BBD 10803

Information Technology In Education

1 TOPIC 7:

NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION

7.4 TRANSMISSION MEDIA; AND
7.5 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL AND
NETWORKING STANDARD

REFERENCES

2 DISCOVERING COMPUTER 2011 : Living in

a Digital World, SHELLY|VERMAAT
 Learning Outcome (1/2)

 At the end of this class, you should be able to:

 Differentiate among physical transmission media
 Differentiate among wireless transmission media

 Describe the various network communications standards

and protocols
7.4 Transmission Media(1/16)

Introduction to transmission media

 Transmission media carries one or more

communications signals
 Broadband media transmit multiple signals
simultaneously
 The amount of data, instructions, and information
that can travel over transmission media sometimes is
called the bandwidth
 Latency is the time it takes a signal to travel from
one location to another on a network
 Transmission Media(2/16)

Introduction to transmission media

 Two main categories:
 Guided ― wires, cables
 Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
 We will concentrate on guided media below:
 Twisted-Pair cables:
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
 Coaxial cables
 Fiber-optic cables
 Transmission Media(3/16)

Introduction to transmission media

Figure 7-xx This figure shows a simplified example of sending a request over the Internet using a variety of transmission
media.
 Transmission Media(4/16)

Physical Transmission Media

 Table 7-x Transfer Rates for Physical Transmission Media Used in LANs
Type of Cable and LAN Maximum Transfer Rate
Twisted-Pair Cable
• 10Base-T (Ethernet) 10 Mbps
• 100Base-T (Fast Ethernet) 100 Mbps
• 1000Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet) 1 Gbps
• Token ring 4 Mbps to 16 Mbps
Coaxial Cable
• 10Base2 (Thin Wire Ethernet) 10 Mbps
• 10Base5 (Thick Wire Ethernet) 10 Mbps
Fiber-Optic Cable
• 10Base-F (Ethernet) 10 Mbps
• 100Base-FX (Fact Ethernet) 100 Mbps
• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) token
100 Mbps
ring
• Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbps
• 10-Giqabit Ethernet 10 Gbps
• 40-Gigabit Ethernet 40 Gbps
• 100-Gigabit Ethernet 100 Gbps
 Transmission Media(5/16)

Physical Transmission Media

 Twisted-pair cable
 Commonly used for network
cabling and telephone system
 Each twisted pair wire consists
two separate insulated copper
wires that are twisted together
to reduce noise.
 If the pair of wires are not twisted,
electromagnetic noises from, e.g.,
motors, will affect the closer wire
more than the further one, thereby
causing errors

Figure 7-xx A twisted-pair cable consists of one or more twisted-pair wires. Each twisted-pair wire usually is color coded for
identification. Landline phone networks and LANs often use twisted- pair cable.
 Transmission Media(6/16)

Physical Transmission Media

 Unshielded Twisted-Pair
(UTP)
 Cables that do not have
shielding
 Inexpensive and easy to install
 Commonly used in telephone
networks and local area
network (LAN)

Insulator Metal

Figure 7-xx This figure shows Unshielded Twisted Pair cable connections and components.
 Transmission Media(7/16)

Physical Transmission Media

 Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP)
 Has metal wrapper around each twisted pair wire, which further
reduces noise.
 Used in environment susceptible to noise, such as in LAN
 More expensive than UTP
 STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil
or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated
wires

Figure 7-xx This figure shows Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) and Unshielded Twisted Pair cable.
 Transmission Media(8/16)

Physical Transmission Media

 Coaxial cable
 In general, coaxial cables,
or coax, carry signals of
higher frequency
(100KHz–500MHz) than
UTP cables
 Uses for cable television
 Outer metallic (woven or
braided metal) wrapping
serves both as a shield
against noise and as the
second conductor that
completes the circuit
Figure 7-xx On coaxial cables, data travels through a copper wire. This simplified illustration shows a computer connected to a
modem, which also is connected to the CATV network through a coaxial cable.
 Transmission Media(9/16)

Physical Transmission Media

 Fiber Optic Cables
 Consists of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of
glass or plastics that use light to transmit signal
 Each strands called an optical fiber is a thin as a
human hair.
 Faster data transmission, less susceptible noise,
better security, smaller size, capability of carrying
significantly more signal than wire cables
 Expensive, difficult to install and modify

 Uses in between floors of building, long distance

telephone companies.

Figure 7-xx The figure shows Fiber Optic Cables.

 Transmission Media(10/16)

Physical Transmission Media

• Fiber Optic Cables

Figure 7-xx A fiber-optic cable consists of hair-thin strands of glass or plastic that carry data as pulses of light, as shown in this
simplified example.
 Transmission Media(11/16)

Wireless Transmission Media

 Table 7-x Wireless Transmission Media Transfer Rates
Maximum Transfer
Medium
Transmission Rate
Infrared 115 Kbps to 4 Mbps
Broadcast radio Bluetooth 1 Mbps to 24 Mbps
802.11b 11 Mbps
802.11a 54 Mbps
802.11g 54 Mbps
802 11n 300 mhps
802.11ac 500 Mbps to 1 Gbps
802.11ad up to 7 Gbps
UWB 110 Mbps to 480 Mbps
Cellular radio 2G 9.6 Kbps to 144 Kbps
3G 144 Kbps to 3.84 Mbps
4G Up to 100 Mbps
Microwave radio Up to 10 Gbps
Communications Up to 2.56 Tbps
 Used in communications include broadcast radio,
cellular radio, microwaves, communications
satellites and infrared.
 Transmission Media(12/16)

Wireless Transmission Media

 Broadcast radio is a wireless
transmission medium that
distributes radio signals through
the air over long distances such as
between cities, regions and
countries
 To receive the broadcast radio signal,
the receiver has an antenna that is
located in the range of the signal.
 Some networks use a transceiver,
which both sends and receives signals
from wireless devices
 Use broadcast radio when listening to
AM and FM radio stations, watching
television and talking on a citizens
band radio.

Figure 7-xx As a person with a mobile phone drives from one cell to another, the radio signals transfer from the base station
(microwave station) in one cell to a base station in another cell.
 Transmission Media(13/16)

Wireless Transmission Media

 Cellular radio is a form of
broadcast radio that is is used
widely for mobile
communications, specifically
cellular telephones.

Figure 7-xx The figure shows how mobile phone work.

 Transmission Media(14/16)

Wireless Transmission Media

 Microwaves are radio waves that provide a high-speed signal
transmission
 A microwave station is a ground-
based reflective dish that contains
the antenna, transceivers, and
other equipment necessary for
microwave communications.
 Radio waves that provide a high
speed signal transmission
 Microwaves are limited to line of
sight transmission, which means
that microwaves must be
transmitted between microwaves
antennas- so microwaves station
often are positioned on the top of
buildings, tower or mountain

Figure 7-xx The figure shows equipment for microwave communication.

 Transmission Media(15/16)

Wireless Transmission Media

 A communications satellite is
a space station that receives
microwave signals from an earth
-based station, amplifies it (strengthens),
and broadcasts the signal over a wide
area to any number of earth-based
stations
 Communication satellite usually are
placed about 22,300 miles above the
earth’s equator.
 Are used in air navigation, television and
radio broadcast, videoconferencing, global
positioning system(GPS).

Figure 7-xx Communications satellites are placed about 22,300 miles above the Earth’s equator.
 Transmission Media(16/16)

Wireless Transmission Media

 A GPS (global positioning
system) is a navigation
system that consists of one
or more earth-based
receivers that accept and
analyze signals sent by
satellites in order to
determine the receiver’s
geographical location

Figure 7-xx This simplified figure shows how a GPS works.

7.5 Communication Protocol And Networking Standard(1/7)

 Ethernet
 Token ring
 TCP/IP
 Wi-Fi
 LTE
 Bluetooth
 UWB
 IrDA
 RFID
 NFC
 Communication Protocol And Networking Standard(2/7 )

 Ethernet is a network
standard that specifies
no central computer or
device on the network
(nodes) should control
when data can be
transmitted
 The token ring
standard specifies that
computers and devices
on the network share or
pass a special signal
(token)

Figure 7-xx This figure illustrates how Internet communications use TCP/IP and Ethernet to ensure that data travels correctly to
its destination.
Communication Protocol And Networking Standard (3/7)

 TCP/IP is a network protocol that defines how messages

(data) are routed from one end of a network to another
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Software that breaks messages into packets, hands them off to the IP software
for delivery, and then orders and reassembles the packets at their destination
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 Software that deals with the routing of packets through the maze of
interconnected networks to their final destination
Communication Protocol And Networking Standard(4/7)

 How TCP/IP works?

Communication Protocol And Networking Standard(5/7)

 Wi-Fi identifies any network based on the 802.11 standard that

specifies how two wireless devices communicate over the air with
each other
 LTE is a network standard that defines how high-speed cellular
transmissions use broadcast radio to transmit data for mobile
communications
 Bluetooth is a network protocol that defines how two Bluetooth
devices use short-range radio waves to transmit data
 UWB (ultra-wideband) is a network standard that specifies
how two UWB devices use short-range radio waves to
communicate at high speeds with each other
 IrDA transmits data wirelessly via infrared (IR) light waves
 RFID is a protocol that defines how a network uses radio signals
to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an
animal, or a person
 Communication Protocol And Networking Standard(6/7)

 RFID is a protocol
that defines how a
network uses radio
signals to
communicate with a
tag placed in or
attached to an object,
an animal, or a person

Figure 7-xx This figure shows how electronic RFID toll collection works.
 Communication Protocol And Networking Standard(7/7)

 NFC (near field

communication) is a
protocol, based on RFID,
that defines how a network
uses close-range radio
signals to communicate
between two devices or
objects equipped with NFC
technology

Figure 7-xx Some objects, such as credit cards, are NFC enabled. You also can program NFC tags yourself.