VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAVI

Internship Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree in

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

BY

SHEIK SALMAN(1HK16CV077)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Internal Guide External Guide

Prof.Sushma Nadig Babu (D.G.M) and Naveen Kumar
Assistant Professor Project Manager
Dept.Of Civil Engineering K2K Infrastructure India
HKBK College of Engineering Pvt Ltd

HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

22/1, OPP Manyata Tech Park,
Nagavara Bengaluru Karnataka 560045

[1]
 HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Nagawara, Bangalore-560045
Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to VTU

Department of Civil Engineering CERTIFICATE

• This is to Certify that the Internship entitled “K2K INFRASTRUCTURE INDIA PRIVATE
LIMITED” carried out by SHEIK SALMAN (1HK16CV077) is
bonafide student of HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, in partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,
during the year 2018-19. It is certified that all the Internship have been incorporated in the report deposited in
the departmental library. The Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of Internship work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

Signature of the Signature of the Signature of the Signature of the

Internal Guide External Guide HOD Principal

Name of the Examiner Signature with date

1……………………….. ….................................

2……………………….. ………………………..

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Internship opportunity I had with K2K INFRASTRUCTURE INDIA PRIVATE was a great chance
Of learning and professional development in PRESTIGE KEW GARDENS PROJECT Therefore, I consider myself
to be blessed individual as I had been provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for
having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professionals who evoked a good interest in me
during this internship period.

First and foremost, I would like to thank the almighty for his immense blessings in completion of my
Internship successfully. Bearing in mind previous I use this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude
And special thanks to K2K INFRASTRUCTURE INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED – MR.BABU C(D.G.M) and
MR.NAVEEN KUMAR(PM) who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his work, took time out to
hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and following me to carry out internship.

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 STUDENT DECLARATION

I SHEIK SALMAN hereby declare that the presented report of internship titled “PRESTIGE KEW GARDENS”
is uniquely prepared by me after the completion of one month Internship at K2K INFRASTRUCTURE INDIA
PRIVATE LIMITED, BANGALORE

I also confirm that the report is only Prepared for a part of Academic requirement but not for any other
purpose. It will not be used with the interest of opposite party of the Construction Company.

[4]
 PREFACE
This report documents the work done during the Internship at K2K INFRASTRUCTURE INDIA
PRIVATE LIMITED

The report first shall give an overview of tasks completed during the period of internship with
Technical details as well as Managerial Specifications. The Results obtained shall be discussed and analysed.
Report shall also elaborate on the future works which can be persuaded as a continuation of the current
Work we have tried our best to keep report simple yet technically correct. We hope that we have
succeeded in our attempt.

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 Abstract

This report is a compilation of the complete work we have done during our internship at K2K
INFRASTRUCTURE INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

. It starts with the introduction of the companies. It gives a detailed presentation of the things we have learnt
and executed at the site during the course of our internship of one month
This report consists of chapters which includes a detailed explanation of the work done, key learnings and
Inputs from our side with photographs to explain in a better way.

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 INDEX

SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 COMPANY PROFILE 8-9
1.
2 TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN 10-12
3 BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT PROJECT 14
4 QA & QC DEPARTMENT 15
5 TEST ON CEMENT CONSISTENCY 16-19
6 TEST ON CONCRETE SLUMP 20-21
7 COMPRESSION TEST ON CONCRETE 22-24
2. CUBES
8 INSITU DENSITY BY CORE CUTTER 25-26
9 SAFETY DEPARTMENT 27-33
10 MIX DESIGN 34-36
11 PROJECT EXECUTION 37-38
12 REINFORCEMENT WORK 39-41
13 SHUTTERING WORK 42-43
14 COLUMNS, BEAMS, AND SLABS 43-44
15 BATCHING PLANT 45-47
16 TYPES OF CONCRETE CHECKS 47-48
17 CURING 49-50
18 BLOCK WORK 50-51
19 ELECTRICAL WORK 51-53
20 PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE WORK 53-55
21 FINISHING WORK 56-58
22 WATER PROOFING 58-60
23 TILING WORK 61-62
24 PAINTING AND DAMP PROOFING 63-64
25 SERVICES 65-67
26 CONSTRUCTION MACHINERIES USED 68-77

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 3. INTRODUCTION

COMPANY PROFILE:

1.Name of the Company: PRESTIGE

GROUP Company Logo:

Industry: Real estate

Founded: 1986

Founder: Razack Sattar

Headquarters: Bangalore, India

Area served: India

Products: Commercial offices, Apartments, Shopping malls, Villas, Hotels, Golf courses, Leisure &
hospitality, Retail.
Projects completed in Bangalore: Prestige Shantiniketan, UB City, Prestige Golfshire, Prestige Acropolis,
The Forum, The Forum Value, The Forum Vijaya, The Celebration Mall, Udaipur.

ABOUT THE COMPANY:

Prestige Group was founded by Razack Sattar. During the 1960s and late 1970s his sons Irfan Razack and

Rezwan Razack worked with him, and his youngest son Noaman Razzack also joined when the business

grew. Began its journey from retail business but moved to real estate with its first project Prestige Court at

KH road, Bangalore. The company is ISO 9001:2008 certified. To date, Prestige Group has completed 192

Projects spanning to an extent of 64 million sq.ft.

[8]
COMPANY PROFILE :

2.Name of the Company: K2K Infrastructure India Pvt Ltd

GROUP Company Logo:

Industry: Builders

Founded: 19th june 2017

Founder: Pangal Ranganath Nayak, Jagdeesh Reddy, Irfan Razack, Gopal Venkatesaiya,
Rizwan Razack

Headquarters: Bangalore, India

Area served: India

Projects completed in Bangalore: East Parade, Prestige Sliver Crest, Prestige Golfshire, Prestige Edwardian,
Prestige Silver Oak, Prestige Southridge, Prestige Sunny Side Oak and
Elm, Prestige Tranquility,

ABOUT THE COMPANY:

K2K Infrastructure India Private Limited is a Non-govt company, incorporated on 19 Jun, 2007. It's

a private unlisted company and is classified as 'company limited by shares. Company's authorized

capital stands at Rs 480.0 lakhs and has 31.185001% paid-up capital which is Rs 149.69 lakhs. K2K

Infrastructure India Private Limited last annual general meet (AGM) happened on 26 Sep, 2017. The

company last updated its financials on 31 Mar, 2017 as per Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA).

K2K Infrastructure India Private Limited is majorly in Construction business from last 12 years and

currently, company operations are active.

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 POJECT NAME : PRESTIGE KEW GARDENS

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN TOWER 2 – 1ST FLOOR

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[13]
 4. BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT PROJECT

Prestige Estate Projects Ltd has laid foundation for its state of art integrated residential habitat at
Yemalur main road Bangalore, India. Total area of project is 15acre 20guntas. Project started in the year
2015 & will be completed in the year 2019.

Project owns 48blocks:

BLOCK NO. CLUSTER TYPE

01,02,03,04,05,06 4 Unit Cluster(2 Bed)

07,08,09,26,34,35 4 Unit Cluster (2.5 Bed)

10,11,12,28,29,30,31,32,33,46,47,48 4 Unit Cluster (2 Bed)

14,15,16,17,18,19,39,40,41,42,43,44,45 4 Unit Cluster (3 Bed)

20 7 Unit Cluster (1 Bed)

21,22,23,24 4 Unit Cluster (2.5 Bed)

25 13 Unit Cluster (1 Bed)

36,37 4 Unit Cluster (2.5 Bed+3

Bed)

38 4 unit cluster

During our internship at Prestige Kew gardens , Bengaluru. We have experienced the following activities.

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 5. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT

PROJECT QUALITY PLAN (PQP):

The Project Quality Plan is prepared and formulated as a Management Summary of Quality related
activities required to meet the terms of contract. This Quality plan sets out the Management practices and
describes the Quality Management System based on PDCA (Plan, Check, Do and Act) Principle.
Quality control department execute the work in two phases.

• Control of material.
• Control of work.

CONTROL OF MATERIAL(COM):
It is most important part in the material management. Each and every material at site will
undergo checking before it reaches the work place. As per the standards each material has unique test
to get qualified for the work. The tests are carried at lab, and results are compared to the standards
specified. Brief Descriptive of test conducted for materials by QC department are enclosed below.

[15]
TESTS ON CEMENT CONSISTENCY

Aim:
To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency as per IS:
4031 (Part 4) - 1988.nciple:

The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the Vicat

plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould.

Figure 1:Vicat Apparatus with Plunger

Apparatus:- Vicat apparatus;

Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976 Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g
should be +1.0g Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 - 1982 .

Procedure :
1. Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water say (24%, 25% so
on).The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.

2. Fill the Vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel. iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the
cement surface.

3. Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste and note down the reading.
4. Fineness of cement should not be greater than 10% retained on 90 micron sieve .

5.Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different quantities of water until the
reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.

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Test Report on cement :

Trial Qty. of Percentage Amount of Penetration of Remarks

No cement taken of water water added needle from
in grams(g) added(%) in ml bottom in mm
1 300 29 87 4 The reading
between 5 – 7 mm
2 300 30 90 5
from the bottom is
the consistency of
cement

Result:
The Consistency of Cement is 30 %.

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

Aim:
To determine the initial and the final setting time of cement as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) – 1988.

Apparatus:
Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976 Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g
should be +1.0g Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 – 1982 .

Figure 2:Vicat Apparatus with Needle

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Procedure :
1. Take 400gm of cement. Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required
to give a paste of standard consistency.

2. Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.

3. Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a non-
porous plate and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement
block thus prepared in the mould is the test block.
Initial setting time:
Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the needle gently in order to make contact with
the surface of the cement paste and release quickly, allowing it to penetrate the test block. Repeat the
procedure till the needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of
the mould The time period elapsing between the time,water is added to the cement and the time,the needle
fails to pierce the test block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of mould,is the initial setting time
Final setting time:
Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment .The cement should be considered as
finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an
impression therein, while the attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time, water is added
to the cement and the time, the needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block, while the
attachment fails to do so, is the final setting time.
Tabular column:

Trial Quantity of Percentage Amount of Time of Time of Time of

No. Cement of water water added water initial final
taken in added = in ml addition setting setting
grams (g) .85*C
1 300 25.5 76.50 9:30 am 12:40 pm 4:20 pm

[18]
 Figure 3:Vicat Apparatus with Needle

Result:
The results of the initial setting time is 190 minutes and Final setting time is 220 minutes.

Limit:
Initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes.
Final setting time not more than 600 minutes

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 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE SLUMP

Aim:
To determine the workability of fresh concrete by slump test as per IS: 1199 – 1959.

Apparatus:
• Slump cone

• Tamping rod

Procedure:
1. The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of oil.

2. The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non- absorbent surface.

3. The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed concrete, each approximately to one-fourth of
the height of the mould.

4. Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are distributed evenly over
the cross- section).

5. After the top layer is tamped, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel.

6. The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical direction.

7. The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of the subsided
concrete is measured.

8. This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete

Types of slump:

1. True slump: In a true slump concrete just subsides shortly and more or less maintain the mould
shape. This type of slump is most desirable.

2. Shear slump: If one-half of the cone slides down in an inclined plane, it is called a shear slump.
Shear slump indicates lack of cohesion in the concrete mix. Shear slump may occur in the case of a
harsh mix.

3. Collapse slump: In this case, fresh concrete collapses completely.

[20]
 Figure 6: Slump test

Results:
The slump measured should be recorded in mm of subsidence of the specimen during the test. Any
slump specimen, which collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect result and if this occurs, the test
should be repeated with another sample. If, in the repeat test also, the specimen shears, the slump should be
measured and the fact that the specimen sheared, should be recorded.

Limits:
For normal concrete slump is taken as 100-150mm.
For SCC (self-compacted concrete) flow test is carried out, limit is 550-600mm.

[21]
 COMPRESSION TEST OF CONCRETE CUBES

Aim:
To determine the Compressive strength of concrete specimen as per IS 516.

Apparatus:
Comprssion test machine conforming to IS :516 ( 1959).

Age at test:
Test should be done at recognized age of the test specimen usually being 7 and 28 days.
The Age should be calculated from the time of the addition of water to the dying of ingrediants.

Number of specimens:
At least 3 specimens , preferably from different batches should be taken for testing at each
selected ages.

Pocedure:
1) The Specimens , prepared according to IS :516 1959 and stored in water should be tested
immediately on removal from the water and while still in wet condition .Specimens when received
Dry should be kept in water for 24 hours before they are taken for testing.
2) The dimensions of the specimens to the nearest 0.2 mm and their weight should be noted before
testing .
3) The Bearing surface of the compression testing machine should be wiped clean and any loose sand
or other material removed from the surface of the specimen which would be in contact with the
compression platens.
4) In the case of cubical specimen , the specimen should be placed in the machine in such a mannner
that the load could be applied to opposite sides of the cubes , not to the top and the bottom .
5) The axis of the specimen should be carefully aligned with the centre of the thrust of the spherically seated
platen.
6) No packing should be used between the face of the test specimen and the steel platen of the testing
machine.
7) As the spherically seated block is brought to rest on the specimen,the movable portion should be rotated
gently by hand so that uniform seating is obtained.
8) The load should be applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate of approximately 140
kg/sqcm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increased load breaks down and no maximum load
can be sustained.

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9) Maximum load recorded and the appearance of the concrete and any unusual features in the type of
failure should be noted.

Tabular column:
Sl Grade of Slump Age of Wt. Of Load Compressive Average
No. Concrete in mm specimen in specimen applied in strength in strength in
days (Tons) Kg/cm2 or Kg/cm2 or
N/mm2 N/mm2
1 M35 110 7 8.280 600 26.67 26.90
8.260 608 27.02
8.200 608 27.02
8.285 960 42.67 42.67
14 8.240 1040 46.22
8.245 880 39.11
2 M30 115 7 8.140 560 24.89 25.00
8.210 568 25.24
8.200 560 24.89
14 8.150 792 35.20 36.03
8.240 840 37.33
8.270 800 35.56

Calculations:
The measures compressive strength of the specimen should be calculated by dividing the maximum
load applied to the specimen during the test by the cross sectional area, calculated from the mean
dimensioans of the section and should be expressed to the nearest kg/sqcm.An average of three values
should be taken as the representative of the batch provided individual variation as not more than +/- 15% of
the average otherwise repeat test should be done.
NOTE : The Weight of specimen must be maintained not less than 8 kg.

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 Figure 8: Compression Testing Machine
Reporting of result:
The following information should be included in the report on each test specimen:
1) Identification mark.
2) Date of test.
3) Age of specimen.
4) Curing conditions: including date of manufacture of specimen.
5) Weight of specimen.
6) Dimensions of specimens.
7) Cross-sectional area.
8) Maximum load.
9) Compressive strength.
10) Appearance of fractured faces of concrete and type of fracture, if unusual.

[24]
 IN-SITU DRY DENSITY CORE CUTTER METHOD

Aim:
To determine the in-situ dry density of soil by core cutter method as per IS: 2720-1975.

Apparatus:
• Cylindrical core cutter.

• Steel dolly

• Steel rammer

• Balance, with an accuracy of 1g

• Straightedge

• Square metal tray - 300mm x 300mm x 40mm

• Trowel

Procedure:
1. The internal volume (V) of the core cutter in cc should be calculated from its dimensions which should be
measured to the nearest 0.25mm.

2. The core cutter should be weighed to the nearest gram (W1).

3. A small area, approximately 30cm square of the soil layer to be tested should be exposed and levelled.
The steel dolly should be placed on top of the cutter and the latter should be rammed down vertically into
the soil layer until only about 15mm of the dolly protrudes above the surface, care being taken not to rock
the cutter. The cutter should then be dug out of the surrounding soil, care being taken to allow some soil to
project from the lower end of the cutter. The ends of the soil core should then be trimmed flat in level with
the ends of the cutter by means of the straightedge.

4. The cutter containing the soil core should be weighed to the nearest gram (W2).

5. The soil core should be removed from the cutter and a representative sample should be placed in an air-
tight container and its water content (w) determined from calcium carbide test.

Note: The Core cutter test should be done for every 500 mm depth .

[25]
 Figure 9: Test conducted at site

Graph:

Result:
Bulk density of the soil γ = (W2 −W1)/V = 1.95 g /cc
Dry density of the soil γd = [100*γ/100+w] = 1.66 g/cc

[26]
 4. SAFETY DEPARTMENT
A construction safety officer ensures that construction workers are following established policies and
safety regulations. A construction safety officer may take on additional roles and responsibilities, but their
primary job is helping to create safer construction sites.
Responsibilities of a safety officer
• Inspects the site to ensure it is a hazard-free environment.

• Conducts toolbox meetings

• Is part of the project safety council and leads all efforts to enhance safety

• The safety officer reviews and approves all subcontractors safety plans

• Verifies that injury logs and reports are completed and submitted to related government agencies

• Verifies that all tools and equipment are adequate and safe for use.

• Promotes safe practices at the job site.

• Enforces safety guidelines.

• Trains and carries out drills and exercises on how to manage emergency situations.

• Conducts investigations of all accidents and near-misses.

• Reports to concerned authorities as requested or mandated by regulations.

• Conducts job hazard analyses.

• Establishes safety standards and policies as needed.

• Performs emergency response drills.

• Watches out for the safety of all workers and works to protect them from entering hazardous
situations.

IMPORTANCE AND NEED OF SAFETY :

Construction is one of the areas of employment where hazardous conditions are part of the everyday
working environment. Safety is important in construction because of the many risks to worker health. The
construction industry is littered with a wide array of potential hazards.

[27]
 The main hazards in the construction industry include:
falls from height
falling objects
exposure to dangerous substances
carrying heavy loads
dust inhalation
injuries from machinery
working in confined spaces
Motor vehicle accidents.

1. Steps taken at site to ensure safety :

Regarded as one of the most dangerous occupations, construction work can be considered anything but
fully unsafe. Heights, large and mobile equipment, edges, deep holes, and wobbling stairs are a reality in
many construction sites, no matter how modern or careful the contractors claim them to be.
Here we look at five safety measures every construction worker must take.
Double-Check Your Work Areas:
Scaffolds are an integral part of most construction sites and are associated with a high number of
injuries. So when you are going to be working on them, you must ensure your safety first. Check with
your supervisor or find out yourself whether the scaffold has been inspected by a professional or a
competent person.
Be Vigilant with Electricity and Equipment:
Construction sites require a lot of electrical installations. Lifting equipment mostly involves
electricity and weights. When working with such equipment, you need to be extra cautious to see there is
no wear and tear in the machine and also to follow the safety precautions listed for the equipment. If you
do not know them, seek help and instructions from a site supervisor or co-worker who has worked with
the equipment before.
Maintain Fencing and Prevent Fires:
Notice the number of fatal injuries and falls that happen in areas where there is no fencing.
Dangerous areas that you see without fencing or with broken and damaged fencing should be avoided
until they are completely repaired or a proper fencing is in place. If this is not happening in time, inform
your site supervisor immediately.

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 `WORK AND WORKER SAFETY SERIES :
Nearly 6.6million people work at approximately 2,52,000 construction site across the World on any
given day. The fatal injury rate for the construction industry is higher than the national average in the
category for all the industry.
Potential hazards for the workers in construction include:
• Falls from height
• Scaffold collapse

1) FALL PROTECTION:
Hazard: Each year, falls consistently account for the greatest number of fatalities in the Construction
industry. A number of factors are often involved in falls, including unstable working surfaces, misuse or
failure to use fall protection equipment and human error. Studies have shown that using guard rails fall arrest
systems , safety nets, covers and Restraint systems can prevent many death sand injuries from falls.
Solutions:
• Consider using aerial lifts or elevated platforms to provide safer elevated working surfaces;
• Erect guard rail systems with toe boards and warning lines or install control line
Systems to protect workers near the edges of floors and roofs;

Figure 10: Safety nets tied around the periphery of the building to prevent the
Accidents caused due to falling of materials from heights

2) LADDERS:
Hazard: Ladder sand stair ways are another source of injuries and fatalities among Construction workers.
OSHA estimates that there are 24,882 injuries and as many as 36 Fatalities per year due to falls on stairways
and ladders used in construction . Nearly half Of these injuries were serious enough to require time of the
job.
Solutions:
Use the correct ladder for the task.
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Have a competent person visually inspect a ladder before use for any defects such as:.
• Never load ladders beyond the maximum intended load or beyond the manufacturer's rated capacity.
• Be sure the load rating can support the weight of the user, including materials and tools.
• Avoid using ladders with metallic components near electrical work and Over head power lines.

3) PATHWAY:
Hazard: Slips, trips and falls on stair ways area major source of injuries and fatalities among construction
workers.
Solutions:
• Stair way tread sand walk ways must be free of dangerous objects ,debris and materials.
• Slippery conditions on stairways and walk ways must be corrected immediately.
• Make sure that treads cover the entire step and landing.

4) CRANES:
Hazard: Significant and serious injuries may occur if cranes are not inspected before use and if they are not
used properly . Often these injuries occur when a worker is struck by an over head load or caught within the
crane's swing radius . Many crane fatalities occur when the boom of a crane or its load line contact an over
head power line.
Solutions:
• Check all crane controls to insure proper operation before use.
• Inspect wire rope, chains and hook for any damage.
• Know the weight of the load that the crane is to lift.
• Ensure that the load does not exceed the crane's rated capacity.
• Raise the load a few inches to verify balance and the effectiveness of the brake system.

Figure 11: View of Tower Crane

:
[30]
 HAZARDOUS COMMUNICATIONS:

Hazard: Failure to recognize the hazards associated with chemicals can cause Chemical burns , respiratory
problems , fire sand explosions.
Solutions:
• Maintain a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each chemical in the facility.
• Make this information accessible to employees at all times in a language or Formats that are clearly
understood by all affected personnel.
• Train employees on how to read and use the MSDS.
• Follow manufacturer's MSDS instructions for handling hazardous chemicals.
• Train employees about the risks of each hazardous chemical being used.
• Provide spill clean-up kits in areas where chemicals are stored.
• Provide proper personal protective equipment and enforce its use.

Figure 12: Safety boards displayed at the site

Safety check lists:

The following check lists may help you take steps to avoid hazards that cause injuries, illnesses and
fatalities . As always , be cautious and seek help if you are concerned about a potential hazard.
Eye and Face Protection:
• Safety glasses or face shields are worn anytime work operations can cause foreign
Objects getting into the eye such as during welding, cutting, grinding, nailing(or when
Working with concrete and/or harmful chemicals or when exposed to flying particles).
• Eye and face protectors are selected based on anticipated hazards.
• Safety glasses or face shields are worn when exposed to any electrical hazards
Including work on energized electrical systems.
Foot Protection:
• Construction workers should wear work shoes or boots with slip-resistant and puncture-resistant soles.
• Safety-toed foot wear is worn to prevent crushed toes when working around heavy Equipment or falling
objects.

[31]
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS(PPE)

Figure 13: View of personal protective Equipment

Hand Protection:
• Gloves should fit snugly.
• Workers wear the right gloves for the job (for example ,heavy-duty rubber gloves for Concrete work,
welding gloves for welding, insulated glove sand sleeves when exposed to Electrical hazards).

Head Protection:
• Workers shall wear hard hats where there is a potential for objects falling from above, bumps to their heads
from fixed objects, or of accidental head contact with electrical hazards.
• Hard hats are routinely inspected for dents ,cracks or deterioration.
• Hard hats are replaced after a heavy blow or electrical shock.
• Hard hats are maintained in good condition.

5) SCAFFOLDINGS
• Scaffolds should be set on sound footing.
• Damaged parts that affect the strength of the scaffold are taken out of service.
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• Scaffolds are not altered.
• Scaffolds are not moved horizontally while workers are on them unless they are
Designed to be mobile and workers have be entrained in the proper procedures.
• Employees are not permitted to work on scaffolds when covered with snow , ice , or Other slippery
materials.
• Scaffolds are not erected or moved within 10 feet of power lines.

6) ELECTRIAL SAFETY:
• Work on new and existing energized(hot) electrical circuits is prohibited until all Power is shut off and
grounds are attached.
• An effective Lockout/Tag out system is in place.
• Frayed, damaged or worn electrical cords or cables are promptly replaced.
• All extension cords have grounding prongs.
• Protect flexible cords and cables from damage. Sharp corner sand projections Should be avoided.

7) FLOOR AND WALL OPENINGS:

• Floor openings (12inchesormore) are guarded by a secured cover , a guard rail or Equivalent on all sides
(except at entrances to stair ways).
• Toe boards are installed around the edges of permanent floor openings (where Persons may pass below the
opening)

[33]
 6.MIX DESIGN

Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because, it can be designed for strength ranging
from M10 (10Mpa) to M100 (100 Mpa) and workability ranging from 0 mm slump to 150 mm slump. In all
these cases the basic ingredients of concrete are the same, but it is their relative proportioning that makes the
difference.

BASIC INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE :

1. Cement – It is the basic binding material in concrete.
2. Water – It hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable.
3. Coarse Aggregate – It is the basic building component of concrete.
4. Fine Aggregate – Along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and fills the voids in the coarse
aggregates.
5. Admixtures – They enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of strength, workability, setting
properties, imperviousness etc.

Concrete needs to be designed for certain properties in the plastic stage as well as in the hardened
stage The ability to mould it into any shape and size, because of its plasticity in green stage and its
subsequent hardening to achieve strength, is particularly useful. Concrete like other engineering materials
needs to be designed for properties like strength, durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design
is the science of deciding relative proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired properties in
the most economical way. With advent of high-rise buildings and pre-stressed concrete, use of higher grades
of concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000 advocates use of higher grade of
concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability considerations. With advent of new
generation admixtures, it is possible to achieve higher grades of concrete with high workability levels
economically. Use of mineral admixtures like fly ash, slag, meta kaolin and silica fume have revolutionized
the concrete technology by increasing strength and durability of concrete by many folds.

Advantages of mix design:

Mix design aims to achieve good quality concrete at site economically.
• Quality concrete means Better strength Better imperviousness and durability Dense and
homogeneous concrete
• Economy

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a) Economy in cement consumption:
It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with the help of concrete mix
design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the savings. Lower cement content also results in lower
heat of hydration and hence reduces shrinkage cracks.
b) Best use of available materials:
Site conditions often restrict the quality and quantity of ingredient materials. Concrete mix design
offers a lot of flexibility on type of aggregates to be used in mix design. Mix design can give an economical
solution based on the available materials if they meet the basic IS requirements. This can lead to saving in
transportation costs from longer distances.
c) Other properties:
Mix design can help us to achieve form finishes, high early strengths for early De-shuttering, concrete
with better flexural strengths, concrete with pumpability and concrete with lower densities.

Properties desired from concrete in plastic stage: Workability, Cohesiveness, Initial set, retardation.
Properties desired from concrete in hardened stage: Strength, Imperviousness , Durability.

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN METHODS :

The basic objective of concrete mix design is to find the most economical proportions (Optimization) to
achieve the desired end results (strength, cohesion, workability, durability) As mentioned earlier the
proportioning of concrete is based on certain material properties of cement, sand and aggregates. Concrete
mix design is basically a process of taking trials with certain proportions. Methods have been developed to
arrive at these proportions in a scientific manner.
No mix design method directly gives the exact proportions that will most economically achieve end
results. These methods only serve as a base to start and achieve the end results in the fewest possible trials.

The code of practice for mix design-IS 10262 clearly states following: -
The basic assumption made in mix design is that the compressive strength of workable concretes, by and
large, governed by the water/cement ratio. Another most convenient relationship applicable to normal
concrete is that for a given type, shape, size and grading of aggregates, the amount of water determines its
workability. However, there are various other factors which affect the properties of concrete, for example
the quality & quantity of cement, water and aggregates; batching; transportation; placing; compaction;
curing; etc. Therefore, the specific relationships that are used in proportioning concrete mixes should be
considered only as the basis for trial, subject to modifications in the light of experience as well as for the
particular materials used at the site in each case. Different mix design methods help us to arrive at the trial

[35]
mix that will give us required strength, workability, cohesion etc. These mix design methods have same
common threads in arriving at proportions but their method of calculation is different.
Basic steps in mix design are as follows:
• Find the target mean strength.
• Determine water/cement ratio.
• Determine cement content.
• Determine fine and coarse aggregate proportions.

Figure 14: Mix design for concrete

[36]
 7.PROJECT EXECUTION

SURVEYING:
During site development, the land surveyor takes the engineer’s or architect’s design shown on their
plans and places (stakes) their correct location on the ground so the construction sub-contractors can place
the buildings, roads, fences, electrical and other underground utilities, etc. in their correct location.
Rough Grade Staking : Rough Grade Staking defines the location of the site improvements with their
respective reference to the location and final grade elevation. This is done for the construction of slopes,
building outlines, parking lots and roadways, and enables the contractor to grade and prepare the site for the
next sub-contractor to commence his work.

Site Layout Staking : Once the site has received inspection and approval from the local agency, the
contractor can move right into the various stages of construction of the underground utilities, retaining walls,
buildings, site lighting and parking lot or street paving.

Figure 15: Total Station

MARKING EXCAVATIONS:

Excavation is carried out for the construction of wall foundations. Excavation should be carried out
as per the drawings defined lengths & widths. After excavation, layout the foundation and backfill the
[37]
remaining excavated area around foundation with soil. Floor levels of residential buildings are higher than
the natural ground level. Fill the area with soil up to floor levels and compact the soil. Now earth work of
residential building is finished.

Figure 16: Site marked for Excavations

FOUNDATION:

A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth.
Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. A tall
building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time. Internship at Prestige kew Gardens.

Figure 17: Foundation

[38]
 REINFORCEMENT WORK:
Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars
conforming to IS: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade Fe 500, where 415 and 500 indicate yield stresses 415
N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2 respectively) are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most commonly
nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higher yield stress and bond strength
resulting in saving of steel quantity.
1. All reinforcement shall be placed above the ground by using wooden sleepers or concrete blocks.
2. For reinforcement, care shall be taken to protect the reinforcement from exposure to saline atmosphere
during storage, fabrication and use.
3. Against requirement from site, bars shall be cut and bent to shape and dimension as shown in bar bending
schedule based on Good for Construction (GFC) drawings.
4. Reinforcement shall be tied as per the latest GFC drawing and any extra bars provided at site shall be
recorded in the pour card/ lap register.
5. Unusable cut rods and scrap reinforcement shall be properly placed at yard.

Bar Bending Schedule:

1. Prepare bar bending schedule based on the latest GFC drawings and to be submitted to Engineer for
review
2. Bar bending schedule shall clearly specify the following:
a) Bar dia.
b) Numbers.
c) Cut length.
d) Shapes.
3. Bar bending schedule shall take to account the following field/ design requirement.
a) Desirable lap location and staggering of laps.
b) Lap length.
c) Development length or Anchorage length.
Note: always lapping should be alternative and will be Ld and 2Ld as specified in the drawing.
Ld=46D where , D=diameter of the bar.

Cutting, Bending and Placing:

1. All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scales, loose rust and coats of paints, oil, mud or any other
substances which may destroy or reduce bond. Use wire brush to clean the reinforcement.
2. Cutting and bending shall conform to the details given in the approved bar bending schedule.
a) Cutting of Rebar by heat is not permitted, only cutting by grinding or shearing is permitted.
b) No heating is allowed to facilitate bending of Rebar.
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3. Place the reinforcement as per GFC drawings ensuring the following aspects properly.
a) Type & size of bar.
b) Number of bars.
c) Location and lengths of laps, splices.
d) Curtailment of bars.
e) In two way reinforcement, check the direction of reinforcement in various layers.
f) Adequate number of chairs, spacer bars and cover blocks, Size of cover blocks.
g) All the bars shall be tied with double fold 18g soft GI annealed binding wire.

Figure 18: Steel Bar Cutter & Steel Bar Bender

Structural element Cover to reinforcement (mm)

Footings 50
Columns 40
Slabs 25
Beams 35
Retaining wall 25 for earth face, 25 for other face
4. Reinforcement may be placed with in the following tolerance whenever required as per IS456.
5. The sequence of reinforcement shall be correlated with fixing of inserts, sleeves ,conduits, anchors and
formworks.
6. No steel parts of spacers sure allowed inside the concrete cover. Spacer blocks made from cement, sand
and small aggregate shall match the mix proportion of the surrounding concrete. Alternatively PVC cover
blocks of approved make can be used.
7. Spacers or chairs should be placed at a maximum spacing of 1.0 m and closer spacing may sometimes be
necessary.
8. All reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in the positions shown in the drawing by providing
proper cover blocks, spacers, and Supporting bars.
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9. Rough handling, shock loading (Prior to embedment) and the dropping of reinforcement from a height
should be avoided. as specified in BBS.

Figure 19: Cover Block

ANCHORAGE LENGTH:
This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at the junction.
Usually it is provided as 45D, D=diameter of the reinforcement bar.

Figure 20: Steel Bars

HANGER BAR: These as the additional bars provided at the beam-beam junction. Usually when there is
difference in depth or if any provided.

Figure 21: Hanger Bars

[41]
SHUTTERING:

Shuttering (formwork) in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh
concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork construction depend on
formwork material and type of structural element.

Figure 22: Shuttering at Prestige Kew Gardens

Scheduled time for the removal of form work for different components of a structure.

Structural Component Age

Footings, column faces 1 day
Sides of beams, columns, lintels, wall 1day
Underside of beams spanning less than 6m 14 days
Underside of beams spanning over 6m 28 days
Underside of slabs spanning more than 4m 14 days
Flat slab bottom less than 4.5m 7 days
Flat slab bottom >4.5m 28

[42]
STEPS IN ERECTION OF FORMWORK

Step-1:-After surveyor provides marking on columns then reinforcement of columns work start after that
fixing of shuttering on column is done.
Step-2:-Fixing of Slab Panels after erection of vertical wall panels then reinforcement of beams, slab and
conduiting work is done.
Step-3:- check for level and vertical alignment is important.
Step-4:-We can start concreting work after slab shuttering & conduiting work is done.

COLUMNS, BEAMS AND SLABS:

Columns:
Column is a vertical structural member of a frame structured building which is used to transfer the loads
from slab and beams to the ground.

Figure 23: Columns at Prestige Kew Gardens

Beams:
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists the loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the
beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and
bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam.

[43]
 Figure 24: Beam work at Prestige Kew Gardens

Slab:
A flat piece of concrete put on the walls or columns of a structure. It serves as a walking surface but
may also serve as a load bearing member.

Figure 25: Slab work at Prestige Kew Gardens

[44]
 BATCHING PLANT:

This project Site owns two batching plant of different quantity production. M1 type, name signifies
1m3 of concrete in one minute and CP30 (concrete production 30) define 30m3 in one hour. The plant is
automated and mix is carried out according to recipe.

Automation and control :

Modern concrete batch plants (both Wet mix and Dry mix) employ computer aided control to assist in
fast and accurate measurement of input constituents or ingredients. With concrete performance so dependent
on accurate water measurement, systems often use digital scales for cementations materials and aggregates,
and moisture probes to measure aggregate water content as it enters the aggregate batcher to automatically
compensate for the mix design water/cement ratio target. Many producers find moisture probes work well
only in sand, and with marginal results on larger sized aggregate.
Concrete usage in superstructures have tested the limits to which a Control System can manufacture
precision concrete. Dosing of Cement, Sand, Crushed Stone, Chemicals and Water in exactly the same
proportion as the concrete recipe stipulates is the ultimate test of any control system. It is important that the
Control System achieves the closest value to target weight. The fastest controls limit the number of jogs to
maximize plant production rates. Variations in materials, weather and humidity, numerous mechanical
points, and human input cause even the most accurate automation control to overweigh or underweight
mate.

Figure 26: Batching plant at project Prestige Kew Gardens

[45]
DESIGN MIX – OPC 53 GRADE PENNA CEMENT

MATERIAL M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40

Cement 300 320 350 380 410
Water 180 180 170 170 180
20 mm 698 636 648 652 654
12.5 mm 466 424 432 435 436
M-sand 795 830 830 800 766
Admixture 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 2
Unit weight 2440.5 2391.6 2431.6 2438.8 2448
(kg/cum)

DESIGN MIX – OPC 53 GRADE ACC CEMENT

MATERIAL M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40

Cement 300 320 350 380 410
Water 180 180 170 170 180
20 mm 698 636 648 652 654
12.5 mm 466 424 432 435 436
M-sand 795 830 830 800 766
Admixture 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 2
Unit weight 2440.5 2391.6 2431.6 2438.8 2448
(kg/cum)

CONCRETING:
• Concrete mix design for Different Structure should be as per Notes in the specific approved drawing
• For Design Mix Concrete, the mix shall be designed to provide the grade of concrete having the
required strength, workability & durability requirements given in IS: 456 for each grade of concrete
taking into account the type of cement, minimum cement content and maximum W/C ratio
conforming to exposure conditions as per tender specifications.
• No concreting shall be done without the approval of engineer. Prior notice shall be given before start
of concreting.

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 • Cement shall be measured by weight in weigh batching machines of an approved type, aggregate
shall be measured by volume / weight. The machines shall be kept clean and in good condition and
shall be checked adjusted for accuracy at regular intervals when required by the engineer.
• Concrete shall be mixed in mechanical mixers of an approved type. In no case shall the mixing of
each batch of concrete continue for less than 2 minutes. The water to be added in concrete shall be
adjusted based on moisture contents in fine and coarse aggregates. During hot and cold weather,
suitable methods to reduce the loss of water by evaporation in hot weather and heat loss in cold
weather will be adopted as per procedure set out in IS: 7861.

Figure 27: Concreting done for Slabs

PRE CONCRETE CHECK:

Before the concrete could reach the site make sure all the preliminary test for plastic concrete is done
and results are within the limits.
• For each sample of concrete pour 150mm cubes shall be prepared and cured.3 no’s shall be crushed
at 7days and other 3 no’s at 28 days. Record shall be made for each test in enclosed formats as per
ITP (Inspection and test plan).The test results of the sample shall be the average of the strength of
three specimens. The individual variation should not be more than +15 percent of the average. If
more, the test results of the sample are invalid.
• The workability of concrete shall be checked by the site engineer. The prepared surface shall be
inspected and certified in pour card.
• Unless otherwise approved, continuous concreting shall be done to the full thickness of foundation
rafts, slabs, beams & similar members. For placing on slope, concreting will be started at the bottom
and moved upwards. Concrete shall not fall from a height of more than 1m to avoid segregation.

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 • Special care shall be taken to guarantee the finish and Water-Tightness of concrete for liquid
retaining structures, underground structures and those if specifically mentioned .The minimum level
of surface finish for liquid retaining structures shall be Type F-2(water tight bearings) and it shall be
Hydro tested to approve procedure. Any leakage during hydro test if occurred shall be effectively
stopped either by cement /epoxy pressure grouting or any other approved method.
• Curing of concrete with approved water shall start after completion of Initial setting time of concrete
and in hot weather after 3 hours. Concrete will be cured for a minimum period of seven days when
OPC with high water cement ratio is used ,curing for minimum 10 days in hot weather or low water
cement ratio is used and where mineral admixture used minimum curing period is 14 days.

POST CONCRETE CHECK:

• Ensure that curing works are taking place as per the scheduled days for respective structures.
• Check for De-shuttering.
• Check if any slag in structures like beam, slab etc.
• Casting Date has to be mentioned.
• Honeycombs must be treated.

Figure 28:Treatment of Honeycombs

NOTE: A gap/space of 1m is left without concreting especially in continuous slab are known as fore strips.
These are provided as an expansion joint and later it is filled with concrete by applying an adhesive (Neito-
bond) around pre-concreted area to form a good joint.

**These joints are further checked for water leakage and cement grouting is done to arrest it if any.
[48]
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR CONCRETE:
The concrete shall be deemed to comply with the strength requirements when both the following
condition are met:
a. The mean strength determined from any group of four consecutive test results compiles with the
appropriate limits in co1 2 of Table 11(IS 456).
b. Any individual test result complies with the appropriate limits in co1 3 of Table 11 (IS 456).

Table 11(IS-456):Characteristic Compressive Strength Compliance Requirement

Specified Mean of the Group of Individual ‘Test

Grade 4 Non-Overlapping Results In N/mm2
Consecutive
Test Results In N/mm2
M 15 >= fck + 0.825 X established >= fck-3N/ mm2
standard deviation (rounded off to
neatest 0.5 N/mm2 or fck + 3
N/mm2&,whichever is greater
M 20 >= fck + 0.825 x established >= fck-4N/ mm2
Or standard deviation (rounded off to
Above nearest 0.5 N/mm2) fck + 4
N/mm2, which ever is greater

In case of doubt regarding the grade strength of concrete used, either due to poor workmanship or based on
results of .cube strength tests, compressive strength tests of concrete on the basis of core test and/or load test
may be carried out as specified in IS456.
Final test for the concrete is NDT. This includes rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity.

CURING:

Curing may be defined as the process of maintaining satisfactory moisture and temperature conditions
for freshly placed concrete for some specified time for proper hardening of concrete. Curing in the early
ages of concrete is more important.

[49]
Average curing time for various structures

Columns- 18hrs

Beams - 14days

Slabs -3days

Figure 29: Curing

BLOCK WORK:
Blocks are constructed using concrete or cement. ... They are now used for a wide variety of purposes
such as the construction of load-bearing walls, retaining walls, partitions and foundations.

STEPS IN BLOCK WORK

Step 1: Ensure a solid footing. Footings should be a minimum of twice the width of the concrete block (i.e., a
typical 8x8x16 block would require a 16-inch wide footing)
Step 2: Lay out the block, making sure to leave a 3/8 inch gap between the blocks to allow for the vertical mortar
joints (i.e., a typical 8x8x16 block is actually 15-5/8inches long and 7-5/8 inches high to accommodate the
mortar joint).
Step 3: Snap a chalk line on each side of the block wall as a reference line.
Step 4: Mix Mortar. Usually mix is 1:4 or 1:5
Step 5: Dampen the footing surface with water and place a one-inch bed of mortar on the footing. Furrow the
mortar bed using the tip of the trowel to create a “v” to help distribute the mortar evenly. The mortar should be
workable but firm enough to support the weight of the block.
Step 6: Butter the inside end of the first block and then press the block into the mortar bed to create a 3/8 inch
mortar joint.
Step 7: Using the same process, set the opposite corner block.
[50]
Step 8: To set the next course of block, apply a one-inch thick mortar bed along top of the first course. One
coarse is calculated as 6times the thickness of the block.
Step 9: At the end of the wall, set an “8x8x8” half block into the mortar bed with the smooth side facing out.
Step 10: Using a plumb line as a guide for the remaining block, continue building the wall until it is complete.

Figure 30: Block work at Prestige Kew Garden

ELECTRICAL WORKS:
Electrical hazards are a major cause of death and serious injury on construction sites.

Installations with one final sub-circuit:

Where the electrical installation has only one final sub-circuit, or has a combined circuit breaker/ RCD
as the main switch, the fitting of a lockable cover over circuit breaker/RCD is not necessary.

[51]
Location of switchboards:
Switchboards should be:
• readily accessible and located where they cannot be damaged during demolition and construction activities
• located to suit the maximum flexible extension cord lengths as set out .
• positioned so flexible extension cords or cables don’t have to run between levels.
On general construction sites, where short duration work is to be undertaken on an additional work level,
such as a roof or small mezzanine level, power may be taken from a switchboard on the adjacent level. The
extension cord must be mechanically protected. If the total amount of work carried out in the area is likely to
exceed one full day, a switchboard should be located on that level. On multi-level housing construction,
switchboards may be positioned to allow for the use of extension cords up or down one level from the
switchboard. Flexible extension cords must be mechanically protected at the transition between levels and in
places where damage is likely to occur. Use of flexible extension cords must also meet requirements . On
sites with multi-level housing construction, a suitable hard wired socket-outlet may be installed to supply
one floor above or below a switchboard, if:
• the type and location of the socket-outlet protects against exposure to weather
• the final sub-circuit is protected by an RCD and circuit breaker in the switchboard
• the socket-outlet is positioned to prevent the risk of mechanical damage
• the wiring is protected from mechanical damage (eg inside conduit or in a protected location)
• the wiring is clearly identified as construction wiring ie not permanent wiring .
• there is a means to prevent strain on terminations of cables and flexible cords such as a tie bar, secured
insulated lead stand or other means.

Clearance for switchboard doors:

Minimum clearance of 600mm must be maintained to allow unimpeded opening of the switchboard door.

Figure 31: Installation of Conduits and Pipes

[52]
 Figure 32: Wiring

Earthing :
It is the process of creating an alternative path for the flow of fault/excessive currents safely into the
ground in the presence of minimal resistance or impedance. The primary purpose of earthing is to reduce the
risk of serious electric shock from current leaking into un insulated metal parts of an appliance, power tool,
or other electrical devices. In a properly earthed system, such leaking/fault current is carried away
harmlessly while tripping the fuse. It also provides protection from large electrical disturbances like
lightning strikes and power surges. It also aids in the dissipation of hazardous static electrical charges.
Although most electrical systems have fuses or circuit breakers for protection against a fault current, the
human body may be fatally electrocuted by a current of less than one ampere which is well below the point
at which a fuse . It helps minimize such hazards from occurring. Hence, good and permanent efficient
earthing is an integral part of any electrical system as it is directly related to the safety of human life as well
as the equipment.

Figure 33: Earthing done in Prestige Kew Gardens

PLUMBING WORKS:
Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes,
valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatus to convey fluids. Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste
removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to
these applications.

[53]
 Drainage is the removal of surface and sub-surface water. Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)
are systems designed to efficiently manage the drainage of surface water in the urban environment.
Plumbing refers to any system that allows the movement of fluids, typically involving
pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks and other apparatus.
Plumbing systems might be used for:
▪ Heating and cooling.
▪ Waste removal.
▪ Potable cold and hot water supply.
▪ Water recovery and treatment systems.
▪ Rainwater, surface and subsurface water drainage.
▪ Fuel gas piping.

Figure 34: Plumbing work done in Prestige Kew Gardens

[54]
Drainage systems:
In the drainage system for a multi-storey building, the drains from the plumbing fixtures are connected to
vertical drain stacks that convey the waste and sewage to below the lowest floor of the building. The fixture
drain traps must be vented to prevent their water trap seal from being siphoned by negative pressure or
blown out by positive pressure in the drain piping. The fixture vent pipes must extend through the roof to
outdoors. They can be run individually or be combined into one or more vents through the roof.

Figure 35: Shafts in plumbing

[55]
 8.FINISHING WORKS

After passing water proof test, the building/ floor/ unit is subjected to finishing works such as plastering
work, tiling work, plumbing and electrical fixtures and finally painting works. As per the quality control
department inspection test is carried out and any undesirable changes will be rectified. The unit is then ready
for Hand over.

SCAFFOLDING:
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and
materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other manmade
structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard
to get to. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious injury. Scaffolding is also used in
adapted forms for formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, concert stages, access/viewing towers,
exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects.

Figure 36: Scaffolding at Prestige Kew Gardens

PLASTERING WORK:
Plastering is a process of obtaining smooth surface on the rough surfaces of walls, roofs, columns and
ceilings etc. for long lasting purposes and to meet its estimated design life period. Also plastering make the
rough surfaces smooth thereby make it good looking and attractive.

[56]
Materials used:
Cement: Cement shall be ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS. Approved blended cement shall be
used for internal plaster, masonry, flooring, waterproofing and plumbing works. For all RCC and PCC
works, approved fly ash shall be used.
Sand: Sand shall conform to IS 1542.
Water: Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean, reasonably clear and free from objectionable
quantities of silt, oils, alkalis, acids, salts so as not to weaken mortar. Mix is 1:4 single coats on concrete
structures. In case for block work chicken mesh are used at the joints during plastering.
Note: In our site we have used new material for plastering so, called as gypsum.

Figure 37: Internal Wall and Roof Plastering

Figure 38: External Plastering

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Tools Used in Plastering:
Many tools such as POINTING TROWEL , FINISHING TROWEL , STRAIGHT EDGE , CORNER
PLATE , RIGHT ANGLE , SPONGE and other MISCELLANEOUS Tools are used .

Figure 39: Straight Edge, Right Angle & Corner Plate

Figure 40: Tools Used

WATER PROOFING :
Once concreting work is over and cured for a days as specified, check for water leakage or water proof
test is mandatory for further works to take place. Especially in roof slabs, sunken slabs, swimming pool,
water tanks, podium slab, retaining wall etc. water checks are required. Below briefs the method statement
of water proofing for sunken slab, as it is prominent.

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Method statement for toilet sunken area waterproofing using BASF:
Objective:
The purpose of this procedure is to carry out Water proofing works in Toilet Sunken Area.
Reference:
• Technical specification
• Client approved drawings
• Manufacture specifications
• Approved method statement

Materials:
• BASF MASTER FLOW 718, BASF MASTER EMACO 141, BASF MASTER SEAL 505
• BASF MASTER FLOW 150, BASF MASTER SEAL 550, BASF MASTER PEL 707
• Cement.

Surface preparation:
The surface shall be cleared of all debris to ensure the removal of all dust, dirt, laitance, mortar
droppings, oily substance etc. by gentle tamping and cleaning with wire brush. Note: Any Reinforcement
exposed should be cleaned with wire brush and should be covered with 20mm Master Flow 718 or with
equivalent material.

Bore hole gap filling:

Apply Epoxy BASF Master Brace 1414 over the PVC pipe and concrete surface and sprinkle sand when
it is wet. The remaining volume around the drain pipes to be filled with Master Flow 718 by mixing 4 ltrs
of water per 25 kg bag of cement.

Preliminary hydro testing:

The area will be filled with water and left for 24 hrs to check for any leakage in slab.

Pressure grouting:
Nozzles shall be fixed at weak locations using fast setting plugging compound Master Seal 505 (mix
ltrs water to 1 kg of plug), wherever leakage persists and along construction joints and pressure
grouted using neat cement slurry admixed with expansive grouting additive Master Flow 150 at a
dosage of 250 gm per bag of cement using 40 psi diaphragm type hand pump until refusal

[59]
Crack treatment:
25 mm deep “V” grooves shall be cut along the cracks, construction joints and the same shall be filled
with polymer modified mortar (1:3 CM admixed with Master Emaco 141@ a dosage of 1000 ml per bag of
cement) with proper coving at corners with prior to the application of one bonding coat of cement slurry
admixed with Master Emaco 141 in a proportion of 1 part of Latex+1 part of water to 3 parts of cement.

Hydro testing:
The toilet shall be filled with water for 24 Hour to check for the credibility of the pressure grouting.

Water proofing coat:

Pre-wetting the surface and applying elastomeric cementitious waterproof coating Master seal 550 of
BASF, in two coats. The second coat to be applied perpendicular to the first coat. Note: Vertical Portion of
wall has to be coated above 50mm from general slab top level.

Protective plaster:
20mm average thick plastering shall be done with 1:4 CM admixed with MasterPel 707 liquid at a
dosage of 200 ml per bag of cement and cured.

Final Hydro Testing:

After the applying the protective screed and curing the same a final hydro testing for 48 hrs shall be
conducted.

Figure 41: water leakage testing

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ACTIVITY SEQUENCE IN A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
• Block Masonry.
• Services
• Electrical.
• Plumbing.
• Plastering.
• Water proofing in Terrace & internal sunken areas.
• Toilet PHE works.
• Railing and fabrication works.
• Tiling works.
• Door and windows.
• Painting of 2 coat of putty & 1 coat of primer Paint.
• Electrical wiring and Switch plates.
• Final painting.
• Handing over.

TILING WORK:

The start point of tiling work depends on the drawings and the aesthetic design.
Bedding: The screed bed for laying Vitrified Porcelain Tiles shall be of cement and sand mortar of 1:5
mixes. Bedding over which the tiles shall be laid shall not be less than 10mm at any place. As per the
structural drawing FFL and SFL difference is 50mm so, providing 40mm bed mortar and 10mm tile
thickness will make the FFL as stated in the drawing.
Laying: Base slab shall be cleaned and wetted. The bedding shall then be laid evenly over the surface,
tamped and corrected to desired levels and allowed to harden enough to offer a rigid cushion to tiles. Before
laying the tiles, tiles shall be washed and then applied fine cement slurry on the back of the tile to ensure full
and proper bedding. Tiles shall then be placed on bedding, each tile being gently tapped with rubber hammer
in its position till it is properly bedded and in level and line with adjoining tiles. Use of spacers is
recommended for uniformity in joints and better finish. Remove the residual cement or jointing material
immediately by a wet sponge. After 24 hours when the tiles are properly set and cured, fill the joint gaps
with joint filler as per recommendation of manufacturer.

NOTE: Make sure that all the conduits, electrical linings etc are laid before titling work could proceed

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CHECK FOR TILES:
➢ The level / line are marked on the wall for a height of 1m from the FFL and it is carried to all the units
of a building/ components in a building.
➢ Once the tiles are laid check for 1m from FFL is done and if any error away from the tolerance limit
should be rectified.
➢ Using a rubber hammer tiles are tapped for hollowness check in case of foul workmanship.
➢ Check for the offset at staircase and other portions if specified.

Figure 42: Internal Tiling

Figure 43: External Wall Tiling

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 PAINTING WORK:
Once the plastering is done two coat of putty is laid, and one coat of primer is put. After these work
painting work is carried out. Usually paint is put in two coats.

CHECKS:
Make sure all the corners and edges should be evenly painted and there is no undulations before painting
works could ensure. Colour of the paint should be as specified by the plan.

Figure 44: External wall Painting

DAMP PROOFING:
Damp proofing in construction is a type of moisture control applied to building walls and floors to
prevent moisture from passing into the interior spaces. Damp problems are among the most frequent
problems encountered in homes.

Figure 45: Damp proofing

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FABRICATION WORKS CHECK:
• Material testing report has to be received by the Quality engineer before it is executed to the site.
• Make sure all the fabricated materials are coated with primer and painted to avoid rusting/corrosion.
• Welding/ bolting works should be proper and later it is closed through cement mortar.

FINAL EXECUTION:
A snag list is prepared to examine all the finishing works before handing over to the client / customer.
Inputting the minute error in works are rectified. Some of the checks are listed below for the reference.
1. Skirting works
2. Undulations at openings and corners.
3. Proper tile finish at the conduits.
4. Dampness and peeling off of ceiling plaster at transfer cut out locations.
5. Improper finishing of ventilator jambs.
6. Gap between door architrave and wall.
7. Line out in finishing soffit of stair case at interface of flight and landings.
8. Deboning and damaged tiles etc.

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 9. SERVICES

Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them comfortable, functional, efficient and
safe.

Building services might include:

MECHANICAL:

Mechanical systems most commonly relate to heating ventilation and air conditioning systems, but
they can also relate to transportation systems such as lifts and escalators, elements of infrastructure,
industrial plant and machinery, and so on.

Heating ventilation and air conditioning can be used in buildings to:

• Maintain internal air quality.

• Regulate internal temperatures.
• Regulate internal humidity.

Figure 46: Installation of Ventilation windows & lift

Staircase Design:

Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors and roof of the
building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate landing slabs between the floor
levels. Different types of staircases can be made by arranging stairs and landing slabs. Staircase, thus, is a
structure enclosing a stair.

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The design of the main components of a staircase-stair, landing slabs and supporting beams or wall – are
already covered in earlier lessons. The design of staircase, therefore, is the application of the designs of the
different elements of the staircase.

Two flight staircase and Open Well Staircase design is adopted in Prestige Kew Gardens.

Figure 47: Open Well Staircase

ELECTRICAL:
Electrical systems might include:
• Power supply and distribution.
• Information and telecommunications systems.
• Control systems.
• Security and access systems.
• Detection and alarm systems.
• Interior and exterior lighting.
Clearly there is a great deal of overlap between mechanical and electrical systems, with many systems
including both mechanical and electrical components, hence the term M&E(mechanical and electrical).

Figure 48: Power Generators

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 PLUMBING:
Plumbing refers to any system that allows the movement of fluids, typically involving
pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks and other apparatus.
Plumbing systems might be used for:
▪ Heating and cooling.
▪ Waste removal.
▪ Potable cold and hot water supply.
▪ Water recovery and treatment systems.
▪ Rainwater, surface and subsurface water drainage.
▪ Fuel gas piping.
The waste water from the residential building is sent to the Sewage treatment Plant (STP).

Figure 49: Pumping machineries

[67]
 10. CONSTRUCTION MACHINERIES USED

CRANES:
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves,
that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting
heavy things and transporting them to other places. The device uses one or more simple machines to
create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are
commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in
the construction industry for the movement of materials, and in the manufacturing industry for the
assembling of heavy equipment.

The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or
beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger
cranes were later developed, employing the use of human tread wheels, permitting the lifting of heavier
weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with
their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes
were constructed from wood, but cast iron, iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial
Revolution.
Some lifting machines do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as
cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.
There are two types of cranes -MOBILE and FIXED cranes.

a) MOBILE CRANE:
A truck-mounted crane has two parts: the carrier, often referred to as the lower, and the lifting
component which includes the boom, referred to as the upper. These are mated together through a turntable,
allowing the upper to swing from side to side. These modern hydraulic truck cranes are usually single-
engine machines, with the same engine powering the undercarriage and the crane. The upper is usually
powered via hydraulics run through the turntable from the pump mounted on the lower. In older model
designs of hydraulic truck cranes, there were two engines. One in the lower pulled the crane down the road
and ran a hydraulic pump for the outriggers and jacks.
Truck cranes range in lifting capacity from about 14.5 short tons (12.9 long tons; 13.2 t) to about 1,300
short tons (1,161 long tons; 1,179 t). Although most only rotate about 180 degrees, the more expensive truck
mounted cranes can turn a full 360 degrees.

[68]
 Figure 50: Mobile Crane

b) FIXED CRANE:

Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to the
ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures), tower cranes often give the
best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings. The base is
then attached to the mast which gives the crane its height.

Components:

Tower cranes are used extensively in construction and other industry to hoist and move materials. There are
many types of tower cranes. Although they are different in type, the main parts are the same, as follows:

• Mast: the main supporting tower of the crane. It is made of steel trussed sections that are connected
together during installation.

• Slewing unit: the slewing unit sits at the top of the mast. This is the engine that enables the crane to
rotate.

• Operating cabin: on most tower cranes the operating cabin sits just above the slewing unit. It
contains the operating controls, LMI, scale, anemometer, etc.

• Jib: the jib, or operating arm, extends horizontally from the crane. A "luffing" jib is able to move up
and down; a fixed jib has a rolling trolley that runs along the underside to move goods horizontally.

• Counter jib: holds counterweights, hoist motor, hoist drum and the electronics.

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• Hoist winch: the hoist winch assembly consists of the hoist winch itself (motor, gearbox, hoist drum,
hoist rope, and brakes), the hoist motor controller, and supporting components such as the platform.
Many tower cranes have transmissions with two or more speeds.

• Hook: the hook (or hooks) is used to connect the material to the crane. It is suspended from the hoist
rope either at the tip, for luffing jib cranes, or in the hoist rope belly underneath the trolley for
hammerhead cranes.

• Weights: Large concrete counterweights are mounted toward the rear of the counter deck, to
compensate for the weight of the goods lifted.

Figure 51: Tower Crane in Prestige Kew Gardens

Figure 52: Concreting Done by Tower Crane

[70]
 EXCAVATORS:
a) Excavators (hydraulic): They are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or
stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The house sits atop an undercarriage
with tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often mistakenly
called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the
use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and motors. Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic
cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators which
use winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements.

Figure 53: Excavator

b) BOBCAT S450:
The Bobcat® S450's width makes it a great performer for its size – and the tight turning radius lets you
handle big jobs in small areas. Powered by a Tier 4 diesel engine, the S450 features a radius lift path for
greater maximum reach at mid-range heights, like dumping over a wall, backfilling or unloading flatbed
trucks.

Bobcat S450

• Operating Weight. 2,365kg.

• 608kg.
• 36.4kW (48.8hp)
• Radius lift path.
• 1,490mm (58.7")
• 3,172mm (124.9")

[71]
 Figure 54: Bobcat S450

3) Backhoe loader:
A backhoe loader, also called a loader backhoe, digger in layman's terms, or colloquially shortened
to backhoe within the industry, is a heavy equipment vehicle that consists of a tractor like unit fitted with
a loader-style shovel/bucket on the front and a backhoe on the back. Due to its (relatively) small size and
versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in urban engineering and small construction projects (such as
building a small house, fixing urban roads, etc.) as well as developing countries. This type of machine is
similar to and derived from what is now known as a TLB (Tractor-Loader-Backhoe), which is to say, an
agricultural tractor fitted with a front loader and rear backhoe attachment.

Backhoe loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small
demolitions, light transportation of building materials, powering building equipment, digging
holes/excavation, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads. Often, the backhoe bucket can also be
replaced with powered attachments such as a breaker, grapple, auger, or a stump grinder.
Enhanced articulation of attachments can be achieved with intermediate attachments such as the tiltrotator.
Many backhoes feature quick coupler(quick-attach) mounting systems and auxiliary hydraulic circuits for
simplified attachment mounting, increasing the machine's utilization on the job site. Some loader buckets
have a retractable bottom or "clamshell", enabling it to empty its load more quickly and efficiently.
Retractable-bottom loader buckets are also often used for grading and scraping. The front assembly may be
a removable attachment or permanently mounted.

[72]
 Figure 55: Backhoe loader

BOOM CONCRETE PUMP:

A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types
of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck or longer units are on semi-trailers.
It is known as a boom concrete pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm (called
a boom) to place concrete accurately. Boom pumps are used on most of the larger construction projects as
they are capable of pumping at very high volumes and because of the labour saving nature of the placing
boom. They are a revolutionary alternative to line-concrete pumps.

Figure 56: Boom Concrete Pump

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Because it is a fluid, concrete can be pumped to where it is needed. Here, a concrete transport truck is
feeding concrete to a concrete pumper, which is pumping it to where a slab is being poured.

Figure 57: Concreting using boom pump

CONCRETE MIXER TRUCKS:

A concrete mixer (often colloquially called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously
combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer
uses a revolving drum to mix the components.
Special concrete transport trucks (in-transit mixers) are made to mix concrete and transport it to the
construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during
transport. They can also be loaded from a "central mix" plant; with this process the material has already been
mixed prior to loading. The concrete mixing transport truck maintains the material's liquid state through
agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery.
The interior of the drum on a concrete mixing truck is fitted with a spiral blade. In one rotational
direction, the concrete is pushed deeper into the drum. This is the direction the drum is rotated while the
concrete is being transported to the building site. This is known as "charging" the mixer. When the drum
rotates in the other direction, the Archimedes' screw-type arrangement "discharges", or forces the concrete
out of the drum. From there it may go onto chutes to guide the viscous concrete directly to the job site. If the
truck cannot get close enough to the site to use the chutes, the concrete may be discharged into a concrete
pump, connected to a flexible hose, or onto a conveyor belt which can be extended some distance (typically
ten or more meters). A pump provides the means to move the material to precise locations, multi-floor
buildings, and other distance-prohibitive locations. Buckets suspended from cranes are also used to place the
concrete. The drum is traditionally made of steel but on some newer trucks, fiberglass has been used as a
weight reduction measure.

[74]
 Figure 58: Concrete Mixer Truck

DUMP TRUCK :
A dump truck (known in the UK as a dumper/tipper truck) is a truck used for transporting loose
material (such as sand, gravel, or demolition waste) for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with
an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic rams to lift the front, allowing the
material in the bed to be deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery.

A standard dump truck is a truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame. The bed is raised
by a vertical hydraulic ram mounted under the front of the body, or a horizontal hydraulic ram and lever
arrangement between the frame rails, and the back of the bed is hinged at the back of the truck. The tailgate
can be configured to swing up on top hinges (and sometimes also to fold down on lower hinges)[10] or it can
be configured in the "High Lift Tailgate" format wherein pneumatic rams lift the gate open and up above the
dump body.

[75]
 Figure 59: Dump Truck

TRACTORS :
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver at a high tractive effort (or torque)
at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most
commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction
to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) village, but nowadays a great variety of
tasks. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also
provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized.

Figure 60: Tractor

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 ROLLERS :
Rollers are the construction equipment used for the compaction of soil, gravel, sand, crushed stone
layers, etc. Roller working principle is based on vibration, impact loading, kneading and by applying direct
pressure on the respective layer. The four most commonly used rollers are;
1. Vibratory Roller
2. Tamping roller/ sheep foot roller
3. Smooth wheel rollers
4. Pneumatic tired roller

1. VIBRATORY ROLLER: Vibratory type rollers have two smooth wheels/ drums plus the vibrators.
One is fixed at the front and the other one is on the rear side of vibratory roller. Both wheels/drums
are of the same diameter, length and also of same weight. Vibratory roller covers the full area under
wheel. To make vibratory roller more efficient, vibrators are also fixed with smooth wheel rollers.
Vibration of vibrators arrange the particles by first disturbing even the arranged ones. On the other
hand weight of wheels exerts direct pressure on the layer. Vibrators are turned off during the
reversed motion of roller. In that time only static weight directly acts on the soil layer. Vibration is to
reduce the air voids and to cause densification of granular soils. During vibration of soil layer, re
arrangement of particles occurs due to deformation of the granular soil because of oscillation of the
roller in a cycle.

Figure 61: Vibratory Roller

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 11. CONCLUSION

From the field study report, it is evident that the construction is going on in full swing using all safety norms
as per ISO. It was a wonderful learning experience at ‘PRESTIGE KEW GARDENS’ for 4 weeks.

I gained a lot of insight regarding several aspects of site. I was given exposure in almost all departments at
the site. The friendly welcome from all the employees is appreciating, sharing their experience giving their
peace to wisdom which they have gained in long journey of work.

I am very much thankful to Prestige ‘KEW GARDENS’ for giving me this opportunity to study a lot of
things from the site. I am sure that this experience will help me in my future and also in shaping my
career.

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