Matrices

Continues…..
• Gauss-Jordan Method to find the inverse of a matrix
• Echelon Form of a Matrix
• Normal Form
• Rank of a Matrix

Dr. Asha V. Nair

To find the inverse of a matrix using row transformations

• [Gauss-Jordan Method to find the inverse of a matrix]

Working rule

Write the two matrices A and I side by side .

Perform the same row transformations on both.
As soon as A reduces to I, the other matrix represents 𝐴−1

Dr. Asha V. Nair

• Problems
1) Using Gauss Jordan Method find the inverse of the matrix
1 1 3
1 3 −3
−2 −4 −4
Solution:
We have
 1 1 3 : 1 0 0
 1 3  3 : 0 1 0
 
 2  4  4 : 0 0 1
Now do the row transformations

Dr. Asha V. Nair

1 1 3 : 1 0 0
0 2  6 :  1 1 0 𝑅2 : 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
  𝑅 : 𝑅 + 2𝑅
0  2 2 : 2 0 1 3 3 1

1 1 3 : 1 0 0
0 2  6 :  1 1 0  R : R  R
  3 3 2

0 0  4 : 1 1 1

Dr. Asha V. Nair

1 1 3 : 1 0 0  𝑅2
  𝑅2 :
0 1  3 :  2
1 1 0  2
 2  𝑅4
  𝑅4 :
0 0 1 :  4
1 1 1 4
4 4 

1 0 6 : 3 1 0 
 2 2 
0 1  3 : 1 1 0  R1 : R1  R2
 2 2 
 1  1  1
0 0 1 :
4 4 4 
1 0 0 : 3 1 3 
 2  𝑅1 : 𝑅1 − 6𝑅3
0 1 0 :  5 4  1 4  3 4  𝑅 : 𝑅 + 3𝑅
 1 1 1  2 2 3
0 0 1 : 4 4 4 

Dr. Asha V. Nair

 3 1 3
2
Hence Inverse of the given matrix is −5 −1 −3
4 4 4
−1 −1 −1
4 4 4

2. Using Gauss Jordan Method find the inverse of the matrices

1 0 −1 −1 2 2 0 1 2
i 3 4 5 𝑖𝑖 2 −1 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 1 2 3
0 −6 −7 2 2 −1 3 1 1

Dr. Asha V. Nair

• Answers
1 3 1 −1 2 2
10 10 5 9 9 9
i) 21 −7 −2 (ii) 2 −1 2
20 20 5 9 9 9
−9 3 1 2 2 −1
10 10 5 9 9 9

1 −1 1
2 2 2
(iii) −4 3 −1
5 −3 1
2 2 2

Dr. Asha V. Nair

Echelon Form of a Matrix

To convert the given matrix to the echelon form

 All the zero rows are below the non zero rows.
First non zero entry in any non zero row is 1.
1 4 2
Examples: (i) 0 1 3 rank is 2
0 0 0
(ii) 1 2 3 4
0 1  1 0  Rank is 3
 
0 0 0 1
Dr. Asha V. Nair
• Normal Form
The given matrix A is reduced to an echelon form first by applying a
series of elementary row transformations.
Later column transformations are performed to reduce the matrix to
one of the following four forms called the normal form of A.
I r  I r 0
0, I r 0 , 0
Ir ,    0

Dr. Asha V. Nair

• Rank of a Matrix is the number of non zero rows in the echelon form
of the matrix. It is denoted by 𝜌(𝐴).

• Any matrix A of order m × 𝑛 can be reduced to one of the normal

forms given in the previous slide. Then 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝑟.

Dr. Asha V. Nair

Procedure
 make the first entry in the first row 1.
if this entry is zero we can interchange with any suitable row to meet
the requirement.
Make all the other elements in the corresponding column 0 by doing
the operation to the entire row.
After getting row echelon form proceed to the normal form by suitable
column transformations.

Dr. Asha V. Nair

• Problems:
1) Reduce the following matrices into echelon form and find the rank
(a)  1 2 1 0 (b) 2  1  3  1 (c) 0 2 3 4 
  2 4 3 0 1 2 3  1 2 3 5 4 
     
 1 0 2 8 1 0 1 1  4 8 13 12
 
0 1 1  1

Dr. Asha V. Nair

Answers
(a)   Rank =3 (b) 1 2 3  1 rank is 3
1 2 1 0 0
 
 1 1  1
0 1 5 0 
 8  0 0 1 1
0 0 1 32  
9  0 0 0 0

(c) 1 3 5 2
 2 2 
0 1 3 2 rank  2
 2 
0 0 0 0


Dr. Asha V. Nair

• Find the rank of the following matrix by reducing into the normal
form
(a)  2  1  3  1 (b) 0 1  3 (c) 2 3  1
1 2 3 1 1 0 1  1  1  2 
   
  3 1 0  3 1 3 
1 0 1 1
 
0 1 1 1

Dr. Asha V. Nair

• Answers
(a)  I 3 0 (b)  I 2 0 (c) 𝐼3
 0 0  0 0
   

Dr. Asha V. Nair