: wing area: steel weight: cargo length: S W L s: number of balls D L C w:aircraft gross weight ρ: air density α I λ

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Sw : wing area

W s : steel weight

Lcargo: cargo length

s : number of balls
Dball : spherical cargo diameter

Lsteel : steel cargo length

C l : cruise lift
c

w :aircraft gross weight


ρ : air density
α Twist : twist angel

I w: wing incident angel

λ w: wing taper ratio

V_HT: horizontal tail volume ratio


V_VT: vertical tail volume ratio
LT : tail arm

MAC W :mean aerodynamic cord

b W : wing span

C m 0 : wing fuselage aerodynamic center


wf

C L : horizontal tail lift


HT

ƞ HT : horizontal tail efficiency

α HT : horizontal tail angel of attack

C l : 3d horizontal tail lift-alpha slope


αT3 d

C l : 3d wing lift-alpha slope


αw 3d

AR HT : horizontal tail aspect ratio

α c : cruise angel

ϕ y : twist correction factor


MAC
α fop: fuselage optimum angel

i T : tail incident angel

SVT : vertical tail area

SM: static margin


C m : wing zero moment coefficient
w0

C m : tail zero moment coefficient


T0

C m : aircraft zero moment coefficient


AC 0

C n : yawing moment coefficient

β : side slip angel


C l : vertical tail lift coefficient
VT

σ : side wash angel


ε : downwash angel
ƞ v: vertical tail efficiency

Ʌc / 4 : wing quarter cord sweep angel


w

d fus : fuselage diameter

z w : wing height

δ e : elevator deflection angel

τ: control surface effectiveness


r cs : control surface-lift surface ratio
ls

δ r : rudder deflection angel

α ¿ : takeoff angel
µr: friction coefficient

T: thrust
C D : zero drag coefficient
0

ƞ motor: motor efficiency

ƞ p : max propeller efficiency


max
P R : power required

T R : thrust required

ROC: rate of climb


ƞ p : propeller climb efficiency
c

G : ground effect factor


n max : max loading factor

g: gravitational acceleration

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