02−0.12)
dh
(−500 H +300 H ) d h
=d e
0.02−0.12
d e =dh ( t )
t=2000 hours

c. The capacity of hydro plant

550 , 000 8760

Using similar triangles: =
550,000−H 2000
H=424,429 kw

d. The capacity of thermal plant

( 550,000−H )=125,5571 kw

e. The energy generated by hydro

Eh = ( 12 x 8760 x 550,000)−( 12 x 2000 x 125571)=2.283 x 10 kw h

9

f. The energy generated by thermal plant

 E= ( 12 x 2000 x 125571)=125.571 x 10 kwh
6

g. The annual Hydro Plant operating cost

Total Cost hydro=500 ( 424,429 )+ 0.02 ( 2.283 x 10 9 )=257.8745 x 10 6 pesos

h. The annual Thermal operating cost

Total Cost thermal=300 ( 550,00−424,429 ) +0.12 ( 2.409 x 109−2.283 x 109 )=15.12 x 106 pesos